Pakistan’s Point of View (Or Points of View) on Kashmir: My As Yet Undelivered Lahore Lecture–Part I

November 22, 2011 — drsubrotoroy

Preface

27 April 2015 from Twitter: “My Pakistani hosts never managed to go thru w their 2010/11 invitation I speak in Lahore on Kashmir. After ‪#‎SabeenMahmud‬ s murder, I decline”

October 2015 from Twitter: I have started a quite thorough critique under #kasuri etc at Twitter of the extremely peculiar free publicity given in Delhi and Mumbai power circles to the dressed up (and false) ISI/Hurriyat narrative of KM Kasuri; the Musharraf “demilitarisation/borderless” idea that Mr Kasuri promotes is originally mine from our Pakistan book in America in the 1980s, which I brought to the attention of both sides (and the USA) in Washington in 1993 but which I myself later rejected as naive and ignorant after the Pakistani aggression in Kargil in 1999, especially the murder of Lt Kalia and his platoon as POWs. https://independentindian.com/2006/12/15/what-to-tell-musharraf-peace-is-impossible-without-non-aggressive-pakistani-intentions/ https://independentindian.com/2008/11/15/of-a-new-new-delhi-myth-and-the-success-of-the-university-of-hawaii-1986-1992-pakistan-project/

see too https://independentindian.com/2011/10/13/my-seventy-one-notes-at-facebook-etc-on-kashmir-pakistan-and-of-course-india-listed-thanks-to-jd/

I have also now made clear how and why my Lahore lecture (confirmed by the Pakistani envoy to Delhi personally phoning me of his own accord at home on 3 March 2011, followed the next day by the Indian Foreign Secretary phoning to give me an appointment to brief her about my talk upon my return) came to be sabotaged by two Pakistanis and two Indian politicians associated with them. (Both of the Indian politicians had bad karma catch up immediately afterwards!)

Original Preface 22 November 2011: Exactly a year ago, in late October-November 2010, I received a very kind invitation from the Lahore Oxford and Cambridge Society to speak there on this subject. Mid March 2011 was a tentative date for this lecture from which the text below is dated. The lecture has yet to take place for various reasons but as there is demand for its content, I am releasing the part which was due to be released in any case to my Pakistani hosts ahead of time — after all, it would have been presumptuous of me to seek to speak in Lahore on Pakistan’s viewpoint on Kashmir, hence I instead planned to release my understanding of that point of view ahead of time and open it to the criticism of my hosts. The structure of the remainder of the talk may be surmised too from the Contents. The text and argument are mine entirely, the subject of more than 25 years of research and reflection, and are under consideration of publication as a book by Continuum of London and New York. If you would like to comment, please feel free to do so, if you would like to refer to it in an online publication, please give this link, if you would like to refer to it in a paper-publication, please email me. Like other material at my site, it is open to the Fair Use rule of normal scholarship.

On the Alternative Theories of Pakistan and India about Jammu & Kashmir (And the One and Only Way These May Be Peacefully Reconciled): An Exercise in Economics, Politics, Moral Philosophy & Jurisprudence

by

Subroto (Suby) Roy

Lecture to the Oxford and Cambridge Society of Lahore

March 14, 2011 (tentative)

“What is the use of studying philosophy if all that does for you is to enable you to talk with some plausibility about some abstruse questions of logic, etc., & if it does not improve your thinking about the important questions of everyday life?” Wittgenstein, letter to Malcolm, 1944

“India is the greatest Muslim country in the world.”

Sir Muhammad Iqbal, 1930, Presidential Address to the Muslim League, Allahabad

“Where be these enemies?… See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate,… all are punish’d.” Shakespeare

Dr Roy’s published works include Philosophy of Economics: On the Scope of Reason in Economic Inquiry (London & New York: Routledge, 1989, 1991); Pricing, Planning & Politics: A Study of Economic Distortions in India (London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1984); and, edited with WE James, Foundations of India’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s (Hawaii MS 1989, Sage 1992) & Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s (Hawaii MS 1989, Sage 1992, OUP Karachi 1993); and, edited with John Clarke, Margaret Thatcher’s Revolution: How it Happened and What it Meant (London & New York: Continuum 2005). He graduated in 1976 with a first from the London School of Economics in mathematical economics, and received the PhD in economics at Cambridge in 1982 under Professor Frank Hahn for the thesis “On liberty & economic growth: preface to a philosophy for India”. In the United States for 16 years he was privileged to count as friends Professors James Buchanan, Milton Friedman, TW Schultz, Max Black and Sidney Alexander. From September 18 1990 he was an adviser to Rajiv Gandhi and contributed to the origins of India’s 1991 economic reform. He blogs at http://www.independentindian.com.

Part I

Introduction
Pakistan’s Point of View (or Points of View)

(a) 1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal

(b) 1933-1948 Chaudhury Rahmat Ali

(c) 1937-1941 Sir Sikander Hayat Khan

(d) 1937-1947 Quad-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah

(e) 1940s et seq Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi

(f) 1947-1950 Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, 1966 President Ayub Khan, 2005 Govt of Pakistan, 2007 President Musharraf, 2008 FM Qureshi, 2011 Kashmir Day

Part II

India’s Point of View: British Negligence/Indifference during the Transfer of Power, A Case of Misgovernance in the Chaotic Aftermath of World War II

(a) Rhetoric: Whose Pakistan? Which Kashmir?

(b) Law: (i) Liaquat-Zafrullah-Abdullah-Nehru United in Error Over the Second Treaty of Amritsar! Dogra J&K subsists Mar 16 1846-Oct 22 1947. Aggression, Anarchy, Annexations: The LOC as De Facto Boundary by Military Decision Since Jan 1 1949. (ii) Legal Error & Confusion Generated by 12 May 1946 Memorandum. (iii) War: Dogra J&K attacked by Pakistan, defended by India: Invasion, Mutiny, Secession of “Azad Kashmir” & Gilgit, Rape of Baramulla, Siege of Skardu.

Politics: What is to be Done? Towards Truths, Normalisation, Peace in the 21^st Century

The Present Situation is Abnormal & Intolerable. There May Be One (and Only One) Peacable Solution that is Feasible: Revealing Individual Choices Privately with Full Information & Security: Indian “Green Cards”/PIO-OCI status for Hurriyat et al: A Choice of Nationality (India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran). Of Flags and Consulates in Srinagar & Gilgit etc: De Jure Recognition of the Boundary, Diplomatic Normalisation, Economic & Military Cooperation.

Appendices:

(a) History of Jammu & Kashmir until the Dogra Native State

(b) Pakistan’s Allies (including A Brief History of Gilgit)

(c) India’s Muslim Voices

(d) Pakistan’s Muslim Voices: An Excerpt from the Munir Report

Part I

1. Introduction

For a solution to Jammu & Kashmir to be universally acceptable it must be seen by all as being lawful and just. Political opinion across the subcontinent — in Pakistan, in India, among all people and parties in J&K, those loyal to India, those loyal to Pakistan, and any others — will have to agree that, all things considered, such is the right course of action for everyone today in the 21st Century, which means too that the solution must be consistent with the principal known facts of history as well as account reasonably for all moral considerations.

I claim to have found such a solution, indeed I shall even say it is the only such solution (in terms of theoretical economics, it is the unique solution) and plan with your permission to describe its main outlines at this distinguished gathering. I have not invented it overnight but it is something developed over a quarter century, milestones along the way being the books emerging from the University of Hawaii “perestroika” projects for India and Pakistan that I and the late WE James led 25 years ago, and a lecture I gave at Washington’s Heritage Foundation in June 1998, as well as sets of newspaper articles published between 2005 and 2008, one in Dawn of Karachi and others in The Statesman of New Delhi and Kolkata.

Before I start, allow me for a moment to remind just how complex and intractable the problem we face has been, and, therefore, quite how large my ambition is in claiming today to be able to resolve it.

“Kashmir is in the Supreme National Interest of Pakistan”, says Pakistan.

“Kashmir is an Integral Part of India”, says India.

“Kashmir is an Integral Part of Pakistan”, says Pakistan.

“Kashmir is in the Supreme National Interest of India”, says India.

And so it goes, in what over the decades has been all too often a Dialogue of the Deaf. How may such squarely opposed positions be reconciled without draining public resources even further through wasteful weaponry and confrontation of standing armies, or, what is worse, using these weapons and armies in war, plunging the subcontinent into an abyss of chaos and destruction for generations to come? How is it possible?

I shall suggest a road can be found only when we realize Pakistan, India and J&K each have been and are going to remain integral to one another — in their histories, their geographies, their economies and their societies. The only place they may need to differ, where we shall want them to differ, is their politics and political systems. We should not underestimate how much mutual hatred and mutual fear has arisen naturally on all sides over the decades as a result of bloodshed and suffering all around, and the fact must also be accounted for that people simply may not be in a calm-enough emotional state to want to be part of processes seeking resolution; at the same time, it bears to be remembered that although Pakistan and India have been at war more than once and war is always a very serious and awful thing, they have never actually declared war against the other nor have they ever broken diplomatic relations – in fact in some ways it has always seemed like some very long and protracted fraternal Civil War between us where we think we know one another so well and yet come to be surprised more by one another’s virtues than by one another’s vices.

Secondly, with any seemingly intractable problem, dialogue can stall or be aborted due to normal human failings of impatience or lack of good will or lack of good humour or lack of a scientific attitude towards finding facts, or plain mutual miscomprehension of one another’s points of view through ignorance or laziness or negligence. In case of Pakistan and India over J&K, there has been the further critical complication that we of this generation did not cause this problem — it has been something inherited by us from not even our fathers but our grandfathers! It is two generations old. Each side must respect the words and deeds of its forebears but also may have to frankly examine in a scientific spirit where errors of fact or judgment may have occurred back then. The antagonistic positions have changed only slightly over two generations, and one reason dialogue stalls or gets aborted today is because positions have become frozen for more than half a century and merely get repeated endlessly. On top of such frozen positions have been piled pile upon pile of further vast mortal complications: the 1965 War, the 1971 secession of East Pakistan, the 1999 Kargil War, the 2008 Mumbai massacres. Only cacophony results if we talk about everything at once, leaving the status quo of a dangerous expensive confrontation to continue.

I propose instead to focus as specifically and precisely as possible on how Jammu & Kashmir became a problem at all during those crucial decades alongside the processes of Indian Independence, World War II, the Pakistan Movement and creation of Pakistan, accompanied by the traumas and bloodshed of Partition.

Having addressed that — and it is only fair to forewarn this eminent Lahore audience that such a survey of words, deeds and events between the 1930s and 1950s tends to emerge in India’s favour — I propose to “fast-forward” to current times, where certain new facts on the ground appear much more adverse to India, and finally seek to ask what can and ought to be done, all things considered, today in the circumstances of the 21st Century. There are four central facts, let me for now call them Fact A, Fact B, Fact C and Fact D, which have to be accepted by both countries in good faith and a scientific spirit. Facts A and B are historical in nature; Pakistan has refused to accept them. Facts C and D are contemporary in nature; official political India and much of the Indian media too often have appeared wilfully blind to them. The moment all four facts come to be accepted by all, the way forward becomes clear. We have inherited this grave mortal problem which has so badly affected the ordinary people of J&K in the most terrible and unacceptable manner, but if we fail to understand and resolve it, our children and grandchildren will surely fail even worse — we may even leave them to cope with the waste and destruction of further needless war or confrontation, indeed with the end of the subcontinent as we have received and known it in our time.

2. Pakistan’s Point of View (Or Points of View)

1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal

This audience will need no explanation why I start with Sir Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938), the poetic and spiritual genius who in the 20^th Century inspired the notion of a Muslim polity in NorthWestern India, whose seminal 1930 presidential speech to the Muslim League in Allahabad lay the foundation stone of the new country that was yet to be. He did not live to see Pakistan’s creation yet what may be called the “Pakistan Principle” was captured in his words:

“I would like to see the Punjab, Northwest Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims at least of Northwest India… India is the greatest Muslim country in the world. The life of Islam as a cultural force in this living country very largely depends on its centralization in a specified territory”.

He did not see such a consolidated Muslim state being theocratic and certainly not one filled with bigotry or “Hate-Hindu” campaigns:

“A community which is inspired by feelings of ill-will towards other communities is low and ignoble. I entertain the highest respect for the customs, laws, religious and social institutions of other communities… Yet I love the communal group which is the source of my life and my behaviour… Nor should the Hindus fear that the creation of autonomous Muslim states will mean the introduction of a kind of religious rule in such states…. I therefore demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best interests of India and Islam. For India it means security and peace resulting from an internal balance of power, for Islam an opportunity to rid itself of the stamp that Arabian Imperialism was forced to give it, to mobilise its law, its education, its culture, and to bring them into closer contact with its own original spirit and the spirit of modern times.”[1]

Though Kashmiri himself, in fact a founding member of the “All-India Jammu & Kashmir Muslim Conference of Lahore and Simla”, and a hero and role model for the young Sheikh Abdullah (1905-1982), Allama Iqbal was explicitly silent about J&K being part of the new political entity he had come to imagine. I do not say he would not have wished it to be had he lived longer; what I am saying is that his original vision of the consolidated Muslim state which constitutes Pakistan today (after a Partitioned Punjab) did not include Jammu & Kashmir. Rather, it was focused on the politics of British India and did not mention the politics of Kashmir or any other of the so-called “Princely States” or “Native States” of “Indian India” who constituted some 1/3^rd of the land mass and 1/4^th of the population of the subcontinent. Twenty years ago I called this “The Paradox of Kashmir”, namely, that prior to 1947 J&K hardly seemed to appear in any discussion at all for a century, yet it has consumed almost all discussion and resources ever since.

Secondly, this audience will see better than I can the significance of Dr Iqbal’s saying the Muslim political state of his conception needed

“an opportunity to rid itself of the stamp that Arabian Imperialism was forced to give it”

and instead seek to

“mobilise its law, its education, its culture, and to bring them into closer contact with its own original spirit and the spirit of modern times”.

Dr Iqbal’s Pakistan Principle appears here the polar opposite of Pakistan’s 18^th & 19^th Century pre-history represented by Shah Waliullah (1703-1762)[2] saying

“We are an Arab people whose fathers have fallen in exile in the country of Hindustan, and Arabic genealogy and Arabic language are our pride”

or Sayyid Ahmed Barelwi (1786-1831) saying

“We must repudiate all those Indian, Persian and Roman customs which are contrary to the Prophet’s teaching”.[3]

Some 25 years after the Allahabad address, the Munir Report in 1954 echoed Dr Iqbal’s thought when it observed about medieval military conquests

“It is this brilliant achievement of the Arabian nomads …that makes the Musalman of today live in the past and yearn for the return of the glory that was Islam… Little does he understand that the forces which are pitted against him are entirely different from those against which early Islam had to fight… Nothing but a bold reorientation of Islam to separate the vital from the lifeless can preserve it as a World Idea and convert the Musalman into a citizen of the present and the future world from the archaic incongruity that he is today…” [4]

1933-1947 Chaudhury Rahmat Ali

Dr Iqbal’s young follower, the radical Cambridge pamphleteer Chaudhury Rahmat Ali (1895-1951) drew a picture not of Muslim tolerance and coexistence with Hindus in a peaceful India but of aggression towards Hindus and domination by Muslims over the subcontinent and Asia itself. Rahmat Ali had been inspired by Dr Iqbal’s call for a Muslim state in Northwest India but found it vague and was disappointed Iqbal had not pressed it at the Third Round Table Conference. In 1933, reportedly on the upper floor of a London omnibus, he invented for the then-imagined political entity the name “PAKSTAN”, P for his native Punjab, A for Afghania, K for Kashmir, S for Sind, and STAN for Balochistan. He sought a meeting with Mr Jinnah in London — “Jinnah disliked Rahmat Ali’s ideas and avoided meeting him”[5] but did meet him. There is a thesis yet to be written on how Europe’s inter-War ideologies affected political thinking on the subcontinent. Rahmat Ali’s vituperative views about Hindus were akin to others about Jews (and Muslims too) at the time, all models or counterfoils for one another in the fringes of Nazism. He referred to the Indian nationalist movement as a “British-Banya alliance”, declined to admit India had ever existed and personally renamed the subcontinent “Dinia” and the seas around it the “Pakian Sea”, the “Osmanian Sea” etc. He urged Sikhs to rise up in a “Sikhistan” and urged all non-Hindus to rise up in war against Hindus. Given the obscurity of his life before his arrival at Cambridge’s Emmanuel College, what experiences may have led him to such views are not known.

All this was anathema to Mr Jinnah, the secular constitutionalist embarrassed by a reactionary Muslim imperialism in that rapidly modernising era that was the middle of the 20^th Century. When Rahmat Ali pressed the ‘Pakstan’ acronym, Mr Jinnah said Bengal was not in it and Muslim minority regions were absent. At this Chaudhury-Sahib produced a general scheme of Muslim domination all over the subcontinent: there would be “Pakstan” in the northwest including Kashmir, Delhi and Agra; “Bangistan” in Bengal; “Osmanistan” in Hyderabad; “Siddiquistan” in Bundelhand and Malwa; “Faruqistan” in Bihar and Orissa; “Haideristan” in UP; “Muinistan” in Rajasthan; “Maplistan” in Kerala; even “Safiistan” in “Western Ceylon” and “Nasaristan” in “Eastern Ceylon”, etc. In 1934 he published and widely circulated such a diagram among Muslims in Britain at the time. He was not invited to the Lahore Resolution which did not refer to Pakistan though came to be called the Pakistan Resolution. When he landed in the new Pakistan, he was apparently arrested and deported back and was never granted a Pakistan passport. From England, he turned his wrath upon the new government, condemning Mr Jinnah as treacherous and newly re-interpreting his acronym to refer to Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Iran, Sindh, Tukharistan (sic), Afghanistan, and Balochistan. The word “pak” coincidentally meant pure, so he began to speak of Muslims as “the Pak” i.e. “the pure” people, and of how the national destiny of the new Pakistan was to liberate “Pak” people everywhere, including the new India, and create a “Pak Commonwealth of Nations” stretching from Arabia to the Indies. The map he now drew placed the word “Punjab” over J&K, and saw an Asia dominated by this “Pak” empire. Shunned by officialdom of the new Pakistan, Chaudhury-Sahib was a tragic figure who died in poverty and obscurity during an influenza epidemic in 1951; the Master of Emmanuel College paid for his funeral and was apparently later reimbursed for this by the Government of Pakistan. In recent years he has undergone a restoration, and his grave at Cambridge has become a site of pilgrimage for ideologues, while his diagrams and writings have been reprinted in Pakistan’s newspapers as recently as February 2005.

1937-1941 Sir Sikander Hayat Khan

Chaudhary Rahmat Ali’s harshest critic at the time was the eminent statesman and Premier of Punjab Sir Sikander Hayat Khan (1892-1942), partner of the 1937 Sikander-Jinnah Pact, and an author of the Lahore Resolution. His statement of 11 March 1941 in the Punjab Legislative Assembly Debates is a classic:

“No Pakistan scheme was passed at Lahore… As for Pakistan schemes, Maulana Jamal-ud-Din’s is the earliest…Then there is the scheme which is attributed to the late Allama Iqbal of revered memory. He, however, never formulated any definite scheme but his writings and poems have given some people ground to think that Allama Iqbal desired the establishment of some sort of Pakistan. But it is not difficult to explode this theory and to prove conclusively that his conception of Islamic solidarity and universal brotherhood is not in conflict with Indian patriotism and is in fact quite different from the ideology now sought to be attributed to him by some enthusiasts… Then there is Chaudhuri Rahmat Ali’s scheme (laughter)…it was widely circulated in this country and… it was also given wide publicity at the time in a section of the British press. But there is another scheme…it was published in one of the British journals, I think Round Table, and was conceived by an Englishman…..the word Pakistan was not used at the League meeting and this term was not applied to (the League’s Lahore) resolution by anybody until the Hindu press had a brain-wave and dubbed it Pakistan…. The ignorant masses have now adopted the slogan provided by the short-sighted bigotry of the Hindu and Sikh press…they overlooked the fact that the word Pakistan might have an appeal – a strong appeal – for the Muslim masses. It is a catching phrase and it has caught popular imagination and has thus made confusion worse confounded…. So far as we in the Punjab are concerned, let me assure you that we will not countenance or accept any proposal that does not secure freedom for all (cheers). We do not desire that Muslims should domineer here, just as we do not want the Hindus to domineer where Muslims are in a minority. Now would we allow anybody or section to thwart us because Muslims happen to be in a majority in this province. We do not ask for freedom that there may be a Muslim Raj here and Hindu Raj elsewhere. If that is what Pakistan means I will have nothing to do with it. If Pakistan means unalloyed Muslim Raj in the Punjab then I will have nothing to do with it (hear, hear)…. If you want real freedom for the Punjab, that is to say a Punjab in which every community will have its due share in the economic and administrative fields as partners in a common concern, then that Punjab will not be Pakistan but just Punjab, land of the five rivers; Punjab is Punjab and will always remain Punjab whatever anybody may say (cheers). This, then, briefly is the future which I visualize for my province and for my country under any new constitution.

Intervention (Malik Barkat Ali): The Lahore resolution says the same thing.

Premier: Exactly; then why misinterpret it and try to mislead the masses?…”

1937-1947 Quad-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah

During the Third Round Table Conference, Dr Iqbal persuaded Mr Jinnah (1876-1948) to return to India; Mr Jinnah, from being settled again in his London law practice, did so in 1934. But following the 1935 Govt of India Act, the Muslim League failed badly when British India held its first elections in 1937 not only in Bengal and UP but in Punjab (one seat), NWFP and Sind.

World War II, like World War I a couple of brief decades earlier, then changed the political landscape completely. Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. The next day, India’s British Viceroy (Linlithgow) granted Mr Jinnah the political parity with Congress that he had sought.[6] Professor Francis Robinson suggests that until 4 September 1939 the British

“had had little time for Jinnah and his League. The Government’s declaration of war on Germany on 3 September, however, transformed the situation. A large part of the army was Muslim, much of the war effort was likely to rest on the two Muslim majority provinces of Punjab and Bengal. The following day, the Viceroy invited Jinnah for talks on an equal footing with Gandhi…. As the Congress began to demand immediate independence, the Viceroy took to reassuring Jinnah that Muslim interests would be safeguarded in any constitutional change. Within a few months, he was urging the League to declare a constructive policy for the future, which was of course presented in the Lahore Resolution[7]…. In their August 1940 offer, the British confirmed for the benefit of Muslims that power would not be transferred against the will of any significant element in Indian life. And much the same confirmation was given in the Cripps offer nearly two years later…. Throughout the years 1940 to 1945, the British made no attempt to tease out the contradictions between the League’s two-nation theory, which asserted that Hindus and Muslims came from two different civilisations and therefore were two different nations, and the Lahore Resolution, which demanded that ‘Independent States’ should be constituted from the Muslim majority provinces of the NE and NW, thereby suggesting that Indian Muslims formed not just one nation but two. When in 1944 the governors of Punjab and Bengal urged such a move on the Viceroy, Wavell ignored them, pressing ahead instead with his own plan for an all-India conference at Simla. The result was to confirm, as never before in the eyes of leading Muslims in the majority provinces, the standing of Jinnah and the League. Thus, because the British found it convenient to take the League seriously, everyone had to as well—Congressmen, Unionists, Bengalis, and so on…”[8]

Mr Jinnah was himself amazed by the new British attitude towards him:

“(S)uddenly there was a change in the attitude towards me. I was treated on the same basis as Mr Gandhi. I was wonderstruck why all of a sudden I was promoted and given a place side by side with Mr Gandhi.”

Britain, threatened for its survival, faced an obdurate Indian leadership and even British socialists sympathetic to Indian aspirations grew cold (Gandhi dismissing the 1942 Cripps offer as a “post-dated cheque on a failing bank”). Official Britain’s loyalties had been consistently with those who had been loyal to them, and it was unsurprising there would be a tilt to empower Mr Jinnah soon making credible the real possibility of Pakistan.[9] By 1946, Britain was exhausted, pre-occupied with rationing, Berlin, refugee resettlement and countless other post-War problems — Britain had not been beaten in war but British imperialism was finished because of the War. Muslim opinion in British India had changed decisively in the League’s favour. But the subcontinent’s political processes were drastically spinning out of everyone’s control towards anarchy and blood-letting. Implementing a lofty vision of a cultured progressive consolidated Muslim state in India’s NorthWest descended into “Direct Action” with urban mobs shouting Larke lenge Pakistan; Marke lenge Pakistan; Khun se lenge Pakistan; Dena hoga Pakistan.[10]

We shall return to Mr Jinnah’s view on the legal position of the “Native Princes” of “Indian India” during this critical time, specifically J&K; here it is essential before proceeding only to record his own vision for the new Pakistan as recorded by the profoundly judicious report of Justice Munir and Justice Kayani a mere half dozen years later:

“Before the Partition, the first public picture of Pakistan that the Quaid-i-Azam gave to the world was in the course of an interview in New Delhi with Mr. Doon Campbell, Reuter’s Correspondent. The Quaid-i-Azam said that the new State would be a modern democratic State, with sovereignty resting in the people and the members of the new nation having equal rights of citizenship regardless of their religion, caste or creed. When Pakistan formally appeared on the map, the Quaid-i-Azam in his memorable speech of 11^th August 1947 to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, while stating the principle on which the new State was to be founded, said:—‘All the same, in this division it was impossible to avoid the question of minorities being in one Dominion or the other. Now that was unavoidable. There is no other solution. Now what shall we do? Now, if we want to make this great State of Pakistan happy and prosperous we should wholly and solely concentrate on the well-being of the people, and specially of the masses and the poor. If you will work in co-operation, forgetting the past, burying the hatchet, you are bound to succeed. If you change your past and work together in a spirit that every one of you, no matter to what community he belongs, no matter what relations he had with you in the past, no matter what is his colour, caste or creed, is first, second and last a citizen of this State with equal rights, privileges and obligations., there will be no end to the progress you will make. “I cannot emphasise it too much. We should begin to work in that spirit and in course of time all these angularities of the majority and minority communities—the Hindu community and the Muslim community— because even as regards Muslims you have Pathana, Punjabis, Shias, Sunnis and so on and among the Hindus you have Brahmins, Vashnavas, Khatris, also Bengalis, Madrasis and so on—will vanish. Indeed if you ask me this has been the biggest hindrance in the way of India to attain its freedom and independence and but for this we would have been free peoples long long ago. No power can hold another nation, and specially a nation of 400 million souls in subjection; nobody could have conquered you, and even if it had happened, nobody could have continued its hold on you for any length of time but for this (Applause). Therefore, we must learn a lesson from this. You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other places of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed— that has nothing to do with the business of the State (Hear, hear). As you know, history shows that in England conditions sometime ago were much worse than those prevailing in India today. The Roman Catholics and the Protestants persecuted each other. Even now there are some States in existence where there are discriminations made and bars imposed against a particular class. Thank God we are not starting in those days. We are starting in the days when there is no discrimination, no distinction between one community and another, no discrimination between one caste or creed and another. We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State (Loud applause). The people of England in course of time had to face the realities of the situation and had to discharge the responsibilities and burdens placed upon them by the Government of their country and they went through that fire step by step. Today you might say with justice that Roman Catholics and Protestants do not exist: what exists now is that every man is a citizen, an equal citizen, of Great Britain and they are all members of the nation. “Now, I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State’. The Quaid-i-Azam was the founder of Pakistan and the occasion on which he thus spoke was the first landmark in the history of Pakistan. The speech was intended both for his own people including non-Muslims and the world, and its object was to define as clearly as possible the ideal to the attainment of which the new State was to devote all its energies. There are repeated references in this speech to the bitterness of the past and an appeal to forget and change the past and to bury the hatchet. The future subject of the State is to be a citizen with equal rights, privileges and obligations, irrespective of colour, caste, creed or community. The word ‘nation’ is used more than once and religion is stated to have nothing to do with the business of the State and to be merely a matter of personal faith for the individual.”

1940s et seq Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi, Amir Jama’at-i-Islami

The eminent theologian Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi (1903-1979), founder of the Jama’at-i-Islami, had been opposed to the Pakistan Principle but once Pakistan was created he became the most eminent votary of an Islamic State, declaring:

“That the sovereignty in Pakistan belongs to God Almighty alone and that the Government of Pakistan shall administer the country as His agent”.

In such a view, Islam becomes

“the very antithesis of secular Western democracy. The philosophical foundation of Western democracy is the sovereignty of the people. Lawmaking is their prerogative and legislation must correspond to the mood and temper of their opinion… Islam… altogether repudiates the philosophy of popular sovereignty and rears its polity on the foundations of the sovereignty of God and the viceregency (Khilafat) of man.”

Maulana Maudoodi was asked by Justice Munir and Justice Kayani:

“Q.—Is a country on the border of dar-ul-Islam always qua an Islamic State in the position of dar-ul-harb ?

A.—No. In the absence of an agreement to the contrary, the Islamic State will be potentially at war with the non-Muslim neighbouring country. The non-Muslim country acquires the status of dar-ul-harb only after the Islamic State declares a formal war against it”.

“Q.—Is there a law of war in Islam?

A.—Yes.

Q.—Does it differ fundamentally from the modern International Law of war?

A.—These two systems are based on a fundamental difference.

Q.—What rights have non-Muslims who are taken prisoners of war in a jihad?

A.—The Islamic law on the point is that if the country of which these prisoners are nationals pays ransom, they will be released. An exchange of prisoners is also permitted. If neither of these alternatives is possible, the prisoners will be converted into slaves for ever. If any such person makes an offer to pay his ransom out of his own earnings, he will be permitted to collect the money necessary for the fidya (ransom).

Q.—Are you of the view that unless a Government assumes the form of an Islamic Government, any war declared by it is not a jihad?

A.—No. A war may be declared to be a jihad if it is declared by a national Government of Muslims in the legitimate interests of the State. I never expressed the opinion attributed to me in Ex. D. E. 12:— (translation)‘The question remains whether, even if the Government of Pakistan, in its present form and structure, terminates her treaties with the Indian Union and declares war against her, this war would fall under the definition of jihad? The opinion expressed by him in this behalf is quite correct. Until such time as the Government becomes Islamic by adopting the Islamic form of Government, to call any of its wars a jihad would be tantamount to describing the enlistment and fighting of a non-Muslim on the side of the Azad Kashmir forces jihad and his death martyrdom. What the Maulana means is that, in the presence of treaties, it is against Shari’at, if the Government or its people participate in such a war. If the Government terminates the treaties and declares war, even then the war started by Government would not be termed jihad unless the Government becomes Islamic’.

….

“Q.—If we have this form of Islamic Government in Pakistan, will you permit Hindus to base their Constitution on the basis of their own religion?

A—Certainly. I should have no objection even if the Muslims of India are treated in that form of Government as shudras and malishes and Manu’s laws are applied to them, depriving them of all share in the Government and the rights of a citizen. In fact such a state of affairs already exists in India.”

.…

“Q.—What will be the duty of the Muslims in India in case of war between India and Pakistan?

A.—Their duty is obvious, and that is not to fight against Pakistan or to do anything injurious to the safety of Pakistan.”

1947-1950 PM Liaquat Ali Khan, 1966 Gen Ayub Khan, 2005 Govt of Pakistan et seq

In contrast to Maulana Maudoodi saying Islam was “the very antithesis of secular Western democracy”, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan (1895-1951)[11] during his first official visit in 1950 to North America was to say the new Pakistan, because it was Muslim, held Asia’s greatest democratic potential:

“At present there is no democracy in Asia which is more free and more unified than Pakistan; none so free from moral doubts and from strains between the various sections of the people.”

He told his audiences Pakistan was created because Hindus were people wedded to caste-differences where Pakistanis as Muslims had an egalitarian and democratic disposition:

“The Hindus, for example, believe in the caste system according to which some human beings are born superior to others and cannot have any social relations with those in the lower castes or with those who are not Hindus. They cannot marry them or eat with them or even touch them without being polluted. The Muslims abhor the caste system, as they are a democratic people and believe in the equality of men and equal opportunities for all, do not consider a priesthood necessary, and have economic laws and institutions which recognize the right of private ownership and yet are designed to promote the distribution of wealth and to put healthy checks on vast unearned accumulations… so the Hindus and the Muslims decided to part and divide British India into two independent sovereign states… Our demand for a country of our own had, as you see, a strong democratic urge behind it. The emergence of Pakistan itself was therefore the triumph of a democratic idea. It enabled at one stroke a democratic nation of eighty million people to find a place of its own in Asia, where now they can worship God in freedom and pursue their own way of life uninhibited by the domination or the influence of ways and beliefs that are alien or antagonistic to their genius.” [12]

President Ayub Khan would state in similar vein on 18 November 1966 at London’s Royal Institute of International Affairs:

“the root of the problem was the conflicting ideologies of India and Pakistan. Muslim Pakistan believed in common brotherhood and giving people equal opportunity. India and Hinduism are based on inequality and on colour and race. Their basic concept is the caste system… Hindus and Muslims could never live under one Government, although they might live side by side.”

Regarding J&K, Liaquat Ali Khan on November 4 1947 broadcast from here in Lahore that the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar was “infamous” in having caused an “immoral and illegal” ownership of Jammu & Kashmir. He, along with Mr Jinnah, had called Sheikh Abdullah a “goonda” and “hoodlum” and “Quisling” of India, and on February 4 1948 Pakistan formally challenged the sovereignty of the Dogra dynasty in the world system of nations. In 1950 during his North American visit though, the Prime Minister allowed that J&K was a “princely state” but said

“culturally, economically, geographically and strategically, Kashmir – 80 per cent of whose peoples like the majority of the people in Pakistan are Muslims – is in fact an integral part of Pakistan”;

“(the) bulk of the population (are) under Indian military occupation”.

Pakistan’s official self-image, portrayal of India, and position on J&K may have not changed greatly since her founding Prime Minister’s statements. For example, in June 2005 the website of the Government of Pakistan’s Permanent Mission at the UN stated:

“Q: How did Hindu Raja (sic) become the ruler of Muslim majority Kashmir?

A: Historically speaking Kashmir had been ruled by the Muslims from the 14th Century onwards. The Muslim rule continued till early 19th Century when the ruler of Punjab conquered Kashmir and gave Jammu to a Dogra Gulab Singh who purchased Kashmir from the British in 1846 for a sum of 7.5 million rupees.”

“India’s forcible occupation of the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947 is the main cause of the dispute. India claims to have ‘signed’ a controversial document, the Instrument of Accession, on 26 October 1947 with the Maharaja of Kashmir, in which the Maharaja obtained India’s military help against popular insurgency. The people of Kashmir and Pakistan do not accept the Indian claim. There are doubts about the very existence of the Instrument of Accession. The United Nations also does not consider Indian claim as legally valid: it recognises Kashmir as a disputed territory. Except India, the entire world community recognises Kashmir as a disputed territory. The fact is that all the principles on the basis of which the Indian subcontinent was partitioned by the British in 1947 justify Kashmir becoming a part of Pakistan: the State had majority Muslim population, and it not only enjoyed geographical proximity with Pakistan but also had essential economic linkages with the territories constituting Pakistan.”

India, a country dominated by the hated-Hindus, has forcibly denied Srinagar Valley’s Muslim majority over the years the freedom to become part of Muslim Pakistan – I stand here to be corrected but, in a nutshell, such has been and remains Pakistan’s official view and projection of the Kashmir problem over more than sixty years.[13]

Part II

India’s Point of View: British Negligence/Indifference during the Transfer of Power, A Case of Misgovernance in the Chaotic Aftermath of World War II

(a) Rhetoric: Whose Pakistan? Which Kashmir?

(b) Law: (i) Liaquat-Zafrullah-Abdullah-Nehru United in Error Over the Second Treaty of Amritsar! Dogra J&K subsists Mar 16 1846-Oct 22 1947. Aggression, Anarchy, Annexations: The LOC as De Facto Boundary by Military Decision Since Jan 1 1949. (ii) Legal Error & Confusion Generated by 12 May 1946 Memorandum. (iii) War: Dogra J&K attacked by Pakistan, defended by India: Invasion, Mutiny, Secession of “Azad Kashmir” & Gilgit, Rape of Baramulla, Siege of Skardu.

Politics: What is to be Done? Towards Truths, Normalisation, Peace in the 21^st Century

The Present Situation is Abnormal & Intolerable. There May Be One (and Only One) Peacable Solution that is Feasible: Revealing Individual Choices Privately with Full Information & Security: Indian “Green Cards”/PIO-OCI status for Hurriyat et al: A Choice of Nationality (India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran). Of Flags and Consulates in Srinagar & Gilgit etc: De Jure Recognition of the Boundary, Diplomatic Normalisation, Economic & Military Cooperation.

Appendices:

(a) History of Jammu & Kashmir until the Dogra Native State

(b) Pakistan’s Allies (including A Brief History of Gilgit)

(c) India’s Muslim Voices

(d) Pakistan’s Muslim Voices: An Excerpt from the Munir Report

[1] EIJ Rosenthal, Islam in the Modern National State, 1965, pp.196-197.

[2] A contemporary of Mohammad Ibn Abdal Wahhab of Nejd.

[3] Francis Robinson in WE James & Subroto Roy, Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s, 1993, p. 36. Indeed Barelwi had created a proto-Pakistan in NorthWest India one hundred years before the Pakistan Movement. “In the later 1820s the movement became militant, regarding jihad as one of the basic tenets of faith. Possibly encouraged by the British, with whom the movement did not feel powerful enough to come to grips at the outset, it chose as the venue of jihad the NW frontier of the subcontinent, where it was directed against the Sikhs. Barelwi temporarily succeeded in carving out a small theocratic principality which collapsed owing to the friction between his Pathan and North Indian followers; and he was finally defeated and slain by the Sikhs in 1831″ (Aziz Ahmed, in AL Basham (ed) A Cultural History of India 1976, p. 384). Professor Robinson answered a query of mine in an email of 8 August 2005: “the fullest description of this is in Mohiuddin Ahmad, Saiyid Ahmad Shahid (Lucknow, 1975), although practically everyone who deals with the period covers it in some way. Barelwi was the Amir al-Muminin of a jihadi community which based itself north of Peshawar and for a time controlled Peshawar. He called his fellowship the Tariqa-yi Muhammadiya. Barelwi corresponded with local rulers about him. After his death at the battle of Balakot, it survived in the region, at Sittana I think, down to World War One.”

[4] Rosenthal, ibid., p 235

[5] Germans

[6] Events remote from India’s history and geography, namely, the rise of Hitler and the Second World War, had contributed between 1937 and 1947 to the change of fortunes of the Muslim League and hence of all the people of the subcontinent. The British had long discovered that mutual antipathy between Muslims and Hindus could be utilised in fashioning their rule; specifically that organisation and mobilisation of Muslim communal opinion was a useful counterweight to any pan-Indian nationalism emerging to compete with British authority. As early as 1874, long before Allan Octavian Hume ICS conceived the Indian National Congress, John Strachey ICS observed “The existence side by side of these (Hindu and Muslim) hostile creeds is one of the strong points in our political position in India. The better classes of Mohammedans are a source of strength to us and not of weakness. They constitute a comparatively small but an energetic minority of the population whose political interests are identical with ours.” By 1906, when a deputation of Muslims headed by the Aga Khan first approached the British pleading for communal representation, Minto the Viceroy replied: “I am as firmly convinced as I believe you to be that any electoral representation in India would be doomed to mischievous failure which aimed at granting a personal enfranchisement, regardless of the beliefs and traditions of the communities composing the population of this Continent.” Minto’s wife wrote in her diary the effect was “nothing less than the pulling back of sixty two millions of (Muslims) from joining the ranks of the seditious opposition.” (The true significance of Maulana Azad may have been that he, precisely at the same time, did indeed feel within himself the nationalist’s desire for freedom strongly enough to want to join the ranks of that seditious opposition.)

[7] “That geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary, that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority, as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute Independent States in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign”.

[8] Robinson ibid, pp. 43-44.

[9] In the “Indian India” of the Native Princes, Hari Singh and others who sent troops to fight as part of British armies (and who were nominal members of Churchill’s War Cabinet) would have their vanities flattered, while Sheikh Abdullah’s rebellion against Dogra rule would be ignored. See seq. And in British India, Mr Jinnah the conservative Anglophile and his elitist Muslim League would be backed, while the radicalised masses of the Gandhi-Bose-Nehru Congress suppressed as a nuisance.

[10] An anthology about Lahore reports memories of a murderous mob arriving at a wealthy man’s home to be placated with words like “They are Parsis not Hindus, no need to kill them…”

[11] An exact contemporary of Chaudhury Rahmat Ali.

[12] Pakistan, Harvard University Press, 1950.

[13] It is not far from this to a certain body of sentiments frequently found, for example, as recently as February 5 2011: “To observe the Kashmir Solidarity Day, various programs, rallies and protests will be held on Saturday (today) across the city to support the people of Kashmir in their struggle against the Indian occupation of their land. Various religious, political, social and other organizations have arranged different programs to highlight the atrocities of Indian occupant army in held Jammu and Kashmir where about 800,000 Indian soldiers have been committing atrocities against innocent civilians; killing, wounding and maiming tens of thousands of people; raping thousands of women and setting houses, shops and crops on fire to break the Kashmiris’ will to fight for their freedom…Jamat-ud-Dawah…leaders warned that a ‘jihad’ would be launched if Kashmir was not liberated through civil agitation…the JuD leaders said first the former President, Pervez Musharraf, and now the current dispensation were extending the olive branch to New Delhi despite the atrocities on the Kashmiri people….the Pakistani nation would (never compromise on the issue of Kashmir and) would continue to provide political, moral and diplomatic support to the Kashmiri people.”

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Conversations with Kashmiris: An Ongoing Facebook Note

January 24, 2011 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook:

Subroto Roy regrets getting the sisters’ names wrong earlier; they were not Kulsooma and Yasmin but Akhtara, 19, and Arifa, 17. Their killings by terrorists in Sopore, and that of young Manzoor Ahmad Magray, 22, by the Army in Handwara within the week, mark a tipping point, for myself at least.

Subroto Roy reflecting on the Lashkar-e-Toiba killing of the teenage Sopore sisters and the Indian Army killing of Manzoor Ahmad Magray in Handwara, all in one week, is reminded only of: *Where be these enemies?… See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate,…all are punish’d.*

From Facebook:

Subroto Roy says at Seema Mustafa’s Wall “Some of these comments seem to be addressed to me in a somewhat ill-mannered way. I am due to speak in Lahore next month on Kashmir and Pakistan, and have published quite extensively over 20 years perhaps on the subject, apropos the University of Hawaii volume *Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s* etc.

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=247284116125&id=632437284

http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=171926377284&set=a.136688412284.112038.632437284

I am quite happy to engage in any conversation with any shade of opinion from the leader of the United Jehad Council onwards. But discussion needs to be in English not pidgin English or slang, it needs to be polite and well-mannered, and it needs to be as well thought out and well-informed as possible. I may be addressed as Dr Roy or Mr Roy by people I do not know.

Subroto Roy says to Mr Changal, Apropos your “@mr roy…. i hope u carry a message that KASHMIRIS WIL NEVER LIKE TO B A PART OF INDIA”, I am given to understand that you as an individual have no wish to be an Indian national, which to me is fair enough. A lot of Indian nationals have travelled after all to the USA, Britain etc and there have gone about freely renouncing their Indian nationality and accepting that of another country. May I assume that if you, as an individual, were given such a choice by the Govt of India to formally renounce, on paper, in a private decision with full security and no fear of repercussions, your Indian nationality, you would do so? You may then become stateless in international law, following which the Govt of India could assist you as an individual to accept the nationality of some other country for which you were eligible, e.g. the Islamic Republic of Iran or the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan or the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. If that went through properly, the Govt of India could also give you full “Green Card” or PIO status vis a vis the Indian territory you may wish to live or work etc in.

Ajmal Nazir ‎@ subroto sir…..I personally appreciate the kind of efforts you are putting to highlight the meseries that kashmiris are going through. May God succeed you in your efforts . However there are lot of realities that one need to understand before talking about Kashmir.This issue is not a demographical or political issue. This is an human issue where kashmiris suffer. Before going into any discussion , both Pakistan and India should understand that this problems is taking its toll on common kashmiri who is getting killed everyday. Kashmir is like a beautiful prison where one can survive but cannot live freely. It looks completely normal from outside. But unfortunately you cannot see the fear that is inside the hearts of common people. You cannot see the uncertainty in the minds of those people.I wish you could have feel the fear in the mind of mothers when their kids are outside. I wish you could have feel the fear in the eyes of kids, when they see these indian forces roaming in their fields. There is a check post in every corner of the street, where it is obligatory for us to go through checking. We have to prove our identity in our own homes. It is not happening only on 26th Jan (like it happens in your states ]. It happening everyday, every-hour and every-time.I wish you could feel the fear when we have to go through these checking. Everyday, we have to make sure that we come home before 6:00 pm otherwise you will be picked up and your name will get added into hundrends and thousands of disappeared people. There are so many fake encounters happening in valley that nobody from outside world knows. Try to listen to local news here and there is a separate sections which tells you about the number of people that got killed every 24 hours. In 90’s that list was always above 20 and there was no such news outside kashmir. There is no such family in kashmir that hasn’t suffer I am not talking about mental suffering, I am talking about where somebody got killed.I wish you could have seen the pain of those mothers who lost their innocent sons, I wish you could seen the hopelessness in the minds of those fathers, who lost their only sons. There are so many half widows in kashmir, whose husbands were picked by forces and they never came back. they are still waiting for their husbands to return. In every community , there is an orphanage, where you will find the so many orphan kids. i believe you will find the most numbers orphans in kashmir than in any other state. These suffering are not visible from outside.We need to feel like kashmiris to understand these problems You need to take little pain to find the actual realities in kashmir. Every kashmir including our pandiths brothers suffer. KAshmir issue is not the political issue, neither is it regional issue. This is a human issue . This issue is not related to the geographical demographies, it is related with the people who live there.These boundaries are of no meaning for those mothers and fathers, who suffer everyday. If Indian wants kashmir, you have to win the hearts of kashmiris, Treat us like humans, Give us basic human rights . Release kashmiris from this militarized prison. Let us decide what is good for us.. Give us the freedom to express our problems. Let us bring kashmiris youth in your national media and let them discuss this issue. India is a democratic country so i believe everybody has a right to express their feelings.Highlight our miseries and punish the culprits who have killed innocent kashmiris. How can you justify the killing of those small kids who pelt stones on the streets. Does indian constitution allow killings of kids if they pelt stones. If they damage property, arrest them but how can we kill those small kids.Even some where beaten to death.What about Tufail Matoo who got killed when he was going to tuition classes. He didn;t damage any property. There are so many untold stories in kashmir that nobody knows.

Subroto Roy says to Mr Nazir, Thank you for the lengthy and pertinent statement which clearly reflects your experience as well as your hopes and fears. I have no hesitation in accepting your saying the situation in recent times has become intolerable for ordinary people. I believe it is the outcome of a process which has evolved over decades in which the peoples and Governments of India, the peoples and Governments of Pakistan, and the peoples and Governments of J&K too, have all contributed. It is something for which *everyone* is responsible, no single person or country or community can be said to be exempt (other than perhaps the gentle people of Laddakh). And all the facts of history and the present have to be understood, and yes felt as well — each and every clear fact. I hope to show how this may be done during my Lahore lectures next month. Cordial regards and thanking you once more.

Subroto Roy says to Mr Changal, Thank you for the reply though you may have made a mistake with my identity: I am not Mr Subroto who has been a senior minister in Indonesia, but rather Dr Roy or Mr Roy as you please. No I do not think I am or would want to be blind to any atrocities by armed forces on civilians in any country, my own included. Apropos your statement “we reject the illegal n forceful occupation of kashmir by the cruel hindu india”, I shall be glad to hear the basis of your opinion. Re Hindus and Muslims and my opinion thereof, there is a lot of material to be found at my site and among my Notes. Cordially, SR

Sajad Malik I just wud humbly like to ask you a question sir, Do you deny the disputed nature of kashmir?

Subroto Roy Mr Malik, Thank you for the question. I think it was I who said *twenty years ago*, when I was almost as young as some of you are now “The core of the continuing dispute between Pakistan and India has been Kashmir, where vast resources have been drained from the budgets of both countries by two large armies facing one another for decades over a disputed boundary”. I do not think the Govt of Pakistan had used the word “core” until that time. Please see p 15 of the book

http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=171926377284&set=a.136688412284.112038.632437284

Subroto Roy says to Mr Changal, I cannot know but perhaps you speak from terrible personal experiences as an individual at the hands of governmental machinery; I know what that can be like.

I would agree it is important in this grave and mortal matter to go into the whole history piece by piece, frankly and candidly, with scientific honesty and freedom of inquiry and thought. That is the only real way to aim for complete agreement across the political spectrum in the subcontinent. Such an agreement is possible too, and the only real way forward for all, especially the people of J&K, your generation and the future. I am sure my Lahore lectures will be public immediately after they are delivered next month, which you may find of interest.

Clearly we have a number of factual questions for one another whose answers may emerge in time. Rape is an evil thing, and I find what you mention is discussed here. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunan_Poshpora_incident

Thank you for your comment and suggestion. The solution I have proposed since 2005 is far better than the plebiscite idea you mention. But I am afraid you will have to make a study of my publications here at FB or at my site or in my books, or wait until the Lahore lectures. I also wonder if you are aware that Sheikh Abdullah and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad *offered a plebiscite* when it was first mentioned in 1948 during the Pashtun tribal invasion from Pakistan but Pakistan balked.

Subroto Roy says the solution he has proposed since 2005 is far better than the plebiscite idea often mentioned. Many are also unaware that Sheikh Abdullah and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad *offered a plebiscite* when it was first mentioned in 1948 during the Pashtun tribal invasion from Pakistan but Pakistan balked.

Ganai Danish: It was pandit nehru,who in 1952 addressed the public gathering in lal chowk sgr,promised that the people of jk will be given a chance to decide their future whether they want to be part of india or accede with pakistan.It is worth mentioning that it was india itself who took the case of disputed nature of kashmir to UN by passing a resolution in 1948.But 63 years passed, india is yet to fulfull its promise and has mulishly held on to the uncompromising stance that jk is an integral part of india.

Subroto Roy: Mr Danish, Thank you for the comment. Pandit Nehru’s Lal Chowk speech may have been 1947/48 during the Pashtun invasion. There is a small pic at my site here https://independentindian.com/2009/03/28/india-is-not-a-monarchy-and-urgently-needs-to-universalize-the-french-concept-of-citoyen-some-personal-thoughts/

By 1952, Sheikh Abdullah had pioneered the J&K Constitution

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=244956301112

Ganai Danish Respected Dr Roy,1952 or 1948,that isn’t the question.The question is why india uses its military might to crush our movement.By calling itself the world’s largest democrac<z>y,its democracy is buried in kashmir.Our movement is indegenious,peaceful,genuine,and non violent and we will take it to its conclusion

Subroto Roy Mr Danish, Thank you for the comment. The difference between 1948 and 1952 is vital because that is the time Kashmir *made its decision*, and it was a *democratic* decision led by Sheikh-Sahib who had — practically single-handedly — awoken the Muslim masses from their slumber and oppression under the Dogras. Sheikh Abdullah paid the penalty for that most heavily– being jailed by the Dogras numerous times because of it. But even so I think you have raised a critically important question — which is how it is that your generation has become so utterly alienated and disaffected with their political experience of repression, war, terrorism etc that they want to free themselves of it.

Ganai Danish It is very true that late sheikh abdullah traitor fought against dogra rule but he did such a blunder that whatever happened in kashmir since 1989 to 2010,sheikh is responsible for this.He sold kashmir to india and sold the blood of martyrs that were in favour of accession to pakistan.It was the same traitor’s son farooq abdullah who signed noozle to Shaheed Maqbool bhat,the first martyr of kashmir.It was the same farooq abdullah’s leadership in 1989 who killed 1 lac kashmiris and brought POTA,AFSPA,PSA and so on in kashmir.It was the same traitors son omer abdullah who killed 112 innocents in kashmir in just 4 months.So far as the imprisonment is concerned.,It is Syed Ali shah geelani,a vetern leader of kashmir,who spent more than 22 years in jail and is still under house arrest.

Subroto Roy says to Mr Danish, Thanks for this point of view of which I know less than I should. I am glad we have reached a stage so quickly where we may discuss different interpretations of factual events. I reaoet what I have said to Mr Nazir, that I have no hesitation in accepting your saying the situation in recent times has become intolerable for ordinary people. I believe it is the outcome of a process which has evolved over decades in which the peoples and Governments of India, the peoples and Governments of Pakistan, and the peoples and Governments of J&K too, have all contributed. It is something for which *everyone* is responsible, no single person or country or community can be said to be exempt (other than perhaps the gentle people of Laddakh). And all the facts of history and the present have to be understood, and yes felt as well — each and every clear fact. I hope to show how this may be done during my Lahore lectures next month. Cordial regards and thanking you once more.

Sajad Malik ‎@ Mr. Roy, you mean Sheikh Abdullah “offered” Plebiscite? well this is a news to me; as i am wondering on what authority wud they do that? All i have been knowing till now is, Plebiscite was in the offing, had Nehru not insisted that the tribes men from NWFP leave Kashmir and at the same time Jinnah insisting that for the plebiscite to happen, Indian forces need to be out of kashmir first.

Subroto Roy says to Mr Malik, Yes, Sheikh Abdullah and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad *offered* a plebiscite when it was first mentioned and it was the Pakistanis who balked.

Re. “disputed territory” and “core issue”, as I said yesterday, I do not have to *admit* it because I may have been the first to say so *twenty years ago* when I was almost as young as some of you are now “The core of the continuing dispute between Pakistan and India has been Kashmir, where vast resources have been drained from the budgets of both countries by two large armies facing one another for decades over a disputed boundary”. I do not think the Govt of Pakistan had used the word “core” until that time. Please see p 15 of the book

http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=171926377284&set=a.136688412284.112038.632437284

You may perhaps see that it is a leap of logic from saying Pakistan and India have a disputed boundary to saying as you suggest “So what is the problem if a Kashmiri asks Azadi sir?”. 🙂

Subroto Roy says to Mr Malik: Mr Malik, Indeed as I have said Sheikh-Sahib and Bakshi did so; you would have to know how ghastly and vicious the tribal invasion from Pakistan was starting on October 22 1947, and how the Rape of Baramulla had proceeded (with Kashmiri women of all communities, Muslim, Sikh and Hindu, being abducted by lorry en masse to be sold in markets in Peshawar etc), to know that Sheikh Abdullah and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad could confidently predict the outcome at the time of any such plebiscite, which would explain why Liaquat Ali Khan (who had condemned Sheikh as a “Quisling of India”) would have ignored it. I say this having read reports from the original newspapers at the time, and have today asked the editor of that national newspaper to produce a set of reprints of all articles published from, say, the 1946 Cabinet Mission to the Jan-Feb 1949 ceasefire, since all this material is unknown by all the parties, and making it known would contribute to resolving this grave and mortal problem. Do please explain what you mean or Sheikh meant by “Siyasi Awaragardi”; also I would certainly be grateful to learn of your view and that of your friends on the history of J&K between, say, 1952 and the 1965 War.

Sajad Malik: Mr Roy, I have been lately reading a piece done by Haroon Rashid. He pens down all that Kashmiri’s suffered at the hands of tribesmen..looting and arson, even killing of a lady running a convent. He outrightly rejects rape, (anyway thats altogether a diffrent debate). Sheikh Abdullah, wen released from the prison (Imprisoned by Nehru,for taking the plebscite front) scorned his ownself for taking up Plebscite front and termed it as “Siyasi-Awaragardi” (Political Intrigue). For your further enlightment here Mr. Roy;- 1951: Indian holds elections and tries to impose its democratic institution in Kashmir. It is opposed by the United Nations. They pass a resolution to declare elections void and stress on plebiscite. India ignores the opposition blatantly. Sheikh Abdullah wins unopposed and rumors of election rigging plague Kashmiri politics. 1952: Sheikh Abdullah signs the Delhi Agreement on July, 1952. It chalks out state-centre sharing of power and gives abidance to Kashmir to have its own flag. Sheikh Abdullah creates Kashmir centric land reforms which create resentment among the people of Jammu and Ladakh. Delhi Agreement provides the first genuine erosion in international resolution of Kashmir. Nehru’s Speech: ”On August1952, Jawahar Lal Nehru gives a negating speech contradicting the settlement provided in the Delhi Agreement: “Ultimately – I say this with all deference to this Parliament – the decision will be made in the hearts and minds of the men and women of Kashmir; neither in this Parliament, nor in the United Nations nor by anybody else” 1953-1954: Sheikh Abdullah takes U turns and procrastinates in conforming the accession of Kashmir to India. Sheikh Abdullah is jailed. In August, Bakhshi Ghulam Muhammad is installed in place of Sheikh Abdullah. He officially ratifies Kashmir’s accession with India. On April, 1954, India & Pakistan both agree in appointment of a Plebiscite Administrator. 1956-1957: On 30th October, 1956, J&K Constituent Assembly adopts a fresh constitution, and dissolves the Constituent Assembly, which further defines the relationship of Kashmir with the Indian Dominion. UN strongly condemns the developments and passes a resolution stating such attempts will not result in any final resolution. On 26th January, 1957, the new constitution is made enforceable. Kashmir is now a Republican-Democratic state under Indian Union. 1964: Sheikh Abdullah is released from jail. Jawahar Lal Nehru sends Sheikh Abdullah with a delegation to Pakistan in an effort to find a resolution discourse for Kashmir. In the meantime, masses in Kashmir protest against the implementation of Article 356 & 357, which allows Indian central authority over constituting legislative powers in Kashmir. The special status of Kashmir continues to get eroded. 1965-1971: The nomenclature is changed from ‘Sadr-e-Riyasat’ to Governor and from Prime Minister to Chief Minister. The Governor is now no longer elected locally, and is installed as per the orders of the President of India. This amendment lightens off Kashmir from its special titles. Free & fair elections in the guise of democracy are championed as just causes, and Indian mainstream parties are allowed to contest in the elections. However, these elections aren’t well received by the public. In many cases, international watchdogs accuse India of rigging elections. In 1967, Jammu Autonomy Forum is constituted with the aim of institutionalizing regional autonomy. Excerpts, “chronology of Kashmir conflict” by Naveed Qazi”

Subroto Roy says to Mr Sajad Malik: thank you for this brief chronology which I shall certainly study more carefully. Am I to understand that you and perhaps others with you deny the Rape of Baramullah? Perhaps you mean that the thousands, but thousands, of Kashmiri women of all three communities who were abducted against their will by the tribesmen in lorries and later sold in Peshawar and other markets were not raped but taken in matrimony at their new destinations?

Sajad Malik: Mr Roy, I am not denying anything. All I am saying is that Haroon Rashid (BBC) is rejecting it and that I maintain, its a separate debate. The thing which we are discussing here is that India has no legitimate authority over Kashmir. It’s military might, deciept, savagery has not been able to turn a leaf in Kashmir, despite tens of thousands been killed, despite all the laws it sought from the “once wicked” Britian. I am not a political analyst nor a strategist but with full conviction Mr. Roy, m telling you Kashmir can never be India. Smell our land it smells saffron, m not sure what it smells in India. Comment not intended to hurt your or any Indian’s emotions Mr. Roy. If it inadvertently does, I apologise.

Subroto Roy: Mr Malik, Thank you; no not at all, there is *absolutely* no need for you to apologise in this discussion for anything. Clearly there are many factual disagreements here, as to what happened precisely, who said and did what precisely, and so on, and an exchange of views and references is always constructive. From what you say, you may find of interest these two articles of mine from 2006; the former is “History of J&K” and the latter contains a Brief History of Gilgit too:

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=152343836125

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=152345826125

You may also like to see my FB Note giving Sheikh Abdullah in his own words for you and others to judge, here

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=244956301125

and also Sheikh-Sahib, and Dr Zakir Hussain and Maulana Azad and others here:

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=153977181125

Your statement “Kashmir can never be India” is perhaps intended to be controversial as it appears to beg the question, though of course you may agree *some* Kashmiris are Indians and wish to be Indians, and I may agree *some* Kashmiris are not Indians and do not wish to be Indians and also *some* Kashmiris are Indians and do not wish to be Indians; there may also be *some* Kashmiris who are not Indians but who wish to be Indians. Cordially.

Subroto Roy

Mr Malik, you are quoting from perhaps Dr Zakir Hussain or Sheikh Abdullah, not from my words. Secondly, are you saying Pakistan did not invade J&K in 1947? Britain did? I would agree there was a British-induced coup d’etat in Gilgit, but I trust you do not deny the whole history of the (then new) Pakistan’s military and political forces causing the vicious and ghastly Pashtun invasion along the Nowshera Road commencing October 22 1947. Modern Pakistan’s most eminent historians may agree with me I am afraid as to what happened as a matter of fact! You and I may not be able to progress much with conversation at this rate if our factual histories are so far apart as at present.. 🙂 But rest assured, all may become clear after my Lahore lectures next month, or at least all of my analysis and assessment of what happened and prescription of what may be best done now for everyone. I shall try to comment further on your statement later in the day.

Sajad Malik Sir, I am not saying Britian carried out the invasion *laughs*. All, m saying is, General Gracey was heading the Pak army at the time of invasion and there has been no evidence so far, to establish a link b/n Pak army and the tribes men. I can furnish to you the reference of what I assert. shall inshallah pray for your lahore lecture, and hope our thinking and understanding converge as per the aspirations of me, the prime stake holder..and a kashmiri. (smiles)

Subroto Roy Mr Malik, I am grateful for the clarification 🙂 — though as I have said, there *was* a British-induced coup in Gilgit, and you may also find my article “Pakistan’s Allies” of interest about the US and UK seeing themselves in battle against the old USSR etc.

Suppose I said to you and your friends that in fact Sheikh-Sahib (and his mentor at the time Jawaharlal Nehru) were influenced by socialism and, at one remove perhaps by Soviet communism — and *that* is why they were against the Dogra regime? While the Hurriyat’s predecessor, Muslim Conference, were *opposed* to Sheikh Abdullah, and because the Dogras were also opposed to Sheikh-Sahib, the Muslim Conference’s Hamidullah Khan as of May 22-24 1947 said they wanted to not only preserve the Dogra regime but make him an international sovereign so he could be called “Your Majesty” instead of merely “Your Highness”? :)! And in that they were, oddly enough, joined by many in the Hindu and Sikh minorities who saw the Dogras as protecting them from Sheikh Sahib’s secular majoritarianism, as well as by perhaps British Conservatives like Churchill as well as Mr Jinnah…. History yields some unusual and paradoxical things…. 🙂 Re your offer to furnish a reference that “there has been no evidence so far, to establish a link b/n Pak army and the tribesmen” I would be most grateful for this. The classic work on it has been by the late General Akbar Khan of the Pakistan Army who was an author of the invasion, http://openlibrary.org/books/OL15997912M/Raiders_in_Kashmir.

I have yet to own a copy of this book though am aware of its contents. I am most grateful for your good wishes for Lahore! I certainly need them, and I assure you, if you send me an email at my site, I shall send you a copy of what I say there as soon as possible after it is said. And indeed, I *completely* agree with you that the ordinary people of J&K of all communities have suffered most from this terrible and awful state of affairs, and their material and moral wellbeing needs most important and urgent relief. Cordially.

I wrote & publicized a document “An Economic Solution to Kashmir” in Washington back in 1993, which referred for the first time to ideas of a condominium, an Andorra solution etc….This seemed at the time a logical result of the UH Manoa Pakistan project. But in retrospect it has seemed naive and uninformed. I’m afraid I think Mr Kasuri has been overoptimistic about the robustness of the near-agreement he suggests was reached some years ago. .

On Pakistan and the Theory & Practice of the Islamic State: An Excerpt from the Munir Report of 1954

January 15, 2011 — drsubrotoroy

On Pakistan and the Theory & Practice of the Islamic State: An Excerpt from the Munir Report of 1954

From REPORT of THE COURT OF INQUIRY constituted under PUNJAB ACT II OF 1954 to enquire into the PUNJAB DISTURBANCES OF 1953 “Munir Report”

“ISLAMIC STATE
It has been repeatedly said before us that implicit in the demand for Pakistan was the demand for an Islamic State. Some speeches of important leaders who were striving for Pakistan undoubtedly lend themselves to this construction. These leaders while referring to an Islamic State or to a State governed by Islamic laws perhaps had in their minds the pattern of a legal structure based on or mixed up with Islamic dogma, personal law, ethics and institutions. No one who has given serious thought to the introduction of a religious State in Pakistan has failed to notice the tremendous difficulties with which any such scheme must be confronted. Even Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, who must be considered to be the first thinker who conceived of the possibility of a consolidated North Western Indian Muslim State, in the course of his presidential address to the Muslim League in 1930 said:

“Nor should the Hindus fear that the creation of autonomous Muslim States will mean the introduction of a kind of religious rule in such States. The principle that each group is entitled to free development on its own lines is not inspired by any feeling of narrow communalism”.

When we come to deal with the question of responsibility we shall have the occasion to point out that the most important of the parties who are now clamouring for the enforcement of the three demands on religious grounds were all against the idea of an Islamic State. Even Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi of Jama’at-i-Islami was of the view that the form of Government in the new Muslim State, if it ever came into existence, could only be secular.

Before the Partition, the first public picture of Pakistan that the Quaid-i-Azam gave to the world was in the course of an interview in New Delhi with Mr. Doon Campbell, Reuter’s Correspondent. The Quaid-i-Azam said that the new State would be a modern democratic State, with sovereignty resting in the people and the members of the new nation having equal rights of citizenship regardless of their religion, caste or creed. When Pakistan formally appeared on the map, the Quaid-i-Azam in his memorable speech of 11th August 1947 to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, while stating the principle on which the new State was to be founded, said:—

“All the same, in this division it was impossible to avoid the question of minorities being in one Dominion or the other. Now that was unavoidable. There is no other solution. Now what shall we do? Now, if we want to make this great State of Pakistan happy and prosperous we should wholly and solely concentrate on the well-being of the people, and specially of the masses and the poor. If you will work in co-operation, forgetting the past, burying the hatchet, you are bound to succeed. If you change your past and work together in a spirit that every one of you, no matter to what community he belongs, no matter what relations he had with you in the past, no matter what is his colour, caste or creed, is first, second and last a citizen of this State with equal rights, privileges and obligations., there will be no end to the progress you will make. “I cannot emphasise it too much. We should begin to work in that spirit and in course of time all these angularities of the majority and minority communities—the Hindu community and the Muslim community— because even as regards Muslims you have Pathana, Punjabis, Shias, Sunnis and so on and among the Hindus you have Brahmins, Vashnavas, Khatris, also Bengalis, Madrasis and so on—will vanish. Indeed if you ask me this has been the biggest hindrance in the way of India to attain its freedom and independence and but for this we would have been free peoples long long ago. No power can hold another nation, and specially a nation of 400 million souls in subjection; nobody could have conquered you, and even if it had happened, nobody could have continued its hold on you for any length of time but for this (Applause). Therefore, we must learn a lesson from this. You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other places of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed— that has nothing to do with the business of the State (Hear, hear). As you know, history shows that in England conditions sometime ago were much worse than those prevailing in India today. The Roman Catholics and the Protestants persecuted each other. Even now there are some States in existence where there are discriminations made and bars imposed against a particular class. Thank God we are not starting in those days. We are starting in the days when there is no discrimination, no distinction between one community and another, no discrimination between one caste or creed and another. We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State (Loud applause). The people of England in course of time had to face the realities of the situation and had to discharge the responsibilities and burdens placed upon them by the Government of their country and they went through that fire step by step. Today you might say with justice that Roman Catholics and Protestants do not exist: what exists now is that every man is a citizen, an equal citizen, of Great Britain and they are all members of the nation. “Now, I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State”.

The Quaid-i-Azam was the founder of Pakistan and the occasion on which he thus spoke was the first landmark in the history of Pakistan. The speech was intended both for his own people including non-Muslims and the world, and its object was to define as clearly as possible the ideal to the attainment of which the new State was to devote all its energies. There are repeated references in this speech to the bitterness of the past and an appeal to forget and change the past and to bury the hatchet. The future subject of the State is to be a citizen with equal rights, privileges and obligations, irrespective of colour, caste, creed or community. The word ‘nation’ is used more than once and religion is stated to have nothing to do with the business of the State and to be merely a matter of personal faith for the individual.

We asked the ulama whether this conception of a State was acceptable to them and everyone of them replied in an unhesitating negative, including the Ahrar and erstwhile Congressites with whom before the Partition this conception was almost a part of their faith.

If Maulana Amin Ahsan Islahi’s evidence correctly represents the view of Jama’at-i-Islami, a State based on this idea is the creature of the devil, and he is confirmed in this by several writings of his chief, Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi, the founder of the jama’at. None of the ulama can tolerate a State which is based on nationalism and all that it implies; with them millat and all that it connotes can alone be the determining factor in State activity.

The Quaid-i-Azam’s conception of a modern national State, it is alleged, became obsolete with the passing of the Objectives Resolution on 12th March 1949; but it has been freely admitted that this Resolution, though grandiloquent in words, phrases and clauses, is nothing but a hoax and that not only does it not contain even a semblance of the embryo of an Islamic State but its provisions, particularly those relating to fundamental rights, are directly opposed to the principles of an Islamic State.

FOUNDATIONS OF ISLAMIC STATE

What is then the Islamic State of which everybody talks but nobody thinks? Before we seek to discover an answer to this question, we must have a clear conception of the scope and function of the State.

The ulama were divided in their opinions when they were asked to cite some precedent of an Islamic State in Muslim history. Thus, though Hafiz Kifayat Husain, the Shia divine, held out as his ideal the form of Government during the Holy Prophet’s time, Maulana Daud Ghaznavi also included in his precedent the days of the Islamic Republic, of Umar bin Abdul Aziz, Salah-ud-Din Ayyubi of Damascus, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, Muhammad Tughlaq and Aurangzeb and the present regime in Saudi Arabia. Most of them, however, relied on the form of Government during the Islamic Republic from 632 to 661 A. D., a period of less than thirty years, though some of them also added the very short period of Umar bin Abdul Aziz.

Maulana Abdul Haamid Badayuni stated that the details of the ideal State would be worked out by the ulama while Master Taj-ud-Din Ansari’s confused notion of an Islamic State may be gathered from the following portion of his interrogation :—

“Q.—Were you also in the Khilafat movement ?
A.—Yes.
Q.—When did the Khilafat movement stop in India ?
A.—In 1923. This was after the Turks had declared their country to be a secular State.
Q.—If you are told that the Khilafat movement continued long after the Turks had abolished Khilafat, will that be correct?
A.—As far as I remember, the Khilafat movement finished with the abolition of the Khilafat by the Turks.
Q.—You are reported to have been a member of the Khilafat movement and having made speeches. Is it correct ?
A.—It could not be correct.
Q.—Was the Congress interested in Khilafat ?
A.— Yes.
Q.—Was Khilafat with you a matter of religious conviction or just a political movement ?
A.— It was purely a religious movement.
Q.— Did the Khilafat movement have the support of Mr Gandhi ?
A.—Yes.
Q.— What was the object of the Khilafat movement ?
A.— The Britisher was injuring the Khilafat institution in Turkey and the Musalman was aggrieved by this attitude of the Britisher.
Q.— Was not the object of the movement to resuscitate the Khilafat among the Musalmans ?
A.—No.
Q.— Is Khilafat with you a necessary part of Muslim form of Government ?
A.—Yes.
Q.— Are you, therefore, in favour of having a Khilafat in Pakistan ?
A.—Yes.
Q.— Can there be more than one Khalifa of the Muslims ?
A.— No.
Q.— Will the Khalifa of Pakistan be the Khalifa of all the Muslims of the world ?
A.— He should be but cannot be.”

Throughout the three thousand years over which political thought extends, and such thought in its early stages cannot be separated from religion, two questions have invariably presented themselves for consideration : —

(1) what are the precise functions of the State ? and
(2) who shall control the State ?

If the true scope of the activities of the State is the welfare, temporal or spiritual or both of the individual, then the first question directly gives rise to the bigger question:

What is the object of human life and the ultimate destiny of man? On this, widely divergent views have prevailed, not at different times but at one and the same time. The pygmies of equatorial West Africa still believe that their God Komba has sent them into the forest to hunt and dance and sing. The Epicureans meant very much the same when they said that the object of human life is to drink and eat and be merry, for death denies such pleasures. The utilitarians base their institutions on the assumption that the object of human life is to experience pleasant sensations of mind and body, irrespective of what is to come hereafter. The Stoics believed in curbing and reducing all physical desires, and Diogenes found a tub good enough to live in. German philosophers think that the individual lives for the State and that therefore the object of life is service of the State in all that it might decide to undertake and achieve. Ancient Hindu philosophers believed in the logic of the fist with its natural consequence, the law of natural selection and the struggle for survival. The Semitic theory of State, whether Jewish, Christian or Islamic, has always held that the object of human life is to prepare ourselves for the next life and that, therefore, prayer and good works are the only object of life. Greek philosophers beginning with Socrates thought that the object of human life was to engage in philosophical meditation with a view to discovering the great truths that lie in nature and that the business of the others is to feed the philosophers engaged in that undertaking.

Islam emphasises the doctrine that life in this world is not the only life given to man but that eternal life begins after the present existence comes to an end, and that the status of a human being in the next world will depend upon his beliefs and actions in this world. As the present life is not an end in itself but merely a means to an end, not only the individual but also the State, as opposed to the secular theory which bases all political and economic institutions on a disregard of their consequences on the next life, should strive for human conduct which ensures for a person better status in the next world.

According to this theory Islam is the religion which seeks to attain that object. Therefore the question immediately arises : What is Islam and who is a momin or a Muslim ? We put this question to the ulama and we shall presently refer to their answers to this question. But we cannot refrain from saying here that it was a matter of infinite regret to us that the ulama whose first duty should be to have settled views on this subject, were hopelessly disagreed among themselves.

Apart from how these learned divines have expressed themselves, we conceive of Islam as a system that covers, as every systematic religion must, the following five topics :—
(1) the dogma, namely, the essentials of belief ;
(2) the cult, namely, religious rites and observances which a person must
perform ;
(3) ethics, i. e. rules of moral conduct ;
(4) institutions, social, economic and political ; and
(5) law proper.

The essential basis of the rules on all these subjects is revelation and not reason, though both may coincide. This coincidence, however, is accidental because human reasoning may be faulty and ultimate reason is known only to God, Who sends His message to humanity through His chosen messengers for the direction and guidance of the people. One must, therefore, accept the dogma, observe the cult, follow the ethics, obey the law and establish institutions which God has revealed, though their reason may not be apparent—nay even if they be opposed to human reason. Since an error by God is an impossibility, anything that God has revealed, whether its subject be something occult or preternatural, history, finance, law, worship or something which according to human thought admits of scientific treatment as for instance, birth of man, evolution, cosmology, or astronomy, has got to be accepted as absolute truth. The test of reason is not the acid test and a denial of this amounts to a denial of the supreme wisdom and designs of Allah—it is kufr. Now God has revealed Himself from time to time to His favoured people of whom our Holy Prophet was the last. That revelation is contained in the Qur’an and covers the five topics mentioned above. The true business of a person who believes in Islam is therefore to understand, believe in and act upon that revelation. The people whom God chooses as medium for the transmission of His messages are rasuls (messengers) or nabis (prophets). Since every action or saying of a prophet is, in the case of our own Holy Prophet it certainly was, prompted by Allah, it has the same degree of inerrancy as the formal revelation itself, because prophets are ma’sum, incapable of doing or saying something which is opposed to Divine wishes. These sayings and actions are sunna having the same infallibility as the Qur’an. The record of this sunna is hadith which is to be found in several books which were compiled by Muslim scholars after long, laborious and careful research extending over several generations.

The word hadith means a record of actions or sayings of the Prophet and his companions. At first the sahaba. i. e. people who had lived in the society of the Prophet, were the best authority for a knowledge of the sunna. Later people had to be content with the communications of the tabi’un, i. e. successors, people of the first generation after the Holy Prophet who had received their information from the sahaba, and then in the following generations with the accounts of the so-called successors of the successors (tabi’ul-tabi’un), i.e. people of the second generation after the Holy Prophet, who had concerted with the successors. Marfu’ is a tradition which contains a statement about the Prophet ; mawquf, a tradition that refers only to the sayings or doings of the sahaba ; and maqtu’ a tradition which does not at most go further back than the first generation after the Holy Prophet and deals only with sayings or doings of tabi’un. In some of the ahadith the actual word of God is to be found. Any such tradition is designated Hadith-i-Qudsi or Ilahi as distinguished from an ordinary Hadith-i-Nabvi.

A very large portion of sayings ascribed to the Prophet deals with the ahkam (legal professions), religious obligations, halal and haram (what is allowed and forbidden), with ritual purity, laws regarding food and criminal and civil law. Further they deal with dogma, retribution at the Last Judgment, hell and paradise, angels, creation, revelations, the earlier prophets. Many traditions also contain edifying sayings and moral teachings by the Holy Prophet. The importance of ahadith was realised from the very beginning and they were not only committed to memory but in some cases were reduced to writing. The work of compilation of hadith began in the third century after the Hijra and the Sihah Sitta were all compiled in that century. These are the musannifs of —
(1) Al-Bukhari, died 256/870,
(2) Muslim, died 261/875,
(3) Abu Dawud, died 275/888,
(4) Al-Tirmizi, died 279/892,
(5) All Nasa’i, died 303/915, and
(6) Ibn-i-Maja, died 273/886.

According to modern laws of evidence, including our own, the ahadith are inadmissible evidence of sunna because each of them contains several links of hearsay, but as authority on law they are admissible pro prio vigore. The merit of these collections lies not so much in the fact that (as is often wrongly stated) their authors decided for the first time which of the numerous traditions in circulation were genuine and which false but rather in the fact that they brought together everything that was recognised as genuine in orthodox circles in those days.

The Shias judge hadith from their own stand-point and only consider such traditions reliable as are based on the authority of Ali and his adherents. They have, therefore, their own works on the subject and hold the following five works in particularly high esteem—
(1) Al-Kafi of Muhammad b. Yaqub Al-Kulini, died 328/939,
(2) Man La Yastahdiruhu’ul-Fakih of Muhammad b. Ali b. Babuya Al-Kummi,
died 381/991,
(3) Tahdib Al-Ahkam,
(4) Al-Istibsar Fi-Ma’khtalafa Fihi’l-Akhbar (extract from the preceding) of
Muhammad Altusi, died 459/1067, and
(5) Nahj Al-Balagha (alleged sayings of Ali) of Ali b. Tahir Al-Sharif Al-Murtaza, died 436/1044 (or of his brother Radi Al-Din Al-Baghdadi.)

After the ritual, the dogma and the most important political and social institutions had taken definite shape in the second and third centuries, there arose a certain communis opinio regarding the reliability of most transmitters of tradition and the value of their statement. The main principles of doctrine had already been established in the writings of Malik b. Anas, Al-Shafi’i and other scholars regarded as authoritative in different circles and mainly on the authority of traditional sayings of the Holy Prophet. In the long run no one dared to doubt the truth of these traditions and this almost conclusive presumption of truth has since continued to be attached to the ahadith compiled in the Sihah Sitta.

We have so far arrived at this result that any rule on any subject that may be derived from the Qur’an or the sunna of the Holy Prophet is binding on every Musalman. But since the only evidence of sunna is the hadith, the words sunna and hadith have become mixed up with, and indistinguishable from, each other with the result that the expression Qur’an and hadith is not infrequently employed where the intention is to refer to Qur’an and sunna.

At this stage another principle, equally basic, comes into operation, and that is that Islam is the final religion revealed by God, complete and exhaustive in all respects, and that God will not abrogate, detract from or add to this religion (din) any more than He will send a fresh messenger. The din having been perfected (Akmalto lakum dinokum, Sura V, verse 3), there remains no need for any new code repealing, modifying or amplifying the original code; nor for any fresh messenger or message. In this sense, therefore, prophethood ceased with the Holy Prophet and revelation stopped for ever. This is the doctrine of the cessation of wahi-i-nubuwwat.

If the proposition that Muslim dogma, ethics and institutions, etc., are all based on the doctrine of inerrancy, whether such inerrancy lies in the Qur’an, the sunna, ijma’ or ijtihad-i-mutlaq, is fully comprehended, the various deductions that follow from it will be easily understandable. As the ultimate test of truth, whether the matter be one of a ritual or political or social or economic nature, is revelation and revelation has to be gathered from the Qur’an, and the sunna carries almost the same degree of inerrancy as revelation and the only evidence of sunna is hadith, the first duty of those who desire to establish an Islamic State will be to discover the precise rule applicable to the existing circumstances whether that rule is to be found in the Qur’an or hadith. Obviously the persons most suited for the purpose would be those who have made the Qur’an and hadith their lifelong study, namely, among the Sunnies, the ulama, and among the Shias, the mujtahids who are the spokesmen of the hidden Imam, the ruler de jure divino. The function of these divines would be to engage themselves in discovering rules applicable to particular situations and they will be engaged in a task similar to that in which Greek philosophers were engaged, with only this difference that whereas the latter thought that all truth lay in nature which had merely to be discovered by individual effort, the ulama and the mujtahids will have to get at the truth that lies in the holy Book and the books of hadith.

The ulama Board which was recommended by the Basic Principles Committee was a logical recognition of this principle, and the true objection against that Board should indeed have been that the Board was too inadequate a mechanism to implement the principle which had brought that body into existence.

Ijma’ means concurrence of the mujtahids of the people, i.e., of those who have a right, in virtue of knowledge, to form a judgment of their own, after the death of the Holy Prophet. The authority of ijma’ rests on the principle of a divine protection against error and is founded on a basal tradition of the Holy Prophet, “My people will never agree in error”, reported in Ibn Maja, By this procedure points which had been in dispute were fixed, and when fixed, they became an essential part of the faith and disbelief in them an act of unbelief (kufr). The essential point to remember about ijma’ is that it represents the agreement of the mujtahids and that the agreement of the masses is especially excluded.

Thus ijma’ has not only fixed unsettled points but has changed settled doctrines of the greatest importance.

The distinction between ijma’ and ijtihad is that whereas the former is collective, the latter is individual. Ijtihad means the exerting of one’s self to the utmost degree to form an opinion in a case or as to a rule of law. This is done by applying analogy to the Qur’an and the sunna. Ijtihad did not originally involve inerrancy, its result being always zann or fallible opinion. Only combined ijtihad led to ijma, and was inerrant. But this broad ijtihad soon passed into special ijtihad of those who had a peculiar right to form judgments. When later doctors looked back to the founding of the four legal schools, they assigned to their founders an ijtihad of the first rank (ijtihad-i-mutlaq). But from time to time individuals appeared who returned to the earliest meaning of ijtihad and claimed for themselves the right to form their own opinion from first principles. One of these was the Hanbalite Ibn Taimiya (died 728). Another was Suyuti (died 911) in whom the claim to ijtihad unites with one to be the mujaddid or renewer of religion in his century. At every time there must exist at least one mujtahid, was his contention, just as in every century there must come a mujaddid.

In Shia Islam there are still absolute mujtahids because they are regarded as the spokesmen of the hidden Imam. Thus collective ijtihad leads to ijma’, and the basis of ijma’ is divine protection against error—inerrancy.

ESSENTIALS OF ISLAMIC STATE
Since the basis of Islamic law is the principle of inerrancy of revelation and of the Holy Prophet, the law to be found in the Qur’an and the sunna is above all man-made laws, and in case of conflict between the two, the latter, irrespective of its nature, must yield to the former. Thus, provided there be a rule in the Qur’an or the sunna on a matter which according to our conceptions falls within the region of Constitutional Law or International Law, the rule must be given effect to unless that rule itself permits a departure from it. Thus no distinction exists in Islamic law between Constitutional Law and other law, the whole law to be found in the Qur’an and the sunna being a part of the law of the land for Muslim subjects of the State. Similarly if there be a rule in the Qur’an or the sunna relating to the State’s relations with other States or to the relations of Muslim subjects of the State with other States or the subjects of those States, the rule will have the same superiority of sanction as any other law to be found in the Qur’an or the sunna.

Therefore if Pakistan is or is intended to be converted into an Islamic State in the true sense of the word, its Constitution must contain the following five provisions:—

(1) that all laws to be found in the Qur’an or the sunna shall be deemed to be a part of the law of the land for Muslims and shall be enforced accordingly;
(2) that unless the Constitution itself is framed by ijma’-i-ummat, namely, by the agreement of the ulama and mujtahids of acknowledged status, any provision in the Constitution which is repugnant to the Qur’an or sunna shall to the extent of the repugnancy be void;
(3) that unless the existing laws of Pakistan are adapted by ijma’-i-ummat of the kind mentioned above, any provision in the existing law which is contrary to the Qur’an or sunna shall to the extent of the repugnancy be void;
(4) that any provision in any future law which is repugnant to Qur’an or sunna shall be void;
(5) that no rule of International Law and no provision in any convention or treaty to which Pakistan is a party, which is contrary to the Qur’an or the sunna shall be binding on any Muslim in Pakistan.

SOVEREIGNTY AND DEMOCRACY IN ISLAMIC STATE
That the form of Government in Pakistan, if that form is to comply with the principles of Islam, will not be democratic is conceded by the ulama. We have already explained the doctrine of sovereignty of the Qur’an and the sunna. The Objectives Resolution rightly recognised this position when it recited that all sovereignty rests with God Almighty alone. But the authors of that Resolution misused the words ‘sovereign’ and ‘democracy’ when they recited that the Constitution to be framed was for a sovereign State in which principles of democracy as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed.

It may be that in the context in which they were used, these words could not be misunderstood by those who are well versed in Islamic principles, but both these words were borrowed from western political philosophy and in that sense they were both wrongly used in the Resolution. When it is said that a country is sovereign, the implication is that its people or any other group of persons in it are entitled to conduct the affairs of that country in any way they like and untrammelled by any considerations except those of expediency and policy. An Islamic State, however, cannot in this sense be sovereign, because it will not be competent to abrogate, repeal or do away with any law in the Qur’an or the sunna. Absolute restriction on the legislative power of a State is a restriction on the sovereignty of the people of that State and if the origin of this restriction lies elsewhere than in the will of the people, then to the extent of that restriction the sovereignty of the State and its people is necessarily taken away. In an Islamic State, sovereignty, in its essentially juristic sense, can only rest with Allah. In the same way, democracy means the rule of the demos, namely, the people, directly by them as in ancient Greece and Rome, or indirectly through chosen representatives as in modern democracies. If the power of the people in the framing of the Constitution or in the framing of the laws or in the sphere of executive action is subject to certain immutable rules, it cannot be said that they can pass any law that they like, or, in the exercise of executive functions, do whatever they like. Indeed if the legislature in an Islamic State is a sort of ijma’, the masses are expressly disqualified from taking part in it because ijma’-i-ummat in Islamic jurisprudence is restricted to ulama and mujtahids of acknowledged status and does not at all extend, as in democracy, to the populace.

OTHER INCIDENTS OF ISLAMIC STATE ACCORDING TO ULAMA

In the preceding pages we have attempted to state as clearly as we could the principles on which a religious State must be built if it is to be called an Islamic State. We now proceed to state some incidents of such State, with particular reference to the ulamas’ conception of it.

LEGISLATURE AND LEGISLATION

Legislature in its present sense is unknown to the Islamic system. The religiopolitical system which is called din-i-Islam is a complete system which contains in itself the mechanism for discovering and applying law to any situation that may arise. During the Islamic Republic there was no legislature in its modern sense and for every situation or emergency that arose law could be discovered and applied by the ulama. The law had been made and was not to be made, the only function of those entrusted with the administration of law being to discover the law for the purposes of the particular case, though when enunciated and applied it formed a precedent for others to follow. It is wholly incorrect, as has been suggested from certain quarters, that in a country like Pakistan, which consists of different communities, Muslim and non-Muslim, and where representation is allowed to non-Muslims with a right to vote on every subject that comes up, the legislature is a form of ijma’ or ijtihad, the reason being that ijtihad is not collective but only individual, and though ijma’ is collective, there is no place in it for those who are not experts in the knowledge of the law. This principle at once rules out the infidels (kuffar) whether they be people of Scriptures (ahl-i-kitab) or idolators (mushrikeen).

Since Islam is a perfect religion containing laws, express or derivable by ijma’ or ijtihad, governing the whole field of human activity, there is in it no sanction for what may, in the modern sense, be called legislation.

Questioned on this point Maulana Abul Hasanat, President, Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i-Pakistan says :—

“Q.—Is the institution of legislature as distinguished from the institution of a person or body of persons entrusted with the interpretation of law, an integral part of an Islamic State?
A.—No. Our law is complete and merely requires interpretation by those who are experts in it. According to my belief no question can arise the law relating to which cannot be discovered from the Qur’an or the hadith.
Q.—Who were Sahib-ul-hall-i-wal-aqd
A.—They were the distinguished ulama of the time. These persons attained their status by reason of the knowledge of the law. They were not in any way analogous or similar to the legislature in modern democracy.”

The same view was expressed by Amir-i-Shari’at Sayyad Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari in one of his speeches reported in the ‘Azad’ of 22nd April, 1947, in the course of which he said that our din is complete and perfect and that it amounts to kufr to make more laws.

Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi, however, is of the opinion that legislation in the true sense is possible in an Islamic State on matters which are not covered by the Qur’an, the sunna, or previous ijma’ and he has attempted to explain his point by reference to the institution of a body of persons whom the Holy Prophet, and after him the khulafa consulted on all matters relating to affairs of State. The question is one of some difficulty and great importance because any institution of legislature will have to be reconciled with the claim put forward by Maulana Abul Hasanat and some other religious divines that Islam is a perfect and exhaustive code wide enough to furnish an answer to any question that may arise relating to any human activity, and that it does not know of any “unoccupied field” to be filled by fresh legislation. There is no doubt that Islam enjoins consultation and that not only the Holy Prophet but also the first four caliphs and even their successors resorted to consultation with the leading men of the time, who for their knowledge of the law and piety could well be relied upon.

In the inquiry not much has been disclosed about the Majlis-i-Shura except what is contained in Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi’s written statement which he supplied to the Court at its request. That there was a body of men who were consulted is true, but whether this was a standing body and whether its advice had any legal or binding force, seems somewhat doubtful. These men were certainly not elected in the modern way, though their representative character cannot be disputed. Their advice was certainly asked ad hoc, but that they were competent to make law as the modern legislatures make laws is certainly not correct. The decisions taken by them undoubtedly served as precedents and were in the nature of ijma’, which is not legislation but the application of an existing law to a particular case. When consulted in affairs of State, their functions were truly in the nature of an advice given by a modern cabinet but such advice is not law but only a decision.

Nor can the legislature in a modern State correspond to ijma’ because as we have already pointed out, the legislature legislates while the ulama of Majlis-i-Shura who were called upon to determine what should be the decision on a particular point which was not covered by the Qur’an and the sunna, merely sought to discover and apply the law and not to promulgate the law, though the decision when taken had to be taken not only for the purposes of the particular case but for subsequent occasions as a binding precedent.

An intriguing situation might arise if the Constitution Act provided that any provision of it, if it was inconsistent with the Qur’an or the sunna, would be void, and the intra vires of a law made by the legislature were questioned before the Supreme Court on the ground that the institution of legislature itself was contrary to the Qur’an and the sunna.

POSITION OF NON-MUSLIMS

The ground on which the removal of Chaudhri Zafrullah Khan and other Ahmadis occupying key positions in the State is demanded is that the Ahmadis are non-Muslims and that therefore like zimmies in an Islamic State they are not eligible for appointment to higher offices in the State. This aspect of the demands has directly raised a question about the position of non-Muslims in Pakistan if we are to have an Islamic Constitution.

According to the leading ulama the position of non-Muslims in the Islamic State of Pakistan will be that of zimmies and they will not be full citizens of Pakistan because they will not have the same rights as Muslims They will have no voice in the making of the law, no right to administer the law and no right to hold public offices.

A full statement of this position will be found in the evidence of Maulana Abul Hasanat Sayyad Muhammad Ahmad Qadri, Maulana Ahmad Ali, Mian Tufail Muhammad and Maulana Abdul Haamid Badayuni. Maulana Abul Hasanat on being questioned on the subject stated as follows :—

“Q.—If we were to have an Islamic State in Pakistan, what will be the position of the kuffar (non-Muslims)? Will they have a voice in the making of laws, the right of administering the law and the right to hold public offices?
A.—Their position will be that of zimmies. They will have no voice in the making of laws, no right to administer the law and no right to hold public offices.
Q.—In an Islamic State can the head of the State delegate any part of his powers to kuffar?
A.—No.”

Maulana Ahmad Ali, when questioned, said:—
“Q.—if we were to have an Islamic State in Pakistan, what will be the position of the kuffar? Will they have a hand in the making of the law, the right to administer the law and the right to hold public offices ?
A.—Their position will be that of zimmies. They will have no say in the making of law and no right to administer the law. Government may, however, permit them to hold any public office”.

Mian Tufail Muhammad stated as follows :—
“Q.—Read the article on minorities’ rights in the ‘Civil and Military Gazette’ of 13th October, 1953, and say whether it correctly represents your view of an Islamic State? (It was stated in the articles that minorities would have the same rights as Muslims).
A.—I have read this article and do not acknowledge these rights for the Christians or other non-Muslims in Pakistan if the State is founded on the ideology of the Jama’at”.

The confusion on this point in the mind of Maulana Abdul Haamid Badayuni, President, Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i-Pakistan, is apparent from the following: —

“Q.—Have you ever read the aforesaid speech (the speech of the Quaid-i-Azam to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11th August, 1947)?
A.—Yes, I have read that speech.
Q.—Do you still agree with the conception of Pakistan that the Quaid-i-Azam presented to the Constituent Assembly in this speech in which he said that thereafter there would be only one Pakistan nation, consisting of Muslims and non-Muslims, having equal civic rights, without any distinction of race, religion or creed and that religion would be merely a private affair of the individual ?
A.—I accept the principle that all communities, whether Muslims or non-Muslims, should have, according to their population, proper representation in the administration of the State and legislation, except that non-Muslims cannot be taken in the army or the judiciary or be appointed as Ministers or to other posts involving the reposing of confidence.
Q.—Are you suggesting that the position of non-Muslims would be that of zimmies or any better ?
A.—No. By zimmies are meant non-Muslim people of lands which have been conquered by an Islamic State, and the word is not applicable to non-Muslim minorities already living in an Islamic State. Such minorities are called mu’ahids, i.e. those people with whom some agreement has been made.
Q.—What will be their status if there is no agreement with them ?
A.—In that case such communities cannot have any rights of citizenship.
Q.—Will the non-Muslim communities inhabiting Pakistan be called by you as mu’ahids?
A.—No, not in the absence of an agreement with them. To my knowledge there is no such agreement with such communities in Pakistan.”

So, according to the evidence of this learned divine, the non-Muslims of Pakistan will neither be citizens nor will they have the status of zimmies or of mu’ahids. During the Islamic Republic, the head of the State, the khalifa, was chosen by a system of election, which was wholly different from the present system of election based on adult or any other form of popular suffrage. The oath of allegiance (ba’it) rendered to him possessed a sacramental virtue, and on his being chosen by the consensus of the people (ijma’-ul-ummat) he became the source of all channels of legitimate Government. He and he alone then was competent to rule, though he could delegate his powers to deputies and collect around him a body of men of outstanding piety and learning, called Majlis-i-Shura or Ahl-ul-Hall-i-wal-Aqd. The principal feature of this system was that the kuffar, for reasons which are too obvious and need not be stated, could not be admitted to this majlis and the power which had vested in the khalifa could not be delegated to the kuffar. The khalifa was the real head of the State, all power vesting in him and not a powerless individual like the President of a modern democratic State who is merely to sign the record of decisions taken by the Prime Minister and his Cabinet. He could not appoint non-Muslims to important posts, and could give them no place either in the interpretation or the administration of the law, the making of the law by them, as already pointed out, being a legal impossibility.

This being the position, the State will have to devise some machinery by which the distinction between a Muslim and a non-Muslim may be determined and its consequences enforced. The question, therefore, whether a person is or is not a Muslim will be of fundamental importance, and it was for this reason that we asked most of the leading ulama, to give their definition of a Muslim, the point being that if the ulama of the various sects believed the Ahmadis to be kafirs, they must have been quite clear in their minds not only about the grounds of such belief but also about the definition of a Muslim because the claim that a certain person or community is not within the pale of Islam implies on the part of the claimant an exact conception of what a Muslim is. The result of this part of the inquiry, however, has been anything but satisfactory, and if considerable confusion exists in the minds of our ulama on such a simple matter, one can easily imagine what the differences on more complicated matters will be. Below we reproduce the definition of a Muslim given by each alim in his own words. This definition was asked after it had been clearly explained to each witness that he was required to give the irreducible minimum conditions which, a person must satisfy to be entitled to be called a Muslim and that the definition was to be on the principle on which a term in grammar is defined.

Here is the result : —

Maulana Abul Hasanat Muhammad Ahmad Qadri, President, Jami’at-ul-Ulamai-
Pakistan —
“Q.— What is the definition of a Muslim ?
A — (1) He must believe in the Unity of God.
(2) He must believe in the prophet of Islam to be a true prophet as well as in all other prophets who have preceded him,
(3) He must believe in the Holy Prophet of Islam as the last of the prophets (khatam-un-nabiyin).
(4) He must believe in the Qur’an as it was revealed by God to the Holy
Prophet of Islam.
(5) He must believe as binding on him the injunctions of the Prophet of
Islam.
(6) He must believe in the qiyamat.
Q.—Is a tarik-us-salat a Muslim ?
A.—Yes, but not a munkir-us-salat”

Maulana Ahmad Ali, President, Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i-Islam, Maghribi Pakistan —
“Q.— Please define a Muslim ?
A.—A person is a Muslim if he believes (1) in the Qur’an and (2) what has been said by the prophet. Any person who possesses these two qualifications is entitled to be called a Muslim without his being required to believe in anything more or to do anything more.”

Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi, Amir Jama’at-i-Islami —
“Q.—Please define a Muslim ?
A.—A person is a Muslim if he believes (1) in tauheed, (2) in all the prophets (ambiya), (3) all the books revealed by God, (4) in mala’ika (angels), and (5) yaum-ul-akhira (the Day of Judgment).
Q.—Is a mere profession of belief in these articles sufficient to entitle a man
to call himself a Musalman and to be treated as a Musalman in an Islamic State ?
A.—Yes.
Q.—If a person says that he believes in all these things, does any one have a right to question the existence of his belief ?
A.—The five requisites that I have mentioned above are fundamental and any alteration in anyone of these articles will take him out of the pale of Islam.”

Ghazi Siraj-ud-Din Munir—
“Q.—Please define a Muslim ?
A.—I consider a man to be a Muslim if he professes his belief in the kalima, namely, La Ilaha Illalah-o-Muhammad-ur-Rasulullah, and leads a life in the footsteps of the Holy Prophet.”

Mufti Muhammad Idris, Jamia Ashrafia, Nila Gumbad, Lahore—
“Q.—Please give the definition of a Musalman ?
A.—The word ‘Musalman’ is a Persian one. There is a distinction between the word ‘Musalman’ which is a Persian word for Muslim and the word ‘momin’. It is impossible for me to give a complete definition of the word ‘momin’. I would require pages and pages to describe what a momin is. A person is a Muslim who professes to be obedient to Allah. He should believe in the Unity of God, prophethood of the ambiya and in the Day of Judgment. A person who does not believe in the azan or in the qurbani goes outside the pale of Islam. Similarly, there are a large number of other things which have been received by tavatir from our prophet. In order to be a Muslim, he must believe in all these things. It is almost impossible for me to give a complete list of such things.”

Hafiz Kifayat Hussain, Idara-i-Haquq-i-Tahaffuz-i-Shia—
“Q.—Who is a Musalman?
A.—A person is entitled to be called a Musalman if he believes in (1) tauheed, (2) nubuwwat and (3) qiyamat. These are the three fundamental beliefs which a person must profess to be called a Musalman. In regard to these three basic doctrines there is no difference between the Shias and the Sunnies. Besides the belief in these three doctrines, there are other things called ‘zarooriyat-i-din’ which a person must comply with in order to be entitled to be called a Musalman. These will take me two days to define and enumerate. But as an illustration I might state that the respect for the Holy Book, wajoob-i-nimaz, wajoob-i-roza, wajoob-i-hajj-ma’a-sharait, and other things too numerous to mention, are among the ‘zarooriyat-i-din’ ”

Maulana Abdul Hamid Badayuni, President, Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i-Pakistan :
“Q.—Who is a Musalman according to you ?
A.—A person who believes in the zarooriyat-i-din is called a momin and every momin is entitled to be called a Musalman.
Q.—What are these zarooriyat-i-din ?
A.—A person who believes in the five pillars of Islam and who believes in the rasalat of our Holy Prophet fulfils the zarooriyat-i-din.
Q.—Have other actions, apart from the five arakan, anything to do with a man being a Muslim or being outside the pale of Islam?
(Note—Witness has been explained that by actions are meant those rules of moral conduct which in modern society are accepted as correct.)
A.—Certainly.
Q.—Then you will not call a person a Muslim who believes in arakan-ikhamsa and the rasalat of the prophet but who steals other peoples’ things, embezzles property entrusted to him, has an evil eye on his neighbour’s wife and is guilty of the grossest ingratitude to his benefector?
A.—Such a person, if he has the belief already indicated, will be a Muslim despite all this”.

Maulana Muhammad Ali Kandhalvi, Darush-Shahabia, Sialkot —
“Q.—Please define a Musalman?
A.—A person who in obedience to the commands of the prophet performs all the zarooriyat-i-din is a Musalman.
Q.—Can you define zarooriyat-i-din ?
A.—Zarooriyat-i-din are those requirements which are known to every Muslim irrespective of his religious knowledge.
Q.—Can you enumerate zarooriyat-i-din ?
A.—These are too numerous to be mentioned. I myself cannot enumerate these zarooriyat. Some of the zarooriyat-i-din may be mentioned as salat, saum, etc.”

Maulana Amin Ahsan Islahi —
“Q.—Who is a Musalman?
A.—There are two kinds of Musalmans, a political (siyasi) Musalman and a real (haqiqi) Musalman. In order to be called a political Musalman, a person must:
(1) believe in the Unity of God,
(2) believe in our Holy Prophet being khatam-un-nabiyin, i.e., ‘final
authority’ in all matters relating to the life of that person,
(3) believe that all good and evil comes from Allah,
(4) believe in the Day of Judgment,
(5) believe in the Qur’an to be the last book revealed by Allah,
(6) perform the annual pilgrimage to Mecca,
(7) pay the zaka’at,
(8) say his prayers like the Musalmans,
(9) observe all apparent rules of Islami mu’ashira, and
(10) observe the fast (saum).

If a person satisfies all these conditions he is entitled to the rights of a full citizen of an Islamic State. If any one of these conditions is not satisfied, the person concerned will not be a political Musalman. (Again said) It would be enough for a person to be a Musalman if he merely professes his belief in these ten matters irrespective of whether he puts them into practice or not. In order to be a real Musalman, a person must believe in and act on all the injunctions by Allah and his prophet in the manner in which they have been enjoined upon him.
Q.—Will you say that only the real Musalman is ‘mard-i-saleh’ ?
A.—Yes.
Q.—do we understand you aright that in the case of what you have called a political (siyasi) Musalman, belief alone is necessary, while in the case of a haqiqi Musalman there must not only be belief but also action?
A.—No, you have not understood me aright. Even in the case of a political (siyasi) Musalman action is necessary but what I mean to say is that if a person does not act upon the belief that is necessary in the case of such a Musalman, he will not be outside the pale of a political (siyasi) Musalman.
Q.—If a political (siyasi) Musalman does not believe in things which you
have stated to be necessary, will you call such a person be-din ?
A.—No, I will call him merely be-amal”.

The definition by the Sadr Anjuman Ahmadiya, Rabwah, in its written statement
is that a Muslim is a person who belongs to the ummat of the Holy Prophet and professes belief in kalima-i-tayyaba.

Keeping in view the several definitions given by the ulama, need we make any comment except that no two learned divines are agreed on this fundamental. If we attempt our own definition as each learned divine has done and that definition differs from that given by all others, we unanimously go out of the fold of Islam. And if we adopt the definition given by any one of the ulama, we remain Muslims according to the view of that alim but kafirs according to the definition of every one else.

APOSTASY

Apostasy in an Islamic State is punishable with death. On this the ulama are practically unanimous (vide the evidence of Maulana Abul Hasanat Sayyad Muhammad Ahmad Qadri, President, Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i-Pakistan, Punjab; Maulana Ahmad Ali, Sadr Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i-Islam, West Pakistan; Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi, founder and ex-Amir-i-Jama’at-i-Islami, Pakistan; Mufti Muhammad Idris, Jami’Ashrafia, Lahore, and Member, Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i-Pakistan; Maulana Daud Ghaznavi, President, Jami’at-i-Ahl-i-Hadith, Maghribi Pakistan; Maulana Abdul Haleem Qasimi, Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i-Islam, Punjab; and Mr. Ibrahim Ali Chishti). According to this doctrine, Chaudhri Zafrullah Khan, if he has not inherited his present religious beliefs but has voluntarily elected to be an Ahmadi, must be put to death. And the same fate should befall Deobandis and Wahabis, including Maulana Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, Member, Board of Talimat-i-Islami attached to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, and Maulana Daud Ghaznavi, if Maulana Abul Hasanat Sayyad Muhammad Ahmad Qadri or Mirza Raza Ahmad Khan Barelvi, or any one of the numerous ulama who are shown perched on every leaf of a beautiful tree in the fatwa, Ex. D. E. 14, were the head of such Islamic State. And if Maulana Muhammad Shafi Deobandi were the head of the State, he would exclude those who have pronounced Deobandis as kafirs from the pale of Islam and inflict on them the death penalty if they come within the definition of murtadd, namely, if they have changed and not inherited their religious views.

The genuineness of the fatwa, Ex. D. E. 13, by the Deobandis which says that Asna Ashari Shias are kafirs and murtadds, was questioned in the course of enquiry, but Maulana Muhammad Shafi made an inquiry on the subject from Deoband, and received from the records of that institution the copy of a fatwa signed by all the teachers of the Darul Uloom including Maulana Muhammad Shafi himself which is to the effect that those who do not believe in the sahabiyyat of Hazrat Siddiq Akbar and who are qazif of Hazrat Aisha Siddiqa and have been guilty of tehrif of Qur’an are kafirs. This opinion is also supported by Mr. Ibrahim Ali Chishti who has studied and knows his subject. He thinks the Shias are kafirs because they believe that Hazrat Ali shared the prophethood with our Holy Prophet. He refused to answer the question whether a person who being a Sunni changes his view and agrees with the Shia view would be guilty of irtidad so as to deserve the death penalty. According to the Shias all Sunnis are kafirs, and Ahl-i-Qur’an; namely, persons who consider hadith to be unreliable and therefore not binding, are unanimously kafirs and so are all independent thinkers. The net result of all this is that neither Shias nor Sunnis nor Deobandis nor Ahl-i-Hadith nor Barelvis are Muslims and any change from one view to the other must be accompanied in an Islamic State with the penalty of death if the Government of the State is in the hands of the party which considers the other party to be kafirs. And it does not require much imagination to judge of the consequences of this doctrine when it is remembered that no two ulama have agreed before us as to the definition of a Muslim. If the constituents of each of the definitions given by the ulama are given effect to, and subjected to the rule of ‘combination and permutation’ and the form of charge in the Inquisition’s sentence on Galileo is adopted mutatis mutandis as a model, the grounds on which a person may be indicted for apostasy will be too numerous to count.

In an earlier part of the report we have referred to the proscription of the ‘Ashshahab’, a pamphlet written by Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani who later became Sheikh-ul-Islam-i-Pakistan. In that pamphlet the Maulana had attempted to show from the Qur’an, the sunna, the ijma’ and qayas that in Islam the punishment for apostasy (irtidad) simpliciter is death. After propounding the theological doctrine the Maulana had made in that document a statement of fact that in the time of the Caliph Siddiq-i-Akbar and the subsequent Caliphs vast areas of Arabia became repeatedly red with the blood of apostates. We are not called upon to express any opinion as to the correctness or otherwise of this doctrine but knowing that the suggestion to the Punjab Government to proscribe this pamphlet had come from the Minister for the Interior we have attempted to inquire of ourselves the reasons for Government’s taking a step which ex hypothesi amounted to condemning a doctrine which the Maulana had professed to derive from the Qur’an and the sunna. The death penalty for irtidad has implications of a far-reaching character and stamps Islam as a religion of fanatics, which punishes all independent thinking. The Qur’an again and again lays emphasis on reason and thought, advises toleration and preaches against compulsion in religious matters but the doctrine of irtidad as enunciated in this pamphlet strikes at the very root of independent thinking when it propounds the view that anyone who, being born a Muslim or having embraced Islam, attempts to think on the subject of religion with a view, if he comes to that conclusion, to choose for himself any religion he likes, has the capital penalty in store for him. With this implication Islam becomes an embodiment of complete intellectual paralysis. And the statement in the pamphlet that vast areas of Arabia were repeatedly bespattered with human blood, if true, could only lend itself to this inference that even when Islam was at the height of its splendour and held absolute sway in Arabia there were in that country a large number of people who turned away from that religion and preferred to die than to remain in that system. It must have been some such reaction of this pamphlet on the mind of the Minister for the Interior which prompted him to advise the Punjab Government to proscribe the pamphlet. Further the Minister who was himself well-versed in religious matters must have thought that the conclusion drawn by the author of the pamphlet which was principally based on the precedent mentioned in paras. 26, 27 and 28 of the Old Testament and which is only partially referred to in the Qur’an in the 54th verse of the Second Sura, could not be applicable to apostasy from Islam and that therefore the author’s opinion was in fact incorrect, there being no express text in the Qur’an for the death penalty for apostasy. On the contrary each of the two ideas, one underlying the six brief verses of Surat-ul-Kafiroon and the other the La Ikrah verse of the second Sura, has merely to be understood to reject as erroneous the view propounded in the ‘Ash-Shahab’. Each of the verses in Surat-ul-Kafiroon which contains thirty words and no verse of which exceeds six words, brings out a fundamental trait in man engrained in him since his creation while the La Ikrah verse, the relevant portion of which contains only nine words, states the rule of responsibility of the mind with a precision that cannot be surpassed. Both of these texts which are an early part of the Revelation are, individually and collectively, the foundation of that principle which human society, after centuries of conflict, hatred and bloodshed, has adopted in defining one of the most important fundamental rights of man. But our doctors would never dissociate chauvinism from Islam.

PROPAGATION OF OTHER RELIGIONS

Closely allied to the punishment for apostasy is the right of non-Muslims publicly to preach their religion. The principle which punishes an apostate with death must be applicable to public preaching of kufr and it is admitted by Maulana Abul Hasanat, Ghazi Siraj-ud-Din Munir and Master Taj-ud-Din Ansari, though the last subordinates his opinion to the opinion of the ulama, that any faith other than Islam will not be permitted publicly to be preached in the State. And Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi, as will appear from his pamphlet ‘Punishment in Islam for an apostate’, has the same views on the subject.

Ghazi Siraj-ud-Din Munir, when questioned on this point, replied :—
“Q.—What will you do with them (Ahmadis) if you were the head of the
Pakistan State ?
A.—I would tolerate them as human beings but will not allow them the right
to preach their religion”.

The prohibition against public preaching of any non-Muslim religion must logically follow from the proposition that apostasy will be punished with death and that any attack on, or danger to Islam will be treated as treason and punished in the same way as apostasy.

JIHAD
Earlier we have pointed out that one of the doctrines on which the Musalmans and Ahmadis are at variance is that of jihad. This doctrine at once raises a host of other allied matters such as the meanings of ghazi, shahid, jihad-bis-saif, jihad fi sabili’llah, dar-ul-Islam, dar-ul-harb, hijrat, ghanima, khums and slavery, and the conflict or reconciliation of these conceptions with modern international problems such as aggression, genocide, international criminal jurisdiction, international conventions and rules of public international law.

An Islamic State is dar-ul-Islam, namely, a country where ordinances of Islam are established and which is under the rule of a Muslim sovereign. Its inhabitants are Muslims and also non-Muslims who have submitted to Muslim control and who under certain restrictions and without the possibility of full citizenship are guaranteed their lives and property by the Muslim State. They must, however, be people of Scriptures and may not be idolaters. An Islamic State is in theory perpetually at war with the neighbouring non-Muslim country, which at any time may become dar-ul-harb, in which case it is the duty of the Muslims of that country to leave it and to come over to the country of their brethren in faith. We put this aspect to Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi and reproduce his views :—

“Q.—is a country on the border of dar-ul-Islam always qua an Islamic State in the position of dar-ul-harb ?
A.—No. In the absence of an agreement to the contrary, the Islamic State will be potentially at war with the non-Muslim neighbouring country. The non-Muslim country acquires the status of dar-ul-harb only after the Islamic State declares a formal war against it”.

According to Ghias-ul-Lughat, dar-ul-harb is a country belonging to infidels which has not been subdued by Islam, and the consequences of a country becoming darul-harb are thus stated in the Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam :—

“When a country does become a dar-ul-harb, it is the duty of all Muslims to withdraw from it, and a wife who refuses to accompany her husband in this, is ipso facto divorced”.

Thus in case of a war between India and Pakistan, if the latter is an Islamic State, we must be prepared to receive forty million Muslims from across the border into Pakistan.

In fact, Maulana Abdul Haamid Badayuni, President, Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i- Pakistan, thinks that a case for hijrat already exists for the Musalmans of India. The following is his view on this subject :—
“Q.—Do yon call your migration to Pakistan as hijrat in the religious sense ?
A.—Yes”.

We shall presently point out why Mirza Ghulam Ahmad’s version of the doctrine of jihad is relied on as a ground for his and his community’s kufr, but before we do that it is necessary first to state how jihad has been or is understood by the Musalmans. There are various theories about jihad which vary from the crude notion of a megalomaniac moved by religious frenzy going out armed with sword and indiscriminately slaughtering non-Muslims in the belief that if he dies in the combat he becomes a shahid and if he succeeds in killing attains the status of a ghazi, to the conception that a Musalman throughout his life is pitted against kufr, kufr here being used in the sense of evil and wrong, and that his principal activity in life is to strive by argument a where necessary by force to spread Islam until it becomes a world religion. In the latter case he fights not for any personal end but because he considers such strife as a duty and an obligation which he owes to Allah and the only recompense for which is the pleasure of Allah. The Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam contains the following brief article on djihad :—
“DJIHAD (A), holy war. The spread of Islam by arms is a religious duty upon Muslims in general. It narrowly escaped being a sixth rukn, or fundamental duty, and is indeed still so regarded by the descendants of the Kharidjis. This position was reached gradually but quickly. In the Meccan Suras of the Qur’an patience under attack is taught ; no other attitude was possible. But at Medina the right to repel attack appears, and gradually it became a prescribed duty to fight against and subdue the hostile Meccans.

Whether Muhammad himself recognised that his position implied steady and unprovoked war against the unbelieving world until it was subdued to Islam may be in doubt. Traditions are explicit on the point ; but the Qur’anic passages speak always of the unbelievers who are to be subdued as dangerous or faithless. Still, the story of his writing to the powers around him shows that such a universal position was implicit in his mind, and it certainly developed immediately after his death, when the Muslim armies advanced out of Arabia. It is now a fard ala’l-kifaya, a duty in general on all male, free, adult Muslims, sane in mind and body and having means enough to reach the Muslim army, yet not a duty necessarily incumbent on every individual but sufficiently performed when done by a certain number. So it must continue to be done until the whole world is under the rule of Islam. It must be controlled or headed by a Muslim sovereign or imam. As the imam of the Shias is now invisible, they cannot have a djihad until he reappears. Further, the requirement will be met if such a sovereign makes an expedition once a year, or, even, in the later view, if he makes annual preparation for one. The people against whom the djihad is directed must first be invited to embrace Islam. On refusal they have another choice. They may submit to Muslim rule, become dhimmis (q. v.) and pay djizya and kharadj (q. v.) or fight. In the first case, their lives, families and property are assured to them, but they have a definitely inferior status, with no technical citizenship, and a standing only as protected wards. If they fight, they and their families may be enslaved and all their property seized as booty, four-fifths of which goes to the conquering army. If they embrace Islam, and it is open to them to do so even when the armies are face to face, they become part of the Muslim community with all its rights and duties. Apostates must be put to death. But if a Muslim country is invaded by unbelievers, the imam may issue a general summons calling all Muslims there to arms, and as the danger grows so may be the width of the summons until the whole Muslim world is involved. A Muslim who dies fighting in the path of Allah (fi sabil Allah) is martyr (shahid) and is assured of Paradise and of peculiar privileges there. Such a death was, in the early generations, regarded as the peculiar crown of a pious life. It is still, on occasions, a strong incitement, but when Islam ceased to conquer it lost its supreme value. Even yet, however, any war between Muslims and non-Muslims must be a djihad with its incitements and rewards. Of course, such modern movements as the so-called Mu’tazili in India and the Young Turk in Turkey reject this and endeavour to explain away its basis; but the Muslim masses still follow the unanimous voice of the canon lawyers. Islam must be completely made over before the doctrine of djihad can be eliminated”.

The generally accepted view is that the fifth verse to Sura-i-Tauba (Sura IX) abrogated the earlier verses revealed in Mecca which permitted the killing of kuffar only in self-defence. As against this the Ahmadis believe that no verso in the Qur’an was abrogated by another verse and that both sets of verses, namely, the Meccan verses and the relative verses in Sura-i-Tauba have different scopes and can stand together. This introduces the difficult controversy of nasikh and mansukh, with all its implications. It is argued on behalf of the Ahmadis that the doctrine of nasikh and mansukh is opposed to the belief in the existence of an original Scripture in Heaven, and that implicit in this doctrine is the admission that unless the verse alleged to be repealed was meant for a specific occasion and by the coming of that occasion fulfilled its purpose and thus spent itself, God did not know of the subsequent circumstances which would make the earlier verse inapplicable or lead to an undesired result.

The third result of this doctrine, it is pointed out, cuts at the very root of the claim that laws of Islam are immutable and inflexible because if changed circumstances made a new revelation necessary, any change in the circumstances subsequent to the completion of the revelation would make most of the revelation otiose or obsolete.

We are wholly incompetent to pronounce on the merits of this controversy but what has to be pointed out is the result to which the doctrine of jihad will lead if, as appears from the article in the Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam and other writings produced before us including one by Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi and another by Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, it involves the spread of Islam by arms and conquest. ‘Aggression’ and ‘genocide’ are now offences against humanity for which under sentences pronounced by different International tribunals at Nuremburg and Tokio the war lords of Germany and Japan had to forfeit their lives, and there is hardly any difference between the offences of aggression and genocide on the one hand and the doctrine of spread of Islam by arms and conquest on the other. An International Convention on genocide is about to be concluded but if the view of jihad presented to us is correct, Pakistan cannot be a party to it. And while the following verses in the Mecca Suras :—

Sura II, verses 190 and 193 :190. “Fight in the Cause of God Those who fight you,
But do not transgress limits ;
For God loveth not transgressors”.
193. “And fight them on
Until there is no more
Tumult or oppression,
And there prevail
Justice and faith in God ;
But if they cease,
Let there be no hostility
Except to those
Who practise oppression”.
Sura XXII, verses 39 and 40:
39. “To those against whom
War is made, permission
Is given (to fight) because
They are wronged;— and verily,
God is most Powerful
For their aid;—”
40. “(They are) those who have
Been expelled from their homes
In defiance of right,—
(For no cause) except
That they say, ‘Our Lord
Is God.’ Did not God
Check one set of people
By means of another,
There would surely have been
Pulled down monasteries, churches,
Synagogues, and mosques, in which
The name of God is commemorated
In abundant measure. God will
Certainly aid those who
Aid His (cause);—for verily
God is Full of Strength,
Exalted in Might,
(Able to enforce His Will),”

contain in them the sublime principle which international jurists have only faintly begun to discover, we must go on preaching that aggression is the chief characteristic of Islam. The law relating to prisoners of war is another branch of Islamic law which is bound to come in conflict with International Law.

As for instance, in matters relating to the treatment of prisoners of war, we shall have to be governed by Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi’s view, assuming that view is based on the Qur’an and the sunna, which is as follows :—

“Q.—Is there a law of war in Islam?
A.—Yes.
Q.—Does it differ fundamentally from the modern International Law of war?
A.—These two systems are based on a fundamental difference.
Q.—What rights have non-Muslims who are taken prisoners of war in a jihad?
A.—The Islamic law on the point is that if the country of which these prisoners are nationals pays ransom, they will be released. An exchange of prisoners is also permitted. If neither of these alternatives is possible, the prisoners will be converted into slaves for ever. If any such person makes an offer to pay his ransom out of his own earnings, he will be permitted to collect the money necessary for the fidya (ransom).
Q.—Are you of the view that unless a Government assumes the form of an Islamic Government, any war declared by it is not a jihad?
A.—No. A war may be declared to be a jihad if it is declared by a national Government of Muslims in the legitimate interests of the State. I never expressed the opinion attributed to me in Ex. D. E. 12:—
“Raha yeh masala keh agar hukumat-i-Pakisten apni maujuda shukl-o-surat ke sath Indian Union ke sath apne mu’ahadat khatm kar-ke i’lan-i-jang bar bhi de to kya us-ki yeh jang jihad ke hukam men a-ja’egi ? Ap ne is bare men jo rae zahir ki hai woh bilkul darust hai – Jab-tak hukumat Islami nizam ko ikhtiyar kar-ke Islami nah ho jae us waqt tak us-ki kisi jang ko jihad kehna aisa hi hai jaisa kisi ghair Muslim ke Azad Kashmir ki fauj men bharti ho-kar larne ko jihad aur us-ki maut ko shahadat ka nam dediya jae – Maulana ka jo mudd’a hai woh yeh hai keh mu’ahadat ki maujudgi men to hukumat ya us-ke shehriyon ka is jang men sharik hona shar’-an ja’iz hi nahin – Agar hukumat mu’ahadat khatm kar-ke jang ka
i’lan kar-de to hukumat ki jang to jihad phir bhi nahin hogi ta-an keh hukumat Islami nah ho jae.’

(translation)

‘The question remains whether, even if the Government of Pakistan, in its present form and structure, terminates her treaties with the Indian Union and declares war against her, this war would fall under the definition of jihad? The opinion expressed by him in this behalf is quite correct. Until such time as the Government becomes Islamic by adopting the Islamic form of Government, to call any of its wars a jihad would be tantamount to describing the enlistment and fighting of a non-Muslim on the side of the Azad Kashmir forces jihad and his death martyrdom. What the Maulana means is that, in the presence of treaties, it is against Shari’at, if the Government or its people participate in such a war. If the Government terminates the treaties and declares war, even then the war started by Government would not be termed jihad unless the Government becomes Islamic’.

About the view expressed in this letter being that of Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi, there is the evidence of Mian Tufail Muhammad, the writer of the letter, who states: “Ex. D. E. 12 is a photostat copy of a letter which I wrote to someone whose name I do not now remember.”

Maulana Abul Hasanat Muhammad Ahmad Qadri’s view on this point is as
follows:—
“Q.—Is there a law of war in Islam?
A.—Yes.
Q.—Does it differ in fundamentals from the present International Law?
A.—Yes.
Q.—What are the rights of a person taken prisoner in war?
A.—He can embrace Islam or ask for aman, in which case he will be treated as a musta’min. If he does not ask for aman, he would be made a slave”.
Similar is the opinion expressed by Mian Tufail Muhammad of Jam’at-i-Islami who says:—
“Q.—Is there any law of war in Islamic laws?
A.—Yes.
Q.—If that comes into conflict with International Law, which will you follow?
A.—Islamic law.
Q.—Then please state what will be the status of prisoners of war captured by your
forces?
A.—I cannot reply to this off hand. I will have to study the point.”
Of course ghanima (plunder) and khums (one-fifth) if treated as a necessary incident of
jihad will be treated by international society as a mere act of brigandage.

REACTION ON MUSLIMS OF NON-MUSLIM STATES
The ideology on which an Islamic State is desired to be founded in Pakistan must have certain consequences for the Musalmans who are living in countries under non-Muslim sovereigns.

We asked Amir-i-Shari’at Sayyad Ataullah Shah Bukhari whether a Muslim could be a faithful subject of a non-Muslim State and reproduce his answer:—
“Q.—In your opinion is a Musalman bound to obey orders of a kafir Government?
A.—It is not possible that a Musalman should be faithful citizen of a non-Muslim Government.
Q.—Will it be possible for the four crore of Indian Muslims to be faithful citizens of their State?
A—No.”

The answer is quite consistent with the ideology which has been pressed before us, but then if Pakistan is entitled to base its Constitution on religion, the same right must be conceded to other countries where Musalmans are in substantial minorities or if they constitute a preponderating majority in a country where sovereignty rests with a non-Muslim community. We, therefore, asked the various ulama whether, if non-Muslims in Pakistan were to be subjected to this discrimination in matters of citizenship, the ulama would have any objection to Muslims in other countries being subjected to a similar discrimination. Their reactions to this suggestion are reproduced below:—

Maulana Abul Hasanat Sayyed Muhammad Ahmad Qadri, President, Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i-Pakistan:—
“Q.—You will admit for the Hindus, who are in a majority in India, the right to have a Hindu religious State?
A.—Yes.
Q.—Will you have any objection if the Muslims are treated under that form of Government as malishes or shudras under the law of Manu?
A.— No.”

Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi :—
“Q.—If we have this form of Islamic Government in Pakistan, will you permit Hindus to base their Constitution on the basis of their own religion?
A—Certainly. I should have no objection even if the Muslims of India are treated in that form of Government as shudras and malishes and Manu’s laws are applied to them, depriving them of all share in the Government and the rights of a citizen. In fact such a state of affairs already exists in India.”

Amir-i-Shari’at Sayyad Ata Ullah Skak Bukhari :—
“Q.—How many crores of Muslims are there in India?
A.—Four crores.
Q.—Have you any objection to the law of Manu being applied to them according to which they will have no civil right and will be treated as malishes and shudras?
A.—I am in Pakistan and I cannot advise them.”

Mian Tufail Muhammad of Jama’at-i-Islami :—
“Q.—What is the population of Muslims in the world?
A.—Fifty crores.
Q.—If the total population of Muslims of the world is 50 crores, as you say, and the number of Muslims living in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Indonesia, Egypt, Persia, Syria, Lebanon, Trans-Jordan, Turkey and Iraq does not exceed 20 crores, will not the result of your ideology beto convert 30 crores of Muslims in the world into hewers of wood anddrawers of water?
A.—My ideology should not affect their position.
Q.—Even if they are subjected to discrimination on religious grounds and denied ordinary rights of citizenship ?
A.—Yes.”
This witness goes to the extent of asserting that even if a non-Muslim Government were to offer posts to Muslims in the public services of the country, it will be their duty to refuse such posts.

Ghazi Siraj-ud-Din Munir :—
“Q.—Do you want an Islamic State in Pakistan?
A.—Surely.
Q.—What will be your reaction if the neighbouring country was to found
their political system on their own religion?
A.—They can do it if they like.
Q.—Do you admit for them the right to declare that all Muslims in India, are shudras and malishes with no civil rights whatsoever?
A.—We will do our best to see that before they do it their political
sovereignty is gone. We are too strong for India. We will be strong enough to prevent India from doing this.
Q.—Is it a part of the religious obligations of Muslims to preach their religion?
A—Yes.
Q.—Is it a part of the duty of Muslims in India publicly to preach their religion?
A.—They should have that right.
Q.—What if the Indian State is founded on a religious basis and the right to preach religion is disallowed to its Muslim nationals?
A —If India makes any such law, believer in the Expansionist movement as I am, I will march on India and conquer her.”

So this is the reply to the reciprocity of discrimination on religious grounds.

Master Taj-ud-Din Ansari :—
“Q.—Would you like to have the same ideology for the four crores of Muslims in India as you are impressing upon the Muslims of
Pakistan?
A.—That ideology will not let them remain in India for one minute.
Q.—Does the ideology of a Muslim change from place to place and from time to time?
A.—No.
Q.—Then why should not the Muslims of India have the same ideology as you have?
A.—They should answer that question.”

The ideology advocated before us, if adopted by Indian Muslims, will completely
disqualify them for public offices in the State, not only in India but in other countries also which are under a non-Muslim Government. Muslims will become perpetual suspects everywhere and will not be enrolled in the army because according to this ideology, in case of war between a Muslim country and a non-Muslim country, Muslim soldiers of the non-Muslim country must either side with the Muslim country or surrender their posts.

The following is the view expressed by two divines whom we questioned on this point:—

Maulana Abul Hasanat Sayyed Muhammad Ahmad Qadri, President, Jami’at-ul-
Ulama-i-Pakistan :—
“Q.—What will be the duty of Muslims in India in case of war between India
and Pakistan?
A.—Their duty is obvious, namely, to side with us and not to fight against us
on behalf of India.”

Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi : —
“Q.—What will be the duty of the Muslims in India in case of war between
India and Pakistan?
A.—Their duty is obvious, and that is not to fight against Pakistan or to do
anything injurious to the safety of Pakistan.”

OTHER INCIDENTS

Other incidents of an Islamic State are that all sculpture, playing of cards, portrait
painting, photographing human beings, music, dancing, mixed acting, cinemas and
theatres will have to be closed.

Thus says Maulana Abdul Haleem Qasimi, representative of Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i-Pakistan: —

“Q.—What are your views on tashbih and tamseel ?
A.—You should ask me a concrete question.
Q.—What are your views on lahw-o-la’b?
A.—The same is my reply to this question.
Q.—What are your views about portrait painting?
A.—There is nothing against it if any such painting becomes necessary.
Q.—What about photography?
A.—My reply to it is the same as the reply regarding portrait painting.
Q.—What about sculpture as an art?
A.—It is prohibited by our religion.
Q.—Will you bring playing of cards in lohw-o-la’b?
A.—Yes, it will amount to lahw-o-la’b.
Q.—What about music and dancing?
A.—It is all forbidden by our religion.
Q.—What about drama and acting?
A —It all depends on what kind of acting you mean. If it involves immodesty
and intermixture of sexes, the Islamic law is against it.
Q.—If the State is founded on your ideals, will you make a law stopping
portrait painting, photographing of human beings, sculpture, playing
of cards, music, dancing, acting and all cinemas and theatres?
A.—Keeping in view the present form of these activities, my answer is in the affirmative.”

Maulana Abdul Haamid Badayuni considers it to be a sin (ma’siyat) on the part of
professors of anatomy to dissect dead bodies of Muslims to explain points of anatomy to the students.

The soldier or the policeman will have the right, on grounds of religion, to disobey a command by a superior authority. Maulana Abul Hasanat’s view on this is as follows :—

“I believe that if a policeman is required to do something which we consider to be contrary to our religion, it should be the duty of the policeman to disobey the authority. The same would be my answer if ‘army’ were substituted for ‘police’.

Q.—You stated yesterday that if a policeman or a soldier was required by a
superior authority to do what you considered to be contrary to religion, it would be the duty of that policeman or the soldier to disobey such authority. Will you give the policeman or the soldier the right of himself determining whether the command he is given by his superior authority is contrary to religion ?
A.—Most certainly.
Q.—Suppose there is war between Pakistan and another Muslim country and the soldier feels that Pakistan is in the wrong; and that to shoot a soldier of other country is contrary to religion. Do you think he would be justified in disobeying his commanding officer ?
A.—In such a contingency the soldier should take a fatwa of the ‘ulama’.”

We have dwelt at some length on the subject of Islamic State not because we intended to write a thesis against or in favour of such State but merely with a view to presenting a clear picture of the numerous possibilities that may in future arise if true causes of the ideological confusion which contributed to the spread and intensity of the disturbances are not precisely located. That such confusion did exist is obvious because otherwise Muslim Leaguers, whose own Government was in office, would not have risen against it; sense of loyalty and public duty would not have departed from public officials who went about like maniacs howling against their own Government and officers; respect for property and human life would not have disappeared in the common man who with no scruple or compunction began freely to indulge in loot, arson and murder; politicians would not have shirked facing the men who had installed them in their offices; and administrators would not have felt hesitant or diffident in performing what was their obvious duty. If there is one thing which has been conclusively demonstrated in this inquiry, it is that provided you can persuade the masses to believe that something they are asked to do is religiously right or enjoined by religion, you can set them to any course of action, regardless of all considerations of discipline, loyalty, decency, morality or civic sense.

Pakistan is being taken by the common man, though it is not, as an Islamic State. This belief has been encouraged by the ceaseless clamour for Islam and Islamic State that is being heard from all quarters since the establishment of Pakistan. The phantom of an Islamic State has haunted the Musalman throughout the ages and is a result of the memory of the glorious past when Islam rising like a storm from the least expected quarter of the world—wilds of Arabia—instantly enveloped the world, pulling down from their high pedestal gods who had ruled over man since the creation, uprooting centuries old institutions and superstitions and supplanting all civilisations that had been built on an enslaved humanity. What is 125 years in human history, nay in the history of a people, and yet during this brief period Islam spread from the Indus to the Atlantic and Spain, and from the borders of China to Egypt, and the sons of the desert installed themselves in all old centres of civilisation—in Ctesiphon, Damascus, Alexandria, India and all places associated with the names of the Sumerian and the Assyrian civilisations. Historians have often posed the question : what would have been the state of the world today if Muawiya’s siege of Constantinople had succeeded or if the proverbial Arab instinct for plunder had not suddenly seized the mujahids of Abdur Rahman in their fight against Charles Martel on the plains of Tours in Southern France. May be Muslims would have discovered America long before Columbus did and the entire world would have been Moslemised; may be Islam itself would have been Europeanised. It is this brilliant achievement of the Arabian nomads, the like of which the world had never seen before, that makes the Musalman of today live in the past and yearn for the return of the glory that was Islam. He finds himself standing on the crossroads, wrapped in the mantle of the past and with the dead weight of centuries on his back, frustrated and bewildered and hesitant to turn one corner or the other. The freshness and the simplicity of the faith, which gave determination to his mind and spring to his muscle, is now denied to him. He has neither the means nor the ability to conquer and there are no countries to conquer. Little does he understand that the forces, which are pitted against him, are entirely different from those against which early Islam, had to fight, and that on the clues given by his own ancestors human mind has achieved results which he cannot understand. He therefore finds himself in a state of helplessness, waiting for some one to come and help him out of this morass of uncertainty and confusion. And he will go on waiting like this without anything happening. Nothing but a bold re-orientation of Islam to separate the vital from the lifeless can preserve it as a World Idea and convert the Musalman into a citizen of the present and the future world from the archaic in congruity that he is today. It is this lack of bold and clear thinking, the inability to understand and take decisions which has brought about in Pakistan a confusion which will persist and repeatedly create situations of the kind we have been inquiring into until our leaders have a clear conception of the goal and of the means to reach it. It requires no imagination to realise that irreconcilables remain irreconcilable even if you believe or wish to the contrary. Opposing principles, if left to themselves, can only produce confusion and disorder, and the application of a neutralising agency to them can only produce a dead result. Unless, in case of conflict between two ideologies, our leaders have the desire and the ability to elect, uncertainty must continue. And as long as we rely on the hammer when a file is needed and press Islam into service to solve situations it was never intended to solve, frustration and disappointment must dog our steps. The sublime faith called Islam will live even if our leaders are not there to enforce it. It lives in the individual, in his soul and outlook, in all his relations with God and men, from the cradle to the grave, and our politicians should understand that if Divine commands cannot make or keep a man a Musalman, their statutes will not….

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India has never, not once, initiated hostilities against Pakistan: A Note to Mr Clemons

December 3, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook:

Mr Clemons,

Apropos your statement:

“The U.S. has an awkward problem with Pakistan in that substantial parts of its government actually favor the Afghan Taliban achieving political primacy in Afghanistan as a buffer against incursions by India” (italics added):

the US makes a mistake by accepting at face-value the psychotic delusion of the Pakistan military that it has faced or faces now a threat from India.

As I have said before, the last place on earth that New Delhi’s nomenclatura would like to extend its misgovernance would be Pakistan.

And the historical record is clear that India has never initiated hostilities against Pakistan, not once.

In Oct 1947, the new Pakistan started with an armed attack against the old “princely” State of Jammu & Kashmir with whom it had signed a “Standstill Agreement”. That State came into existence in international law in 1846.

In Sep 1965, Ayub Khan’s Pakistan, armed with Patton tanks and F-104s and F-86s, started an inflitration and then a war hoping to drive tanks all the way to Delhi but did not succeed.

In 1971, East Pakistan seceded from West Pakistan, and though India made it militarily possible it was not something that India conspired to bring about but was something caused by West Pakistanis lording it over their own compatriots. The Richard Sisson-Leo Rose book “War and Secession” is quite a definitive history. 90,000 Pakistanis surrendered as POWs whom India protected from Bangladeshi revenge.

In 1999, Musharraf had his Kargil misadventure. Other than the ghastly mutilation and murder of Lieutenant Saurabh Kalia and his platoon as POWs by the Pakistan Army and its Taliban friends,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurabh_Kalia
Musharraf achieved nothing. He then sought to stay on in power unlawfully for almost a decade despite his civillian boss trying to sack him.

And then there was the 2008 attack on Mumbai by ten youthful terrorists from Pakistan who were trained by elements of the Pakistan military.

Where has there ever been an Indian “incursion”?

To the contrary, India had proposed the name of Pakistan as a new member of the UNO back in 1947 — and Zahir Shah’s Afghanistan was the only country to oppose it, for precisely the same unresolved problem as continues today, namely, the destiny of the Pashtuns.

Cordially

Suby Roy

Seventy Years Today Since the British Government Politically Empowered MA Jinnah (2009)

September 4, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

Seventy Years Today Since the British Government Politically Empowered MA Jinnah

by

Subroto Roy

The bloated armies of Indian and Pakistani historians and pseudo-historians have failed to recognize the significance of the precise start of the Second World War upon the fortunes of the subcontinent. Yet, twenty years ago, in the book I and WE James created at an American university, Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s (now in pdf), one of our authors, Professor Francis Robinson of the University of London, had set out the principal facts most clearly as to what flowed from the September 4 1939 empowerment of MA Jinnah by the British Government.

Germany invaded Poland on September 1 1939 and Britain declared war on Germany on September 3. The next day, Linlithgow, the British Viceroy in India, started to treat MA Jinnah’s Muslim League on par with the Congress’s nationalist movement led by MK Gandhi. Until September 4 1939, the British “had had little time for Jinnah and his League. The Government’s declaration of war on Germany on 3 September, however, transformed the situation. A large part of the army was Muslim, much of the war effort was likely to rest on the two Muslim majority provinces of Punjab and Bengal. The following day, the Viceroy invited Jinnah for talks on an equal footing with Gandhi” (Robinson, in James & Roy (eds) Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy 1989, 1992).

Jinnah himself was amazed by the new British attitude towards him: “suddenly there was a change in the attitude towards me. I was treated on the same basis as Mr Gandhi. I was wonderstruck why all of a sudden I was promoted and given a place side by side with Mr Gandhi.”

Jinnah’s political weakness had been made obvious by the electoral defeats the Muslim League had suffered in the 1937 elections in the very provinces which more or less came to constitute West Pakistan and today constitute modern Pakistan. Britain, at war with Germany and soon Japan, was faced with the intransigence of the Congress leadership. It was unsurprising this would contribute to the British tilt empowering Congress’s declared adversary, Jinnah and the Muslim League, and hence make credible the possibility of the Pakistan that they had demanded:

“As the Congress began to demand immediate independence, the Viceroy took to reassuring Jinnah that Muslim interests would be safeguarded in any constitutional change. Within a few months, he was urging the League to declare a constructive policy for the future, which was of course presented in the Lahore Resolution. In their August 1940 offer, the British confirmed for the benefit of Muslims that power would not be transferred against the will of any significant element in Indian life. And much the same confirmation was given in the Cripps offer nearly two years later…. Throughout the years 1940 to 1945, the British made no attempt to tease out the contradictions between the League’s two-nation theory, which asserted that Hindus and Muslims came from two different civilisations and therefore were two different nations, and the Lahore Resolution, which demanded that ‘Independent States’ should be constituted from the Muslim majority provinces of the NE and NW, thereby suggesting that Indian Muslims formed not just one nation but two. When in 1944 the governors of Punjab and Bengal urged such a move on the Viceroy, Wavell ignored them, pressing ahead instead with his own plan for an all-India conference at Simla. The result was to confirm, as never before in the eyes of leading Muslims in the majority provinces, the standing of Jinnah and the League. Thus, because the British found it convenient to take the League seriously, everyone had to as well—Congressmen, Unionists, Bengalis, and so on….”(Robinson in James & Roy (eds) Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy, pp. 43-44).

Even British socialists who were sympathetic to Indian aspirations, would grow cold when the Congress seemed to abjectly fail to appreciate Britain’s predicament during war with Germany and Japan (Gandhi, for example, dismissing the 1942 Cripps offer as a “post-dated cheque on a failing bank”).

By the 1946 elections, Muslim mass opinion had changed drastically to seem to be strongly in favour of the creation of a Pakistan. The intervening years were the ones when urban mobs all over India could be found shouting the League’s slogans: “Larke lenge Pakistan; Marke lenge Pakistan, Khun se lenge Pakistan; Dena hoga Pakistan; Leke rahenge Pakistan” (We will spill blood to take Pakistan, you will have to yield a Pakistan.)

Events remote from India’s history and geography, namely, the rise of Hitler and the Second World War, had contributed between 1937 and 1947 to the change of fortunes of the Muslim League and hence of all the people of the subcontinent.

The British had long discovered that the mutual antipathy between Muslims and Hindus could be utilised in fashioning their rule; specifically that the organisation and mobilisation of Muslim communal opinion in the subcontinent was a useful counterweight to any pan-Indian nationalism which might emerge to compete with British authority. As early as 1874, well before Allan Octavian Hume, ICS, had conceived the Indian National Congress, John Strachey, ICS, was to observe “The existence side by side of these (Hindu and Muslim) hostile creeds is one of the strong points in our political position in India. The better classes of Mohammedans are a source of strength to us and not of weakness. They constitute a comparatively small but an energetic minority of the population whose political interests are identical with ours.” By 1906, when a deputation of Muslims headed by the Aga Khan first approached the British pleading for communal representation, Minto the Viceroy replied: “I am as firmly convinced as I believe you to be that any electoral representation in India would be doomed to mischievous failure which aimed at granting a personal enfranchisement, regardless of the beliefs and traditions of the communities composing the population of this Continent.” Minto’s wife wrote in her diary that the effect was “nothing less than the pulling back of sixty two millions of (Muslims) from joining the ranks of the seditious opposition.” (The true significance of MAK Azad may have been that he, precisely at the same time, did indeed feel within himself the nationalist’s desire for freedom strongly enough to want to join the ranks of that seditious opposition.)

If a pattern emerges as to the nature of the behaviour of the British political state with respect to the peoples of this or similar regions, it is precisely the economic one of rewarding those loyal to them who had protected or advanced their interests, and penalising those perceived to be acting against their will. It is wishful to think of members of the British political state as benevolent paternalists, who met with matching deeds their often philanthropic words about promoting the general welfare of their colonial wards or subordinate allies. The slogan “If you are not with us you are against us” that has come to be used by many from the Shining Path Maoists of Peru to President George W. Bush, had been widely applied already by the British in India, especially in the form “If you dare not to be with us, we will be certainly with your adversaries”. It came to be used with greatest impact on the subcontinent’s fortunes in 1939 when Britain found itself reluctantly at war with Hitler’s Germany.

British loyalties lay with those who had been loyal to them.

Hence in the “Indian India” of the puppet princes, Hari Singh and other “Native Princes” who had sent troops to fight as part of the British armies would be treated with a pusillanimity and grandeur so as to flatter their vanities, Sheikh Abdullah’s rebellion representing the Muslim masses of the Kashmir Valley would be ignored. And in British India, Jinnah the conservative Anglophile and his elitist Muslim League would be backed, while the radicalised masses of the Gandhi-Bose-Nehru Congress would have to be suppressed as a nuisance.

(Similarly, much later, Pakistan’s bemedalled army generals would be backed by the United States against Mujibur Rehman’s impoverished student-rebels, and India’s support frowned upon regardless of how just the Bangladeshi cause.)

Altruism is a limited quality in all human affairs, never more scarce than in relations between nations. In “Pakistan’s Allies”, I showed how the strategic interests of Britain, and later Britain’s American ally, came to evolve in the Northwest of the subcontinent ever since the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar as long as a Russian and later a Soviet empire had existed. A similar evolution of British domestic interests in India is distinctly observable in British support for the Pakistan Movement itself, leading on August 14 1947 to the creation of the new Dominion of Pakistan.

Sheikh Abdullah’s democratic urges or Nehru’s Indian nationalism or the general welfare of the subcontinent’s people had no appeal as such to the small and brittle administrative machinery in charge of Britain’s Indian Empire — even though individual Britons had come to love, understand and explain India for the permanent benefit of her people. This may help to explain how Britain’s own long democratic traditions at home could often be found so wonderful by Indians yet the actions of the British state abroad so incongruent with them.

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Disquietude about France’s behaviour towards India on July 14 2009

July 14, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

The Indian press and media, especially the Government-owned part, exulted about Dr Manmohan Singh’s presence at France’s Bastille Day parade this year. And of course it was generally a splendid occasion and there were things that the organisers of Indian military parades could have and should have learnt from it. But there were two sources of disquietude.

Did anyone but myself notice that Dr Manmohan Singh had been placed on the left hand side of the French President? Is that the place of a Guest of Honour?

Who was on the right hand side? Germany’s President Horset Köhler. Why? Some French reports said Dr Singh was the Guest of Honour; others said both were. Either way diplomatic protocol should have placed Dr Singh to the right of President Sarkozy. If President Köhler too was an equivalent Guest of Honour through some last minute diplomatic mishap, he should have been to the right of Dr Singh.

France slighted India by placing Dr Singh to the left of President Sarkozy and still calling him the Guest of Honour. (And why Dr Singh was invited was clearly not because of any new great power status for India but firstly to reciprocate the recent invitation to President Sarkozy last 26 January, and secondly, to gain advantage in business deals with India.)

Secondly, what business did a French paratrooper have to parachute out of an aircraft holding India’s tricolour and then, upon landing, drag it momentarily on the ground? What business did two French paratroopers have to be holding the Indian tricolour in a salute to the French President?

Again, France has slighted India.

I love Paris and I am generally Francophilic — except for such instances of Napoleonic self-aggrandisement.

Subroto Roy

Postscript July 15: Where her husband did not, Mme Sarkozy did get the protocol right, placing Mme Singh to her immediate right and Mme Köhler to Mme Singh’s right.

Posted in Diplomacy, Diplomatic protocols, France, Germany, Imperialism, India in international law, India's protocols, India's Diplomacy, India's Foreign Policy, India's Foreign Service, India's independence, India's Nationalism, International diplomacy, International Law, Manmohan Singh, Protocol. 1 Comment »

Eleven days and counting after the 15th Lok Sabha was elected and still no Parliament of India! (But we do have 79 Ministers — might that be a world record?)

May 28, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

A lawyer friend tells me she thinks it a “technicality” that there is no Lok Sabha or Parliament in India today despite eleven long days and nights having passed since the 15th Lok Sabha came to be elected by the people of India. “At least we did not get Advani and Modi to rule”, is how she sought to justify the current circumstance. I am afraid I think she has produced a non sequitur, and also forgotten the constitutional law she would have read as a student.

The best argument that I think the Government of India shall be able to give justifying their legal error in not having the 15th Lok Sabha up and running yet 11 days after India’s people have spoken would run something like this:

(1) The President of India invites a Council of Ministers led by a PM to form the government and has done so.

(2) The President must be satisfied that the PM commands a majority in the Lok Sabha, and the President has been satisfied by the 322 “letters of support” that the PM produced.

(3) The Government of the day calls parliamentary sessions and does so at its discretion, and the Government of the day headed by this PM has announced when it shall call the 15th Lok Sabha which will be in a few days yet.

Any such argument, I am afraid, would be specious because it simply puts the cart before the horse.

Parliament is sovereign in India, to repeat what I have said several times before.

Parliament is sovereign in India — not even the President who is the symbol of that sovereignty. We do not follow the British quite exactly in this because we are a republic and not a monarchy. In Britain sovereignty rests with “The King in Parliament”. With us, Parliament is sovereign and the President is the symbol of that sovereignty. In all matters of state, our President must act in a manner that Parliament and parliamentary law says.

Parliament is sovereign in India — not the Executive Government, certainly not its largest political party or its leader.

Parliament is sovereign in India because the people of India have chosen it to be so within the Constitution of India.

Parliament is sovereign in India and the people of India have elected the 15th Lok Sabha which has still not been allowed to meet eleven days later.

To the contrary, as noted days ago, the purported “Cabinet” of the 14th Lok Sabha, a dead institution, met on May 18 2009, some 48 hours after the 15th Lok Sabha had already been declared! The 14th Lok Sabha in fact stood automatically dissolved in law when General Elections came to be announced.

Is all this merely a “technicality” as my friend believes? I think not.

Executive Government in India derives its political legitimacy from being elected by Parliament, i.e., from holding the confidence of Parliament, and that means the Lok Sabha.

The Government of the day might for sake of convenience have a prerogative of calling sessions of the 15th Lok Sabha once it has been constituted but the Government of the day cannot logically constitute a Lok Sabha after a General Election because it itself receives legitimacy from such a Lok Sabha.

If the 15th Lok Sabha has not met, confidence in any Executive has yet to be recorded, and hence any such Government has yet to receive legitimacy.

Do “322 letters of support” suffice? Hardly. They are signed after all by persons who have yet to take their seats in the Lok Sabha! (Let us leave aside the fact that the PM, not being a member of the Lok Sabha, is in this case unable to be one of those 322 himself!)

Yet we have 79 “Ministers” of this new “Government” holding press-conferences and giving out free-bees and favours etc already. As I have said before, Ambedkar, Nehru and others of their generation, plus Indira and Rajiv too, would all have been appalled.

Because the incompetence of the fascists and communists in the Opposition may continue to be expected, it will be up to ordinary citizens and voters of India to point out such simple truths whenever the Emperor is found to be naked. (Our docile juvenile ingratiating media may well remain mostly hopeless.)

Subroto Roy

Posted in 15th Lok Sabha, Asia and the West, BR Ambedkar, Britain, Britain in India, Britain's Parliament, Democracy, Elections, Government of India, India's 2009 General Election, India's communists, India's Constitution, India's constitutional politics, India's Democracy, India's Election Commission, India's History, India's independence, India's Judiciary, India's Jurisprudence, India's Lok Sabha, India's Parliament, India's Politics, India's Polity, India's pork-barrel politics, India's Presidency, India's Rajya Sabha, India's Rule of Law, Indira Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Manmohan Singh, Parliamentary Government, Parliamentary Procedure, Political cynicism, Political legitimacy, Political Philosophy, Political Science, Politics, Pork-barrel politics, Power-elites and nomenclatura, Practical wisdom, Principal-agent problem, Rajiv Gandhi, Reason, Rule of Law, Stonewalling in politics, Voting. Leave a Comment »

Why does India not have a Parliament ten days after the 15th Lok Sabha was elected? Nehru and Rajiv would both have been appalled (2009)

May 27, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

see too

Why has the Sonia Congress done something that the Congress under Nehru-Indira-Rajiv would not have done, namely, exaggerate the power of the Rajya Sabha and diminish the power of the Lok Sabha?

Parliament’s sovereignty has been diminished by the Executive: A record for future generations to know (2009)

Eleven days and counting after the 15th Lok Sabha was elected and still no Parliament of India! (But we do have 79 Ministers — might that be a world record?)

There are at least three Supreme Court lawyers, all highly voluble, among the higher echelons of Congress Party politicians; it is surprising that not one of them has been able to get the top Party leadership of Sonia Gandhi and Manmohan Singh to see the apparent breach of normal constitutional law in Parliament not having met more than 10 days after it was elected.

A Government has been formed, Ministers have entered their offices and have been holding press-conferences and taking executive decisions, wannabe-Ministers continue to be wrangling night-and-day for the plums of office — BUT THERE IS NO PARLIAMENT!

Today is the death-anniversary of Jawaharlal Nehru and last week was the death anniversary of Rajiv Gandhi.

Nehru, whatever his faults and infirmities, was an outstanding parliamentarian and a believer in the Westminster model in particular. He was intimately familiar with its unpoken customs and unwritten laws. He would have been completely appalled by the situation today where luminaries of the party that goes by the same name as the one he had led are paying obeisance to his memory 45 years after his death but have failed to see the absurdity in having a Government in office with no new Parliament ten days after a month-long General Election was over! (Incidentally, had he not left explicit instructions against any hero-worship taking place of himself too?)

Rajiv knew his grandfather and had acquired a sense of noblesse oblige from him. He too would have been appalled that the procedural business of government had been simply procrastinated over like this.

It surprises me that Dr Manmohan Singh, having been a post-graduate of Cambridge, having earned a doctorate from Oxford, and more recently having been awarded honorary doctorates from both Ancient Universities, should seem so unaware of the elements of the Westminster model of constitutional jurisprudence which guides our polity too.

It is too late now and the mistakes have been made. I hope his new Government will come to realise at some point and then keep in mind that our Executive receives political legitimacy from Parliament, not vice versa. An Executive can hardly be legitimately in office until the Parliament that is supposed to elect it has been sworn in.

As for our putative Opposition in the Parliament-yet-to-meet, it seems to have drawn a blank too, and eo ipso revealed its own constitutional backwardness and lethargy.

Subroto Roy

Posted in 15th Lok Sabha, Asia and the West, Britain, Britain in India, Britain's Parliament, British history, British Universities, Comparative Government, Congress Party, Constitutional law, Constitutional monarchy, Constitutional Politics, Elections, Government of India, India's 2009 General Election, India's Constitution, India's constitutional politics, India's Democracy, India's Election Commission, India's independence, India's Jurisprudence, India's Lok Sabha, India's nomenclatura, India's Parliament, India's political parties, India's Politics, India's Polity, India's Presidency, India's Rajya Sabha, India's Rule of Law, India's Supreme Court, Jawaharlal Nehru, Manmohan Singh, Parliamentary Government, Parliamentary Procedure, Political Philosophy, Political Science, Politics, Rajiv Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, Sonia Gandhi, Westminster model. Leave a Comment »

Why has the Sonia Congress done something that the Congress under Nehru-Indira-Rajiv would not have done, namely, exaggerate the power of the Rajya Sabha and diminish the power of the Lok Sabha?

May 21, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

We in India did not invent the idea of Parliament, the British did. Even the British did not invent the idea of a “Premier Ministre”, the French did that, though the British came to develop its meaning most. Because these are not our own inventions, when something unusual happens in contemporary India to political entities and offices known as “Parliament”, “Prime Minister” etc, contrast and comparison is inevitable with standards and practices that have prevailed around the world in other parliamentary democracies.

Indeed we in India did not even fully invent the idea of our own Parliament though the national struggle led by the original Indian National Congress caused it to come to be invented. The Lok Sabha is the outcome of a long and distinguished constitutional and political history from the Morley-Minto reforms a century ago to the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms and Government of India Act of 1919 to the Government of India Act of 1935 and the first general elections of British India in 1937 (when Jawaharlal Nehru briefly became PM for the first time) and in due course the 1946 Constituent Assembly. Out of all this emerged the 1950 Constitution of India, drafted by that brilliant jurist BR Ambedkar as well as other sober intelligent well-educated and dedicated men and women of his time, and thence arose our first Lok Sabha following the 1951 General Elections.

About the Lok Sabha’s duties, I said in my March 30 2006 article “Logic of Democracy” in The Statesman

“What are Lok Sabha Members and State MLAs legitimately required to be doing in caring for their constituents? First of all, as a body as a whole, they need to elect the Government, i.e. the Executive Branch, and to hold it accountable in Parliament or Assembly. For example, the Comptroller and Auditor General submits his reports directly to the House, and it is the duty of individual legislators to put these to good use in controlling the Government’s waste, fraud or abuse of public resources. Secondly, MPs and MLAs are obviously supposed to literally represent their individual constituencies in the House, i.e. to bring the Government and the House’s attention to specific problems or contingencies affecting their constituents as a whole, and call for the help, funds and sympathy of the whole community on their behalf. Thirdly, MPs and MLAs are supposed to respond to pleas and petitions of individual constituents, who may need the influence associated with the dignity of their office to get things rightly done. For example, an impoverished orphan lad once needed surgery to remove a brain tumour; a family helping him was promised the free services of a top brain surgeon if a hospital bed and operating theatre could be arranged. It was only by turning to the local MLA that the family were able to get such arrangements made, and the lad had his tumour taken out at a public hospital. MPs and MLAs are supposed to vote for and create public goods and services, and to use their moral suasion to see that existing public services actually do get to reach the public.”

What about the Rajya Sabha? I said in the same article:

“Rajya Sabha Members are a different species altogether. Most if not all State Legislative Councils have been abolished, and sadly the present nature of the Rajya Sabha causes similar doubts to arise about its utility. The very idea of a Rajya Sabha was first mooted in embryo form in an 1888 book A History of the Native States of India, Vol I. Gwalior, whose author also advocated popular constitutions for the “Indian India” of the “Native States” since “where there are no popular constitutions, the personal character of the ruler becomes a most important factor in the government… evils are inherent in every government where autocracy is not tempered by a free constitution.” When Victoria was declared India’s “Empress” in 1877, a “Council of the Empire” was mooted but had remained a non-starter even until the 1887 Jubilee. An “Imperial Council” was now designed of the so-called “Native Princes”, which came to evolve into the “Chamber of Princes” which became the “Council of the States” and the Rajya Sabha. It was patterned mostly on the British and not the American upper house except in being not liable to dissolution, and compelling periodic retirement of a third of members. The American upper house is an equal if not the senior partner of the lower house. Our Rajya Sabha follows the British upper house in being a chamber which is duty-bound to oversee any exuberance in the Lok Sabha but which must ultimately yield to it if there is any dispute. Parliament in India’s democracy effectively means the Lok Sabha — where every member has contested and won a direct vote in his/her constituency. The British upper house used to have an aristocratic hereditary component which Tony Blair’s New Labour Government has now removed, so it has now been becoming more like what the Rajya Sabha was supposed to have been like.”

The Canadian upper house is similar to ours in intent: a place for “sober second thought” intended to curb the “democratic excesses” of the lower house. In the Canadian, British, Australian, Irish and our own cases, the Prime Minister, as the chief executive of the lower house has immense indirect power over the upper house, whether in appointing members or even, in the Australian case, dissolving the entire upper house if he/she wishes.

Now yesterday apparently Shrimati Sonia Gandhi, as the duly elected leader of the largest political party in the 15th Lok Sabha, accompanied by Dr Manmohan Singh, as her party’s choice for the position of Prime Minister, went to see the President of India where the Hon’ble President apparently appointed Dr Singh to be the Prime Minister of India – meaning the Prime Minister of the 15th Lok Sabha, except that Dr Singh is not a member of the Lok Sabha and apparently has had no intent of becoming one.

In 2004 Shrimati Gandhi had declined to accept an invitation to become PM and instead effectively recommended Dr Singh to be PM despite his not being a member of the Lok Sabha nor intending to be so. This exploited a constitutional loophole to the extent that the drafters of our 1950 Constitution happened not to have explicitly stated that the PM must be from the Lok Sabha. But the reason the founders of our democratic polity such as BR Ambedkar and Jawaharlal Nehru did not specify that the PM must be from the Lok Sabha was quite simply that it was a matter of complete obviousness to them and to their entire generation that this must be so — it would have been appalling to them and something beyond their wildest imagination that a later generation, namely our own, would exploit such a loophole and allow a PM to be appointed who is not a member of the Lok Sabha and intends not to be so.

Ambedkar, Nehru and all others of their time knew fully well that the history and intended purpose of the Lok Sabha was completely different from the history and intended purpose of the Rajya Sabha. They knew too fully well that Lord Curzon had been explicitly denied the leadership of Britain’s Tory Party in 1922 because that would have made him a potential PM when he was not prepared to be a member of the House of Commons. That specific precedent culminated a centuries’-old democratic trend of political power flowing from monarchs to lords to commoners, and has governed all parliamentary democracies worldwide ever since — until Dr Singh’s appointment in 2004.

When such an anomalous situation once arose in Britain, Lord Home resigned his membership of the House of Lords to contest a House of Commons seat as Sir Alec Douglas Home so that he could be PM in a manner consistent with parliamentary law.

Dr Singh instead for five years remained PM of India while not being a member of the Lok Sabha. Even if reasons and exigencies of State could have been cited for such an anomalous situation during his first term, there was really no such reason for him not to contest the 2009 General Election if he wished to be the Congress Party’s prime ministerial candidate a second time. Numerous Rajya Sabha members alongside him have contested Lok Sabha seats this time, and several have won.

As of today, Dr Singh is due to be sworn in tomorrow as Prime Minister for a second term while still having no declared intention of resigning from the Rajya Sabha and contesting a Lok Sabha seat instead. What the present-day Congress has done is elect him the leader of the “Congress Parliamentary Party” and claim that it is in such a capacity that he received the invitation to be Prime Minister of India. But surely if the question had been asked to the Congress Party under Nehru or Indira or Rajiv: “Can you foresee a circumstance ever in which the PM of India is not a member of the Lok Sabha?” their answer in each case would have been a categorical and resounding “no”.

So the question does arise why the Congress under Sonia Gandhi has with deliberation allowed such an anomalous situation to develop. Its effect is to completely distort the trends of relative political power between the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. On the one hand, the Lok Sabha’s power is deliberately made to diminish as the chief executive of the Government of India shall not be from the Lok Sabha but from “the other place” despite the Lok Sabha having greater political legitimacy by having been directly elected by India’s people. This sets a precedent that might get repeated in India in the future but which contradicts the worldwide trend in parliamentary democracies over decades and centuries in precisely the opposite direction – of power flowing in the direction of the people not away from them. On the other hand, the fact this anomalous idea has been pioneered by the elected leader of the largest political party in the Lok Sabha while her PM is in the Rajya Sabha causes a member of the lower house to have unexpected control over the upper house when the latter is supposed to be something of an independent check on the former!

It all really seems an unnecessary muddle and a jumbling up of normal constitutional law and parliamentary procedure. The Sonia-Manmohan Government at the outset of its second term should hardly want to be seen by history as having set a poor precedent using brute force. The situation can be corrected with the utmost ease by following the Alec Douglas Home example, with Dr Singh being given a relatively safe seat to contest as soon as possible, if necessary by some newly elected Congress MP resigning and allowing a bye-election to be called.

Subroto Roy

Posted in 15th Lok Sabha, Academic research, Alec Douglas Home, American democracy, Asia and the West, Athenian democracy, Bengal Constitutional Politics, Bengal Legislative Council, BR Ambedkar, Britain, Britain in India, Britain's monarchy, British history, Canadian Senate, Comparative Government, Congress Party, Conservative Party Britain, Constitutional law, Constitutional monarchy, Constitutional Politics, Curzon, Democracy, Expertise and democracy, France, Freedom, Government accounting, Government of India, India's 2009 General Election, India's Constitution, India's constitutional politics, India's Democracy, India's Electorate, India's History, India's independence, India's Jurisprudence, India's Lok Sabha, India's Nationalism, India's nomenclatura, India's Parliament, India's Polity, India's Presidency, India's Rajya Sabha, India's Rule of Law, Indian National Congress Origins, Indira Gandhi, International Law, Jawaharlal Nehru, Law, Manmohan Singh, Parliamentary Government, Parliamentary Procedure, Political Philosophy, Political Science, Rajiv Gandhi, Sonia Gandhi. 2 Comments »

Democracy Database for the Largest Electorate Ever Seen in World History

April 12, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

In four days, on April 16 2009, one thousand seven hundred and seven officially recognized candidates, representing 161 political parties and including 770 Independents, are contesting the polls in 124 constituencies (out of a total of 543 constituencies), across 15 States and two Union Territories in Phase 1 of the General Election to India’s 15th Lok Sabha. Between 16 April and 7 May in Phases 2, 3 and 4, that number of candidates contesting India’s General Elections rises to at least 4,637, average age 46.1, from 261 political parties, including 291 women and 2118 Independents across more than 150 further constituencies. By 13 May, Phase 5 will be over and all 543 constituencies shall have been covered. The size of the registered electorate of potential voters under adult franchise is 383,566,479, the largest in human history.

Did you know that? Of course not. None of our juvenile TV stations and only-slightly-less-juvenile newspapers would have been able to give you such numbers even if they had tried to; they would barely know where to begin. Besides, our Election Commission too has become a sclerotic bureaucracy like everything else to do with India’s governance; its website — now updated and improving slightly every day — provides a lot of irrelevancies along with providing the very least modicum of raw data logically necessary for the conduct of the election.

Ten years ago, just prior to the 13th Lok Sabha Elections, I, as part of my academic research as a “full professor” at an “Institution of National Importance”, created an Excel spreadsheet containing every single Lok Sabha constituency at the time. I later sent it on to the EC for its free use and distribution. (Some of my academic colleagues were surprised and suspicious as one of their principal goals in life was to obtain lucrative government “consulting” contracts wherever possible — doing things for free set a worrisome example despite the slogan of being supposedly “dedicated to the service of the nation”!). Nothing happened because the EC in particular and the Government of India in general did not then and have not now appeared keen to know how to use spreadsheets like Excel properly, despite our claims of India being an information-technology powerhouse!

I have now had to re-create that 1999 spreadsheet again for the 15th Lok Sabha Elections because there has been a major parliamentary exercise of what is called “redistricting” in some countries and “delimitation” here in India. Many constituencies have been merged or have disappeared while new ones have appeared. Plus numerous innovative techniques and formulae have had to be used by me with vital free help from Excel Forum users as well as providers of free add-ins around the world, to whom grateful acknowledgment is made.

The processed data below is based entirely on the raw data available from the EC as of April 11 2009. As the EC updates its raw data, so shall I seek to update this processed data. There are definite errors in the EC data (e.g. one Independent candidate has been listed 3 times, while 19 people have been listed as being99 years old; more significantly there seems to be at least one constituency in which there is only one candidate, etc etc.) Whatever errors exist in the raw data must be carried over to these data here, I am afraid. But I will as I have said update this as the EC updates its raw data. If there are errors in my processing, I do not know of them, so please check and recheck against the EC’s data if you wish to use these data operationally. [Update 1800 hours Sunday April 12: the EC has reduced the number of candidates from 4637 to 4631 which presumably means some obvious slight errors have been corrected; it is still far short of having announced all candidates for all 543 constituencies, so the overall number is destined to rise and drastically quite soon — I hope before the first polls open on Thursday!].

The first two indicators are the EC’s way of identifying a constituency; then there is the name of the State or Union Territory in a two-digit code followed by the name of the constituency in capitals, the date that polling is due to take place, and the list of the candidates and their parties. I have made every effort to see no error has been added by me in addition to any errors that might exist in the EC’s data. But please check and double check yourself, and I cannot take responsibility for the accuracy of the information, especially as it is being done in “real time”.

This is being provided as a free public service for India’s ordinary people, citizens, candidates, students, observers etc. Any broadcast or republication or academic use must acknowledge it appeared first at this site in my work: just link to this post or quote “Democracy Database for the Largest Electorate Ever Seen in World History by Dr Subroto Roy”, and use away.

Why do I think it is important for every candidate in every constituency in India’s 2009 General Elections to have his/her name known and to receive due respect and a small salute in HTML even for a brief moment?

Because that is what democracy in a free republic is supposed to be about. India is not a monarchy or a mansabdari of some sort, no matter what the many corrupt people inhabiting our Government and our capital cities might have made themselves believe.

Our juvenile, sensationalist, irresponsible Delhi-centred media might realize someday that there are thousands of real people all over this country that is India contesting these elections seriously and trying to thus participate in the political process as best they can. The Delhi-centred media remain focused on the few dozen fake celebrities that they flatter, cultivate and pander to. (We must wait to see what depths of journalistic depravity our TV stations reach in covering the so-called IPL in South Africa more seriously than they cover India’s 2009 General Elections! What would MK Gandhi, who, a century ago, was still in South Africa, have said about such a twist of India’s fate?)

Here instead are India’s names and India’s lives and India’s places and India’s peoples and India’s political parties for all of us to see and understand and hence see and understand ourselves better.

Here’s a cheer to all those party-political symbols for or against which India’s hundreds of millions of voters will make their decisions:

A lady farmer carrying paddy on her head,

Aeroplane,

Almirah

Arrow

Axe

Balloon

Banana

Basket

Bat

Batsman

Battery Torch

Bead Necklace

Bell

Bicycle

Black Board

Boat

Book

Bow & Arrow

Boy & Girl

Bread

Brick

Bridge

Brief Case

Brush

Bungalow

Bus

Cake

Camera

Candles

Car

Carrot

Cart

Ceiling Fan

Chair

Clock

Coat

Cock

Coconut

Comb

Conch

Cot

Cup & Saucer

Diesel Pump

Dolli

Drum

Ears of Corn And Sickle

Electric Pole

Elephant

Flag with Three Stars

Flowers and Grass

Fork

Frock

Frying Pan

Gas Cylinder

Gas Stove

Glass Tumbler

Haldhar Within Wheel (Chakra Haldhar)

Hammer, Sickle and Star

Hand

Hand Pump

Harmonium

Hat

Hurricane Lamp

Hut

Ice Cream

Ink Pot & Pen

Iron

Jug

Kettle

Kite

Ladder

Lady Purse

Letter Box

Lion

Lock and Key

Lotus

Maize

Nagara

Not Alloted

Pressure Cooker

Railway Engine

Ring

Rising Sun

Road Roller

Saw

Scissors

Sewing Machine

Shuttle

Slate

Spade & Stoker

Spoon

Stool

Table

Table Lamp

Television

Tent

Two Daos Intersecting

Two Leaves

Violin

Walking Stick

Whistle….

Here’s a cheer then to all the thousands of candidates, average age 46.1, including those Independents, and the hundreds of political parties who go to the contest beginning April 16:

Aadivasi Sena Party

A-Chik National Congress(Democratic)

Adarsh Lok Dal

Advait Ishwasyam Congress

Ajeya Bharat Party

AJSU Party

Akhand Bharti

Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha

Akhil Bharatiya Ashok Sena

Akhil Bharatiya Congress Dal (Ambedkar)

Akhil Bharatiya Hind Kranti Party

Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh

Akhil Bharatiya Manav Seva Dal

Akhil Bhartiya Manavata Paksha

Akhil Bhartiya Sindhu Samajwadi Party

Akhila India Jananayaka Makkal Katchi (Dr. Issac)

All India Forward Bloc

All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen

All India Minorities Front

All India Trinamool Congress

All Jharkhand Students Union

Alpjan Samaj Party

Ambedkar National Congress

Ambedkar Samaj Party

Ambedkarist Republican Party

Amra Bangalee

Apna Dal

Arunachal Congress

Asom Gana Parishad

Assam United Democratic Front

Autonomous State Demand Committee

Awami Party

B. C. United Front

Backward Classes Democratic Party, J&K

Bahujan Republican Ekta Manch

Bahujan Samaj Party

Bahujan Samaj Party(Ambedkar-Phule)

Bahujan Sangharsh Party (Kanshiram)

Bahujan Shakty

Bahujan Uday Manch

Bajjikanchal Vikas Party

Bharat Punarnirman Dal

Bharat Vikas Morcha

Bharatheeya Sadharma Samsthapana Party

Bharatiya Bahujan Party

Bharatiya Eklavya Party

Bharatiya Grameen Dal

Bharatiya Jagaran Party

Bharatiya Jan Berojgar Chhatra Dal

Bharatiya Jan Shakti

Bharatiya Janata Party

Bharatiya Jantantrik Janta Dal

Bharatiya Lok Kalyan Dal

Bharatiya Loktantrik Party(Gandhi-Lohiawadi)

Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh

Bharatiya Momin Front

Bharatiya Natiional Janta Dal

Bharatiya Peoples Party

Bharatiya Pichhra Dal

Bharatiya Praja Paksha

Bharatiya Rashtriya Bahujan Samaj Vikas Party

Bharatiya Republican Paksha

Bharatiya Sadbhawna Samaj Party

Bharatiya Samaj Dal

Bharatiya Samta Samaj Party

Bharatiya Sarvodaya Kranti Party

Bharatiya Subhash Sena

Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

Biju Janata Dal

Bira Oriya Party

Bodaland Peoples Front

Buddhiviveki Vikas Party

Chandigarh Vikas Party

Chhattisgarh Vikas Party

Chhattisgarhi Samaj Party

Communist Party of India

Communist Party of India (Marxist)

Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

Democratic Party of India

Democratic Secular Party

Dharam Nirpeksh Dal

Duggar Pradesh Party

Eklavya Samaj Party

Gondvana Gantantra Party

Gondwana Mukti Sena

Great India Party

Hill State People’s Democratic Party

Hindustan Janta Party

Indian Christian Secular Party

Indian Justice Party

Indian National Congress

Indian Peace Party

Indian Peoples Forward Block

Indian Union Muslim League

Jaganmay Nari Sangathan

Jago Party

Jai Bharat Samanta Party

Jai Chhattisgarh Party

Jai Vijaya Bharathi Party

Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party

Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party

Jan Samanta Party

Jan Surajya Shakti

Jana Hitkari Party

Janata Dal (Secular)

Janata Dal (United)

Janata Party

Janvadi Party(Socialist)

Jawan Kisan Morcha

Jharkhand Disom Party

Jharkhand Jan Morcha

Jharkhand Janadikhar Manch

Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

Jharkhand Party

Jharkhand Party (Naren)

Jharkhand PeopleÂ’S Party

Jharkhand Vikas Dal

Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

Kalinga Sena

Kamtapur Progressive Party

Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha

Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha

Karnataka Thamizhar Munnetra Kazhagam

Kerala Congress

Kerala Congress (M)

Kosal Kranti Dal

Kosi Vikas Party

Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

Krantikari Samyavadi Party

Krantisena Maharashtra

Laghujan Samaj Vikas Party

Lal Morcha

Lok Bharati

Lok Dal

Lok Jan Shakti Party

Lok Jan Vikas Morcha

Lok Satta Party

Lok Vikas Party

Lokpriya Samaj Party

Loksangram

Loktanrik Sarkar Party

Loktantrik Samajwadi Party

Loktantrik Samata Dal

Mahagujarat Janta Party

Maharashtra Navnirman sena

Maharashtrawadi Gomantak

Mahila Adhikar Party

Mana Party

Manav Mukti Morcha

Manipur People’s Party

Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)

Marxist Co-Ordination

Maulik Adhikar Party

Meghalaya Democratic Party

Moderate Party

Momin Conference

Muslim League Kerala State Committee

Muslim Majlis Uttar Pradesh

Nagaland Peoples Front

National Development Party

National Lokhind Party

National Loktantrik Party

National Secular Party

National Youth Party

Nationalist Congress Party

Navbharat Nirman Party

Nelopa(United)

Orissa Mukti Morcha

Party for Democratic Socialism

Paschim Banga Rajya Muslim League

Peace Party

Peoples Democratic Alliance

Peoples Democratic Forum

People’s Democratic Front

Peoples Guardian

People’s Party of Arunachal

Peoples Republican Party

Prabuddha Republican Party

Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party

Praja Bharath Party

Praja Rajyam Party

Prajatantrik Samadhan Party

Proutist Sarva Samaj

Proutist Sarva Samaj Party

Purvanchal Rajya Banao Dal

Pyramid Party of India

Rajyadhikara Party

Rashtra Sewa Dal

Rashtravadi Aarthik Swatantrata Dal

Rashtravadi Communist Party

Rashtravadi Janata Party

Rashtrawadi Sena

Rashtriya Agraniye Dal

Rashtriya Bahujan Congress Party

Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

Rashtriya Gondvana Party

Rashtriya Janata Dal

Rashtriya Jan-Jagram Morcha

Rashtriya Jan-vadi Party (Krantikari)

Rashtriya Kranti Party

Rashtriya Krantikari Janata Party

Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

Rashtriya Lok Dal

Rashtriya Lokhit Party

Rashtriya Lokwadi Party

Rashtriya Machhua Samaj Party

Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party

Rashtriya Pragati Party

Rashtriya Praja Congress (Secular)

Rashtriya Raksha Dal

Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

Rashtriya Samajwadi Party (United)

Rashtriya Samanta Dal

Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party

Rayalaseema Rashtra Samithi

Republican Paksha (Khoripa)

Republican Party of India

Republican Party of India (A)

Republican Party of India (Democratic )

Republican Party of India (Khobragade)

Republican Presidium Party of India

Republician Party of India Ektawadi

Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Rasik Bhatt)

Revolutionary Socialist Party

Samajik Jantantrik Party

Samajtantric Party of India

Samajwadi Jan Parishad

Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)

Samajwadi Party

Samata Party

Samruddha Odisha

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Party

Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha

Sarvodaya Party

Savarn Samaj Party

Save Goa Front

Shakti Sena (Bharat Desh)

Shivrajya Party

Shivsena

Shoshit Samaj Dal

Socialist Party (Lohia)

Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

Sunder Samaj Party

Swabhimani Paksha

Swarajya Party Of India

Swatantra Bharat Paksha

Telangana Rashtra Samithi

Telugu Desam

The Humanist Party of India

Trilinga Praja Pragati Party

United Communist Party of India

United Democratic Party

United Goans Democratic Party

United Women Front

Uttar Pradesh Republican Party

Vanchit Jamat Party

Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katch

Vikas Party

Vishva Hindustani Sangathan

Yuva Vikas Party … and many many more….

S01 1 AP ADILABAD 16-Apr-09 1 ADE TUKARAM M 55 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 KOTNAK RAMESH M 39 Indian National Congress

3 RATHOD RAMESH M 43 Telugu Desam

4 RATHOD SADASHIV NAIK M 50 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 MESRAM NAGO RAO M 59 Praja Rajyam Party

6 ATHRAM LAXMAN RAO M 47 Independent

7 GANTA PENTANNA M 36 Independent

8 NETHAVAT RAMDAS M 39 Independent

9 BANKA SAHADEVU M 55 Independent

S01 2 AP PEDDAPALLE 16-Apr-09 1 GAJJELA SWAMY M 49 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 GOMASA SRINIVAS M 41 Telangana Rashtra Samithi

3 MATHANGI NARSIAH M 64 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 DR.G.VIVEKANAND M 51 Indian National Congress

5 AREPELLI DAVID RAJU M 36 Praja Rajyam Party

6 KRISHNA SABBALI M 39 Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)

7 AMBALA MAHENDAR M 38 Independent

8 A. KAMALAMMA F 36 Independent

9 GORRE RAMESH M 42 Independent

10 NALLALA KANUKAIAH M 39 Independent

11 B. MALLAIAH M 32 Independent

12 K. RAJASWARI F 38 Independent

13 D. RAMULU M 51 Independent

14 G.VINAY KUMAR M 51 Independent

15 S.LAXMAIAH M 33 Independent

S01 3 AP KARIMNAGAR 16-Apr-09 1 CHANDUPATLA JANGA REDDY M 75 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 PONNAM PRABHAKAR M 41 Indian National Congress

3 VINOD KUMAR BOINAPALLY M 49 Telangana Rashtra Samithi

4 VIRESHAM NALIMELA M 58 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 RAGULA RAMULU M 40 Republican Party of India (A)

6 LINGAMPALLI SRINIVAS REDDY M 39 Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)

7 VELICHALA RAJENDER RAO M 46 Praja Rajyam Party

8 T. SRIMANNARAYANA M 68 Pyramid Party of India

9 K. PRABHAKAR M 43 Independent

10 KORIVI VENUGOPAL M 46 Independent

11 BARIGE GATTAIAH YADAV M 32 Independent

12 GADDAM RAJI REDDY M 48 Independent

13 PANAKANTI SATISH KUMAR M 46 Independent

14 PEDDI RAVINDER M 29 Independent

15 B. SURESH M 32 Independent

S01 4 AP NIZAMABAD 16-Apr-09 1 DR. BAPU REDDY M 59 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 BIGALA GANESH GUPTA M 39 Telangana Rashtra Samithi

3 MADHU YASKHI GOUD M 50 Indian National Congress

4 YEDLA RAMU M 53 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 DUDDEMPUDI SAMBASIVA RAO CHOUDARY M 62 Lok Satta Party

6 P.VINAY KUMAR M 51 Praja Rajyam Party

7 DR. V.SATHYANARAYANA MURTHY M 51 Pyramid Party of India

8 S. SUJATHA F 43 Trilinga Praja Pragati Party

9 AARIS MOHAMMED M 46 Independent

10 KANDEM PRABHAKAR M 44 Independent

11 GADDAM SRINIVAS M 47 Independent

12 RAPELLY SRINIVAS M 34 Independent

S01 5 AP ZAHIRABAD 16-Apr-09 1 CHENGAL BAGANNA M 66 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 M.VISHNU MUDIRAJ M 35 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 SYED YOUSUF ALI M 54 Telangana Rashtra Samithi

4 SURESH KUMAR SHETKAR M 46 Indian National Congress

5 BENJAMIN RAJU M 39 Indian Justice Party

6 MALKAPURAM SHIVA KUMAR M 43 Praja Rajyam Party

7 MALLESH RAVINDER REDDY M 39 Lok Satta Party

8 CHITTA RAJESHWAR RAO M 45 Independent

9 POWAR SINGH HATTI SINGH M 36 Independent

10 BASAVA RAJ PATIL M 39 Independent

S01 6 AP MEDAK 16-Apr-09 1 NARENDRANATH .C M 45 Indian National Congress

2 P. NIROOP REDDY M 50 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 VIJAYA SHANTHI .M F 43 Telangana Rashtra Samithi

4 Y. SHANKAR GOUD M 44 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 KOVURI PRABHAKAR M 51 Pyramid Party of India

6 KHAJA QUAYUM ANWAR M 43 Praja Rajyam Party

7 D. YADESHWAR M 46 Bahujan Samaj Party(Ambedkar-Phule)

8 K. SUDHEER REDDY M 37 Lok Satta Party

9 KUNDETI RAVI M 32 Independent

S01 7 AP MALKAJGIRI 16-Apr-09 1 NALLU INDRASENA REDDY M 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 M.BABU RAO PADMA SALE M 52 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 BHEEMSEN.T M 60 Telugu Desam

4 SARVEY SATYANARAYANA M 54 Indian National Congress

5 S.D.KRISHNA MURTHY M 51 Trilinga Praja Pragati Party

6 T.DEVENDER GOUD M 56 Praja Rajyam Party

7 NARENDER KUMBALA M 39 Bharat Punarnirman Dal

8 PRATHANI RAMAKRISHNA M 42 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

9 LION C FRANCIS MJF M 56 Samajwadi Party

10 N V RAMA REDDY M 54 Pyramid Party of India

11 DR.LAVU RATHAIAH M 56 Lok Satta Party

12 KANTE KANAKAIAH GANGAPUTHRA M 63 Independent

13 KOYAL KAR BHOJARAJ M 35 Independent

14 CHENURU VENKATA SUBBA RAO M 52 Independent

15 JAJULA BHASKAR M 34 Independent

16 LT.COL. (RETD). DUSERLA PAPARAIDU M 62 Independent

17 MD.MANSOORALI M 31 Independent

18 S.VICTOR M 40 Independent

19 K.SRINIVASA RAJU M 44 Independent

S01 8 AP SECUNDRABAD 16-Apr-09 1 ANJAN KUMAR YADAV M M 47 Indian National Congress

2 BANDARU DATTATREYA M 61 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 M. D. MAHMOOD ALI M 55 Telangana Rashtra Samithi

4 M. VENKATESH M 32 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 SRINIVASA SUDHISH RAMBHOTLA M 40 Telugu Desam

6 ABDUS SATTAR MUJAHED M 41 Muslim League Kerala State Committee

7 IMDAD JAH M 64 Ambedkar National Congress

8 P. DAMODER REDDY M 48 Pyramid Party of India

9 DR. DASOJU SRAVAN KUMAR M 41 Praja Rajyam Party

10 S. DEVAIAH M 59 Trilinga Praja Pragati Party

11 C.V.L. NARASIMHA RAO M 51 Lok Satta Party

12 DR .POLISHETTY RAM MOHAN M 57 Samata Party

13 MOHD. OSMAN QURESHEE M 35 Ajeya Bharat Party

14 SHIRAZ KHAN F 39 United Women Front

15 ASEERVADAM LELLAPALLI M 51 Independent

16 AMBATI KRISHNA MURTHY M 50 Independent

17 B. GOPALA KRISHNA M 42 Independent

18 DEVI DAS RAO GHODKE M 63 Independent

19 BABER ALI KHAN M 51 Independent

20 M. BHAGYA MATHA F 38 Independent

21 CH. MURAHARI M 49 Independent

22 G. RAJAIAH M 48 Independent

23 K. SRINIVASA CHARI M 49 Independent

S01 9 AP HYDERABAD 16-Apr-09 1 ZAHID ALI KHAN M 66 Telugu Desam

2 P. LAXMAN RAO GOUD M 55 Indian National Congress

3 SATISH AGARWAL M 38 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 SAMY MOHAMMED M 29 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 ASADUDDIN OWAISI M 41 All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen

6 S. GOPAL SINGH M 34 Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh

7 TAHER KAMAL KHUNDMIRI M 52 Janata Dal (Secular)

8 FATIMA .A F 41 Praja Rajyam Party

9 P. VENKATESWARA RAO M 58 Pyramid Party of India

10 D. SURENDER M 36 Trilinga Praja Pragati Party

11 AL-KASARY MOULLIM MOHSIN HUSSAIN M 33 Independent

12 ALTAF AHMED KHAN M 43 Independent

13 M.A. QUDDUS GHORI M 43 Independent

14 ZAHID ALI KHAN M 26 Independent

15 M.A. BASITH M 55 Independent

16 MD. OSMAN M 43 Independent

17 B. RAVI YADAV M 33 Independent

18 N.L. SRINIVAS M 31 Independent

19 M.A. SATTAR M 29 Independent

20 D. SADANAND M 45 Independent

21 SYED ABDUL GAFFTER M 51 Independent

22 SARDAR SINGH M 62 Independent

23 M.A. HABEEB M 31 Independent

S01 10 AP CHELVELLA 16-Apr-09 1 JAIPAL REDDY SUDINI M 67 Indian National Congress

2 A.P.JITHENDER REDDY M 54 Telugu Desam

3 BADDAM BAL REDDY M 64 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 C.SRINIVAS RAO M 39 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 KASANI GNANESHWAR M 54 Mana Party

6 KUMMARI GIRI M 28 Pyramid Party of India

7 DASARA SARALA DEVI F 39 Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)

8 DR.B.RAGHUVEER REDDY M 42 Lok Satta Party

9 SAMA SRINIVASULU M 34 Great India Party

10 S.MALLA REDDY M 43 Independent

11 G.MALLESHAM GOUD M 32 Independent

12 RAMESHWARAM JANGAIAH M 58 Independent

13 LAXMINARAYANA M 27 Independent

14 VENKATRAM NAIK M 27 Independent

15 SAYAMOOLA NARSIMULU M 30 Independent

S01 11 AP MAHBUBNAGAR 16-Apr-09 1 KUCHAKULLA YADAGIRI REDDY M 51 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 K. CHANDRASEKHAR RAO M 55 Telangana Rashtra Samithi

3 DEVARAKONDA VITTAL RAO M 57 Indian National Congress

4 PALEM SUDARSHAN GOUD M 42 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 ABDUL KAREEM KHAJA MOHAMMAD M 50 Lok Satta Party

6 ASIRVADAM M 35 Great India Party

7 KOLLA VENKATESH MADIGA M 37 Trilinga Praja Pragati Party

8 GUNDALA VIJAYALAKSHMI F 61 Pyramid Party of India

9 B. BALRAJ GOUD M 44 Mana Party

10 MUNISWAMY.C.R M 32 Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)

11 USHAN SATHYAMMA F 32 Independent

12 USAIN RANGAMMA F 50 Independent

13 YETTI CHINNA YENKAIAH M 47 Independent

14 YETTI LINGAIAH M 52 Independent

15 KANDUR KURMAIAH M 56 Independent

16 KARRE JANGAIAH M 29 Independent

17 GANGAPURI RAVINDAR GOUD M 28 Independent

18 GAJJA NARSIMULU M 35 Independent

19 CHENNAMSETTY DASHARATHA RAMULU HOLEA DASARI M 31 Independent

20 M.A. JABBAR M 39 Independent

21 DEPALLY MAISAIAH M 27 Independent

22 DEPALLY SAYANNA M 47 Independent

23 K. NARSIMULU M 52 Independent

24 NAGENDER REDDY. K M 49 Independent

25 PANDU M 29 Independent

26 BUDIGA JANGAM LAXMAMMA F 30 Independent

27 MOHAMMAD GHOUSE MOINUDDIN M 76 Independent

28 MALA JANGILAMMA F 50 Independent

29 RAJESH NAIK M 29 Independent

30 RAIKANTI RAMADAS MADIGA M 40 Independent

31 V. VENKATESHWARLU M 32 Independent

32 B. SEENAIAH GOUD M 62 Independent

S01 12 AP NAGARKURNOOL 16-Apr-09 1 GUVVALA BALARAJU M 31 Telangana Rashtra Samithi

2 TANGIRALA PARAMJOTHI M 50 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 DR. MANDA JAGANNATH M 57 Indian National Congress

4 DR. T. RATNAKARA M 50 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 DEVANI SATYANARAYANA M 39 Praja Rajyam Party

6 S.P.FERRY ROY M 27 Pyramid Party of India

7 G. VIDYASAGAR M 60 Lok Satta Party

8 ANAPOSALA VENKATESH M 27 Independent

9 N. KURUMAIAH M 27 Independent

10 BUDDULA SRINIVAS M 35 Independent

11 A.V. SHIVA KUMAR M 42 Independent

12 SIRIGIRI MANNEM M 36 Independent

13 HANUMANTHU M 28 Independent

S01 13 AP NALGONDA 16-Apr-09 1 GUTHA SUKENDER REDDY M 55 Indian National Congress

2 NAZEERUDDIN M 55 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 VEDIRE SRIRAM REDDY M 39 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 SURAVARAM SUDHAKAR REDDY M 67 Communist Party of India

5 A. NAGESHWAR RAO M 59 Pyramid Party of India

6 PADURI KARUNA F 58 Praja Rajyam Party

7 DAIDA LINGAIAH M 51 Independent

8 MD. NAZEEMUDDIN M 40 Independent

9 BOLUSANI KRISHNAIAH M 45 Independent

10 BOLLA KARUNAKAR M 33 Independent

11 MARRY NEHEMIAH M 55 Independent

12 YALAGANDULA RAMU M 41 Independent

13 K.V.SRINIVASA CHARYULU M 30 Independent

14 SHAIK AHMED M 57 Independent

S01 14 AP BHONGIR 16-Apr-09 1 KOMATIREDDY RAJ GOPAL REDDY M 41 Indian National Congress

2 CHINTHA SAMBA MURTHY M 50 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 NOMULA NARSIMHAIAH M 49 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

4 SIDDHARTHA PHOOLEY M 39 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 CHANDRA MOULI GANDAM M 48 Praja Rajyam Party

6 PALLA PRABHAKAR REDDY M 64 Pyramid Party of India

7 RACHA SUBHADRA REDDY F 59 Lok Satta Party

8 GUMMI BAKKA REDDY M 75 Independent

9 POOSA BALA KISHAN BESTA M 35 Independent

10 PERUKA ANJAIAH M 46 Independent

11 MAMIDIGALLA JOHN BABU M 40 Independent

12 MEDI NARSIMHA M 31 Independent

13 RUPANI RAMESH VADDERA M 31 Independent

14 SANGU MALLAYYA M 66 Independent

15 SIRUPANGI RAMULU M 55 Independent

S01 15 AP WARANGAL 16-Apr-09 1 JAYAPAL. V M 63 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 DOMMATI SAMBAIAH M 45 Telugu Desam

3 RAJAIAH SIRICILLA M 55 Indian National Congress

4 RAMAGALLA PARAMESHWAR M 55 Telangana Rashtra Samithi

5 LALAIAH P M 65 Bahujan Samaj Party

6 ONTELA MONDAIAH M 58 Pyramid Party of India

7 DR. CHANDRAGIRI RAJAMOULY M 49 Praja Rajyam Party

8 BALLEPU VENKAT NARSINGA RAO M 37 Lok Satta Party

9 KANNAM VENKANNA M 32 Independent

10 KRISHNADHI SRILATHA F 33 Independent

11 SOMAIAH GANAPURAM M 39 Independent

12 DAMERA MOGILI M 34 Independent

13 DUBASI NARSING M 46 Independent

14 PAKALA DEVADANAM M 74 Independent

15 D. SREEDHAR RAO M 37 Independent

S01 16 AP MAHABUBABAD 16-Apr-09 1 KUNJA SRINIVASA RAO M 31 Communist Party of India

2 GUMMADI PULLAIAH M 58 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 B. DILIP M 35 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 P. BALRAM M 45 Indian National Congress

5 D.T. NAIK M 61 Praja Rajyam Party

6 PODEM SAMMAIAH M 31 Pyramid Party of India

7 BANOTH MOLCHAND M 60 Lok Satta Party

8 KALTHI VEERASWAMY M 52 Independent

9 KECHELA RANGA REDDY M 44 Independent

10 DATLA NAGESWAR RAO M 42 Independent

11 PADIGA YERRAIAH M 64 Independent

12 P. SATYANARAYANA M 32 Independent

S01 17 AP KHAMMAM 16-Apr-09 1 KAPILAVAI RAVINDER M 45 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 THONDAPU VENKATESWARA RAO M 30 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 NAMA NAGESWARA RAO M 50 Telugu Desam

4 RENUKA CHOWDHURY F 54 Indian National Congress

5 JALAGAM HEMAMALINI F 40 Praja Rajyam Party

6 JUPELLI SATYANARAYANA M 61 Lok Satta Party

7 MANUKONDA RAGHURAM PRASAD M 55 Pyramid Party of India

8 SHAIK MADAR SAHEB M 40 Trilinga Praja Pragati Party

9 AVULA VENKATESWARLU M 45 Independent

10 CHANDA LINGAIAH M 58 Independent

11 DANDA LINGAIAH M 59 Independent

12 BANOTH LAXMA NAIK M 52 Independent

13 MALLAVARAPU JEREMIAH M 63 Independent

S01 18 AP ARUKU 16-Apr-09 1 KISHORE CHANDRA SURYANARAYANA DEO VYRICHERLA M 62 Indian National Congress

2 KURUSA BOJJAIAH M 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 GADUGU BALLAYYA DORA M 38 Rashtriya Janata Dal

4 MIDIYAM BABU RAO M 58 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

5 LAKE RAJA RAO M 50 Bahujan Samaj Party

6 MEENAKA SIMHACHALAM M 43 Praja Rajyam Party

7 VADIGALA PENTAYYA M 56 Lok Satta Party

8 APPA RAO KINJEDI M 48 Independent

9 ARIKA GUMPA SWAMY M 60 Independent

10 ILLA RAMI REDDY M 54 Independent

11 JAYALAKSHMI SHAMBUDU F 39 Independent

S01 19 AP SRIKAKULAM 16-Apr-09 1 YERRNNAIDU KINJARAPU M 50 Telugu Desam

2 KILLI KRUPA RANI F 47 Indian National Congress

3 TANKALA SUDHAKARA RAO M 57 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 DUPPALA RAVINDARA BABU M 38 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 KALYANI VARUDU F 29 Praja Rajyam Party

6 NANDA PRASADA RAO M 37 Pyramid Party of India

S01 20 AP VIZIANAGARAM 16-Apr-09 1 APPALA NAIDU KONDAPALLI M 41 Telugu Desam

2 GOTTAPU CHINAMNAIDU M 56 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 JHANSI LAXMI BOTCHA F 45 Indian National Congress

4 SANYASI RAJU PAKALAPATI M 51 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 KIMIDI GANAPATHI RAO M 52 Praja Rajyam Party

6 LUNKARAN JAIN M 60 Pyramid Party of India

7 DATTLA SATYA APPALA SIVANANDA RAJU M 34 Lok Satta Party

8 VENKATA SATYA NARAYANA RAGHUMANDA M 28 Bharatiya Sadbhawna Samaj Party

9 MAHESWARA RAO VARRI M 35 Independent

S01 21 AP VISAKHAPATNAM 16-Apr-09 1 I.M.AHMED M 41 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 DAGGUBATI PURANDESWARI F 49 Indian National Congress

3 DR.M.V.V.S.MURTHI M 70 Telugu Desam

4 D.V.SUBBARAO M 76 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 PALLA SRINIVASA RAO M 40 Praja Rajyam Party

6 BETHALA KEGIYA RANI F 26 Bahujan Samaj Party(Ambedkar-Phule)

7 D.BHARATHI F 53 Pyramid Party of India

8 D.V.RAMANA (VASU MASTER) M 37 Trilinga Praja Pragati Party

9 RAMESH LANKA M 49 Bharatheeya Sadharma Samsthapana Party

10 M.T.VENKATESWARALU M 42 Lok Satta Party

11 APPARAO GOLAGANA M 46 Independent

12 BANDAM VENKATA RAO YADAV M 32 Independent

13 YADDANAPUDI RANGARAO M 78 Independent

14 YALAMANCHILI PRASAD M 54 Independent

15 RANGARAJU KALIDINDI M 46 Independent

S01 22 AP ANAKAPALLI 16-Apr-09 1 APPA RAO KIRLA M 57 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 NOOKARAPU SURYA PRAKASA RAO M 50 Telugu Desam

3 BHEEMISETTI NAGESWARARAO M 41 Rashtriya Janata Dal

4 VENKATA RAMANA BABU PILLA M 35 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 SABBAM HARI M 55 Indian National Congress

6 ALLU ARAVIND M 62 Praja Rajyam Party

7 PULAMARASETTI VENKATA RAMANA M 28 Pyramid Party of India

8 BOYINA NAGESWARA RAO M 52 Janata Dal (United)

9 NANDA GOPAL GANDHAM M 60 Independent

10 PATHALA SATYA RAO M 46 Independent

S02 1 AR ARUNACHAL WEST 16-Apr-09 1 KIREN RIJIJU M 37 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 TAKAM SANJOY M 42 Indian National Congress

3 TABA TAKU M 25 Lok Bharati

4 SUBU KECHI M 36 Independent

S02 2 AR ARUNACHAL EAST 16-Apr-09 1 LOWANGCHA WANGLAT M 66 Arunachal Congress

2 NINONG ERING M 50 Indian National Congress

3 TAPIR GAO M 48 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 DR. SAMSON BORANG M 33 People’s Party of Arunachal

S03 1 AS KARIMGANJ 16-Apr-09 1 RAJESH MALLAH M 43 Assam United Democratic Front

2 LALIT MOHAN SUKLABAIDYA M 68 Indian National Congress

3 SUDHANGSHU DAS M 41 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 UTTAM NOMOSUDRA M 34 Independent

5 JOY DAS M 37 Independent

6 DEBASISH DAS M 36 Independent

7 PROBHASH CH. SARKAR M 36 Independent

8 BIJON ROY M 35 Independent

9 BIJOY MALAKAR M 42 Independent

10 MALATI ROY F 42 Independent

11 MILON SINGHA M 42 Independent

12 RANJAN NAMASUDRA M 41 Independent

13 RAJESH CHANDRA ROY M 29 Independent

14 SITAL PRASAD DUSAD M 55 Independent

15 HIMANGSHU KUMAR DAS M 28 Independent

S03 2 AS SILCHAR 16-Apr-09 1 KABINDRA PURKAYASTHA M 74 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 DIPAK BHATTACHARJEE M 69 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

3 BADRUDDIN AJMAL M 54 Assam United Democratic Front

4 SONTOSH MOHAN DEV M 75 Indian National Congress

5 KANTIMOY DEB M 60 Independent

6 CHANDAN RABIDAS M 34 Independent

7 JAYANTA MALLICK M 36 Independent

8 JOY SUNDAR DAS M 38 Independent

9 NAGENDRA CHANDRA DAS M 28 Independent

10 NAZRUL HAQUE MAZARBHUIYAN M 36 Independent

11 NABADWIP DAS M 58 Independent

12 PIJUSH KANTI DAS M 38 Independent

13 MANISH BHATTACHARJEE M 62 Independent

14 YOGENDRA KUMAR SINGH M 40 Independent

15 SUBIR DEB M 41 Independent

16 SUMIT ROY M 33 Independent

S03 3 AS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT 16-Apr-09 1 KULENDRA DAULAGUPU M 36 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 BIREN SINGH ENGTI M 64 Indian National Congress

3 HIDDHINATH RONGPI M 45 Nationalist Congress Party

4 ELWIN TERON M 48 Autonomous State Demand Committee

5 DR. JAYANTA RONGPI M 54 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

6 KABON TIMUNGPI F 56 Independent

S04 17 BR GOPALGANJ 16-Apr-09 1 ANIL KUMAR M 41 Rashtriya Janata Dal

2 JANAK RAM M 37 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 PURNMASI RAM M 52 Janata Dal (United)

4 RAMAI RAM M 66 Indian National Congress

5 MADHU BHARTI F 39 Loktantrik Samata Dal

6 RAM KUMAR MANJHI M 30 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

7 RAMASHANKAR RAM M 43 Rashtriya Jan-Jagram Morcha

8 SATYADEO RAM M 39 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

9 ASHA DEVI F 46 Independent

10 DINANATH MANJHI M 31 Independent

11 DHARMENDRA KUMAR HAZRA M 41 Independent

12 BANITHA BAITHA F 25 Independent

13 RAJESH KUMAR RAM M 28 Independent

14 RAM SURAT RAM M 42 Independent

15 SHAMBHU DOM M 41 Independent

16 SURENDRA PASWAN M 28 Independent

S04 18 BR SIWAN 16-Apr-09 1 PARASH NATH PATHAK M 60 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 BRISHIN PATEL M 60 Janata Dal (United)

3 VIJAY SHANKER DUBEY M 60 Indian National Congress

4 HENA SHAHAB F 36 Rashtriya Janata Dal

5 AMAR NATH YADAV M 44 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

6 ASWANI KR. VERMA M 28 Indian Justice Party

7 MADHURI PANDAY F 35 Samajik Jantantrik Party

8 LAL BABU TIWARI M 55 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

9 UMESH TIWARY M 30 Independent

10 OM PRAKASH YADAV M 43 Independent

11 NIDHI KIRTI F 26 Independent

12 PRABHU NATH MALI M 26 Independent

13 DR. MUNESHWAR PRASAD M 68 Independent

14 RAJENDRA KUMAR M 36 Independent

15 SHAMBHU NATH PRASAD M 60 Independent

S04 19 BR MAHARAJGANJ 16-Apr-09 1 UMA SHANAKER SINGH M 61 Rashtriya Janata Dal

2 TARKESHWAR SINGH M 51 Indian National Congress

3 PRABHU NATH SINGH M 56 Janata Dal (United)

4 RAVINDRA NATH MISHRA M 54 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 RAMESH SINGH KUSHWAHA M 59 Loktantrik Samata Dal

6 SATYENDRA KR. SAHANI M 41 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

7 GAUTAM PRASAD M 30 Independent

8 DHURENDRA RAM M 47 Independent

9 NAYAN PRASAD M 53 Independent

10 PRADEEP MANJHI M 32 Independent

11 BANKE BIHARI SINGH M 25 Independent

12 RAJESH KUMAR SINGH M 26 Independent

13 BREENDA PATHAK M 63 Independent

S04 20 BR SARAN 16-Apr-09 1 RAJIV PRATAP RUDY M 48 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 LALU PRASAD M 60 Rashtriya Janata Dal

3 SALIM PERWEZ M 47 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 SANTOSH PATEL M 39 Loktantrik Samata Dal

5 SOHEL AKHATAR M 33 Bharatiya Momin Front

6 KUMAR BALRAM SINGH M 56 Independent

7 DHUPENDRA SINGH M 33 Independent

8 RAJKUMAR RAI M 33 Independent

9 RAJAN HRISHIKESH CHANDRA M 25 Independent

10 RAJARAM SAHANI M 49 Independent

11 LAL BABU RAY M 46 Independent

12 SHEO DAS SINGH M 74 Independent

S04 32 BR ARRAH 16-Apr-09 1 MEENA SINGH F 44 Janata Dal (United)

2 RAMA KISHORE SINGH M 46 Lok Jan Shakti Party

3 REETA SINGH F 40 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 HARIDWAR PRASAD SINGH M 64 Indian National Congress

5 AJIT PRASAD MEHTA M 43 Jawan Kisan Morcha

6 ARUN SINGH M 48 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

7 BHARAT BHUSAN PANDEY M 35 Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh

8 RAMADHAR SINGH M 48 Shivsena

9 SAMBHU PRASAD SHARMA M 57 All India Forward Bloc

10 SANTOSH KUMAR M 32 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

11 SATYA NARAYAN YADAV M 67 Rashtra Sewa Dal

12 SAIYAD GANIUDDIN HAIDER M 42 Ambedkar National Congress

13 ASHOK KUMAR SINGH M 38 Independent

14 BHARAT SINGH SAHYOGI M 45 Independent

15 MAHESH RAM M 45 Independent

16 SOBH NATH SINGH M 39 Independent

S04 33 BR BUXAR 16-Apr-09 1 KAMLA KANT TIWARY M 67 Indian National Congress

2 JAGADA NAND SINGH M 65 Rashtriya Janata Dal

3 LAL MUNI CHOUBEY M 71 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 SHYAM LAL SINGH KUSHWAHA M 54 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 MOKARRAM HUSSAIN M 57 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

6 MOHAN SAH M 33 Bharatiya Jantantrik Janta Dal

7 RAJENDRA SINGH MAURYA M 32 Loktantrik Samata Dal

8 DR. VIJENDRA NATH UPADHYAY M 37 Shivsena

9 SHYAM BIHARI BIND M 46 Janvadi Party(Socialist)

10 SATYENDRA OJHA M 27 Apna Dal

11 SUDAMA PRASAD M 41 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

12 SURESH WADEKAR M 38 Republican Party of India

13 KAMLESH CHOUDHARY M 35 Independent

14 JAI SINGH YADAV M 34 Independent

15 DADAN SINGH M 45 Independent

16 PRATIBHA DEVI F 40 Independent

17 PHULAN PANDIT M 44 Independent

18 RAJENDRA PASWAN M 33 Independent

19 LALLAN RUPNARAIN PATHAK M 65 Independent

20 SHIV CHARAN YADAV M 55 Independent

21 SUNIL KUMAR DUBEY M 32 Independent

22 SURENDRA KUMAR BHARTI M 38 Independent

S04 34 BR SASARAM 16-Apr-09 1 GANDHI AZAD M 62 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 MEIRA KUMAR F 63 Indian National Congress

3 MUNI LAL M 61 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 LALAN PASWAN M 45 Rashtriya Janata Dal

5 DUKHI RAM M 39 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

6 BABBAN CHAUDHARY M 39 Loktantrik Samata Dal

7 BALIRAM RAM M 43 Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party

8 BHOLA PRASAD M 38 Indian Justice Party

9 RADHA DEBI F 28 Apna Dal

10 RAM NAGINA RAM M 41 Rashtriya Krantikari Janata Party

11 RAM YADI RAM M 72 Republican Party of India

12 PRAMOD KUMAR M 26 Independent

13 BHARAT RAM M 33 Independent

14 MUNIYA DEBI F 41 Independent

15 RAM PRAVESH RAM M 47 Independent

16 SURENDRA RAM M 39 Independent

S04 35 BR KARAKAT 16-Apr-09 1 AWADHESH KUMAR SINGH M 53 Indian National Congress

2 UPENDRA KUMAR SHARMA M 47 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 KANTI SINGH F 54 Rashtriya Janata Dal

4 MAHABALI SINGH M 54 Janata Dal (United)

5 AJAY KUMAR M 32 Republican Party of India (A)

6 JYOTI RASHMI F 30 Rashtra Sewa Dal

7 MUDREEKA YADAV M 59 Apna Dal

8 RAJ KISHOR MISRA M 30 Alpjan Samaj Party

9 RAJA RAM SINGH M 53 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

10 MD.SHAMIULLAH MANSOORI M 62 Shoshit Samaj Dal

11 ER.ABDUL SATAR M 62 Independent

12 AMAVAS RAM M 50 Independent

13 PRO. KAMTA PRASAD YADAV M 46 Independent

14 GIRISH NARAYAN SINGH M 48 Independent

15 SATISH PANDEY M 27 Independent

16 HARI PRASAD SINGH M 63 Independent

S04 36 BR JAHANABAD 16-Apr-09 1 DR. ARUN KUMAR M 49 Indian National Congress

2 JAGDISH SHARMA M 58 Janata Dal (United)

3 RAMADHAR SHARMA M 54 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 SURENDRA PRASAD YADAV M 51 Rashtriya Janata Dal

5 AYASHA KHATUN F 28 Loktantrik Samata Dal

6 PROF. JAI RAM PRASAD SINGH M 70 Shoshit Samaj Dal

7 TARA GUPTA F 62 Rashtriya Pragati Party

8 MAHANAND PRASAD M 41 Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)

9 RAMASRAY PRASAD SINGH M 83 Rashtriya Lok Dal

10 MD. SAHABUDDIN JAHAN M 36 Bharatiya Sarvodaya Kranti Party

11 SHRAVAN KUMAR M 32 Lal Morcha

12 SADHU SINHA M 68 All India Forward Bloc

13 SYED AKBAR IMAM M 49 Akhil Bharatiya Ashok Sena

14 AJAY KUMAR VERMA M 41 Independent

15 ABHAY KUMAR ANIL M 41 Independent

16 DR. ARBIND KUMAR M 52 Independent

17 ARVIND PRASAD SINGH M 43 Independent

18 UPENDRA PRASAD M 31 Independent

19 JAGDISH YADAV M 40 Independent

20 PRIKSHIT SINGH M 36 Independent

21 PRABHAT KUMAR RANJAN M 32 Independent

22 RANJIT SHARMA M 28 Independent

23 RAKESHWAR KISHOR M 35 Independent

24 SIYA RAM PRASAD M 40 Independent

25 SUMIRAK SINGH M 50 Independent

S04 37 BR AURANGABAD 16-Apr-09 1 ARCHANA CHANDRA F 32 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 NIKHIL KUMAR M 67 Indian National Congress

3 SHAKIL AHMAD KHAN M 61 Rashtriya Janata Dal

4 SUSHIL KUMAR SINGH M 43 Janata Dal (United)

5 ANIL KUMAR SINGH M 36 Rashtra Sewa Dal

6 AMERIKA MAHTO M 48 Shoshit Samaj Dal

7 RAM KUMAR MEHTA M 37 Loktantrik Samata Dal

8 VIJAY PASWAN M 48 Bharatiya Sarvodaya Kranti Party

9 ASLAM ANSARI M 38 Independent

10 INDRA DEO RAM M 58 Independent

11 UDAY PASWAN M 41 Independent

12 PUNA DAS M 34 Independent

13 RANJEET KUMAR M 48 Independent

14 RAJENDRA YADAV M 42 Independent

15 RAMSWARUP PRASAD YADAV M 72 Independent

16 SANTOSH KUMAR M 40 Independent

S04 38 BR GAYA 16-Apr-09 1 KALAWATI DEVI F 27 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 RAMJI MANJHI M 49 Rashtriya Janata Dal

3 SANJIV PRASAD TONI M 52 Indian National Congress

4 HARI MANJHI M 47 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 DILIP PASWAN M 41 Navbharat Nirman Party

6 NIRANJAN KUMAR M 35 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

7 RAJESH KUMAR M 27 Loktantrik Samata Dal

8 RAMDEV ARYA PAAN M 67 Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh

9 AMAR NATH PRASAD M 35 Independent

10 KRISHNA CHOUDHARY M 26 Independent

11 KAIL DAS M 66 Independent

12 DIPAK PASWAN M 27 Independent

13 RAM KISHORE PASWAN M 36 Independent

14 RAMU PASWAN M 29 Independent

15 SHIV SHANKAR KUMAR M 33 Independent

16 SHYAM LAL MANJHI M 50 Independent

S04 39 BR NAWADA 16-Apr-09 1 GANESH SHANKAR VIDYARTHI M 85 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2 BHOLA SINGH M 70 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 MASIH UDDIN M 36 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 VEENA DEVI F 36 Lok Jan Shakti Party

5 SUNILA DEVI F 38 Indian National Congress

6 UMAKANT RAHI M 37 Shoshit Samaj Dal

7 KAILASH PAL M 48 Bharatiya Sarvodaya Kranti Party

8 VIDHYAPATI SINGH M 46 Loktantrik Samata Dal

9 SURENDRA KUMAR CHAUDHARY M 45 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

10 AKHILESH SINGH M 38 Independent

11 ANIL MEHTA M 36 Independent

12 KAUSHAL YADAV M 39 Independent

13 CHANCHALA DEVI F 33 Independent

14 DURGA PRASAD DHAR M 29 Independent

15 NAVIN KUMAR VERMA M 38 Independent

16 RAJ KISHOR RAJ M 43 Independent

17 RAJ BALLABH PRASAD M 46 Independent

18 RAJENDRA VISHAL M 44 Independent

19 RAJENDRA SINGH M 60 Independent

20 SHAMBHU PRASAD M 41 Independent

21 SUNIL KUMAR M 28 Independent

S04 40 BR JAMUI 16-Apr-09 1 ASHOK CHOUDHARY M 42 Indian National Congress

2 GAJADHAR RAJAK M 63 Communist Party of India

3 BHAGWAN DAS M 61 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 BHUDEO CHOUDHARY M 46 Janata Dal (United)

5 SHYAM RAJAK M 56 Rashtriya Janata Dal

6 ARJUN MANJHI M 45 Jago Party

7 UPENDRA RAVIDAS M 30 Samata Party

8 OM PRAKASH PASWAN M 62 Loktantrik Samata Dal

9 GULAB CHANDRA PASWAN M 58 Rashtriya Krantikari Janata Party

10 NUNDEO MANJHI M 54 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

11 PRASADI PASWAN M 37 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

12 SUBHASH PASWAN M 36 Samajtantric Party of India

13 KAPILDEO DAS M 55 Independent

14 JAY SEKHAR MANJHI M 48 Independent

15 PAPPU RAJAK M 40 Independent

16 YOGENDRA PASWAN M 37 Independent

17 VIJAY PASWAN M 29 Independent

18 BILAKSHAN RAVIDAS M 51 Independent

19 SARYUG PASWAN M 65 Independent

S09 6 JK JAMMU 16-Apr-09 1 S.TARLOK SINGH M 59 Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party

2 HUSSAIN ALI M 48 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 LILA KARAN SHARMA M 68 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 MADAN LAL SHARMA M 56 Indian National Congress

5 UDAY CHAND M 55 Duggar Pradesh Party

6 SURJIT SINGH ‘G’ SITARA M 58 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

7 SANT RAM M 73 Bharatiya Bahujan Party

8 SANJEEV KUMAR MANMOTRA M 42 Lok Jan Shakti Party

9 QARI ZAHIR ABBAS BHATTI M 39 All India Forward Bloc

10 ABDUL MAJEED MALIK M 37 Backward Classes Democratic Party, J&K

11 ASHOK KUMAR M 45 Independent

12 BALWAN SINGH M 35 Independent

13 PARAS RAM POONCHI M 56 Independent

14 RAMESH CHANDER SHARMA M 36 Independent

15 SATISH POONCHI M 60 Independent

16 SANJAY KUMAR M 39 Independent

17 SHAKEELA BANO F 32 Independent

18 LABHA RAM GANDHI M 46 Independent

19 CH. MUSHTAQ HUSSAIN CHOUHAN M 38 Independent

20 NARESH DOGRA M 40 Independent

21 HILAL AHMED BAIG M 29 Independent

S11 1 KL KASARAGOD 16-Apr-09 1 P KARUNAKARAN M 64 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2 K.H.MADHAVI F 35 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 SHAHIDA KAMAL F 40 Indian National Congress

4 K. SURENDRAN M 37 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 ABBAS MUTHALAPPARA M 47 Independent

6 MOHAN NAYAK M 73 Independent

7 P.K. RAMAN M 48 Independent

S11 2 KL KANNUR 16-Apr-09 1 P.P KARUNAKARAN MASTER M 61 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 K.K BALAKRISHNAN NAMBIAR M 52 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 K.K RAGESH M 38 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

4 K. SUDHAKARAN M 60 Indian National Congress

5 P.I. CHANDRASEKHARAN M 53 The Humanist Party of India

6 JOHNSON ALIAS SUNNY AMBATT M 48 Independent

7 K. RAGESH S/O. JANARDHANAN M 33 Independent

8 PATTATHIL RAGHAVAN M 82 Independent

9 K. SUDHAKARAN KAVINTE ARIKATH M 39 Independent

S11 3 KL VADAKARA 16-Apr-09 1 ADV.K. NOORUDHEEN MUSALIAR M 56 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 MULLAPPALLY RAMACHANDRAN M 64 Indian National Congress

3 K.P SREESAN M 49 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 ADV. P. SATHEEDEVI F 52 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

5 T.P CHANDRASEKHARAN M 47 Independent

6 NAROTH RAMACHANDRAN M 58 Independent

7 P.SATHIDEVI PALLIKKAL F 36 Independent

8 SATHEEDEVI F 42 Independent

S11 4 KL WAYANAD 16-Apr-09 1 K. MURALEEDHARAN M 51 Nationalist Congress Party

2 RAJEEV JOSEPH M 40 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 C. VASUDEVAN MASTER M 65 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 M.I. SHANAVAS M 57 Indian National Congress

5 ADVOCATE. M. RAHMATHULLA M 48 Communist Party of India

6 KALLANGODAN ABDUL LATHEEF M 46 Independent

7 CLETUS M 52 Independent

8 DR. NALLA THAMPY THERA M 75 Independent

9 ADVOCATE. SHANAVAS MALAPPURAM M 36 Independent

10 SHANAVAS MANAKULANGARA PARAMBIL M 29 Independent

11 SUNNY PONNAMATTOM M 58 Independent

12 M.P. RAHMATH M 30 Independent

13 RAHMATHULLA POOLADAN M 36 Independent

S11 5 KL KOZHIKODE 16-Apr-09 1 A.K. ABDUL NASAR M 35 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 ADV. P.A. MOHAMED RIYAS M 33 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

3 V. MURALEEDHARAN M 49 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 M.K. RAGHAVAN M 57 Indian National Congress

5 ADV. P. KUMARANKUTTY M 64 Independent

6 K. MUHAMMED RIYAS M 27 Independent

7 P. MUHAMMED RIYAS M 28 Independent

8 P.A. MOHAMMED RIYAS M 37 Independent

9 MUDOOR MUHAMMED HAJI M 44 Independent

10 K. RAGHAVAN M 44 Independent

11 P. RAMACHANDRAN NAIR M 63 Independent

12 M. RAGHAVAN M 65 Independent

13 VINOD K. M 33 Independent

14 ADV. SABI JOSEPH M 60 Independent

15 DR. D.SURENDRANATH M 60 Independent

16 RIYAS M 31 Independent

S11 6 KL MALAPPURAM 16-Apr-09 1 ADV.E.A. ABOOBACKER M 52 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 ADV. N. ARAVINDAN M 43 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 E. AHAMED M 70 Muslim League Kerala State Committee

4 T.K. HAMSA M 71 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

S11 7 KL PONNANI 16-Apr-09 1 K. JANACHANDRAN MASTER M 57 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 P.K. MUHAMMED M 56 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 E.T. MUHAMMED BASHEER M 62 Muslim League Kerala State Committee

4 ABDUREHMAN M 32 Independent

5 DR. AZAD M 45 Independent

6 PULLANI GOVINDAN M 64 Independent

7 DR. HUSSAIN RANTATHANI M 51 Independent

8 HUSSAIN EDAYATH M 29 Independent

9 HUSSAIN KADAIKKAL M 37 Independent

10 HUSSAIN PERICHAYIL M 42 Independent

11 HUSSAIN M 29 Independent

12 DR. HUSSAIN M 40 Independent

13 K. SADANANDAN M 62 Independent

S11 8 KL PALAKKAD 16-Apr-09 1 ABDUL RAZAK MOULAVI M 47 Nationalist Congress Party

2 CHANDRAN. V M 63 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 C.K. PADMANABHAN M 60 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 M.B. RAJESH M 34 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

5 SATHEESAN PACHENI M 41 Indian National Congress

6 A. AROKIASAMY M 61 Independent

7 M.R. MURALI M 43 Independent

8 N.V. RAJESH M 35 Independent

9 VIJAYAN AMBALAKKAD M 42 Independent

10 SATHEESAN. E.V M 37 Independent

S11 9 KL ALATHUR 16-Apr-09 1 P.K BIJU M 34 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2 M. BINDU TEACHER F 35 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 DR. G SUDEVAN M 61 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 N.K SUDHEER M 44 Indian National Congress

5 K. GOPALAKRISHNAN M 39 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

6 BIJU K.K M 38 Independent

7 P.C BIJU M 36 Independent

8 C.K RAMAKRISHNAN M 43 Independent

9 K.K SUDHIR M 44 Independent

S11 10 KL THRISSUR 16-Apr-09 1 P C CHACKO M 62 Indian National Congress

2 C N JAYADEVAN M 58 Communist Party of India

3 ADV. JOSHY THARAKAN M 42 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 REMA REGUNANDAN F 48 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 AJAYAN KUTTIKAT M 36 Janata Dal (United)

6 K ARUN KUMAR M 39 Independent

7 KUNJAN PULAYAN M 52 Independent

8 E A JOSEPH M 49 Independent

9 N K RAVI M 46 Independent

10 P C SAJU M 35 Independent

11 ADV. N HARIHARAN NAIR M 63 Independent

S11 11 KL CHALAKUDY 16-Apr-09 1 ADV. U.P JOSEPH M 45 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2 K.P. DHANAPALAN M 59 Indian National Congress

3 MUTTAM ABDULLA M 49 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 ADV.K.V. SABU M 47 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 HAMSA KALAPARAMBATH M 47 Lok Jan Shakti Party

6 JOHNNY K CHEEKU M 47 Independent

7 JOSE MAVELI M 58 Independent

8 U.P JOSE M 45 Independent

9 DR. P.S. BABU M 42 Independent

10 T.S NARAYANAN MASTER M 67 Independent

11 C.A. HASEENA F 36 Independent

S11 12 KL ERNAKULAM 16-Apr-09 1 PROF. K V THOMAS M 61 Indian National Congress

2 A.N. RADHAKRISHNAN M 49 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 SHERIF MOHAMMED M 56 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 SINDHU JOY F 32 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

5 SAJU THOMAS M 43 Lok Jan Shakti Party

6 MARY FRANCIS MOOLAMPILLY F 59 Independent

7 VISWAMBARAN M 59 Independent

8 SAJI THURUTHIKUNNEL M 37 Independent

9 SINDHU K.S F 36 Independent

10 SINDHU JAYAN F 38 Independent

S11 13 KL IDUKKI 16-Apr-09 1 ADV. P.T THOMAS M 59 Indian National Congress

2 ADV. K. FRANCIS GEORGE M 54 Kerala Congress

3 ADV. BIJU M JOHN M 40 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 SREENAGARI RAJAN M 49 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 VASUDEVAN M 39 Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katch

6 ADV. CHITTOOR RAJAMANNAR M 50 Independent

7 JOSE KUTTIYANY M 69 Independent

8 KANCHIYAR PEETHAMBARAN M 45 Independent

9 BABY M 51 Independent

10 M A SOOSAI M 45 Independent

S11 14 KL KOTTAYAM 16-Apr-09 1 JOSE K.MANI M 44 Kerala Congress (M)

2 ADV. NARAYANAN NAMBOOTHIRI M 48 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 ADV. SURESH KURUP M 52 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

4 SPENCER MARKS M 39 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 ADV. JAIMON THANKACHAN M 39 Samajwadi Jan Parishad

6 ANTO P JOHN M 41 Independent

7 JUNO JOHN BABY M 34 Independent

8 JOSE M 45 Independent

9 JOSE MATHEW M 32 Independent

10 JOSE K. MANI M 32 Independent

11 BABU M 41 Independent

12 K.T MATHEW M 50 Independent

13 MINI K PHILIP F 41 Independent

14 M.S RAVEENDRAN M 49 Independent

15 K. RAJAPPAN M 57 Independent

16 SASIKUTTAN VAKATHANAM M 53 Independent

17 SURESH N.B KURUP M 26 Independent

18 SURESHKUMAR K M 33 Independent

19 SURESHKUMAR T.R M 36 Independent

20 SURESH KURUMBAN M 36 Independent

S11 15 KL ALAPPUZHA 16-Apr-09 1 DR. K.S MANOJ M 43 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2 K.C VENUGOPAL M 46 Indian National Congress

3 K.S PRASAD M 54 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 P.J KURIAN M 63 Janata Dal (United)

5 S. SEETHILAL M 45 Independent

6 SONY J. KALYANKUMAR M 51 Independent

S11 16 KL MAVELIKKARA 16-Apr-09 1 R.S ANIL M 34 Communist Party of India

2 KODIKKUNNIL SURESH M 46 Indian National Congress

3 DR. N.D MOHAN M 56 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 P.M VELAYUDHAN M 52 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 ANIL KUMAR M 26 Independent

6 K.S SASIKALA F 40 Independent

7 SOORANAD SUKUMARAN M 60 Independent

S11 17 KL PATHANAMTHITTA 16-Apr-09 1 ANANTHA GOPAN M 61 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2 ANTO ANTONY M 52 Indian National Congress

3 KARUNAKARAN NAIR M 78 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 MANI C.KAPPEN M 51 Nationalist Congress Party

5 RADHAKRISHNA MENON M 44 Bharatiya Janata Party

6 KUNJU PILLAI M 60 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

7 ANTO M 33 Independent

8 JYOTHISH M.R M 37 Independent

9 THAMBI M 40 Independent

10 NIRANAM RAJAN M 47 Independent

11 PUSHPANGADAN M 40 Independent

12 MATHEW PAREY M 26 Independent

S11 18 KL KOLLAM 16-Apr-09 1 ADVT. K M JAYANANDAN M 52 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 N.PEETHAMBARAKURUP M 66 Indian National Congress

3 VAYAKKAL MADHU M 48 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 P.RAJENDRAN M 58 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

5 ADV.ANU SASI M 28 Independent

6 KRISHNAMMAL F 59 Independent

7 K A JOHN M 55 Independent

8 N.PEETHAMBARAKURUP M 61 Independent

9 S.PRADEEP KUMAR M 30 Independent

10 S.RADHAKRISHNAN M 47 Independent

11 R.ZAKIEER HUSSAIN M 37 Independent

S11 19 KL ATTINGAL 16-Apr-09 1 PROF.G BALACHANDRAN M 63 Indian National Congress

2 THOTTAKKADU SASI M 54 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 ADV. A SAMPATH M 46 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

4 J SUDHAKARAN M 60 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 SREENATH M 53 Shivsena

6 JAYAKUMAR M 56 Independent

7 BALACHANDRAN M 51 Independent

8 BALACHNDRAN C P M 59 Independent

9 MURALI KUMAR M 43 Independent

10 J VIJAYAKUMAR M 49 Independent

11 VIVEKANANDAN M 59 Independent

12 SHAMSUDEEN M 56 Independent

13 SAJIMON M 25 Independent

14 SAIFUDEEN M M 55 Independent

S11 20 KL THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 16-Apr-09 1 P K KRISHNA DAS M 45 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 M.P.GANGADHARAN M 74 Nationalist Congress Party

3 DR.A NEELALOHITHADASAN NADAR M 61 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 ADV. P RAMACHANDRAN NAIR M 57 Communist Party of India

5 SHASHI THAROOR M 53 Indian National Congress

6 AJITHKUMAR.K M 41 All India Trinamool Congress

7 JAIN WILSON M 41 Bahujan Shakty

8 G ASHOKAN M 47 Independent

9 T.GEORGE M 40 Independent

10 DILEEP M 28 Independent

11 U.NAHURMIRAN PEERU MOHAMMED M 49 Independent

12 PRATHAPAN M 54 Independent

13 MOHANAN JOSHWA M 49 Independent

14 SASI – JANAKI SADAN M 39 Independent

15 SASI – KALAPURAKKAL M 51 Independent

16 SHAJAR KHAN M 38 Independent

S13 5 MH BULDHANA 16-Apr-09 1 JADHAV PRATAPRAO GANPATRAO M 49 Shivsena

2 DANDGE VASANTRAO SUGDEO M 55 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 SHINGNE DR.RAJENDRA BHASKARRAO M 48 Nationalist Congress Party

4 AMARDEEP BALASAHEB DESHMUKH M 27 Krantisena Maharashtra

5 QURRASHI SK.SIKANDAR SK. SHAUKAT M 33 Democratic Secular Party

6 GAJANAN RAJARAM SIRSAT M 27 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

7 DHOKNE RAVINDRA TULSHRAMJI M 44 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

8 FERAN CHADRAHAS JAGDEO M 54 Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha

9 GANESH ARJUN ZORE M 25 Independent

10 TAYDE VITTHAL PANDHARI M 56 Independent

11 DEVIDAS PIRAJI SARKATE M 35 Independent

12 SY. BILAL SY. USMAN M 38 Independent

13 BHARAT PUNJAJI SHINGANE M 40 Independent

14 RAJESH NIKANTHRAO TATHE M 52 Independent

15 RATHOD CHHAGAN BABULAL M 29 Independent

S13 6 MH AKOLA 16-Apr-09 1 DHOTRE SANJAY SHAMRAO M 50 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 BABASAHEB DHABEKAR M 78 Indian National Congress

3 ATIK AHAMAD GU. JILANI M 34 Democratic Secular Party

4 AMBEDKAR PRAKASH YASHWANT M 56 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

5 GANESH TULSHIRAM TATHE M 49 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

6 DIPAK SHRIRAM TIRAKE M 33 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

7 AJABRAO UTTAMRAO BHONGADE M 36 Independent

8 THAKURDAS GOVIND CHOUDHARI M 39 Independent

9 MUJAHID KHAN CHAND KHAN M 42 Independent

10 RAUT DEVIDAS ANANDRAO M 45 Independent

11 WASUDEORAO KHADE GURUJI M 68 Independent

S13 7 MH AMRAVATI 16-Apr-09 1 ADSUL ANANDRAO VITHOBA M 61 Shivsena

2 GANGADHAR GADE M 62 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 UGLE SUNIL NAMDEV M 32 Peoples Republican Party

4 UBALE SHRIKRISHNA CHAMPATRAO M 62 Ambedkarist Republican Party

5 KESHAV DASHARATH WANKHADE M 38 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

6 GAWAI RAJENDRA RAMKRUSHNA M 46 Republican Party of India

7 PRINCIPAL GOPICHAND SURYABHAN MESHRAM M 52 Republican Paksha (Khoripa)

8 BARSE MANOHAR DAULATRAO M 53 Indian Union Muslim League

9 SAU MAMATA VINAYAK KANDALKAR F 31 Assam United Democratic Front

10 DR. HEMANTKUMAR RAMBHAU MAHURE M 34 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

11 AMOL DEVIDASRAO JADHAV M 25 Independent

12 UMAK SHRIKRUSHNA SHYAMRAO M 57 Independent

13 BANDU SAMPATRAO SANE (BANDYA L.S.) M 43 Independent

14 BHAURAO SHRIRAM CHHAPANE M 38 Independent

15 MITHUN HIRAMAN GAIKWAD M 51 Independent

16 PROF. MUKUND VITTHALRAO KHAIRE M 51 Independent

17 DR. RAJIV GULABRAO JAMTHE M 53 Independent

18 RAJU MAHADEVRAO SONONE M 38 Independent

19 VISHWANATH GOTUJI JAMNEKAR M 60 Independent

20 SUDHAKAR VYANKAT RAMTEKE (MAJI SAINIK) M 25 Independent

21 ADV. SUDHIR HIRAMAN TAYADE M 42 Independent

22 SUNIL PRABHU RAMTEKE M 37 Independent

S13 8 MH WARDHA 16-Apr-09 1 KANGALE BIPIN BABASAHEB M 32 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 DATTA MEGHE M 72 Indian National Congress

3 SURESH GANPATRAO WAGHMARE M 48 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 DIWATE RAMESH MADHAORAO M 46 Krantisena Maharashtra

5 NARAYANRAO RAMJI CHIDAM M 68 Gondvana Gantantra Party

6 DR. NITIN KESHORAO CHAVAN M 46 Peoples Republican Party

7 PYARE SAHAB SHEIKH KARIM M 41 Democratic Secular Party

8 BHOSE KAILAS VISHWASRAO M 36 Gondwana Mukti Sena

9 ADV. SURESH SHINDE M 42 Indian Justice Party

10 SANGITA SUNIL ALIAS SONU KAMBLE F 33 Ambedkarist Republican Party

11 ISHWARKUMAR SHANKARRAO GHARPURE M 50 Independent

12 GUNWANT TUKARAMJI DAWANDE M 70 Independent

13 JAGANNATH NILKANTHRAO RAUT M 54 Independent

14 TAGADE VISHWESHWAR AWADHUTRAO M 47 Independent

15 RAMTEKE PRAKASH BAKARAM M 60 Independent

16 SARANG PRAKASHRAO YAWALKAR M 31 Independent

S13 9 MH RAMTEK 16-Apr-09 1 TUMANE KRUPAL BALAJI M 43 Shivsena

2 PRAKASHBHAU KISHAN TEMBHURNE M 34 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 WASNIK MUKUL BALKRISHNA M 49 Indian National Congress

4 KUMBHARE SULEKHA NARAYAN F 49 Bahujan Republican Ekta Manch

5 DESHPANDE SANJAY SAOJI M 44 Hindustan Janta Party

6 NAGARKAR PRASHANT HANSRAJ M 34 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

7 NANDKISHOR SADHUJI DONGRE M 34 Gondvana Gantantra Party

8 BAGDE SUJEET WASUDEORAO M 43 Janata Dal (Secular)

9 PROF. BORKAR PRADIP DARYAV M 48 Republican Paksha (Khoripa)

10 MAYATAI CHAWRE (UTWAL) F 37 Samajwadi Party

11 VISKAS RAJARAM DAMLE M 41 Republican Party of India (Khobragade)

12 SEEMA JEEVAN RAMTEKE F 36 Democratic Secular Party

13 SANDIP SHESHRAO GAJBHIYE M 36 Gondwana Mukti Sena

14 ASHISH ARUN NAGARARE M 28 Independent

15 KHUSHAL UDARAMJI TUMANE M 53 Independent

16 DHONE ANIL M 43 Independent

17 ADV. DUPARE ULHAS SHALIKRAM M 42 Independent

18 BARWE MADHUKAR DOMAJI M 43 Independent

19 ADV. YUVRAJ ANANDRAOJI BAGDE M 34 Independent

20 RURESH MANGALDAS BORKAR M 33 Independent

S13 10 MH NAGPUR 16-Apr-09 1 PUROHIT BANWARILAL BHAGWANDAS M 69 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 ENGINEER MANIKRAO VAIDYA M 56 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 MUTTEMWAR VILASRAO BABURAOJI M 60 Indian National Congress

4 ARUN SHAMRAO JOSHI M 58 Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha

5 KUMBHARE SULEKHA NARAYAN F 49 Bahujan Republican Ekta Manch

6 ADV. GAJANAN SADASHIV KAWALE M 51 Republican Paksha (Khoripa)

7 DILIP MANGAL MADAVI M 44 Gondvana Gantantra Party

8 MEHMOOD KHAN RAHEEM KHAN M 27 Democratic Secular Party

9 DR. YASHWANT MANOHAR M 66 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

10 RAUT RAMESHCHANDRA M 56 Prabuddha Republican Party

11 RAJESH SUKHDEV GAIKWAD M 32 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

12 ADV. VASANTA UMRE M 50 Democratic Party of India

13 SOMKUWAR VIJAY SITARAM M 41 Ambedkarist Republican Party

14 AZIZUR REHMAN SHEIKH M 46 Independent

15 ASHISH ARUN NAGRARE M 28 Independent

16 ADV. UPASHA BANSI TAYWADE M 67 Independent

17 JAGDISH RAGHUNATH AMBADE M 44 Independent

18 PRATIBHA UDAY KHAPARDE F 35 Independent

19 PREMDAS RAMCHANDRA RAMTEKE M 48 Independent

20 BARPATRE CHANDRABHAN SOMAJI M 48 Independent

21 BLASAHEB ALIAS PRAMOD RAMAJI SHAMBHARKAR M 40 Independent

22 MOHAMAD HABIB REEZAVI M 50 Independent

23 RAJESHKUMAR MOHANLAL PUGALIA M 37 Independent

24 RAHUL MADHUKAR DESHMUKH M 34 Independent

25 VIJAY DEVRAO DHAKATE M 26 Independent

26 SUNIL GAYAPRASAD MISHRA M 41 Independent

27 PROF. DNYANESH WAKUDKAR M 52 Independent

S13 11 MH BHANDARA – GONDIYA 16-Apr-09 1 GANVIR SHIVKUMAR NAGARCHI M 56 Communist Party of India

2 JAISWAL VIRENDRAKUMAR KASTURCHAND M 53 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 PATLE SHISHUPAL NATTHUJI M 42 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 PATEL PRAFUL MANOHARBHAI M 52 Nationalist Congress Party

5 UNDIRWADE HEMANT JAGIVAN M 45 Prabuddha Republican Party

6 JAMAIWAR SUNIL PARASRAM M 38 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

7 PATHAN MUSHTAK LATIF M 32 Democratic Secular Party

8 PRATIBHA VASANT PIMPALKAR F 38 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

9 WASNIK SUNIL MANIRAM M 38 Republican Paksha (Khoripa)

10 UKEY CHINDHUJI LAKHAJI M 50 Independent

11 GAJBHIYE BRAMHASWARUP BABURAO M 33 Independent

12 GAJBHIYE RAJENDRA MAHADEO M 35 Independent

13 ADV. DHANANJAY SHAMLALJI RAJABHOJ M 50 Independent

14 NANABHAU FALGUNRAO PATOLE M 47 Independent

15 PATLE AKARSING SITARAM M 36 Independent

16 PROF. DR. BHASKARRAO MAHADEORAO JIBHAKATE M 63 Independent

17 MIRZA WAHIDBEG AHAMADBEG M 33 Independent

18 YELE GANESHRAM SUKHRAM M 54 Independent

19 RAHANGADALE MULCHAND OLGAN M 56 Independent

20 DR. RAMSAJIVAN KAWDU LILHARE M 60 Independent

21 SADANAND SHRAWANJI GANVIR M 40 Independent

S13 12 MH GADCHIROLI-CHIMUR 16-Apr-09 1 ASHOK MAHADEORAO NETE M 45 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 ATRAM RAJE SATYAWANRAO M 58 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 KOWASE MAROTRAO SAINUJI M 59 Indian National Congress

4 NAMDEO ANANDRAO KANNAKE M 50 Communist Party of India

5 PROFFESOR KHANDALE KAWDU TULSHIRAM M 69 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

6 ADV. DADMAL PRABHAKAR MAHAGUJI M 54 Peoples Republican Party

7 PENDAM DIWAKAR GULAB M 38 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

8 PENDAM PURUSHOTTAM ZITUJI M 35 Democratic Secular Party

9 VIJAY SURAJSING MADAVI M 39 Gondvana Gantantra Party

10 JAMBHULE NARAYAN DINABAJI M 54 Independent

11 DINESH TUKARAM MADAVI M 28 Independent

S13 13 MH CHANDRAPUR 16-Apr-09 1 AHIR HANSARAJ GANGARAM M 54 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 PUGALIA NARESH M 60 Indian National Congress

3 ADV. HAZARE DATTABHAU KRUSHNARAO M 52 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 KHARTAD LOMESH MAROTI M 55 Rashtrawadi Sena

5 KHOBRAGADE DESHAK GIRISHBABU M 38 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

6 CHATAP WAMAN SADASHIVRAO M 58 Swatantra Bharat Paksha

7 JAWED ABDUL KURESHI ALIAS PROF. JAWED PASHA M 47 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

8 JITENDRA ADAKU RAUT M 32 Akhil Bhartiya Manavata Paksha

9 DANGE NATTHU BHAURAO M 41 Ambedkarist Republican Party

10 PATHAN A. RAZZAK KHAN HAYAT KHAN M 44 Samajwadi Party

11 MASRAM NIRANJAN SHIVRAM M 42 Gondvana Gantantra Party

12 KALE DAMODHAR LAXMAN M 85 Independent

13 QURESHI IKHALAQ MOHD. YUSUF M 51 Independent

14 GODE NARAYAN SHAHUJI M 42 Independent

15 DEKATE BHASKAR PARASHRAM M 55 Independent

16 MADHUKAR VITTHALRAO NISTANE M 43 Independent

17 MESHRAM CHARANDAS JANGLUJI M 65 Independent

18 RAMESH RAGHOBAJI TAJNE M 45 Independent

19 VINOD DINANATH MESHRAM M 34 Independent

20 VIRENDRA TARACHANDJI PUGLIA M 53 Independent

21 SHATRUGHN VYANKATRAO SONPIMPLE M 37 Independent

22 SANJAY NILKANTH GAWANDE M 45 Independent

23 HIWARKAR SUDHIR MOTIRAMJI M 43 Independent

S13 14 MH YAVATMAL-WASHIM 16-Apr-09 1 YEDATKAR DILIP LAXMANRAO M 50 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 BHAVANA GAWALI (PATIL) F 36 Shivsena

3 HARISING RATHOD M 54 Indian National Congress

4 UTTAM BHAGAJI KAMBLE M 41 Prabuddha Republican Party

5 KURESHI SK. MEHBUB SK.FATTU M 44 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

6 KWAJA NASIRODDINE KHAN M 29 Democratic Secular Party

7 GAJANAN KASHIRAM PATIL (HEMBADE) M 26 Krantisena Maharashtra

8 DHAGE VITTHAL MAHADEV M 45 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

9 MANIYAR YUNUS MAHMOOD ZAHMI M 50 Assam United Democratic Front

10 MOHMMAD KHAN AZIZ KHAN M 43 Samajwadi Party

11 ATHAWALE SADANAND PRALHADRAO M 39 Independent

12 GAJANAN BURMAL DODWADE M 36 Independent

13 NETAJI SITARAMJI KINAKE M 58 Independent

14 NANDKISHOR NARAYANRAO THAKARE M 34 Independent

15 PAWAR RAMESH GORSING M 53 Independent

16 PURUSHOTTAM DOMAJI BHAJGAWRE M 48 Independent

17 MADHUKAR SHIVDASPPA GORATE M 67 Independent

18 MANOJ JANARDAN PATIL M 38 Independent

19 MUKHADE SAU. LALITARAI SUBHASHRAO F 32 Independent

20 MESHRAM BANDU GANPAT M 40 Independent

21 MOHD. INAMURRAHIM MOHD. MUSA M 51 Independent

22 RAVINDRA ALIAS RAVIPAL MADHUKARRAO GANDHE M 32 Independent

23 RAJKUMAR NARAYAN BHUJADALE M 35 Independent

24 RATHOD DEVISING RAMA M 56 Independent

25 SD. VHIDODDIN SD. KRIMODDIN M 44 Independent

26 VISHNU KASINATH TAWKAR M 47 Independent

27 SURESH BABAN PEDEKAR M 33 Independent

28 SURESH BHIVA TARAL M 29 Independent

S13 15 MH HINGOLI 16-Apr-09 1 DR. B.D. CHAVHAN M 45 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 SUBHASH BAPURAO WANDHEDE M 46 Shivsena

3 SURYAKANTA JAIWANTRAO PATIL F 63 Nationalist Congress Party

4 UTTAMRAO DAGADUJI BHAGAT M 65 Prabuddha Republican Party

5 AJAS NOORMINYA M 32 Democratic Secular Party

6 NAIK MADHAVRAO BAHENARAO M 65 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

7 VINAYAK SHRIRAM BHISE M 27 Krantisena Maharashtra

8 GUNDEKAR SANJAY ADELU M 35 Independent

9 PATHAN SATTAR KASIMKHAN M 38 Independent

10 PACHPUTE RAMPRASAD KISHANRAO M 41 Independent

11 MD. A. MUJIM ANSARI A. M 33 Independent

S13 16 MH NANDED 16-Apr-09 1 KHATGAONK PATIL BHASKARRAO BAPURAO M 65 Indian National Congress

2 MD. MAKBUL SALIM HAJI MD. KHAJA M 60 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 SAMBHAJI PAWAR M 60 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 ALTAF AHMAD EAKBAL AHMAD M 43 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

5 KHADE SANJAY WAMANRAO M 29 Prabuddha Republican Party

6 TIWARI RAMA BHAGIRAT F 40 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

7 ADV. C.S. BAHETI M 56 Janata Party

8 MORE RAJESH EKNATHRAO M 34 Krantisena Maharashtra

9 A. RAEES A. JABBAR M 36 Ambedkar National Congress

10 SHINDE PREETI MADHUKAR F 27 Jan Surajya Shakti

11 SHUDHIR YASHWANT SURVE M 40 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

12 COM. ASHOK NAGORAO GHAYALE M 40 Independent

13 ANAND JADHAV HOTALKAR M 42 Independent

14 KOREWAR BALAJI NARSING M 38 Independent

15 JADHAV VISHNU MAROTI M 35 Independent

16 NAVGHARE ANAND PANDURANG M 48 Independent

17 NARAYAN SURYAVANSHI DOANGONKAR M 63 Independent

18 PATHAN ZAFAR ALI KHAN MAHEMUD ALI KHAN M 63 Independent

19 ‘AIDS MAN’ PRAKASH TATERAO LANDGE M 40 Independent

20 BHARANDE RAMCHANDRA GANGARAM M 31 Independent

21 ADV. RAMRAO PANDURANG WAGHMARE M 52 Independent

22 HANMANTE VIJAY CHANDRAO M 35 Independent

S13 17 MH PARBHANI 16-Apr-09 1 ADV. DUDHGAONKAR GANESHRAO NAGORAO M 64 Shivsena

2 RAJSHRI BABASAHEB JAMAGE F 46 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 WARPUDKAR SURESH AMBADASRAO M 60 Nationalist Congress Party

4 AJIM AHMED KHAN AJIJ KHAN M 32 Democratic Secular Party

5 ASHOKRAO BABARAO AMBHORE M 46 Ambedkar National Congress

6 KACHOLE MANAVENDRA SAWALARAM M 65 Swatantra Bharat Paksha

7 KALE VYANKATRAO BHIMRAO M 31 Krantisena Maharashtra

8 NAMDEV LIMBAJI KACHAVE M 68 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

9 BHAND GANGADHAR SAKHARAM M 70 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

10 MULE BABAN DATTARAO M 41 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

11 RUMALE TUKARAM DHONDIBA M 51 Prabuddha Republican Party

12 SAYYAD EKRAMODDIN SAYYAD MUNIRODDIN M 58 Lok Vikas Party

13 ASAD BIN ABDULLAHA BIN M 43 Independent

14 JAMEEL AHMED SK. AHMED M 44 Independent

15 DR. DESHMUKH KISHANRAO JANARDHANRAO (EX-SERVICEMAN) M 74 Independent

16 RATHOD RAMRAO DHANSING SIR M 58 Independent

17 SHINDE LAXMAN EKANATH M 36 Independent

18 SAMAR GORAKHNATH PAWAR M 41 Independent

19 SALVE SUDHAKAR UMAJI M 47 Independent

S14 2 MN OUTER MANIPUR 16-Apr-09 1 THANGSO BAITE M 56 Indian National Congress

2 D. LOLI ADANEE M 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 L.B. SONA M 58 Nationalist Congress Party

4 M. JAMKHONGAM @ M. YAMKHONGAM HAOKIP M 49 Rashtriya Janata Dal

5 THANGKHANGIN M 53 Lok Jan Shakti Party

6 MANI CHARENAMEI M 50 Peoples Democratic Alliance

7 VALLEY ROSE HUNGYO F 53 Independent

8 MANGSHI (ROSE MANGSHI HAOKIP) F 63 Independent

9 LAMLALMOI GANGTE M 33 Independent

S15 1 ML SHILLONG 16-Apr-09 1 DALINGTON DYMPEP M 78 Communist Party of India

2 JOHN FILMORE KHARSHIING M 46 United Democratic Party

3 VINCENT H PALA M 41 Indian National Congress

4 P. B. M. BASAIAWMOIT M 60 Hill State People’s Democratic Party

5 MARTLE N.MUKHIM M 59 Meghalaya Democratic Party

6 DENIS SIANGSHAI M 44 Independent

7 TIEROD PASSAH M 45 Independent

S15 2 ML TURA 16-Apr-09 1 AGATHA K. SANGMA F 28 Nationalist Congress Party

2 DEBORA C. MARAK F 43 Indian National Congress

3 BOSTON MARAK M 28 A-Chik National Congress(Democratic)

4 ARLENE N. SANGMA F 53 Independent

S16 1 MZ MIZORAM 16-Apr-09 1 LALAWMPUIA CHHANGTE M 42 Nationalist Congress Party

2 C.L.RUALA M 72 Indian National Congress

3 DR. H. LALLUNGMUANA M 65 Independent

4 RUALPAWLA M 54 Independent

S17 1 NL NAGALAND 16-Apr-09 1 K. ASUNGBA SANGTAM M 62 Indian National Congress

2 C.M. CHANG M 65 Nagaland Peoples Front

3 DR. RILANTHUNG ODYUO M 39 All India Trinamool Congress

S18 1 OR BARGARH 16-Apr-09 1 RADHARANI PANDA F 48 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 SANJAY BHOI M 35 Indian National Congress

3 SUNIL KUMAR AGRAWAL M 37 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 DR. HAMID HUSSAIN M 54 Biju Janata Dal

5 NILADRI BEHARI PANDA M 29 Kosal Kranti Dal

6 SURENDRA KUMAR AGRAWAL M 37 Independent

S18 2 OR SUNDARGARH 16-Apr-09 1 JUAL ORAM M 48 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 JEROM DUNGDUNG M 39 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 LIVNUS KINDO M 64 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

4 SALOMI MINZ F 48 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

5 HEMANANDA BISWAL M 67 Indian National Congress

6 RAMA CHANDRA EKKA M 61 Jharkhand Disom Party

7 SAGAR SING MANKEE M 60 Kosal Kranti Dal

8 DALESWAR MAJHI M 58 Independent

9 MANSID EKKA M 63 Independent

S18 3 OR SAMBALPUR 16-Apr-09 1 AMARNATH PRADHAN M 51 Indian National Congress

2 GOBINDA RAM AGARWAL M 59 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 ROHIT PUJARI M 35 Biju Janata Dal

4 SURENDRA LATH M 59 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 ASHOK KUMAR NAIK M 53 Kosal Kranti Dal

6 BIJAYA KUMAR MAHANANDA M 35 Republican Party of India

7 MD. ALI HUSSAIN M 37 Independent

S18 10 OR BOLANGIR 16-Apr-09 1 KALIKESH NARAYAN SINGH DEO M 34 Biju Janata Dal

2 NARASINGHA MISHRA M 68 Indian National Congress

3 BALHAN SAGAR M 51 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 SANGITA KUMARI SINGH DEO F 47 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 DINGAR KUMBHAR M 41 Samruddha Odisha

S18 11 OR KALAHANDI 16-Apr-09 1 NAKULA MAJHI M 66 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 BIKRAM KESHARI DEO M 57 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 BHAKTA CHARAN DAS M 52 Indian National Congress

4 SUBASH CHANDRA NAYAK M 62 Biju Janata Dal

5 PARAMESWAR KAND M 47 Samajwadi Party

6 BALARAM HOTA M 33 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

7 DAMBARUDHARA SUNANI M 34 Independent

8 MAHESWAR BHOI M 36 Independent

S18 12 OR NABARANGPUR 16-Apr-09 1 CHANDRADHWAJ MAJHI M 49 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 DOMBURU MAJHI M 68 Biju Janata Dal

3 PARSURAM MAJHI M 49 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 PRADEEP KUMAR MAJHI M 33 Indian National Congress

S18 13 OR KANDHAMAL 16-Apr-09 1 ASHOK SAHU M 57 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 PAULA BALIARSING M 52 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 RUDRAMADHAB RAY M 71 Biju Janata Dal

4 SUZIT KUMAR PADHI M 49 Indian National Congress

5 NAKUL NAYAK M 46 Samajwadi Party

6 AJIT KUMAR NAYAK M 26 Independent

7 KAMALA KANTA PANDEY M 64 Independent

8 GHORABANA BEHERA M 42 Independent

9 DEENABANDHU NAIK M 45 Independent

S18 19 OR ASKA 16-Apr-09 1 NITYANANDA PRADHAN M 65 Biju Janata Dal

2 RAMACHANDRA RATH M 63 Indian National Congress

3 SHANTI DEVI F 71 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 KRISHNA DALABEHERA M 43 Kalinga Sena

5 BIJAYA KUMAR MAHAPATRO M 56 Revolutionary Socialist Party

6 SURJYA NARAYAN SAHU M 37 Samruddha Odisha

7 KALICHARAN NAYAK M 53 Independent

8 DEBASIS MISRA M 48 Independent

9 K. SHYAM BABU SUBUDHI M 73 Independent

S18 20 OR BERHAMPUR 16-Apr-09 1 CHANDRA SEKHAR SAHU M 58 Indian National Congress

2 PABITRA GAMANGO M 35 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 BHARAT PAIK M 50 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 SIDHANT MAHAPATRA M 42 Biju Janata Dal

5 NIRAKAR BEHERA M 35 Kalinga Sena

6 ALI RAZA ZIADI M 30 Independent

7 KISHORE CHANDRA MAHARANA M 61 Independent

8 A. RAGHUNATH VARMA M 71 Independent

9 K. SHYAM BABU SUBUDHI M 73 Independent

S18 21 OR KORAPUT 16-Apr-09 1 UPENDRA MAJHI M 29 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 GIRIDHAR GAMANG M 56 Indian National Congress

3 JAYARAM PANGI M 53 Biju Janata Dal

4 PAPANNA MUTIKA M 65 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 KUMUDINI DISARI F 34 Samruddha Odisha

6 MEGHANADA SABAR M 40 Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)

S24 63 UP MAHARAJGANJ 16-Apr-09 1 AJEET MANI M 41 Samajwadi Party

2 GANESH SHANKER PANDEY M 51 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 PANKAJ CHAUDHARY M 38 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 HARSH VARDHAN M 61 Indian National Congress

5 ABDWURRUF ANSARI M 45 National Lokhind Party

6 PAWAN KUMAR M 39 Republican Party of India (A)

7 RAM KISHUN NISHAD M 52 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

8 SATYA NARAYAN URF SATNARAYAN M 58 Bharatiya Eklavya Party

9 OMPRAKASH CHATURVEDI M 63 Independent

10 DILIP KUMAR M 28 Independent

11 RAM NIVAS M 37 Independent

12 LAL BIHARI M 42 Independent

13 CHAUDHARY SANJAY SINGH PATEL M 29 Independent

14 SHYAM SUNDER DAS CHAURASIA M 28 Independent

15 HANUMAN M 51 Independent

S24 64 UP GORAKHPUR 16-Apr-09 1 ADITYANATH M 36 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 MANOJ TIWARI MRIDUL M 39 Samajwadi Party

3 LALCHAND NISHAD M 67 Indian National Congress

4 VINAY SHANKAR TIWARI M 41 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 AMAN M 35 Ambedkar Samaj Party

6 JOKHAN PRASAD M 46 Eklavya Samaj Party

7 DAYASHANKAR NISHAD M 38 Apna Dal

8 RAJBAHADUR M 28 Indian Justice Party

9 RAJMANI M 46 Bharatiya Eklavya Party

10 RAJESH SAHANI M 44 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

11 SRINATH M 29 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

12 AJAY KUMAR M 40 Independent

13 AWADHESH SINGH M 32 Independent

14 OMPRAKASH SINGH M 43 Independent

15 GOVIND M 43 Independent

16 CHHEDILAL M 59 Independent

17 NIRANJAN PRASAD M 35 Independent

18 NEERAJ YADAV M 31 Independent

19 DR. BRIJESH MANI TRIPATHI M 44 Independent

20 MANOJ TIWARI M 30 Independent

21 RAKESH KUMAR M 38 Independent

22 RAJAN YADAV M.B.A. M 31 Independent

23 RAMHIT NISHAD M 53 Independent

24 LAL BAHADUR M 68 Independent

25 VINOD SHUKLA M 29 Independent

26 HARISHCHANDRA M 42 Independent

S24 65 UP KUSHI NAGAR 16-Apr-09 1 BRAMHA SHANKER M 56 Samajwadi Party

2 KU. RATANJEET PRATAP NARAYAN SINGH M 45 Indian National Congress

3 VIJAY DUBEY M 41 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 SWAMI PRASAD MAURYA M 54 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 ANIL M 43 Republican Party of India (A)

6 KISHOR KUMAR M 40 Indian Peace Party

7 K KUMAR M 56 Purvanchal Rajya Banao Dal

8 JANGI M 55 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

9 DHEERAJ SHEKHAR SHRIWASTAWA M 49 Rashtriya Lokwadi Party

10 BABU LAL M 40 Bharatiya Republican Paksha

11 MATIULLAH M 43 National Lokhind Party

12 MADAN LAL M 46 Maulik Adhikar Party

13 AMEERUDDIN M 31 Independent

14 JAGDISH M 57 Independent

15 JAI GOVIND M 35 Independent

16 DAROGA M 37 Independent

17 RAMESH M 35 Independent

18 RAM BRIKSH M 54 Independent

S24 66 UP DEORIA 16-Apr-09 1 GORAKH PRASAD JAISWAL M 72 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 BALESHWAR YADAV M 55 Indian National Congress

3 MOHAN SINGH M 58 Samajwadi Party

4 SHRI PRAKASH MANI TRIPATHI M 64 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 GANGA PRASAD KUSHWAHA M 70 Purvanchal Rajya Banao Dal

6 JAGDISH KUMAR VERMA M 36 Lokpriya Samaj Party

7 DHARMENDRA KUMAR M 33 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

8 MOTI LAL KUSHWAHA SHASTRI M 59 Rashtriya Samanta Dal

9 SAFAYAT ALI M 51 Peace Party

10 SARITA F 27 Ambedkar Samaj Party

11 RAM KISHOR YADAV ALIAS VIDHAYAK M 51 Independent

12 VIJAY JUAATHA M 42 Independent

S24 67 UP BANSGAON 16-Apr-09 1 KAMLESH PASWAN M 33 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 MAHA BEER PRASAD M 66 Indian National Congress

3 SHARADA DEVI F 59 Samajwadi Party

4 SHREE NATH JI M 58 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 CHANDRIKA M 29 Rashtriya Jan-vadi Party (Krantikari)

6 RAMA SHANKER M 37 Peace Party

7 RAM PRAVESH PRASAD M 37 Eklavya Samaj Party

8 HARILAL M 32 Bahujan Uday Manch

9 KU. KUNJAWATI F 36 Independent

10 MANOJ KUMAR M 29 Independent

11 RADHEYSHYAM M 35 Independent

12 RAMKAWAL M 56 Independent

13 RAMSAKAL M 32 Independent

14 RAMA PASWAN M 33 Independent

15 VINAI KUMAR M 33 Independent

S24 68 UP LALGANJ 16-Apr-09 1 DAROGA PRASAD SAROJ M 60 Samajwadi Party

2 NEELAM SONKAR F 33 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 DR. BALIRAM M 56 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 HAREE PRASAD SONKER M 50 Communist Party of India

5 MANBHAWAN M 32 Bharatiya Republican Paksha

6 RAM DAYAL ALIAS MOHAN M 32 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

7 ACHCHHELAL M 42 Independent

8 URMILA DEVI F 27 Independent

9 CHANDRA RAM ALIAS CHANDU SAROJ M 36 Independent

10 DHARMRAJ M 55 Independent

11 SUKHNAYAN M 29 Independent

S24 69 UP AZAMGARH 16-Apr-09 1 AKBAR AHMAD DUMPY M 57 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 ARUN KUMAR SINGH M 63 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

3 DURGA PRASAD YADAV M 56 Samajwadi Party

4 RAMAKANT YADAV M 49 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 SANTOSH KUMAR SINGH M 49 Indian National Congress

6 JAI JAI RAM PRAJAPATI M 36 Lokpriya Samaj Party

7 RAM BHAROS M 34 Bahujan Uday Manch

8 VINOD M 33 Janvadi Party(Socialist)

9 USMANA FARUQEE F 27 Independent

10 KEDAR NATH GIRI M 49 Independent

11 KHAIRUL BASHAR M 56 Independent

12 DR. JAVED AKHTAR M 54 Independent

13 DAAN BAHADUR YADAV M 54 Independent

14 YADUNATH M 31 Independent

15 RAM UJAGIR M 45 Independent

16 RAM SINGH M 35 Independent

S24 70 UP GHOSI 16-Apr-09 1 ATUL KUMAR SINGH ANJAN M 55 Communist Party of India

2 ARSHAD JAMAL ANSARI M 43 Samajwadi Party

3 DARA SINGH CHAUHAN M 50 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 RAM IQBAL M 49 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 SUDHA RAI F 54 Indian National Congress

6 AKHILESH M 43 Janvadi Party(Socialist)

7 KAILASH YADAV M 46 Peace Party

8 RAMESH ALIAS RAJU SINGH M 41 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

9 RAM BADAN KAUL M 60 Bahujan Shakty

10 LALJI RAJBHAR M 44 Bharatiya Samaj Dal

11 HARISH CHANDRA M 62 Rashtriya Jan-vadi Party (Krantikari)

12 ASHOK KUMAR M 27 Independent

13 ZAKIR HUSSAIN M 45 Independent

14 PALAKDHARI M 41 Independent

15 RAKESH M 34 Independent

16 SUJIT KUMAR M 34 Independent

S24 71 UP SALEMPUR 16-Apr-09 1 DR. BHOLA PANDEY M 55 Indian National Congress

2 RAMASHANKAR RAJBHAR M 48 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 HARIKEWAL M 71 Samajwadi Party

4 IZHAR M 48 Peace Party

5 ZUBAIR M 39 Nelopa(United)

6 JANG BAHADUR M 50 Bharatiya Samaj Dal

7 FATE BAHADUR M 35 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

8 RAVISHANKAR SINGH “PAPPU” M 38 Janata Dal (United)

9 RAMCHARAN M 72 People’s Democratic Front

10 RAMDAYAL M 57 Janvadi Party(Socialist)

11 RAMNAWAMI YADAV M 37 Samajwadi Jan Parishad

12 RAMASHRAY CHAUHAN M 55 Moderate Party

13 SRIRAM M 50 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

14 HARISHCHAND M 48 Eklavya Samaj Party

15 AMEER M 53 Independent

16 PARASURAM M 56 Independent

17 FULENDRA M 40 Independent

18 MAN JI M 50 Independent

19 MAHESH M 70 Independent

20 RAJENDRA ALIAS RAJAN M 33 Independent

21 VINDHACHAL M 44 Independent

22 SHAILENDRA M 36 Independent

23 SATISH M 37 Independent

24 SARVDAMAN M 26 Independent

25 SANJAY M 36 Independent

S24 72 UP BALLIA 16-Apr-09 1 NEERAJ SHEKHAR M 40 Samajwadi Party

2 MANOJ SINHA M 50 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 SANGRAM SINGH YADAV M 48 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 ARVIND KUMAR GOND M 30 Gondvana Gantantra Party

5 KANHAIYA PRAJAPATI M 44 Rashtriya Samanta Dal

6 NARAYAN RAJBHAR M 32 Bharatiya Samaj Dal

7 RAJESH M 40 Janvadi Party(Socialist)

8 RAMSAKAL M 48 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

9 ANANT M 36 Independent

10 GANGADYAL M 48 Independent

11 DIWAKAR M 38 Independent

12 RAMJI M 49 Independent

13 LALBABU M 36 Independent

14 SHESHNATH M 40 Independent

15 SHANKER RAM RAWAT M 43 Independent

16 HARIHAR M 73 Independent

S24 74 UP MACHHLISHAHR 16-Apr-09 1 KAMLA KANT GAUTAM (K.K. GAUTAM) M 66 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 TUFANI SAROJ M 48 Samajwadi Party

3 RAJ BAHADUR M 66 Indian National Congress

4 VIDYASAGAR SONKER M 48 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 KRISHNA SEWAK SONKER M 48 Janvadi Party(Socialist)

6 RAM CHARITRA M 41 Apna Dal

7 VIJAYEE RAM M 38 Ambedkar Samaj Party

8 SHEOMURAT RAM M 71 Gondvana Gantantra Party

9 SUKHRAJ DINKAR M 51 Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party

10 SUSHMA F 29 Rashtriya Agraniye Dal

11 DINESH KUMAR M 31 Independent

12 BALJIT M 59 Independent

13 RAM DAWAR GAUTAM M 41 Independent

14 VINOD KUMAR M 40 Independent

15 SHYAM BIHARI KANNAUJIYA M 39 Independent

16 SOHAN M 46 Independent

S24 75 UP GHAZIPUR 16-Apr-09 1 AFZAL ANSARI M 55 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 PRABHUNATH M 48 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 RADHEY MOHAN SINGH M 43 Samajwadi Party

4 SURAJ RAM BAGI M 52 Communist Party of India

5 ISHWARI PRASAD KUSHAWAHA M 48 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

6 DINESH M 42 Rashtriya Samanta Dal

7 NANDLAL M 67 Ambedkar Samaj Party

8 SHYAM NARAYAN M 54 Rashtravadi Aarthik Swatantrata Dal

9 SATISH SHANKAR JAISAWAL M 28 National Lokhind Party

10 SARAJU M 67 Lok Dal

11 SURENDRA M 43 Janvadi Party(Socialist)

12 ANIL M 32 Independent

13 ASHOK (DR.ASHOK KUMAR SRIVASTAVA) M 54 Independent

14 BRAJENDRA NATH URF BIJENDRA M 66 Independent

15 RAJESH M 37 Independent

S24 76 UP CHANDAULI 16-Apr-09 1 KAILASH NATH SINGH YADAV M 46 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 JAWAHAR LAL JAISAWAL M 51 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 RAMKISHUN M 49 Samajwadi Party

4 SHAILENDRA KUMAR M 40 Indian National Congress

5 CHANDRASHEKHAR M 34 Republican Party of India

6 JAWAHIR M 48 Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party

7 JOKHU M 45 Peoples Democratic Forum

8 TULASI M 42 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

9 RAJNATH M 35 Bharatiya Republican Paksha

10 RAJESH SINGH M 27 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

11 RAMAWATAR SHARMA ADVOCATE M 38 Maulik Adhikar Party

12 RAMSEWAK YADAV M 46 Rashtriya Lokhit Party

13 LALLAN M 49 Indian Justice Party

14 SURENDRA PRATAP M 36 Jai Bharat Samanta Party

15 DEVAROO M 40 Independent

16 MUNNI LAL M 66 Independent

17 SURAFARAJ AHMAD M 29 Independent

18 HARI LAL M 52 Independent

S24 77 UP VARANASI 16-Apr-09 1 AJAY RAI M 36 Samajwadi Party

2 MUKHTAR ANSARI M 49 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 DR. MURLI MANOHAR JOSHI M 73 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 DR. RAJESH KUMAR MISHRA M 48 Indian National Congress

5 AWADHESH KUMAR KUSHWAHA M 43 Rashtriya Samanta Dal

6 USHA SINGH F 45 Rashtriya Agraniye Dal

7 KISHUN LAL M 59 Indian Justice Party

8 VIJAY PRAKASH JAISWAL M 43 Apna Dal

9 ER. SHYAM LAL VISHWAKARMA M 61 Maulik Adhikar Party

10 ANAND KUMAR AMBASTHA M 36 Independent

11 NARENDRA NATH DUBEY ADIG M 36 Independent

12 PARVEZ QUADIR KHAN M 38 Independent

13 PUSHP RAJ SAHU M 47 Independent

14 RAJESH BHARTI M 33 Independent

15 SATYA PRAKASH SRIVASTAVA M 37 Independent

S24 79 UP MIRZAPUR 16-Apr-09 1 ANIL KUMAR MAURYA M 37 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 ANURAG SINGH M 42 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 BAL KUMAR PATEL M 48 Samajwadi Party

4 RAMESH DUBEY M 66 Indian National Congress

5 AJAY SHANKER M 33 Gondwana Mukti Sena

6 KAILASH M 48 Bahujan Shakty

7 KHELADI M 58 Gondvana Gantantra Party

8 JAGDISH M 49 Apna Dal

9 PREM CHAND M 45 Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party

10 RADHE SHYAM M 58 Bharatiya Republican Paksha

11 LALJI M 48 Rashtriya Agraniye Dal

12 LALTI DEVI F 54 Vikas Party

13 SHANKAR M 38 Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)

14 SHYAM LAL M 41 Eklavya Samaj Party

15 MOHD. SAGIR M 41 National Loktantrik Party

16 TRILOK NATH VERMA M 61 Indian Justice Party

17 ANOOP KUMAR M 34 Independent

18 KRISHNA CHAND M 40 Independent

19 KRISHNA CHAND SHUKLA M 40 Independent

20 CHHABEELE M 41 Independent

21 DANGAR M 52 Independent

22 DULARI F 61 Independent

23 MANIK CHAND M 37 Independent

24 MUNNA LAL M 34 Independent

25 RAM GOPAL M 53 Independent

26 RAM RAJ M 37 Independent

27 HANS KUMAR M 37 Independent

S24 80 UP ROBERTSGANJ 16-Apr-09 1 PAKAURI LAL M 57 Samajwadi Party

2 RAM ADHAR JOSEPH M 43 Indian National Congress

3 RAM CHANDRA TYAGI M 54 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 RAM SHAKAL M 47 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 GULAB M 31 Peoples Democratic Forum

6 CHANDRA SHEKHAR M 34 Janvadi Party(Socialist)

7 MUNNI DEVI F 42 Rashtriya Samanta Dal

8 RAMESH KUMAR M 31 Apna Dal

9 SHRAWAN KUMAR M 41 Rashtrawadi Sena

10 RAMBRIKSHA M 39 Independent

S26 1 CG SARGUJA 16-Apr-09 1 DHAN SINGH DHURVE M 38 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 BAL SINGH M 38 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

3 BHANU PRATAP SINGH M 42 Indian National Congress

4 MURARILAL SINGH M 49 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 ANOOP MINJ M 28 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

6 KUMAIT B.D.O. M 64 Janata Dal (United)

7 BHUPNATH SINGH MARAVI M 43 Gondvana Gantantra Party

8 RAMDEO LAKRA M 32 Chhattisgarh Vikas Party

9 RAMNATH CHERWA M 36 Shoshit Samaj Dal

10 SOMNATH BHAGAT M 46 Lok Jan Shakti Party

11 AMRIT SINGH MARAVI M 35 Independent

12 JUGESHWAR M 29 Independent

13 DHANESHWAR SINGH M 39 Independent

14 SARJU XESS ORANW M 43 Independent

15 SUNIL KUMAR SINGH KANHARE M 27 Independent

16 SURAJ DEO SINGH KHAIRWAR M 35 Independent

S26 2 CG RAIGARH 16-Apr-09 1 BAHADUR SINGH RATHIA M 57 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 VISHNU DEO SAI M 45 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 HRIDAYARAM RATHIYA M 43 Indian National Congress

4 DARSHAN SIDAR M 32 Gondvana Gantantra Party

5 MEERA DEVI SINGH TIRKEY F 39 Chhattisgarh Vikas Party

6 SHIRACHAND EKKA M 29 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

7 AMRIT TIRKEY M 30 Independent

8 KAMRISH SINGH GOND M 59 Independent

9 SANJAY TIRKEY M 29 Independent

10 HALDHAR RAM SIDAR M 42 Independent

S26 3 CG JANJGIR-CHAMPA 16-Apr-09 1 SHRIMATI KAMLA DEVI PATLE F 43 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 DAURAM RATNAKAR M 51 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 DR.SHIVKUMAR DAHARIYA M 45 Indian National Congress

4 B.R. CHAUHAN M 59 Republican Party of India (A)

5 NEELKANTH WARE M 59 Chhattisgarhi Samaj Party

6 PREM SHANKAR MAHILANGE URF PREM INDIA M 39 Lok Jan Shakti Party

7 SANJEEV KUMAR KHARE M 26 Chhattisgarh Vikas Party

8 ANANDRAM GILHARE M 35 Independent

9 CHAITRAM SURYAVANSHI M 62 Independent

10 DR.CHHAVILAL RATRE M 55 Independent

11 MAYARAM NAT M 50 Independent

12 RAMCHARAN PRADHAN ADHIWAKTA M 51 Independent

S26 4 CG KORBA 16-Apr-09 1 KARUNA SHUKLA F 59 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 CHARANDAS MAHANT M 54 Indian National Congress

3 VIJAY LAXMI SHARMA F 41 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 KEDARNATH RAJWADE M 28 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

5 CHAITI DEVI MAHANT F 49 Chhattisgarhi Samaj Party

6 BUDHWAR SINGH UIKEY M 34 Rashtriya Gondvana Party

7 DR. VIPIN SINHA M 40 Chhattisgarh Vikas Party

8 SANGEETA NIRMALKAR F 32 Bharatiya Pichhra Dal

9 HIRASINGH MARKAAM M 74 Gondvana Gantantra Party

10 GEND DAS MAHANT M 35 Independent

11 CHARAN DAS M 25 Independent

12 PAWAN KUMAR M 38 Independent

13 FULESHWAR PRASAD SURJAIHA M 75 Independent

14 RAMDAYAL ORAON M 49 Independent

15 RAMLAKHAN KASHI M 68 Independent

16 SHAMBHU PRASAD SHARMA ADHIWAKTA M 62 Independent

17 SATRUPA F 37 Independent

18 SANTOSH BANJARE M 25 Independent

S26 5 CG BILASPUR 16-Apr-09 1 DILIP SINGH JUDEV M 60 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 ADVOCATE T.R.NIRALA M 42 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 DR.RENU JOGI F 56 Indian National Congress

4 UTTAM PRASAD DANSENA M 27 Sunder Samaj Party

5 DR.GOJU PAUL M 40 Republican Party of India (A)

6 DR.BALMUKUND SINGH MARAVI M 41 Gondvana Gantantra Party

7 BALARAM SAHU M 46 Bharatiya Pichhra Dal

8 MUKESH KUMAR SAHU M 32 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

9 SAPNA CHAKRABORTY F 37 Lok Jan Shakti Party

10 ARJUN SHRIVAS GANGUAA M 63 Independent

11 ANUJ DHRITLAHRE M 34 Independent

12 ABDUL HAMID SIDDIQUE M 43 Independent

13 ASHOK SHRIVASTAVA M 37 Independent

14 UMESH SINGH M 31 Independent

15 TUKLAL GARG M 40 Independent

16 DAYA DAS LAHRE M 65 Independent

17 DR.DAYA RAM DAYAL M 60 Independent

18 DILIP KUMAR M 30 Independent

19 DILIP GUPTA M 38 Independent

20 DILIP SINGH M 41 Independent

21 MANOJ KUMAR BIRKO M 34 Independent

22 RAMESH AHUJA M 43 Independent

23 RAMESH KUMAR LAHARE M 36 Independent

24 RAJENDRA SAHU M 29 Independent

25 RAJESH PRATAP M 32 Independent

26 RAMBILAS SHARMA M 52 Independent

27 B.P.VISWAKARMA M 57 Independent

28 SHYAM BIHARI TRIVEDI M 56 Independent

S26 6 CG RAJNANDGAON 16-Apr-09 1 DEVWRAT SINGH M 39 Indian National Congress

2 PRADHUMAN NETAM M 32 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 MADHUSUDAN YADAV M 38 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 GANGARAM NISHAD M 48 Eklavya Samaj Party

5 NARAD KHOTHALIYA M 48 Chhattisgarh Vikas Party

6 AJAY JAISWAL M 35 Independent

7 AJAY PALI M 32 Independent

8 JALAL MOHAMMAD QURESHI M 45 Independent

9 DERHARAM LODHI M 37 Independent

10 DILIP RATHOR SAMPADAK M 40 Independent

11 BHAG CHAND VAIDHYA M 48 Independent

12 MADAN YADAV M 34 Independent

13 MANGAL DAS BANGARE M 52 Independent

14 D.R.YADAV PRACHARYA M 66 Independent

S26 7 CG DURG 16-Apr-09 1 PRADEEP CHOUBEY M 55 Indian National Congress

2 RAGHUNANDAN SAHU M 34 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 SAROJ PANDEY F 40 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 DEVIDAS KURRE M 43 Chandigarh Vikas Party

5 DR. PANKAJ GOSOMI (PANDIT) M 37 Republican Party of India

6 ANAND GAUTAM M 35 Independent

7 TARACHAND SAHU M 30 Independent

8 TARACHAND SAHU M 66 Independent

9 TARACHAND SAHU M 62 Independent

10 MASOOD KHAN M 43 Independent

11 RATAN KUMAR KSHETRAPAL M 61 Independent

12 RAJENDRA KUMAR SAHU M 38 Independent

13 LAXMAN PRASAD M 31 Independent

14 GURU DADA LOKESH MAHARAJ M 56 Independent

15 SHITKARAN MHILWAR M 40 Independent

S26 8 CG RAIPUR 16-Apr-09 1 BHUPESH BAGHEL M 47 Indian National Congress

2 RAMESH BAIS M 61 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 VIDHYADEVI SAHU F 54 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 ER. ASHOK TAMRAKAR M 56 Jai Chhattisgarh Party

5 IMRRAN PASHA M 33 Loktantrik Samajwadi Party

6 P.R. KHUNTE M 54 Chhattisgarh Vikas Party

7 MADHUSUDAN MISHRA M 49 Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha

8 SHAILENDRA BANJARE (SHAKTIPUTRA) M 34 Shakti Sena (Bharat Desh)

9 SHANKAR LAL VARANDANI M 45 Pyramid Party of India

10 HARGUN MEGHWANI M 56 Akhil Bhartiya Sindhu Samajwadi Party

11 ARUN HARPAL M 35 Independent

12 JAFAR HUSSAIN, BABABHAI (PURVA MUTVALLI) M 57 Independent

13 MOH. JILANI ALIAS TANI M 30 Independent

14 NAND KISHOR DEEP M 48 Independent

15 NARESH BHISHMDEV DHIDHI M 31 Independent

16 NAVIN GUPTA M 35 Independent

17 NARAD NISHAD M 33 Independent

18 PRAVEEN JAIN M 44 Independent

19 BHARAT BHUSHAN PANDEY M 45 Independent

20 MATHURA PRASAD TANDON M 42 Independent

21 YASHWANT SAHU M 35 Independent

22 RAJENDRA KUMAR SAHU M 38 Independent

23 RAJENDRA SINGH THAKUR (ADVOCATE) M 34 Independent

24 RAMKRISHNA VERMA M 49 Independent

25 RAMCHARAN YADAV M 33 Independent

26 SHOBHARAM GILHARE M 38 Independent

27 SIYARAM DHRITLAHARE M 34 Independent

28 SMT. SUSIL BAI BANJARE F 36 Independent

29 SYED RASHID ALI M 62 Independent

30 SANJAY BAGHEL M 29 Independent

31 HAIDAR BHATI M 38 Independent

32 SHRIKANT KASER M 41 Independent

S26 9 CG MAHASAMUND 16-Apr-09 1 CHANDULAL SAHU (CHANDU BHAIYA) M 49 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 MOTILAL M 44 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 MOTILAL SAHU M 44 Indian National Congress

4 DR. ANAND MATAWALE (GURUJI) M 38 Lok Bharati

5 KIRAN KUMAR DHRUW M 44 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

6 BAUDDH KUMAR KAUSHIK M 37 Chhattisgarh Vikas Party

7 DR. LATA MARKAM F 26 Republican Party of India (A)

8 SHRIDHAR CHANDRAKAR (PATEL) M 40 Apna Dal

9 KHEDUBHARTI “SATYESH” M 33 Independent

10 CHAMPA LAL PATEL M 43 Independent

11 NARENDRA BHISHMDEV DHIDHI M 34 Independent

12 NARAYANDAS INQALAB GANDHI M 63 Independent

13 BHARAT DIWAN M 29 Independent

14 RAMPRASAD CHAUHAN M 46 Independent

15 SULTANSINGH SATNAM M 58 Independent

S26 10 CG BASTAR 16-Apr-09 1 AYTU RAM MANDAVI M 44 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 BALIRAM KASHYAP M 73 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 MANISH KUNJAM M 42 Communist Party of India

4 SHANKAR SODI M 44 Indian National Congress

5 CHANDRA SHEKHAR DHRUV (SHEKHAR) M 42 Independent

6 MAYARAM NETAM ALIAS (FULSING SILADAR) M 60 Independent

7 SUBHASH CHANDRA MOURYA M 35 Independent

S26 11 CG KANKER 16-Apr-09 1 SMT. PHOOLO DEVI NETAM F 35 Indian National Congress

2 MIRA SALAM F 32 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 SOHAN POTAI M 49 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 JALSINGH SHORI M 30 Chhattisgarhi Samaj Party

5 N. R. BHUARYA M 50 Gondwana Mukti Sena

6 BHOM LAL M 59 Apna Dal

7 MAYARAM NAGWANSHI M 48 Gondvana Gantantra Party

8 G. R. RANA M 62 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

9 DEVCHAND MATLAM M 31 Independent

10 PRAFUL MANDAVI M 35 Independent

11 MAYARAM NETAM (FULSINGH SILEDAR) M 60 Independent

S27 4 JH CHATRA 16-Apr-09 1 ARUN KUMAR YADAV M 41 Janata Dal (United)

2 DHIRAJ PRASAD SAHU M 50 Indian National Congress

3 NAGMANI M 46 Rashtriya Janata Dal

4 SUGAN MAHTO M 56 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 KESHWAR YADAV M 47 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

6 PARAS NATH MANJHI M 58 Akhil Bharatiya Manav Seva Dal

7 K.P. SHARMA M 62 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

8 SURENDRA YADAV M 36 Jharkhand Party

9 INDER SINGH NAMDHARI M 62 Independent

10 DHIRENDRA AGRAWAL M 53 Independent

11 RATNESH KUMAR GUPTA M 47 Independent

S27 5 JH KODARMA 16-Apr-09 1 TILAKDHARI PD. SINGH M 65 Indian National Congress

2 PRANAV KUMAR VERMA M 29 Rashtriya Janata Dal

3 LAXAMAN SAWARNKAR M 63 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 BISHNU PRASAD BHAIYA M 47 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

5 SABHAPATI KUSHWAHA M 61 Bahujan Samaj Party

6 UMESH CHANDRA TRIVEDI M 41 Jharkhand Party

7 PRAMESHWAR YADAV M 49 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

8 BABULAL MARANDI M 51 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

9 RAJKISHOR PRASAD MODI M 54 Jharkhand Vikas Dal

10 RAJ KUMAR YADAV M 37 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

11 HADTAL DAS M 43 Bahujan Shakty

12 ASHOK KUMAR SHARMA M 35 Independent

13 KAMAL DAS M 35 Independent

14 CHANDRA DHARI MAHTO M 28 Independent

15 MANJOOR ALAM ANSARI M 45 Independent

16 LAXAMAN DAS M 37 Independent

S27 11 JH KHUNTI 16-Apr-09 1 KARIYA MUNDA M 72 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 NEIL TIRKEY M 55 Indian National Congress

3 MARSHAL BARLA M 36 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 THEODORE KIRO M 58 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

5 NITIMA BODRA BARI F 41 Jharkhand Party (Naren)

6 NISHIKANT HORO M 55 Jharkhand Party

7 ANAND KUJUR M 27 Independent

8 UMBULAN TOPNO M 49 Independent

9 KARLUS BHENGRA M 41 Independent

S27 12 JH LOHARDAGA 16-Apr-09 1 JOKHAN BHAGAT M 43 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 RAMESHWAR ORAON M 63 Indian National Congress

3 SUDARSHAN BHAGAT M 40 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 DEOSHARAN BHAGAT M 45 All Jharkhand Students Union

5 BAHURA EKKA M 61 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

6 BHUNESHWAR LOHRA M 42 Lok Jan Vikas Morcha

7 RAMA KHALKHO F 38 Jharkhand Janadikhar Manch

8 ARJUN BHAGAT M 60 Independent

9 ETWA ORAON M 45 Independent

10 GOPAL ORAON M 56 Independent

11 CHAMRA LINDA M 39 Independent

12 JAI PRAKASH BHAGAT M 36 Independent

13 NAWAL KISHOR SINGH M 51 Independent

14 PADMA BARAIK F 25 Independent

15 SUKHDEO LOHRA M 69 Independent

S27 13 JH PALAMAU 16-Apr-09 1 KAMESHWAR BAITHA M 56 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

2 GHURAN RAM M 42 Rashtriya Janata Dal

3 RADHA KRISHNA KISHORE M 52 Janata Dal (United)

4 HIRA RAM TUPHANI M 59 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 GANESH RAM M 56 Jharkhand Party

6 JAWAHAR PASWAN M 48 AJSU Party

7 NANDDEV RAM M 70 Jharkhand Party (Naren)

8 PARVATI DEVI F 34 Manav Mukti Morcha

9 PRABHAT KUMAR M 31 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

10 RAJU GUIDE MAJHI M 30 Akhil Bharatiya Manav Seva Dal

11 RAM NARESH RAM M 36 Rashtravadi Aarthik Swatantrata Dal

12 BIRBAL RAM M 28 Rashtriya Lok Dal

13 SATYENDRA KUMAR PASWAN M 30 Bharatiya Samta Samaj Party

14 SUSHMA MEHTA F 31 Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)

15 JITENDRA RAM M 31 Independent

16 NARESH KUMAR PASWAN M 29 Independent

17 BRAJMOHAN RAM M 48 Independent

18 BHOLA RAM M 32 Independent

19 MUNESHWAR RAM M 58 Independent

20 RAM PRASAD RAM M 58 Independent

21 SUNESHWAR BAITHA M 54 Independent

S27 14 JH HAZARIBAGH 16-Apr-09 1 KISHOR KUMAR PANDEY M 35 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 BHUVNESHWAR PRASAD MEHTA M 64 Communist Party of India

3 YASHWANT SINHA M 71 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 SHIVLAL MAHTO M 34 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

5 SAURABH NARAIN SINGH M 34 Indian National Congress

6 CHANDRA PRAKASH CHOUDHARY M 40 All Jharkhand Students Union

7 DIGAMBER KU. MEHTA M 42 Samajwadi Party

8 BRAJ KISHORE JAISWAL M 67 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

9 DEONATH MAHTO M 29 Independent

10 MAHENDRA KISHORE MEHTA M 38 Independent

11 MD. MOINUDDIN AHMED M 32 Independent

12 LALAN PRASAD M 34 Independent

13 SNEHLATA DEVI F 49 Independent

U01 1 AN ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS 16-Apr-09 1 SMTI. R. S. UMA BHARATHY F 44 Nationalist Congress Party

2 SHRI. KULDEEP RAI SHARMA M 41 Indian National Congress

3 SHRI. P. R. GANESHAN M 71 Rashtriya Janata Dal

4 SHRI TAPAN KUMAR BEPARI M 51 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

5 SHRI. BISHNU PADA RAY M 59 Bharatiya Janata Party

6 SHRI. M. S. MOHAN M 50 Bahujan Samaj Party

7 SHRI. N. K. P. NAIR M 54 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

8 SHRI. PRADEEP KUMAR EKKA M 37 Jharkhand Disom Party

9 SHRI. T. ALI M 37 Independent

10 DR. THANKACHAN M 50 Independent

11 SHRI. VAKIATH VALAPPIL KHALID M 40 Independent

U06 1 LD LAKSHADWEEP 16-Apr-09 1 MUHAMMED HAMDULLA SAYEED A.B M 26 Indian National Congress

2 DR. P. POOKUNHIKOYA M 60 Nationalist Congress Party

3 DR. K P MUTHUKOYA M 57 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 LUKMANUL HAKEEM M 32 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

S14 1 MN INNER MANIPUR 22-Apr-09 1 DR. THOKCHOM MEINYA M 58 Indian National Congress

2 THOUNAOJAM CHAOBA M 70 Manipur People’s Party

3 MOIRANGTHEM NARA M 58 Communist Party of India

4 WAHENGBAM NIPAMACHA SINGH M 78 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 L. KSHETRANI DEVI F 50 Rashtriya Bahujan Congress Party

6 ABDUL RAHMAN M 58 Independent

7 NONGMAITHEM HOMENDRO SINGH M 45 Independent

S01 23 AP KAKINADA 23-Apr-09 1 DOMMETI SUDHAKAR M 51 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 M.M.PALLAMRAJU M 46 Indian National Congress

3 BIKKINA VISWESWARA RAO M 34 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 VASAMSETTY SATYA M 44 Telugu Desam

5 ALURI VIJAYA LAKSHMI F 64 Lok Satta Party

6 UDAYA KUMAR KONDEPUDI M 36 Trilinga Praja Pragati Party

7 GALI SATYAVATHI F 40 Republican Party of India

8 GIDLA SIMHACHALAM M 50 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

9 CHALAMALASETTY SUNIL M 39 Praja Rajyam Party

10 NAMALA SATYANARAYANA M 45 Rajyadhikara Party

11 N.PALLAMRAJU M 52 Ajeya Bharat Party

12 BUGATHA BANGARRAO M 48 Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)

13 AKAY SURYANARAYANA M 50 Independent

14 CHAGANTI SURYA NARAYANA MURTHY M 44 Independent

15 DANAM LAZAR BABU M 42 Independent

16 BADAMPUDI BABURAO M 51 Independent

S01 24 AP AMALAPURAM 23-Apr-09 1 KOMMABATTULA UMA MAHESWARA RAO M 65 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 GEDDAM SAMPADA RAO M 39 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 DOCTOR GEDELA VARALAKSHMI F 55 Telugu Desam

4 G.V.HARSHA KUMAR M 50 Indian National Congress

5 AKUMARTHI SURYANARAYANA M 50 Trilinga Praja Pragati Party

6 KIRAN KUMAR BINEPE M 43 Praja Bharath Party

7 P.V.CHAKRAVARTHI M 54 Republican Party of India (Khobragade)

8 POTHULA PRAMEELA DEVI F 55 Praja Rajyam Party

9 BHEEMARAO RAMJI MUTHABATHULA M 39 Pyramid Party of India

10 MASA RAMADASU M 46 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

11 YALANGI RAMESH M 45 Independent

S01 25 AP RAJAHMUNDRY 23-Apr-09 1 ARUNA KUMAR VUNDAVALLI M 54 Indian National Congress

2 M. MURALI MOHAN M 68 Telugu Desam

3 VAJRAPU KOTESWARA RAO M 43 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 SOMU VEERRAJU M 51 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 UPPALAPATI VENKATA KRISHNAM RAJU M 69 Praja Rajyam Party

6 DATLA RAYA JAGAPATHI RAJU M 50 Pyramid Party of India

7 DR. PALADUGU CHANDRA MOULI M 69 Lok Satta Party

8 MEDAPATI PAPIREDDY M 30 Trilinga Praja Pragati Party

9 MEDA SRINIVAS M 39 Rashtriya Praja Congress (Secular)

10 PARAMATA GANESWARA RAO M 46 Independent

11 MUSHINI RAMAKRISHNA RAO M 51 Independent

12 VASAMSETTY NAGESWARA RAO M 46 Independent

13 SANABOINA SUBHALAKSHMI F 44 Independent

S01 26 AP NARSAPURAM 23-Apr-09 1 KALIDINDI VISWANADHA RAJU M 39 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 THOTA SITA RAMA LAKSHMI F 59 Telugu Desam

3 BAPIRAJU KANUMURU M 61 Indian National Congress

4 BHUPATHIRAJU SRINIVASA VARMA M 41 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 ALLURI YUGANDHARA RAJU M 44 Pyramid Party of India

6 GUBBALA TAMMAIAH M 61 Praja Rajyam Party

7 NAVUNDRU RAJENDRA PRASAD M 44 Bharatheeya Sadharma Samsthapana Party

8 MANORAMA SANKU F 62 Lok Satta Party

9 M V R RAJU M 35 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

10 KALIDINDI BHIMARAJU M 73 Independent

S01 27 AP ELURU 23-Apr-09 1 KAVURI SAMBASIVA RAO M 65 Indian National Congress

2 KODURI VENKATA SUBBA RAJU M 46 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 PILLELLLI SUNIL M 35 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 MAGANTI VENKATESWARA RAO(BABU) M 49 Telugu Desam

5 Y.V.S.V. PRASADA RAO (YERNENI PRASADA RAO) M 61 Pyramid Party of India

6 KOLUSU PEDA REDDAIAH YADAV M 67 Praja Rajyam Party

7 SAVANAPUDI NAGARAJU M 48 Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)

8 SIRIKI SRINIVAS M 32 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

9 KASI NAIDU KAMMILI M 39 Independent

10 TANUKU SEKHAR M 45 Independent

11 DODDA KAMESWARA RAO M 54 Independent

12 DOWLURI GOVARDHAN M 32 Independent

S01 28 AP MACHILIPATNAM 23-Apr-09 1 KONAKALLA NARAYANA RAO M 59 Telugu Desam

2 CHIGURUPATI RAMALINGESWARA RAO M 33 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 BADIGA RAMAKRISHNA M 66 Indian National Congress

4 BHOGADI RAMA DEVI F 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 KOPPULA VENKATESWARA RAO M 45 Lok Satta Party

6 CHENNAMSETTI RAMACHANDRAIAH M 60 Praja Rajyam Party

7 YARLAGADDA RAMAMOHANA RAO M 44 Bharatheeya Sadharma Samsthapana Party

8 VARA LAKSHMI KONERU F 59 Pyramid Party of India

9 G.V. NAGESWARA RAO M 25 Independent

10 YENDURI SUBRAMANYESWA RAO ( MANI ) M 50 Independent

S01 29 AP VIJAYAWADA 23-Apr-09 1 LAGADAPATI RAJA GOPAL M 45 Indian National Congress

2 LAKA VENGALA RAO M 38 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 VAMSI MOHAN VALLABHANENI M 38 Telugu Desam

4 SISTLA NARASIMHA MURTHY M 63 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 DEVINENI KISHORE KUMAR M 59 Lok Satta Party

6 RAGHAVA RAO JAKKA M 60 Pyramid Party of India

7 RAJIV CHANUMOLU M 43 Praja Rajyam Party

8 APPIKATLA JAWAHAR M 44 Independent

9 KRISHNA MURTHY SUNKARA M 46 Independent

10 JAKKA TARAKA MALLIKHARJUNA RAO M 42 Independent

11 DEVERASETTY RAVINDRA BABU M 35 Independent

12 DEVIREDDY RAVINDRANATHA REDDY M 36 Independent

13 PERUPOGU VENKATESWARA RAO M 41 Independent

14 BAIPUDI NAGESWARA RAO M 30 Independent

15 BOPPA VENKATESWARA RAO M 42 Independent

16 BOLISETTY HARIBABU M 46 Independent

17 VEERLA SANJEEVA RAO M 44 Independent

18 VENKATA RAO P. M 44 Independent

19 SENAPATHI CHIRANJEEVI M 36 Independent

20 SHAIK MASTAN M 28 Independent

S01 30 AP GUNTUR 23-Apr-09 1 MALLELA BABU RAO M 61 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 YADLAPATI SWARUPARANI F 51 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 RAJENDRA MADALA M 42 Telugu Desam

7 SAMBASIVA RAO RAYAPATI M 65 Indian National Congress

8 AMANULLA KHAN M 37 Lok Satta Party

9 KOMMANABOINA LAKSHMAIAH M 39 Rajyadhikara Party

11 THOTA CHANDRA SEKHAR M 47 Praja Rajyam Party

12 YARRAKULA TULASI RAM YADAV M 29 Samajwadi Party

13 VELAGAPUDI LAKSHMANA RAO M 59 Pyramid Party of India

14 SRINIVASA RAO THOTAKURA M 34 Ajeya Bharat Party

S01 31 AP NARASARAOPET 23-Apr-09 1 BALASHOWRY VALLABHANENI M 43 Indian National Congress

2 BEJJAM RATNAKARA RAO M 48 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 VALLEPU KRUPA RAO M 51 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 VENUGOPALA REDDY MODUGULA M 42 Telugu Desam

7 GANUGAPENTA UTTAMA REDDY M 30 Lok Satta Party

8 S.G. MASTAN VALI M 31 Pyramid Party of India

9 RAMADUGU VENKATA SUBBA RAO M 45 Samajwadi Party

11 SHAIK SYED SAHEB M 65 Praja Rajyam Party

13 SAI PRASAD EDARA M 42 Bharatheeya Sadharma Samsthapana Party

14 ATCHALA NARASIMHA RAO M 39 Independent

15 ANNAMRAJU VENUGOPALA MADHAVA RAO M 37 Independent

17 KATAMARAJU NALAGORLA M 61 Independent

19 YAMPATI VEERANJANEYA REDDY M 38 Independent

21 SRINIVASA REDDY KESARI M 40 Independent

S01 32 AP BAPATLA 23-Apr-09 1 DARA SAMBAIAH M 62 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 PANABAKA LAKSHMI F 50 Indian National Congress

3 BATTULA ROSAYYA M 52 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 MALYADRI SRIRAM M 55 Telugu Desam

5 GARIKAPATI SUDHAKAR M 37 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

6 NUTHAKKI RAMA RAO M 61 Praja Rajyam Party

7 GUDIPALLI SATHYA BABUJI M 40 Independent

8 GORREMUCHU CHINNA RAO M 42 Independent

9 GOLLA BABU RAO M 34 Independent

10 DEVARAPALLI BUJJI BABU M 34 Independent

S01 33 AP ONGOLE 23-Apr-09 1 MANDAVA VASUDEVA M 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 MADDULURI MALAKONDAIAH YADAV M 47 Telugu Desam

3 MAGUNTA SRINIVASULU REDDY M 55 Indian National Congress

4 CHALUVADI SRINIVASARAO M 38 Pyramid Party of India

5 DR,NARAYANAM RADHA DEVI F 57 Lok Satta Party

6 PIDATHALA SAI KALPANA F 50 Praja Rajyam Party

7 SHAIK SHAJAHAN M 49 United Women Front

8 GARRE RAMAKRISHNA M 34 Independent

9 DAMA MOHANA RAO M 53 Independent

10 NALAMALAPU LAKSHMINARASAREDDY M 40 Independent

11 YATHAPU KONDAREDDY M 28 Independent

S01 34 AP NANDYAL 23-Apr-09 1 NASYAM MOHAMMED FAROOK M 57 Telugu Desam

2 S.MOHAMMED ISMAIL M 39 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 S.P.Y.REDDY M 59 Indian National Congress

4 ABDUL SATTAR . G M 26 B. C. United Front

5 PICHHIKE NARENDRA DEV M 39 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

6 BHUMA VENKATA NAGI REDDY M 45 Praja Rajyam Party

7 RAMA JAGANNADHA REDDY TAMIDELA M 34 Lok Satta Party

8 SADHU VEERA VENKATA RAMANAIAH M 35 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

9 AMBATI RAMESWARA REDDY M 35 Independent

10 K.ARTHER PANCHARATNAM M 44 Independent

11 B.P.KAMBAGIRI SWAMY M 36 Independent

12 GALI RAMA SUBBA REDDY M 33 Independent

13 A.U.FAROOQ M 25 Independent

14 G.BALASWAMY M 37 Independent

15 T.MAHESH NAIDU M 28 Independent

16 B.V.RAMI REDDY M 47 Independent

17 B.R.L.REDDY M 40 Independent

18 VENNUPUSA VENKATESHWARA REDDY M 35 Independent

19 SINGAM VENKATESHWARA REDDY M 35 Independent

20 T.SRINUVASULU M 38 Independent

21 V.SESHI REDDY M 33 Independent

S01 35 AP KURNOOL 23-Apr-09 1 KOTLA JAYA SURYA PRAKASH REDDY M 57 Indian National Congress

2 GADDAM RAMAKRISHNA M 56 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 B.T.NAIDU M 36 Telugu Desam

4 RAVI SUBRAMANYAM K.A. M 39 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 JALLI VENKATESH M 38 Lok Satta Party

6 DR.DANDIYA KHAJA PEERA M 55 Praja Rajyam Party

7 B.NAGA JAYA CHANDRA REDDY M 35 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

8 DR.P.R.PARAMESWAR REDDY M 36 Pyramid Party of India

9 DEVI RAMALINGAPPA M 44 Independent

10 V.V. RAMANA M 38 Independent

11 RAJU M 45 Independent

S01 36 AP ANANTAPUR 23-Apr-09 1 ANANTHA VENKATA RAMI REDDY M 52 Indian National Congress

2 AMBATI RAMA KRISHNA REDDY M 41 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 KALAVA SRINIVASULU M 44 Telugu Desam

4 GADDALA NAGABHUSHANAM M 45 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 AMARNATH M 32 Lok Satta Party

6 KRUSHNAPURAM GAYATHRI DEVI F 36 Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)

7 MANSOOR M 56 Praja Rajyam Party

8 G HARI M 29 Pyramid Party of India

9 T CHANDRA SEKHAR M 30 Independent

10 DEVELLA MURALI M 44 Independent

11 K P NARAYANA SWAMY M 41 Independent

12 J C RAMANUJULA REDDY M 52 Independent

S01 37 AP HINDUPUR 23-Apr-09 1 KRISTAPPA NIMMALA M 52 Telugu Desam

2 P KHASIM KHAN M 53 Indian National Congress

3 NARESH CINE ACTOR M 45 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 B.S.P.SREERAMULU M 30 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 KADAPALA SREEKANTA REDDY M 56 Praja Rajyam Party

6 NIRANJAN BABU. K M 30 Lok Satta Party

7 S. MUSKIN VALI M 26 Pyramid Party of India

8 K. JAKEER M 40 Independent

9 B. NAGABHUSHANA RAO M 76 Independent

10 P. PRASAD (PEETLA PRASAD) M 32 Independent

S01 38 AP KADAPA 23-Apr-09 1 JAMBAPURAM MUNI REDDY M 31 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 Y.S. JAGAN MOHAN REDDY M 36 Indian National Congress

3 PALEM SRIKANTH REDDY M 45 Telugu Desam

4 VANGALA SHASHI BHUSHAN REDDY M 37 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 KASIBHATLA SAINATH SARMA M 38 Rajyadhikara Party

6 N. KISHORE KUMAR REDDY M 38 Janata Dal (Secular)

7 KUNCHAM VENKATA SUBBA REDDY M 42 Rayalaseema Rashtra Samithi

8 DR. KHALEEL BASHA M 60 Praja Rajyam Party

9 GAJJALA RAMA SUBBA REDDY M 57 Pyramid Party of India

10 GUDIPATI. PRASANNA KUMAR M 55 Lok Satta Party

11 C. GOPI NARASIMHA REDDY M 31 Janata Dal (United)

12 CHINNAPA REDDY KOMMA M 41 Bharatiya Jan Shakti

13 Y. SEKHARA REDDY M 47 Republican Party of India (A)

14 S. ALI SHER M 47 Independent

15 THIMMAPPAGARI VENKATA SIVA REDDY M 47 Independent

16 V. NARENDRA M 39 Independent

17 S. RAJA MADIGA M 46 Independent

18 YELLIPALAM RAMESH REDDY M 35 Independent

19 SIVANARAYANA REDDY CHADIPIRALLA M 39 Independent

20 J. SUBBARAYUDU M 51 Independent

S01 39 AP NELLORE 23-Apr-09 1 S. PADMA NAGESWARA RAO M 58 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 BATHINA NARASIMHA RAO M 65 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 MEKAPATI RAJAMOHAN REDDY M 64 Indian National Congress

4 VANTERU VENU GOPALA REDDY M 59 Telugu Desam

5 JANA RAMACHANDRAIAH M 56 Praja Rajyam Party

6 VEMURI BHASKARA RAO M 36 Lok Satta Party

7 SIDDIRAJU SATYANARAYANA M 43 Pyramid Party of India

8 KARIMULLA M 42 Independent

9 MUCHAKALA CHANDRA SEKHAR YADAV M 40 Independent

10 VENKATA BHASKAR REDDY DIRISALA M 37 Independent

11 SYED HAMZA HUSSAINY M 46 Independent

S01 40 AP TIRUPATI 23-Apr-09 1 CHINTA MOHAN M 54 Indian National Congress

2 VARLA RAMAIAH M 57 Telugu Desam

3 N.VENKATASWAMY M 77 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 JUVVIGUNTA VENKATESWARLU M 37 Lok Satta Party

5 DEGALA SURYANARAYANA M 34 Pyramid Party of India

6 DHANASEKHAR GUNDLURU M 41 Republican Party of India (A)

7 VARAPRASADA RAO. V M 55 Praja Rajyam Party

8 OREPALLI VENKATA KRISHNA PRASAD M 43 Independent

9 KATTAMANCHI PRABAKHAR M 40 Independent

10 YALAVADI MUNIKRISHNAIAH M 64 Independent

S01 41 AP RAJAMPET 23-Apr-09 1 ANNAYYAGARI SAI PRATHAP M 64 Indian National Congress

2 ALLAPUREDDY. HARINATHA REDDY M 69 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 RAMESH KUMAR REDDY REDDAPPAGARI M 44 Telugu Desam

4 SUNKARA SREENIVAS M 42 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 DR. ARAVA. VENKATA SUBBA REDDY M 38 Pyramid Party of India

6 ADI NARAYANA REDDY .V M 40 Bharatheeya Sadharma Samsthapana Party

7 NAGESWARA RAO EDAGOTTU M 38 Lok Satta Party

8 D.A. SRINIVAS M 36 Praja Rajyam Party

9 SHAIK AMEEN PEERAN M 39 Ambedkar National Congress

10 ASADI VENKATADRI M 41 Independent

11 INDRA PRAKASH M 32 Independent

12 KASTHURI OBAIAH NAIDU M 55 Independent

13 B. KRISHNAPPA M 32 Independent

14 PULA RAGHU M 44 Independent

15 HAJI MOHAMMAD AZAM M 82 Independent

S01 42 AP CHITTOOR 23-Apr-09 1 JAYARAM DUGGANI M 60 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 THIPPESWAMY M M 55 Indian National Congress

3 NARAMALLI SIVAPRASAD M 57 Telugu Desam

4 B.SIVAKUMAR M 40 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 A. AMARNADH M 37 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

6 TALARI MANOHAR M 54 Praja Rajyam Party

7 G. VENKATACHALAM M 29 Lok Satta Party

S03 4 AS DHUBRI 23-Apr-09 1 ANWAR HUSSAIN M 62 Indian National Congress

2 BADRUDDIN AJMAL M 54 Assam United Democratic Front

3 ARUN DAS M 39 Rashtrawadi Sena

4 ALOK SEN M 37 Samajwadi Party

5 SOLEMAN ALI M 45 Independent

6 SHAHJAHAN ALI M 39 Independent

7 SOLEMAN KHANDAKER M 53 Independent

8 TRIPTI KANA MAZUMDAR CHOUDHURY F 45 Independent

9 NUR MAHAMMAD M 61 Independent

10 MINHAR ALI MANDAL M 61 Independent

S03 5 AS KOKRAJHAR 23-Apr-09 1 SABDA RAM RABHA M 39 Asom Gana Parishad

2 SANSUMA KHUNGGUR BWISWMUTHIARY M 49 Bodaland Peoples Front

3 URKHAO GWRA BRAHMA M 45 Independent

S03 6 AS BARPETA 23-Apr-09 1 ABDUS SAMAD AHMED M 41 Assam United Democratic Front

2 MD. AMIR ALI M 42 Rashtriya Janata Dal

3 ISMAIL HUSSAIN M 55 Indian National Congress

4 DURGESWAR DEKA M 54 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

5 BHUPEN RAY M 49 Asom Gana Parishad

6 ABU CHAND MAHMMAD M 63 Republican Party of India (A)

7 ABDUL KADDUS M 35 Samajwadi Party

8 KANDARPA LAHKAR M 53 Rashtravadi Janata Party

9 MD. DILIR KHAN M 42 Muslim League Kerala State Committee

10 MUIJ UDDIN MAHMUD M 51 Lok Jan Shakti Party

11 ABDUL KADER M 41 Independent

12 GOLAP HUSSAIN MAZUMDER M 35 Independent

13 DEWAN JOYNAL ABEDIN M 65 Independent

14 BHADRESWAR DAS M 40 Independent

S03 7 AS GAUHATI 23-Apr-09 1 AKSHAY RAJKHOWA M 49 Nationalist Congress Party

2 BIJOYA CHAKRAVARTY F 70 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 CAPT. ROBIN BORDOLOI M 67 Indian National Congress

4 SONABOR ALI M 58 Assam United Democratic Front

5 AMBU BORA M 78 Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Rasik Bhatt)

6 DEEPAK KALITA M 34 Samajwadi Party

7 SHIMANTA BRAHMA M 48 Rashtrawadi Sena

8 AMIT BARUA M 42 Independent

9 KAZI NEKIB AHMED M 51 Independent

10 DEVA KANTA RAMCHIARY M 46 Independent

11 BRIJESH ROY M 30 Independent

12 RINA GAYARY DAS F 41 Independent

S03 8 AS MANGALDOI 23-Apr-09 1 BADIUJ ZAMAL M 33 Assam United Democratic Front

2 MADHAB RAJBANGSHI M 53 Indian National Congress

3 RAMEN DEKA M 55 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 DINA NATH DAS M 65 Bodaland Peoples Front

5 PARVEEN SULTANA F 42 All India Minorities Front

6 RABINDRA NATH HAZARIKA M 72 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

7 RATUL KUMAR CHOUDHURY M 38 Samajwadi Party

8 LANKESWAR ACHARJYA M 45 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

9 LUCYMAI BASUMATARI F 58 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

10 AROON BAROOA M 53 Independent

11 PRODEEP KUMAR DAIMARY M 42 Independent

12 BHUPENDRA NATH KAKATI M 62 Independent

13 MANOJ KUMAR DEKA M 55 Independent

S03 9 AS TEZPUR 23-Apr-09 1 JITEN SUNDI M 64 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2 DEBA ORANG M 54 Assam United Democratic Front

3 MONI KUMAR SUBBA M 51 Indian National Congress

4 JOSEPH TOPPO M 60 Asom Gana Parishad

5 ARUN KUMAR MURMOO M 33 Bharat Vikas Morcha

6 PARASHMONI SINHA M 33 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

7 JUGANANDA HAZARIKA M 42 Samajwadi Party

8 RUBUL SARMA M 52 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

9 REGINOLD V. JOHNSON M 45 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

10 KALYAN KUMAR DEORI BHARALI M 69 Independent

11 DANIEL DAVID JESUDAS M 66 Independent

12 MD. NAZIR AHMED M 56 Independent

13 DR. PRANAB KR. DAS M 41 Independent

14 PRASANTA BORO M 32 Independent

15 RUDRA PARAJULI M 52 Independent

S03 10 AS NOWGONG 23-Apr-09 1 ANIL RAJA M 51 Indian National Congress

2 RAJEN GOHAIN M 57 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 SIRAJ UDDIN AJMAL M 52 Assam United Democratic Front

4 PHEIROIJAM IBOMCHA SINGH M 60 All India Forward Bloc

5 BIPIN SAIKIA M 55 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

6 BIREN DAS M 48 Rashtrawadi Sena

7 BHUPEN CHANDRA MUDOI M 55 Republican Party of India (A)

8 LIAQAT HUSSAIN M 40 Lok Jan Shakti Party

9 ASHIT DUTTA M 47 Independent

10 NAZRUL HAQUE MAZARBHUIYAN M 55 Independent

11 PUSPA KANTA BORA M 49 Independent

12 BIMALA PRASAD TALUKDAR M 46 Independent

13 HERAMBA MOHAN PANDIT M 45 Independent

S03 11 AS KALIABOR 23-Apr-09 1 GUNIN HAZARIKA M 61 Asom Gana Parishad

2 DIP GOGOI M 57 Indian National Congress

3 SIRAJ UDDIN AJMAL M 52 Assam United Democratic Front

4 KAMAL HAZARIKA M 48 Independent

5 PAUL NAYAK M 40 Independent

6 PRADEEP DUTTA M 42 Independent

7 BINOD GOGOI M 38 Independent

8 MRIDUL BARUAH M 37 Independent

S03 12 AS JORHAT 23-Apr-09 1 KAMAKHYA TASA M 34 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 DRUPAD BORGOHAIN M 68 Communist Party of India

3 BIJOY KRISHNA HANDIQUE M 77 Indian National Congress

4 ABINASH KISHORE BORAH M 30 Rashtrawadi Sena

5 BIREN NANDA M 48 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

6 NAVAPROKASH SONOWAL M 36 Independent

7 RAJ KUMAR DOWARAH M 43 Independent

8 SUJIT SAHU M 38 Independent

S03 13 AS DIBRUGARH 23-Apr-09 1 SRI PABAN SINGH GHATOWAR M 60 Indian National Congress

2 SRI ROMEN CH. BORTHAKUR M 48 Nationalist Congress Party

3 SRI RATUL GOGOI M 31 Communist Party of India

4 SRI SARBANANDA SONOWAL M 47 Asom Gana Parishad

5 SRI GONGARAM KAUL M 39 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

6 NIHARIKA BORPATRA GOHAIN GOGOI F 30 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

7 IMTIAZ HUSSAIN M 31 Independent

8 FRANCIS DHAN M 40 Independent

9 LAKHI CHARAN SWANSI M 34 Independent

10 SIMA GHOSH F 40 Independent

S03 14 AS LAKHIMPUR 23-Apr-09 1 DR. ARUN KR. SARMA M 52 Asom Gana Parishad

2 BHOGESWAR DUTTA M 63 Communist Party of India

3 RANEE NARAH F 45 Indian National Congress

4 GANGADHAR DUTTA M 39 Shivsena

5 DEBNATH MAJHI M 30 Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)

6 PRAN JYOTI BORPATRA GOHAIN M 26 Rashtrawadi Sena

7 MINU BURAGOHAIN F 50 Samajwadi Party

8 RATNESWAR GOGOI M 63 All India Forward Bloc

9 LALIT MILI M 53 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

10 SONAMONI DAS M 39 Lok Jan Shakti Party

11 ASAP SUNDIGURIA M 62 Independent

12 PRASHANTA GOGOI M 35 Independent

13 BHUMIDHAR HAZARIKA M 38 Independent

14 RANOJ PEGU M 45 Independent

15 RABIN DEKA M 54 Independent

S04 1 BR VALMIKI NAGAR 23-Apr-09 1 DILIP VERMA M 52 Nationalist Congress Party

2 BAIDYANATH PRASAD MAHTO M 51 Janata Dal (United)

3 MANAN MISHRA M 48 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 MOHAMMAD SHAMIM AKHTAR M 37 Indian National Congress

5 RAGHUNATH JHA M 63 Rashtriya Janata Dal

6 BIRENDRA PRASAD GUPTA M 40 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

7 SHAILENDRA KUMAR GARHWAL M 38 Loktantrik Samata Dal

8 AMBIKA SINGH M 53 Independent

9 UMESH M 36 Independent

10 DEORAJ RAM M 31 Independent

11 FAKHRUDDIN M 37 Independent

12 MAGISTER YADAV M 42 Independent

13 MANOHAR MANOJ M 40 Independent

14 RAMASHANKAR PRASAD M 35 Independent

15 RAKESH KUMAR PANDEY M 51 Independent

16 SATYANARAIN YADAV M 28 Independent

S04 2 BR PASCHIM CHAMPARAN 23-Apr-09 1 ANIRUDH PRASAD ALIAS SADHU YADAV M 46 Indian National Congress

2 PRAKASH JHA M 55 Lok Jan Shakti Party

3 RAMASHRAY SINGH M 65 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

4 SHAMBHU PRASAD GUPTA M 50 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 DR. SANJAY JAISWAL M 44 Bharatiya Janata Party

6 FAIYAZUL AZAM M 71 Janata Dal (Secular)

7 MANOJ KUMAR M 44 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

8 SYED SHAMIM AKHTAR M 48 Loktantrik Samata Dal

9 NAFIS AHAMAD M 35 Independent

10 SHRIMAN MISHRA M 41 Independent

11 SYED IRSHAD AKHTER M 32 Independent

S04 3 BR PURVI CHAMPARAN 23-Apr-09 1 AKHILESH PD. SINGH M 40 Rashtriya Janata Dal

2 ARVIND KR. GUPTA M 29 Indian National Congress

3 GAGANDEO YADAV M 59 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 RADHA MOHAN SINGH M 59 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 RAMCHANDRA PD. M 51 Communist Party of India

6 UMESH KR. SINGH M 43 Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)

7 NAGENDRA SAHANI M 33 Loktantrik Samata Dal

8 SURESH KR. RAJAK M 45 Indian Justice Party

9 SURESH KR. RAI M 41 Bajjikanchal Vikas Party

10 JHAGARU MAHATO M 48 Independent

11 PARASNATH PANDEY M 48 Independent

12 MD. MURTAZA ANSARI(DR. LAL) M 40 Independent

S04 4 BR SHEOHAR 23-Apr-09 1 MD. ANWARUL HAQUE M 58 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 MD. TANVEER ZAFER M 33 Communist Party of India

3 RAMA DEVI F 60 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 LOVELY ANAND M 35 Indian National Congress

5 SITARAM SINGH M 60 Rashtriya Janata Dal

6 ARUN SAH M 30 Bharatiya Loktantrik Party(Gandhi-Lohiawadi)

7 BASDEO SAH M 36 Indian Justice Party

8 SHATRUGHANA SAHU M 38 Bharatiya Jantantrik Janta Dal

9 AJAY KUMAR PANDEY M 36 Independent

10 CHANDRIKA PRASAD M 34 Independent

11 MOHAMMAD FIROZ AHAMAD M 28 Independent

12 MOHSIN M 29 Independent

13 YOGENDRA RAM M 38 Independent

14 RAM ASHISH, MAHTO M 64 Independent

15 SUNIL SINGH M 44 Independent

S04 5 BR SITAMARHI 23-Apr-09 1 ARJUN ROY M 37 Janata Dal (United)

2 MAYA SHANKAR SHARAN M 47 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 SAMIR KUMAR MAHASETH M 49 Indian National Congress

4 SITARAM YADAV M 61 Rashtriya Janata Dal

5 S. ABU DAUJANA M 41 Loktantrik Samata Dal

6 CHITARANJAN GIRI M 42 Rashtriya Pragati Party

7 MOHAMMAD AFZAL PAINTHER M 44 Ambedkar National Congress

8 SHANKAR SINHA M 51 Revolutionary Socialist Party

9 CHANDRIKA PRASAD M 34 Independent

10 ZAHID M 30 Independent

11 DINESH PRASAD M 40 Independent

12 PAPPU KUMAR MISHRA M 30 Independent

13 MUKESH KUMAR GUPTA M 39 Independent

14 RAVINDRA KUMAR M 36 Independent

15 RAM KISHORE PRASAD M 71 Independent

16 SONE LAL SAH M 61 Independent

S04 6 BR MADHUBANI 23-Apr-09 1 ABDULBARI SIDDIKI M 62 Rashtriya Janata Dal

2 LAXMANKANT MISHRA M 48 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 DR SHAKEEL AHAMAD M 52 Indian National Congress

4 HUKM DEO NARAYAN YADAV M 72 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 DR HEMCHANDRA JHA M 48 Communist Party of India

6 MINTU KUMAR SINGH M 30 Jago Party

7 MISHRI LAL YADAV M 39 Rashtriya Krantikari Janata Party

8 RAMCHANDRA YADAV M 65 Krantikari Samyavadi Party

9 RAM SAGAR SAHANI M 51 Indian Justice Party

10 MD ZINNUR M 47 Independent

11 RAVINDRA THAKUR M 40 Independent

12 RAJESHWAR YADAV M 37 Independent

13 SANJAY KUMAR MAHTO M 36 Independent

14 HARIBHUSHAN THAKUR “BACHOL” M 44 Independent

S04 7 BR JHANJHARPUR 23-Apr-09 1 KRIPANATH PATHAK M 65 Indian National Congress

2 GAURI SHANKAR YADAV M 36 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 DEVENDRA PRASAD YADAV M 53 Rashtriya Janata Dal

4 MANGANI LAL MANDAL M 60 Janata Dal (United)

5 DR KIRTAN PRASAD SINGH M 50 Loktantrik Samata Dal

6 YOGNATH MANDAL M 36 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

7 OM PRAKASH M 27 Independent

8 NATHUNI YADAV M 57 Independent

9 FIROZ ALAM M 38 Independent

10 VIVEKA NAND JHA M 33 Independent

11 SHANKAR PRASAD M 26 Independent

S04 14 BR DARBHANGA 23-Apr-09 1 AJAY KUMAR JALAN M 49 Indian National Congress

2 MD. ALI ASHRAF FATMI M 53 Rashtriya Janata Dal

3 KIRTI AZAD M 48 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 YUGESHWAR SAHNI M 55 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 KUMARI SURESHWARI F 60 Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party

6 MD. KHURSHID ALAM M 46 Apna Dal

7 DURGANAND MAHAVIR NAYAK M 37 Bharatiya Jantantrik Janta Dal

8 MD. NIZAMUDDIN M 36 Indian Justice Party

9 SATYANARAYAN MUKHIA M 41 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

10 ABDUR RAHIM M 49 Independent

11 GOVIND ACHARAY M 27 Independent

12 BHARAT YADAV M 54 Independent

13 LALBAHADUR YADAV M 35 Independent

14 PROF. HARERAM ACHARAY M 49 Independent

S04 15 BR MUZAFFARPUR 23-Apr-09 1 CAPTAIN JAI NARAYAN PRASAD NISHAD M 78 Janata Dal (United)

2 BHAGWANLAL SAHNI M 57 Lok Jan Shakti Party

3 VINITA VIJAY F 41 Indian National Congress

4 SAMEER KUMAR M 41 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 JITENDRA YADAV M 35 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

6 DINESH KUMAR KUSHWAHA M 32 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

7 DEVENDRA RAKESH M 49 Bajjikanchal Vikas Party

8 NEELU SINGH F 36 Proutist Sarva Samaj

9 MAHENDRA PRASAD M 63 Rashtriya Pragati Party

10 MITHILESH KUMAR M 40 Rashtra Sewa Dal

11 MOHAMMAD SHAMIM M 31 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

12 MD. RAHAMTULLAHA M 37 Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh

13 RAM DAYAL RAM M 48 All India Forward Bloc

14 REYAJ AHMAD ATISH M 62 Jago Party

15 MD. SALEEM M 36 Rashtravadi Janata Party

16 ASHOK KUMAR LALAN M 37 Independent

17 AHMAD RAZA M 31 Independent

18 GEORGE FERNANDES M 78 Independent

19 TARKESHWAR PASWAN M 38 Independent

20 VIJENDRA CHAUDHARY M 42 Independent

21 VINOD PASWAN M 35 Independent

22 SHAMBHU SAHNI M 37 Independent

23 SADANAND KISHORE THAKUR M 38 Independent

24 SYED ALAMDAR HUSSAIN M 27 Independent

S04 16 BR VAISHALI 23-Apr-09 1 RAGHUVANSH PRASAD SINGH M 62 Rashtriya Janata Dal

2 VIJAY KUMAR SHUKLA M 38 Janata Dal (United)

3 SHANKAR MAHTO M 37 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 HIND KESRI YADAV M 58 Indian National Congress

5 PUNAMRI DEVI F 37 United Women Front

6 PRAMOD KUMAR SHARMA M 27 Bajjikanchal Vikas Party

7 BADRI PASWAN M 39 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

8 BALAK NATH SAHANI M 39 Indian Justice Party

9 LALJI KUMAR RAKESH M 35 Rashtra Sewa Dal

10 BINOD PANDIT M 29 Lokpriya Samaj Party

11 INDARDEO RAI M 46 Independent

12 JITENDRA PRASAD M 34 Independent

S04 21 BR HAJIPUR 23-Apr-09 1 DASAI CHOWDHARY M 52 Indian National Congress

2 MAHESHWAR DAS M 54 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 RAM VILAS PASWAN M 61 Lok Jan Shakti Party

4 RAM SUNDAR DAS M 88 Janata Dal (United)

5 DINESH CHANDRA BHUSHAN M 36 Loktantrik Samata Dal

6 NAND LAL PASWAN M 47 Independent

7 PRATIMA KUMARI F 33 Independent

8 RAJENDRA KUMAR PASWAN M 54 Independent

9 RAM TIRTH PASWAN M 59 Independent

10 VISHWA VIJAY KUMAR VIDHYARTHI M 30 Independent

11 SANJAY PASHWAN M 30 Independent

S04 22 BR UJIARPUR 23-Apr-09 1 ASWAMEDH DEVI F 40 Janata Dal (United)

2 ALOK KUMAR MEHTA M 40 Rashtriya Janata Dal

3 RAMDEO VERMA M 62 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

4 VIJAYWANT KUMAR CHOUDHARY M 60 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 SHEEL KUMAR ROY M 40 Indian National Congress

6 CHANDRA DEO ROY M 48 Socialist Party (Lohia)

7 JAI NARAYAN SAH M 53 Bajjikanchal Vikas Party

8 JITENDRA KUMAR ROY M 32 Shivsena

9 TOSHAN SAH M 62 Rashtriya Pragati Party

10 MD. TAUKIR M 40 Samata Party

11 MASSOD HASSAN M 29 Muslim League Kerala State Committee

12 RAMNATH SINGH M 36 Rashtra Sewa Dal

13 ARJUN SAHNI M 28 Independent

14 PRADEEP KUMAR M 41 Independent

15 BRAJESH KUMAR NIRALA M 51 Independent

16 MANSOOR M 42 Independent

17 MOHAN PAUL M 47 Independent

18 MOHAMMAD KURBAN M 43 Independent

19 RATAN SAHNI M 46 Independent

20 RAM SAGAR MAHTO M 45 Independent

21 SANJAY KUMAR JHA M 36 Independent

22 SUJIT KUMAR BHAGAT M 29 Independent

S04 23 BR SAMASTIPUR 23-Apr-09 1 DR. ASHOK KUMAR M 54 Indian National Congress

2 MAHESWER HAZARI M 38 Janata Dal (United)

3 RAM CHANDRA PASWAN M 47 Lok Jan Shakti Party

4 BINDESHWAR PASWAN M 59 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 UPENDRA PASWAN M 42 Loktantrik Samata Dal

6 JEEBACHH PASWAN M 41 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

7 RANDHIR PASWAN M 27 Independent

8 RAJA RAM DAS M 56 Independent

9 REKHA KUMARI F 29 Independent

10 SHIVCHANDRA PASWAN M 31 Independent

11 SATISH MAHTO M 33 Independent

S05 1 GA NORTH GOA 23-Apr-09 1 CHRISTOPHER FONSECA M 55 Communist Party of India

2 JITENDRA RAGHURAJ DESHPRABHU M 53 Nationalist Congress Party

3 RAUT PANDURANG DATTARAM M 62 Maharashtrawadi Gomantak

4 SHRIPAD YESSO NAIK M 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 UPENDRA CHANDRU GAONKAR M 48 Shivsena

6 NARACINVA SURYA SALGAONKAR M 51 Independent

7 MARTHA D’ SOUZA F 55 Independent

S05 2 GA SOUTH GOA 23-Apr-09 1 COSME FRANCISCO CAITANO SARDINHA M 62 Indian National Congress

2 ADV. NARENDRA KESHAV SAWAIKAR M 42 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 ADV. RAJU MANGESHKAR ALIAS RAJENDRA NAIK M 52 Communist Party of India

4 ROHIDAS HARICHANDRA BORKAR M 63 Save Goa Front

5 MATANHY SALDANHA M 60 United Goans Democratic Party

6 DIAS JAWAHAR M 53 Independent

7 DERICK DIAS M 41 Independent

8 FRANCISCO ANTONIO JOAO DE PHILOMENO FERNANDES M 66 Independent

9 MULLA SALIM M 25 Independent

10 SALUNKE SMITA PRAVEEN F 38 Independent

11 HAMZA KHAN M 57 Independent

S09 5 JK UDHAMPUR 23-Apr-09 1 ADREES AHMAD TABBASUM M 45 Communist Party of India

2 BALBIR SINGH M 53 Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party

3 PROF. BHIM SINGH M 69 Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party

4 RAKESH WAZIR M 29 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 CH. LAL SINGH M 50 Indian National Congress

6 DR. NIRMAL SINGH M 53 Bharatiya Janata Party

7 BODH RAJ M 42 Backward Classes Democratic Party, J&K

8 RAJESH MANCHANDA M 40 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

9 KANCHAN SHARMA F 40 Bharatiya Bahujan Party

10 MASTER WILLIAM GILL M 60 All India Forward Bloc

11 ATUL SHARMA M 30 Independent

12 DEV RAJ M 57 Independent

13 MOHD. YOUSUF M 46 Independent

14 NARESH DOGRA M 40 Independent

S10 1 KA CHIKKODI 23-Apr-09 1 KATTI RAMESH VISHWANATH M 44 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 PRAKASH BABANNA HUKKERI M 62 Indian National Congress

3 SHIVANAND WANTAMURI SIDDAMALLAPPA M 42 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 BANASHANKARI BHIMAPPA ITTAPPA M 32 Independent

5 MALLAPPA MARUTI KHATANVE M 60 Independent

6 YASHWANT MANOHAR SUTAR M 32 Independent

7 SHAILA SURESH KOLI F 37 Independent

S10 2 KA BELGAUM 23-Apr-09 1 AMARSINH VASANTRAO PATIL M 49 Indian National Congress

2 ANGADI SURESH CHANNABASAPPA M 55 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 A. B. PATIL M 56 Janata Dal (Secular)

4 RAMANAGOUDA SIDDANGOUDA PATIL M 66 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 ALLAPPA RAMAPPA PATIL M 31 Independent

6 KASTURI BASANAGOUDA BHAVI F 40 Independent

7 MOHAN. H. GADIWADDAR M 29 Independent

8 RAMCHANDRA MAREPPA TORGAL(CHALAWADI) M 66 Independent

9 VIJAYKUMAR JEENDATTA UPADHYE M 47 Independent

10 HANAJI ASHOK PANDU M 28 Independent

S10 4 KA BIJAPUR 23-Apr-09 1 ALMELKAR VILASABABU BASALINGAPPA M 46 Janata Dal (Secular)

2 KANAMADI SUDHAKAR MALLESH M 54 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 PRAKASH KUBASING RATHOD M 48 Indian National Congress

4 RAMESH CHANDAPPA JIGAJINAGI M 57 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 NARASAPPA TIPPANNA BANDIWADDAR M 48 Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha

6 LAMANI CHANDRAKANT RUPASING M 38 Lok Jan Shakti Party

7 ARAKERI NIRMALA SRINIVAS F 35 Independent

8 CHALAWADI RAMANNA M 54 Independent

9 SEVALAL SOMASHEKAR PURAPPA M 46 Independent

10 HARIJAN AMBANNA TUKARAM M 33 Independent

S10 5 KA GULBARGA 23-Apr-09 1 BABU HONNA NAIK M 55 Janata Dal (Secular)

2 MALLIKARJUN KHARGE M 67 Indian National Congress

3 MAHADEV. B. DHANNI M 51 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 REVUNAIK BELAMGI M 70 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 DR. K. T. PALUSKAR M 53 Prabuddha Republican Party

6 RAVIKUMAR SHALIMANI SEDAM M 34 Ambedkar National Congress

7 SHANKER KODLA M 73 Janata Dal (United)

8 SHANKAR JADHAV M 48 Bharatiya Peoples Party

9 H.V. DIWAKAR M 46 Independent

10 SHIVAKUMAR . KOLLUR M 44 Independent

S10 6 KA RAICHUR 23-Apr-09 1 K.DEVANNA NAIK M 56 Janata Dal (Secular)

2 PAKKIRAPPA.S. M 51 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 RAJA VENKATAPPA NAIK M 52 Indian National Congress

4 SHIVAKUMAR M 42 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 COM II. V.H.MASTER M 73 Independent

6 COMRADE V.MUDUKAPPA NAYAK M 36 Independent

7 R.MUDUKAPPA NAYAK M 44 Independent

8 K.SOMASHEKHAR M 43 Independent

S10 7 KA BIDAR 23-Apr-09 1 GURUPADAPPA NAGMARPALLI M 25 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 JAGANNATH.R.JAMADAR M 25 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 N.DHARAM SINGH M 25 Indian National Congress

4 SUBHASH TIPPANNA NELGE M 25 Janata Dal (Secular)

5 ADVOCATE MOULVI ZAMEERUDDIN M 25 National Development Party

6 BHASKAR BABU PATERPALLI M 25 Indian Christian Secular Party

7 SHRAVAN SANGONDA BHANDE M 25 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

8 SUBHASH CHANDRA G.KHAPATE M 25 Laghujan Samaj Vikas Party

9 AMRUTHAPPA.M.D M 25 Independent

10 MD ARSHAD AHMED ANSARI M 25 Independent

11 KHAJA SAMEEUDDIN KHAJA MOINUDDIN M 25 Independent

12 JADHAV VENKAT RAO GYANOBA RAO M 25 Independent

13 DONGAPURE SHANT KUMAR M 25 Independent

14 DEVENDRAPPA SANGRAMAPPA PATIL M 25 Independent

15 NARSAPPA MUTHANGI M 25 Independent

16 PARMESHWAR RAMCHANDRA M 25 Independent

17 PASHAMIYA ESMAIL SAB M 25 Independent

18 BASWARAJ PAILWAN OKALLI M 25 Independent

19 MANJILE MIYYA PEER SAB QURESH M 25 Independent

20 MD OSMAN ALI LAKHPATI M 25 Independent

21 MUFTI SHAIKH ABDUL GAFFAR QASMI M 25 Independent

22 YEVATE PATIL SHRIMANT M 25 Independent

23 YASHWANTH NARSING M 25 Independent

24 SHIVARAJ TIMMANNA BOKKE M 25 Independent

25 SAMEEUDDIN BANDELI M 25 Independent

26 SURESH SWAMY TALGHATKER M 25 Independent

27 SYED QUBUL ULLA HUSSIANI SAJID M 25 Independent

S10 8 KA KOPPAL 23-Apr-09 1 ANSARI IQBAL M 50 Janata Dal (Secular)

2 BASAVARAJ RAYAREDDY M 53 Indian National Congress

3 SHIVAPUTRAPPA GUMAGERA M 42 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 SHIVARAMAGOUDA SHIVANAGOUDA M 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 ZAKEER M 30 Lok Jan Shakti Party

6 BASAVARAJ KARADI WADDARAHATTI M 27 Janata Dal (United)

7 BHARADWAJ M 63 Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)

8 ISHWARAPPA J M 52 Independent

9 UPPARA HANUMANTAPPA M 33 Independent

10 GOUSIA BEGUM F 31 Independent

11 CHAKRAVARTI NAYAK T M 70 Independent

12 CHANDRASHEKAR M 37 Independent

13 NAJEER HUSAIN M 41 Independent

14 PUJAR D.H M 42 Independent

15 MAREMMA YANKAPPA F 40 Independent

16 SHARABHAYYA HIREMATH M 27 Independent

17 SHIVAKUMAR NAVALI SIDDAPPA TONTAPUR M 44 Independent

18 HANDI RAFIQSAB M 53 Independent

S10 9 KA BELLARY 23-Apr-09 1 T. NAGENDRA M 44 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 J. SHANTHA F 35 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 N.Y. HANUMANTHAPPA M 69 Indian National Congress

4 CHOWDAPPA M 29 Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)

5 D. GANGANNA M 59 Independent

6 B. RAMAIAH M 60 Independent

7 A. RAMANJANAPPA M 41 Independent

S10 12 KA UTTARA KANNADA 23-Apr-09 1 ANANTKUMAR HEGDE M 40 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 ALVA MARGARET F 67 Indian National Congress

3 HADAPAD BASAVARAJ DUNDAPPA M 28 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 V D HEGADE M 68 Janata Dal (Secular)

5 ELISH KOTIYAL M 44 Janata Dal (United)

6 D M GURAV M 49 Shivsena

7 ABDUL RASHEED SHAIKH M 44 Independent

8 UDAY BABU KHALVADEKAR M 57 Independent

9 KHAZI RAHMATULLA ABDUL WAHAB M 60 Independent

10 L P M NAIK M 39 Independent

11 YASHWANT TIMMANNA NIPPANIKAR M 58 Independent

S10 18 KA CHITRADURGA 23-Apr-09 1 JANARDHANA SWAMY M 41 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 M JAYANNA M 58 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 DR. B THIPPESWAMY M 37 Indian National Congress

4 M RATHNAKAR M 42 Janata Dal (Secular)

5 SHASHISHEKAR NAIK M 46 Rashtriya Janata Dal

6 M KUMBAIAH M 56 Independent

7 GANESHA M 48 Independent

8 K H DURGASIMHA M 61 Independent

9 RAMACHANDRA M 49 Independent

10 B SUJATHA F 33 Independent

11 HANUMANTHAPPA TEGNOOR M 59 Independent

S10 19 KA TUMKUR 23-Apr-09 1 ASHOK M 59 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 P. KODANDARAMAIAH M 69 Indian National Congress

3 G.S. BASAVARAJU M 67 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 S.P. MUDDAHANUMEGOWDA M 55 Janata Dal (Secular)

5 SREE GOWRISHANKARA SWAMIGALU M 63 Samajwadi Party

6 D.R. NAGARAJA M 53 Independent

7 G. NAGENDRA M 34 Independent

8 NIRANJANA C.S M 29 Independent

9 MOHAMED KHASIM M 47 Independent

10 SHASIBHUSHANA M 34 Independent

S10 23 KA BANGALORE RURAL 23-Apr-09 1 H.D.KUMARASWAMY M 49 Janata Dal (Secular)

2 TEJASVINI GOWDA F 42 Indian National Congress

3 MOHAMED HAFEEZ ULLAH M 54 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 C. P. YOGEESHWARA M 45 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 C.THOPAIAH M 56 Janata Dal (United)

6 I VENKATESWARA REDDY M 55 Pyramid Party of India

7 AGNISHREENIVAS M 30 Independent

8 D.KUMARASWAMY M 43 Independent

9 KUMARASWAMY C M 28 Independent

10 KRISHNAPPA M 46 Independent

11 Y.CHINNAPPA M 33 Independent

12 A CHOWRAPPA M 44 Independent

13 DR. K PADMARAJAN M 50 Independent

14 K.PUTTAMADEGOWDA M 40 Independent

15 T.M.MANCHEGOWDA M 62 Independent

S10 24 KA BANGALORE NORTH 23-Apr-09 1 D. B. CHANDRE GOWDA M 73 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 C. K. JAFFER SHARIEF M 75 Indian National Congress

3 PADMAA K. BHAT F 43 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 R. SURENDRA BABU M 48 Janata Dal (Secular)

5 M. TIPPUVARDHAN M 39 Bharatiya Praja Paksha

6 ANCHAN KHANNA M 34 Independent

7 KANYA KUMAR M 36 Independent

8 G S KUMAR M 68 Independent

9 C. KRISHNAMURTHY M 45 Independent

10 B K CHANDRA M 38 Independent

11 T. R. CHANDRAHASA M 45 Independent

12 ABDUL JALEEL M 39 Independent

13 ZAFER MOHIUDDIN M 48 Independent

14 JOSEPH SOLOMON M 39 Independent

15 L. NAGARAJ M 52 Independent

16 V. PRASANNA KUMAR M 38 Independent

17 H. PILLAIAH M 46 Independent

18 T. B. MADWARAJA M 33 Independent

19 MEER LAYAQ HUSSAIN M 42 Independent

20 K. A. MOHAN M 51 Independent

21 S. M. RAJU M 52 Independent

22 L. LAKSHMAIAH M 64 Independent

23 MU. VENKATESHAIAH M 50 Independent

24 VENKATESA SETTY M 63 Independent

25 H. A. SHIVAKUMAR M 30 Independent

26 K. SATHYANARAYANA M 57 Independent

27 SYED AKBAR BASHA M 50 Independent

28 N. HARISH GOWDA M 33 Independent

S10 25 KA BANGALORE CENTRAL 23-Apr-09 1 ZAMEER AHMED KHAN. B.Z M 43 Janata Dal (Secular)

2 P. C. MOHAN M 45 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 VIJAY RAJA SINGH M 37 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 H.T.SANGLIANA M 67 Indian National Congress

5 IFTHAQUAR ALI BHUTTO M 37 Ambedkar National Congress

6 J.D.ELANGOVAN M 64 Indian Justice Party

7 S M KRISHNA M 44 Bharatiya Praja Paksha

8 B KRISHNA PRASAD M 55 Proutist Sarva Samaj Party

9 A.S. PAUL M 60 Akhila India Jananayaka Makkal Katchi (Dr. Issac)

10 D.C. PRAKASH M 41 Karnataka Thamizhar Munnetra Kazhagam

11 K.PRABHAKARA REDDY M 61 Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha

12 T.K.PREMKUMAR M 45 Pyramid Party of India

13 ABHIMANI NARENDRA M 50 Independent

14 M.A. ASHWATHA NARAYANA SETTY M 64 Independent

15 K UMA F 46 Independent

16 UMASHANKAR M 42 Independent

17 K.S.S.IYENGAR M 77 Independent

18 B.M.KRISHNAREDDY M 64 Independent

19 S.KODANDARAM M 50 Independent

20 C.V.GIDDAPPA M 55 Independent

21 A.CHANDRASHEKAR M 45 Independent

22 JAYARAMA M 60 Independent

23 K.NARASIMHA M 38 Independent

24 B.K NARAYANA SWAMY M 52 Independent

25 P.PARTHIBAN M 34 Independent

26 MEER LAYAQ HUSSAIN M 42 Independent

27 B.MOHAN VELU M 39 Independent

28 R. RAJ M 49 Independent

29 E. RAMAKRISHNAIAH M 50 Independent

30 K.H.RAMALINGAREDDY M 41 Independent

31 VIJAYA BHASKAR N M 61 Independent

32 DR.D. R.VENKATESH GOWDA M 82 Independent

33 SHAFFI AHMED M 50 Independent

34 S.N. SHARMA M 67 Independent

35 SHASHIKUMAR A.R M 43 Independent

36 K.SHIVARAMANNA M 55 Independent

37 SHAIK BAHADUR M 54 Independent

S10 26 KA BANGALORE SOUTH 23-Apr-09 1 ANANTH KUMAR M 49 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 KRISHNA BYRE GOWDA M 36 Indian National Congress

3 NAHEEDA SALMA S F 47 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 PROF.RADHAKRISHNA M 63 Janata Dal (Secular)

5 B.M.GOVINDRAJ NAIK M 38 Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha

6 P.JOHNBASCO M 37 Akhila India Jananayaka Makkal Katchi (Dr. Issac)

7 VATAL NAGARAJ M 60 Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha

8 B.SHIVARAMAPPA M 62 Pyramid Party of India

9 ABHIMAANI NARENDRA M 50 Independent

10 KHADER ALI KHAN M 39 Independent

11 GANESH HANUMANTARAO MOKHASHI M 58 Independent

12 CAPT. G.R. GOPINATH M 57 Independent

13 K.C.JANARDHAN M 46 Independent

14 DR.JAYALAKSHMI.H.G. F 48 Independent

15 K.M.NARAYANA M 54 Independent

16 MADESH.C M 40 Independent

17 MURALIDHARA.D.J. M 44 Independent

18 RAVI KUMARA.T. M 26 Independent

19 SUGANDHARAJE URS M 59 Independent

20 SANTHOSH MIN.B M 33 Independent

S10 27 KA CHIKKBALLAPUR 23-Apr-09 1 C.ASWATHANARAYANA M 59 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 C.R.MANOHAR M 29 Janata Dal (Secular)

3 M.VEERAPPA MOILY M 69 Indian National Congress

4 HENNURU LAKSHMINARAYANA M 49 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 M.RAMAKRISHNAIAH M 40 Pyramid Party of India

6 M.VENKATESH M 55 Bharatiya Praja Paksha

7 H.R.SHIVAKUMAR M 39 Lok Jan Shakti Party

8 KRISHNAMURTHY .T M 70 Independent

9 K.S.CHANDRASHEKARA RAO (AZAD) M 54 Independent

10 L.NAGARAJ M 52 Independent

11 G.NARAYANAPPA M 62 Independent

12 A.N.BACHEGOWDA M 50 Independent

13 G.B.MUTHUKUMAR M 62 Independent

14 M.MUNIVENKATAIAH M 64 Independent

15 M.RAMESH M 30 Independent

16 RAVI GOKRE M 32 Independent

17 G.N. RAVI M 45 Independent

18 K.VENKATAREDDY M 36 Independent

19 B.SHIVARAJA M 40 Independent

20 Y.A.SIDDALINGEGOWDA M 42 Independent

S10 28 KA KOLAR 23-Apr-09 1 G.CHANDRANNA M 56 Janata Dal (Secular)

2 K.H.MUNIYAPPA M 61 Indian National Congress

3 N.MUNISWAMY M 57 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 LAKSHMI SHANMUGAM F 56 Nationalist Congress Party

5 D.S.VEERAIAH M 60 Bharatiya Janata Party

6 K.R.DEVARAJA M 51 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

7 B.M.KRISHNAPPA M 59 Independent

8 M.R.GANTAPPA M 46 Independent

9 P.V.CHANGALARAYAPPA M 38 Independent

10 P.CHANDRAPPA M 42 Independent

11 V.JAYARAMA M 59 Independent

12 JAYARAMAPPA M 45 Independent

13 NAGARATHNA M. F 47 Independent

14 M.NAGARAJA M 35 Independent

15 NARAYANASWAMY M 49 Independent

16 K.NARAYANASWAMY M 37 Independent

17 C.K.MUNIYAPPA M 43 Independent

18 M.RAVI KUMAR M 36 Independent

19 M.VENKATASWAMY M 55 Independent

20 K.VENKATESH M 40 Independent

21 SRINIVASA T.O. M 37 Independent

22 SRINIVASA P. M 42 Independent

S12 8 MP KHAJURAHO 23-Apr-09 1 JAYAWANT SINGH M 49 Samajwadi Party

2 JEETENDRA SINGH M 50 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 RAJA PATERYA M 49 Indian National Congress

4 SEWA LAL PATEL M 49 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 M. SHAKIL M 38 Gondwana Mukti Sena

6 SAROJ BACHCHAN NAYAK F 56 Janata Dal (United)

7 SURYA BHAN SINGH ‘YADAV GURUJI’ M 75 All India Forward Bloc

8 AKEEL KHAN M 43 Independent

9 AKANCHHA JAIN F 34 Independent

10 KRISHNA SHARAN SINGH (RAJA BHAIYA) M 36 Independent

11 NARENDRA KUMAR M 54 Independent

12 RAJENDRA AHIRWAR M 43 Independent

13 RAM NATH LODHI M 41 Independent

14 SHABNAM (MAUSI) F 48 Independent

15 SHUKL SITARAM M 48 Independent

S12 9 MP SATNA 23-Apr-09 1 GANESH SINGH M 46 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 PT. RAJARAM TRIPATHI M 56 Samajwadi Party

3 SUKHLAL KUSHWAHA M 46 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 SUDHIR SINGH TOMAR M 41 Indian National Congress

5 ONKAR SINGH M 56 Akhil Bharatiya Hind Kranti Party

6 GIRJA SINGH PATEL M 49 Apna Dal

7 CHHOTELAL SINGH GOND M 65 Gondwana Mukti Sena

8 PRAMILA F 43 Republican Party of India (A)

9 B BALLABH CHARYA M 38 Advait Ishwasyam Congress

10 RAJESH SINGH BAGHEL M 41 Gondvana Gantantra Party

11 SHOBHNATH SEN M 29 Lok Jan Shakti Party

12 SUNDERLAL CHAUDHARI M 64 Indian Justice Party

13 ASHOK KUMAR KUSHWAHA M 33 Independent

14 ASHOK KUSHWAHA M 28 Independent

15 CHHOTELAL M 59 Independent

16 BHAIYALAL URMALIYA M 62 Independent

17 MANISH KUMAR JAIN M 31 Independent

18 MUNNI KRANTI F 44 Independent

19 RAMVISHWAS BASORE M 38 Independent

20 RAM SAJIVAN M 46 Independent

21 RAMAYAN CHAUDHARI M 39 Independent

S12 10 MP REWA 23-Apr-09 1 CHANDRA MANI TRIPATHI M 62 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 DEORAJ SINGH PATEL M 36 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 PUSHPRAJ SINGH M 48 Samajwadi Party

4 SUNDER LAL TIWARI M 51 Indian National Congress

5 BADRI PRASAD KUSHWAHA M 47 Apna Dal

6 RAMKISHAN NIRAT (SAKET) M 32 Republican Party of India (A)

7 RAMAYAN PRASAD PATEL M 42 Yuva Vikas Party

8 VIMALA SONDHIA F 53 Lok Jan Shakti Party

9 SALMA F 33 All India Forward Bloc

10 MD. AKEEL KHAN (BACHCHA BHAI) M 34 Independent

11 JAIKARAN SAKET M 48 Independent

12 BRAHMDUTTMISHRA ALIAS CHHOTE MURAITHA M 46 Independent

13 SUKHENDRA PRATAP M 44 Independent

14 SUNDAR LAL M 37 Independent

15 HIRALAL VISHWAKARMA M 56 Independent

S12 11 MP SIDHI 23-Apr-09 1 ASHOK KUMAR SHAH M 34 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 INDRAJEET KUMAR M 61 Indian National Congress

3 GOVIND PRASAD MISHRA M 60 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 MANIK SINGH M 43 Samajwadi Party

5 LOLAR SINGH URETI M 29 Gondwana Mukti Sena

6 VEENA SINGH NETI F 34 Gondvana Gantantra Party

7 BABOOLAL JAISWAL M 39 Independent

8 MADAN MOHAN JAISWAL (ADVOCATE) M 36 Independent

9 MAHENDRA BHAIYA (DIKSHIT) M 42 Independent

10 RAMAKANT PANDEY MALAIHNA M 63 Independent

11 VEENA SINGH (VEENA DIDI) F 56 Independent

S12 12 MP SHAHDOL 23-Apr-09 1 CHANDRA PRATAP SINGH (BABA SAHAB) M 51 Samajwadi Party

2 NARENDRA SINGH MARAVI M 29 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 MANOHAR SINGH MARAVI M 46 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 RAJESH NANDINI SINGH F 52 Indian National Congress

5 SADAN SINGH BHARIA M 39 Communist Party of India

6 KRISHN PAL SINGH PAVEL M 29 Lok Jan Shakti Party

7 GANPAT GOND M 38 Gondwana Mukti Sena

8 RAM RATAN SINGH PAVLE M 28 Gondvana Gantantra Party

S12 13 MP JABALPUR 23-Apr-09 1 AZIZ QURESHI M 64 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 ASHOK KUMAR SHARMA M 40 Samajwadi Party

3 RAKESH SINGH M 48 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 ADVOCATE RAMESHWAR NEEKHRA M 61 Indian National Congress

5 MEERCHAND PATEL (KACHHVAHA) M 63 Republican Party of India

6 RAVI MAHOBIA (KUNDAM) M 29 Gondvana Gantantra Party

7 RAJKUMARI SINGH F 40 Lok Jan Shakti Party

8 HARI SINGH MARAVI M 36 Gondwana Mukti Sena

9 DR. MUKESH MEHROTRA M 57 Independent

10 RAKESH SONKAR (PRAMUKH DHAI AKSHAR) M 39 Independent

11 SUNIL PATEL M 38 Independent

S12 14 MP MANDLA 23-Apr-09 1 JALSO DHURWEY F 25 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 FAGGAN SINGH KULASTE M 49 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 BASORI SINGH MASRAM M 59 Indian National Congress

4 UDAL SINGH DHURWEY M 35 Loktanrik Sarkar Party

5 JHANK SINGH KUSHRE M 37 Gondvana Gantantra Party

6 PREM SINGH MARAVI M 35 Gondwana Mukti Sena

7 BHAGAT SINGH VARKEDE M 45 Lok Jan Shakti Party

8 MANESHWARI NAIK F 65 Republican Party of India (A)

9 SUNITA NETI F 33 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

10 CHANDRA SHEKHAR DHURWEY M 46 Independent

11 CHAMBAL SING MARAWEE M 62 Independent

12 DEV SINGH BHALAVI M 25 Independent

13 SHIVCHARAN UIKEY M 26 Independent

14 SAHDEO PRASAD MARAVI M 43 Independent

S12 15 MP BALAGHAT 23-Apr-09 1 AJAB LAL M 35 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 KISHOR SAMRITE M 42 Samajwadi Party

3 KANKAR MUNJARE M 52 Rashtriya Janata Dal

4 K. D. DESHMUKH M 60 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 VISHVESHWAR BHAGAT M 57 Indian National Congress

6 KALPANA GOPAL WASNIK F 38 Republican Party of India (A)

7 DARBU SINGH UIKEY M 37 Gondwana Mukti Sena

8 BHAIYA BALKRISHNA M 53 Gondvana Gantantra Party

9 ADVOCATE AZHAR UL ALIM M 58 Independent

10 ANJU ASHOK UIKEY F 34 Independent

11 GOVARDHAN PATLE URF HITLAR M 75 Independent

12 JITENDRA MESHRAM M 37 Independent

13 DHANESHWAR LILHARE M 40 Independent

14 NYAZMIR KHAN M 32 Independent

15 POORANLAL LODHI M 37 Independent

16 MANSINGH BISEN M 59 Independent

17 SANDEEP SANTRAM M 31 Independent

18 SHRIRAM THAKUR M 58 Independent

S12 16 MP CHHINDWARA 23-Apr-09 1 KAMAL NATH M 62 Indian National Congress

2 MAROT RAO KHAVASE M 59 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 RAO SAHEB SHINDE M 46 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 JOGILAL IRPACHI M 48 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

5 PARDHESHI HARTAPSAH TIRKAM M 40 Gondwana Mukti Sena

6 BALVEER SINGH YADAV M 30 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

7 RAMKISHAN PAL M 62 Republican Party of India (A)

8 SATAP SHA UIKEY M 35 Gondvana Gantantra Party

9 ABDUL SHAMAD KHAN M 45 Independent

10 AMRITLAL PATHAK RAGHUVAR M 70 Independent

11 ASHARAM DEHARIYA M 33 Independent

12 KAMALNATH (MAYAWADI-PARASIA) M 31 Independent

13 GANARAM UIKEY M 53 Independent

14 AZAD CHANDRASHEKHER PANDOLE SAMAJ SEVAK M 42 Independent

15 JAGDISH BAIS M 35 Independent

16 TULSIRAM SURYAWANSHI M 62 Independent

17 DUARAM UIKEY M 40 Independent

18 DHANPAL BHALAVI M 35 Independent

19 DHANRAJ JAMBHATKAR M 37 Independent

20 NARESH KUMAR YUVNATI M 33 Independent

21 NIKHILESH DHURVEY M 30 Independent

22 PITRAM UIKEY M 48 Independent

23 PRAVINDRA NAURATI M 37 Independent

24 MANMOHAN SHAH BATTI M 46 Independent

25 R.K. MARKAM M 28 Independent

26 SHOAIB KHAN M 44 Independent

27 SUKMAN INVATI M 42 Independent

28 SUBHASH SHUKLA M 40 Independent

S12 17 MP HOSHANGABAD 23-Apr-09 1 UDAY PRATAP SINGH M 44 Indian National Congress

2 ADV.B.M.KAUSHIK M 35 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 HAJAEE SYID MUEEN UDDIN M 47 Samajwadi Party

4 RAMPAL SINGH M 53 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 DINESH KUMAR AHIRWAR M 42 Independent

6 BHARAT KUMAR CHOUREY M 29 Independent

7 MOHAMMD ABDULLA M 54 Independent

8 RAKHI GUPTA F 31 Independent

9 RAMPAL M 62 Independent

10 SUDAMA PRASAD M 55 Independent

S12 18 MP VIDISHA 23-Apr-09 1 DR.PREMSHANKAR SHARMA M 44 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 CHOUDHARY MUNABBAR SALIM M 50 Samajwadi Party

3 SUSHMA SWARAJ F 57 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 BHAI MUNSHILAL SILAWAT M 25 Republican Party of India (A)

5 RAMGOPAL MALVIYA M 35 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

6 HARBHAJAN JANGRE M 33 Lok Jan Shakti Party

7 GANESHRAM LODHI M 44 Independent

8 RAJESHWAR SINGH YADAV (RAO) M 39 Independent

S12 19 MP BHOPAL 23-Apr-09 1 ER. ASHOK NARAYAN SINGH M 53 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 KAILASH JOSHI M 79 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 MHOD. MUNAWAR KHAN KAUSAR M 44 Samajwadi Party

4 SURENDRA SINGH THAKUR M 55 Indian National Congress

5 ASHOK PAWAR M 47 Prajatantrik Samadhan Party

6 AHIRWAR LAKHANLAL PURVI M 42 Republican Party of India (A)

7 KARAN KUMAR KAROSIA URF KARAN JEEJA M 41 Gondvana Gantantra Party

8 RADHESHYAM KULASTE M 38 Gondwana Mukti Sena

9 RAMDAS GHOSLE M 54 Republican Party of India (Democratic )

10 SANJEEV SINGHAL M 42 Savarn Samaj Party

11 ANIL SINGH M 30 Independent

12 AMAR SINGH M 72 Independent

13 KAPIL DUBEY M 37 Independent

14 D. C. GUJARKAR M 52 Independent

15 DARSHAN SINGH RATHORE M 53 Independent

16 BRAJENDRA CHATURVEDI URF GAPPU CHATURVEDI M 35 Independent

17 DR. MAHESH YADAV ‘AMAN GANDHI’ M 40 Independent

18 MUKESH SEN M 32 Independent

19 MEHDI SIR M 30 Independent

20 RAJESH KUMAR YADAV M 42 Independent

21 RAM SAHAY YATRI (SHRIVASTAVA) URF RASHTRAVADI YATRI M 79 Independent

22 SHAHNAWAZ M 59 Independent

23 SHIV NARAYAN SINGH BAGWARE M 60 Independent

S12 29 MP BETUL 23-Apr-09 1 OJHARAM EVANE M 54 Indian National Congress

2 JYOTI DHURVE F 43 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 RAMA KAKODIA M 50 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 DR. SUKHDEV SINGH CHOUHAN M 42 Samajwadi Party

5 KALLUSINGH UIKEY M 59 Gondwana Mukti Sena

6 KADMU SINGH KUMARE (K.S.KUMARE) M 59 Gondvana Gantantra Party

7 GULABRAV M 53 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

8 MANGAL SINGH LOKHANDE M 51 Samajwadi Jan Parishad

9 SUSHILKUMAR ALIS BALUBHAIYYA M 39 Republican Party of India (A)

10 IMRATLAL MARKAM M 58 Independent

11 KAMAL SING M 45 Independent

12 KADAKSHING VADIVA M 27 Independent

13 KRISHNA GOPAL PARTE M 35 Independent

14 MOTIRAM MAVASE M 48 Independent

15 ADHIVAKTA SHANKAR PENDAM M 66 Independent

16 SUNIL KUMAR KAWADE M 27 Independent

S13 1 MH NANDURBAR 23-Apr-09 1 GAVIT MANIKRAO HODLYA M 75 Indian National Congress

2 NATAWADKAR SUHAS JYANT M 48 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 PADVI BABITA KARMSINGH F 36 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 KOKANI MANJULABAI SAKHARAM F 59 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

5 GAVIT SHARAD KRUSHNRAO M 46 Samajwadi Party

6 ABHIJIT AATYA VASAVE M 30 Independent

7 KOLI RAJU RAMDAS M 34 Independent

S13 2 MH DHULE 23-Apr-09 1 AMARISHBHAI RASIKLAL PATEL M 56 Indian National Congress

2 RIZWAN MO.AKBAR M 34 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 SONAWANE PRATAP NARAYANRAO M 60 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 ANIL ANNA GOTE M 61 Loksangram

5 ANSARI MOHD. ISMAIL MOHD. IBRAHIM M 37 Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh

6 ARIF AHMED SHAIKH JAFHAR M 99 Navbharat Nirman Party

7 KAVAYATRI-SONKANYA THAKUR RAJANI BAGWAN F 49 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

8 NIHAL AHMED MOLVI. MOHAMMED USMAN M 81 Janata Dal (Secular)

9 MD. ISMAIL JUMMAN M 49 Independent

10 KISHOR PITAMBAR AHIRE M 28 Independent

11 GAZI ATEZAD AHMED MUBEEN AHMED KHAN M 57 Independent

12 GAIKWAD PATIL BHUSHAN BAJIRAO M 28 Independent

13 DADASO. PANDITRAO PATIL KOKALEKAR M 55 Independent

14 SHEVALE PATIL SANDEEP JIBHAU M 31 Independent

15 SONAWANE PANDIT UTTAMRAO M 42 Independent

S13 3 MH JALGAON 23-Apr-09 1 A.T. NANA PATIL M 47 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 ADV. MATIN AHMED M 38 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 ADV. VASANTRAO JIVANRAO MORE M 63 Nationalist Congress Party

4 ATMARAM SURSING JADHAV (ENGG.) M 33 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

5 JADHAV NATTHU SHANKAR M 56 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

6 JANGALU DEVRAM SHIRSATH M 65 Hindustan Janta Party

7 NANNAWARE CHAITANYA PANDIT M 33 Prabuddha Republican Party

8 LAXMAN SHIVAJI SHIRSATH (PATIL) M 42 Krantisena Maharashtra

9 ANIL PITAMBAR WAGH (SIR) M 38 Independent

10 KANTILAL CHHAGAN NAIK (BANJARA) M 39 Independent

11 WAGH SUDHAKAR ATMARAM M 26 Independent

12 SHALIGRAM SHIVRAM MAHAJAN (DEORE) M 49 Independent

13 SALIMODDIN ISAMODDIN SHE.(MISTARI) M 56 Independent

S13 4 MH RAVER 23-Apr-09 1 PATIL SURESH CHINDHU M 48 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 ADV. RAVINDRA PRALHADRAO PATIL M 54 Nationalist Congress Party

3 HARIBHAU MADHAV JAWALE M 55 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 TELI SHAIKH ISMAIL HAJI HASAN M 57 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

5 BAPU SAHEBRAO SONAWANE M 45 Prabuddha Republican Party

6 MARATHE BHIMRAO PARBAT M 51 Krantisena Maharashtra

7 SHIVAVEER DNYANESHWAR VITTHAL AMALE URPH AMALE SARKAR M 26 Shivrajya Party

8 IQBAL ALAUDDIN TADVI M 41 Independent

9 UTTAM KASHIRAM INGALE M 36 Independent

10 KOLI SANTOSH GOKUL M 25 Independent

11 FIRKE SURESH KACHARU EX ACP (CRPF) M 58 Independent

12 MAKBUL FARID SK. M 36 Independent

13 MOHD. MUNAWWAR MOHD. HANIF M 45 Independent

14 MORE HIRAMAN BHONAJI M 41 Independent

15 D.D. WANI (PHOTOGRAPHER) (DYNESHWAR DIWAKAR WANI) M 43 Independent

16 VIVEK SHARAD PATIL M 41 Independent

17 SHAIKH RAMJAN SHAIKH KARIM M 40 Independent

18 SUJATA IBRAHIM TADAVI F 45 Independent

19 SANJAY PRALADH KANDELKAR M 34 Independent

S13 18 MH JALNA 23-Apr-09 1 DR. KALE KALYAN VAIJINATHRAO M 46 Indian National Congress

2 DANVE RAOSAHEB DADARAO M 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 RATHOD RAJPALSINH GABRUSINH M 35 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 AAPPASAHEB RADHAKISAN KUDHEKAR M 29 Krantisena Maharashtra

5 KISAN BALVANTA BORDE M 61 Prabuddha Republican Party

6 KHARAT ASHOK RAMRAO M 51 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

7 TAWAR KAILAS BHAUSAHEB M 45 Swatantra Bharat Paksha

8 DR. DILAWAR MIRZA BAIG M 29 Indian Union Muslim League

9 BHOJNE BABASAHEB SANGAM M 37 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

10 MISAL TUKARAM BABURAOJI M 48 Samajwadi Party

11 RATNAPARKHE ARCHANA SUDHAKAR F 31 Republician Party of India Ektawadi

12 SUBHASH FAKIRA SALVE M 43 Ambedkar National Congress

13 SAYYAD MAKSUD NOOR M 42 Lok Jan Shakti Party

14 KOLTE MANOJ NEMINATH M 26 Independent

15 KHANDU HARISHCHANDRA LAGHANE M 30 Independent

16 NADE DNYANESHWAR DAGDU M 41 Independent

17 BABASAHEB PATIL SHINDE M 53 Independent

18 SONWANE ASHOK VITTHAL M 45 Independent

19 S. HUSAIN AHEMAD M 37 Independent

S13 19 MH AURANGABAD 23-Apr-09 1 UTTAMSINGH RAJDHARSINGH PAWAR M 58 Indian National Congress

2 CHANDRAKANT KHAIRE M 57 Shivsena

3 SAYYED SALIM SAYYED YUSUF M 56 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 JAHAGIRDAR MOHMAD AYUB GULAM M 55 Samajwadi Party

5 JYOTI RAMCHANDRA UPADHAYAY F 35 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

6 PANDURANG WAMANRAO NARWADE M 39 Prabuddha Republican Party

7 BHIMSEN RAMBHAU KAMBLE M 44 Republician Party of India Ektawadi

8 MANIK RAMU SHINDE M 34 Krantisena Maharashtra

9 SHAIKH HARUN MALIK SAHEB M 50 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

10 UTTAM MANIK KIRTIKAR M 30 Independent

11 EJAZ KHAN BISMILLAH KHAN M 33 Independent

12 KAZI MUSHIRODDIN TAJODDIN M 63 Independent

13 KRISHNA DEVIDAS JADHAV M 25 Independent

14 JADHAV TOTARAM GANPAT M 51 Independent

15 JADHAV VISHNU SURYABHAN M 50 Independent

16 JADHAV SUBHASH RUPCHAND M 33 Independent

17 BANKAR MILIND RANUJI M 38 Independent

18 SHANTIGIRIJI MOUNGIRIJI MAHARAJ M 50 Independent

19 SHAIKH RAFIQ SHAIKH RAZZAK M 30 Independent

20 SHAIKH SALIM PATEL WAHEGAONKAR M 38 Independent

21 SAYYED RAUF SAYYED ZAMIR M 54 Independent

22 SUBHASH KISANRAO PATIL (JADHAV) M 47 Independent

S13 20 MH DINDORI 23-Apr-09 1 GAVIT JEEVA PANDU M 60 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2 GANGURDE DIPAK SHANKAR M 36 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 CHAVAN HARISHCHANDRA DEORAM M 57 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 ZIRWAL NARHARI SITARAM M 50 Nationalist Congress Party

5 PAWAR SAMPAT WAMAN M 30 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

6 GANGURDE BALU KISAN M 37 Independent

7 BHIKA HARISING BARDE M 75 Independent

8 VIJAY NAMDEO PAWAR M 45 Independent

9 SHANKAR DEORAM GANGUDE M 51 Independent

S13 21 MH NASHIK 23-Apr-09 1 GAIKWAD DATTA NAMDEO M 47 Shivsena

2 SAMEER BHUJBAL M 35 Nationalist Congress Party

3 SHRIMAHANT SUDHIRDAS MAHARAJ M 43 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 KAILAS MADHUKAR CHAVAN M 28 Indian Justice Party

5 GODSE HEMANT TUKARAM M 38 Maharashtra Navnirman sena

6 JADHAV NAMDEO BHIKAJI M 57 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

7 RAYATE VIJAY SAKHARAM ( RAYATE SIR) M 52 Hindustan Janta Party

8 AD. GULVE RAMNATH SANTUJI M 42 Independent

9 DATTU GONYA GAIKWAD M 50 Independent

10 PRAVINCHANDRA DATTARAM DETHE M 42 Independent

11 BHARAT HIRMAN PARDESHI M 37 Independent

12 RAJENDRA SAMPATRAO KADU M 35 Independent

S13 32 MH RAIGAD 23-Apr-09 1 ANANT GEETE M 58 Shivsena

2 BARRISTER A.R. ANTULAY M 80 Indian National Congress

3 MOHITE KIRAN BABURAO M 34 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 EKANATH ARJUN PATIL M 48 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

5 ADV. PRAVIN MADHUKAR THAKUR M 39 Independent

6 DR. SIDDHARTH PATIL M 54 Independent

7 SUNIL BHASKAR NAIK M 51 Independent

S13 33 MH MAVAL 23-Apr-09 1 PANSARE AZAM FAKEERBHAI M 48 Nationalist Congress Party

2 BABAR GAJANAN DHARMSHI M 66 Shivsena

3 MISHRA UMAKANT RAMESHWAR M 36 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 AYU. DEEPALI NIVRUTTI CHAVAN F 35 Prabuddha Republican Party

5 PRADIP PANDURANG KOCHAREKAR M 49 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

6 ADV.SHIVSHANKAR DATTATRAY SHINDE M 31 Krantisena Maharashtra

7 ISHWAR DATTATRAY JADHAV M 46 Independent

8 JAGANNATH PANDURANG KHARGE M 38 Independent

9 DOLE BHIMRAJ NIVRUTTI M 38 Independent

10 ADVOCATE TUKARAM WAMANRAO BANSODE M 64 Independent

11 TANTARPALE GOPAL YASHWANTRAO M 43 Independent

12 ADVOCATE PRAMOD MAHADEV GORE M 56 Independent

13 BHAPKAR MARUTI SAHEBRAO M 38 Independent

14 MAHENDRA PRABHAKAR TIWARI M 41 Independent

15 BRO. MANUAL DESOZA M 45 Independent

16 YASHWANT NARAYAN DESAI M 42 Independent

17 SHAKEEL RAJBHAI SHAIKH M 38 Independent

18 HARIBHAU DADAJI SHINDE M 70 Independent

S13 34 MH PUNE 23-Apr-09 1 ANIL SHIROLE M 59 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 KALMADI SURESH M 64 Indian National Congress

3 D S K ALIAS D.S.KULKARNI M 58 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 ARUN BHATIA M 66 Peoples Guardian

5 GULAB TATYA WAGHMODE M 47 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

6 BAGBAN JAVED KASIM M 26 Indian Union Muslim League

7 VIKRAMADITYA OMPRAKASH DHIMAN M 40 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

8 VINOD ANAND SINH M 55 Proutist Sarva Samaj Party

9 SHIROLE RANJEET SHRIKANT M 32 Maharashtra Navnirman sena

10 SAVITA HAJARE F 46 Pyramid Party of India

11 SANGHARSH ARUN APTE M 28 Prabuddha Republican Party

12 AJAY VASANT PAITHANKAR M 49 Independent

13 ADAGALE BHAUSAHEB RAMCHANDRA M 48 Independent

14 ASHOK GANPAT PALKHE ALIAS SUTAR M 45 Independent

15 KAMTAM ISWAR SAMBHAYYA M 67 Independent

16 KULKARNI KAUSTUBH SHASHIKANT M 26 Independent

17 KHAN AMANULLA MOHMOD AL M 55 Independent

18 KHAN NISSAR TAJ AHMAD M 44 Independent

19 P. K. CHAVAN M 80 Independent

20 CHOUDHARI SUNIL GULABRAO M 41 Independent

21 CHOURE VILAS CHINTAMAN M 45 Independent

22 TATYA ALIAS NARAYAN SHANKAR WAMBHIRE M 51 Independent

23 TAMBOLI SHABBIR SAJJANBHAI M 52 Independent

24 DATTATRAYA GANESH TALGERI M 61 Independent

25 BAGADE SACHIN MARUTI M 29 Independent

26 BALU ALIAS ANIL SHIROLE M 28 Independent

27 BHARAT MANOHAR GAVALI M 65 Independent

28 BHAGWAT RAGHUNATH KAMBLE M 35 Independent

29 RAJENDRA BHAGAT ALIAS JITU BHAI M 29 Independent

30 VIKRAM NARENDRA BOKE M 53 Independent

31 SHINDE RAJENDRA BABURAO M 44 Independent

32 SHAIKH ALTAF KARIM M 48 Independent

33 SHRIKANT MADHUSUDAN JAGTAP M 33 Independent

34 SARDESAI KISHORKUMAR RAGHUNATH M 42 Independent

35 ADV.SUBHASH NARHAR GODSE M 59 Independent

36 SANTOSH ALIAS SOMNATH KALU PAWAR M 38 Independent

S13 35 MH BARAMATI 23-Apr-09 1 KUDALEPATIL VIVEK ANANT M 40 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 KANTA JAYSING NALAWADE F 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 SUPRIYA SULE F 39 Nationalist Congress Party

4 MAYAWATI AMAR CHITRE F 31 Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh

5 SHELAR SANGEETA PANDURANG F 33 Krantisena Maharashtra

6 SACHIN VITTHAL AHIRE M 29 Prabuddha Republican Party

7 SAMPAT MARUTI TAKALE M 54 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

8 GHORPADE SAVEETA ASHOK F 29 Independent

9 TATYA ALIAS NARAYAN SHANKAR WAMBHIRE M 51 Independent

10 TANTARPALE GOPAL YESHWANTRAO M 43 Independent

11 DEEPAK SHANKAR BHAPKAR M 26 Independent

12 BHIMA ANNA KADALE M 31 Independent

13 MRUNALEENI JAYRAJ KAKADE F 34 Independent

14 YOGESH SONABA RANDHEER M 39 Independent

15 SHIVAJI JAYSING KOKARE M 58 Independent

16 SURESH BABURAO VEER M 62 Independent

17 SANGITA SHRIMAN BHUMKAR F 30 Independent

S13 36 MH SHIRUR 23-Apr-09 1 ADHALRAO SHIVAJI DATTATRAY M 52 Shivsena

2 ZAGADE YASHWANT SITARAM M 35 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 VILAS VITHOBA LANDE M 47 Nationalist Congress Party

4 PALLAVI MOHAN HARSHE F 27 Prabuddha Republican Party

5 SHELAR DNYANOBA SHRIPATI M 57 Republican Presidium Party of India

6 SURESH MULCHAND KANKARIA (MAMA) M 57 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

7 ABHANG KONDIBHAU BHIMAJI M 48 Independent

8 KARANDE CHANGDEO NAMDEO M 43 Independent

9 KALURAM RAGHUNATH TAPKIR M 52 Independent

10 RAM DHARMA DAMBALE M 37 Independent

11 LANDE VILAS MHATARBA M 37 Independent

S13 37 MH AHMADNAGAR 23-Apr-09 1 KARDILE SHIVAJI BHANUDAS M 50 Nationalist Congress Party

2 KARBHARI WAMAN SHIRSAT ALIAS K.V. SHIRSAT M 65 Communist Party of India

3 GADAKH TUKARAM GANGADHAR M 55 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 GANDHI DILIPKUMAR MANSUKHLAL M 59 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 KAZI SAJID MUJIR M 41 Republician Party of India Ektawadi

6 HAKE BHANUDAS KISAN M 55 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

7 HOLE BHANUDAS NAMDEO M 48 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

8 ARUN KAHAR M 45 Independent

9 AVINASH MALHARRAO GHODAKE M 40 Independent

10 KHAIRE ARJUN DEORAO M 39 Independent

11 GAIKWAD BALASAHEB RAMCHANDRA M 35 Independent

12 NAUSHAD ANSAR SHAIKH F 39 Independent

13 PROF. MAHENDRA DADA SHINDE M 29 Independent

14 RAUT EKNATH BABASAHEB M 56 Independent

15 RAJIV APPASAHEB RAJALE M 39 Independent

S13 38 MH SHIRDI 23-Apr-09 1 KACHARU NAGU WAGHMARE M 60 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 WAKCHOURE BHAUSAHEB RAJARAM M 59 Shivsena

3 ATHAWALE RAMDAS BANDU M 52 Republican Party of India

4 DHOTRE SUCHIT CHINTAMANI M 25 Krantisena Maharashtra

5 SATISH BALASAHEB PALGHADMAL M 26 Prabuddha Republican Party

6 ADHAGALE RAJENDRA NAMDEV M 39 Independent

7 KAMBALE RAMESH ANKUSH M 32 Independent

8 GAIKWAD APPASAHEB GANGADHAR M 64 Independent

9 BAGUL BALU DASHARATH M 34 Independent

10 MEDHE PRAFULLAKUMAR MURLIDHAR M 46 Independent

11 RAKSHE ANNASAHEB EKNATH M 43 Independent

12 RUPWATE PREMANAND DAMODHAR M 65 Independent

13 LODHE SHARAD LAXAMAN M 42 Independent

14 WAGH GANGADHAR RADHAJI M 60 Independent

15 VAIRAGHAR SUDHIR NATHA M 38 Independent

16 SABALE ANIL DAMODHAR M 40 Independent

17 SANDIP BHASKAR GOLAP M 29 Independent

S13 39 MH BEED 23-Apr-09 1 KOKATE RAMESH BABURAO (ADASKAR) M 42 Nationalist Congress Party

2 MASKE MACHHINDRA BABURAO M 54 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 MUNDE GOPINATHRAO PANDURANG M 59 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 KHALGE KACHRU SANTRAMJI M 48 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

5 GURAV KALYAN BHANUDAS M 62 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

6 TATE ASHOK SANTRAM M 50 Ambedkarist Republican Party

7 NIKALJE SHEELATAI MAHENDRA F 34 Prabuddha Republican Party

8 PRAMOD ALIAS PARMESHWAR SAKHARAM MOTE M 32 Krantisena Maharashtra

9 BABURAO NARAYANRAO KAGADE M 63 Ambedkar National Congress

10 DR. SHIVAJIRAO KISANRAO SHENDGE M 39 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

11 KAMAL KONDIRAM NIMBALKAR F 39 Independent

12 KAMBLE DEEPAK DYANOBA M 32 Independent

13 KHAN SIKANDAR KHAN HUSSAIN KHAN M 58 Independent

14 GUJAR KHAN MIRZA KHAN M 28 Independent

15 ADV.NATKAR RAMRAO SHESHRAO M 61 Independent

16 PATHAN GAFARKHAN JABBARKHAN M 42 Independent

17 MAHAMMAD AKARAM MAHAMMAD SALIMUDDIN BAGWAN M 34 Independent

18 RAMESH VISHVANATH KOKATE M 32 Independent

19 SAYYED MINHAJ ALI WAJED ALI (PENDKHJUR WALE) M 34 Independent

20 SAYYED SALIM FATTU M 47 Independent

21 SARDAR KHAN SULTANABABA M 26 Independent

S13 40 MH OSMANABAD 23-Apr-09 1 GAIKWAD RAVINDRA VISHWANATH M 49 Shivsena

2 DIVAKAR YASHWANT NAKADE M 35 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 PATIL PADAMSINHA BAJIRAO M 68 Nationalist Congress Party

4 JAGTAP BHAGWAN DADARAO M 70 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

5 TARKASE DHANANJAY MURLIDHAR M 34 Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha

6 TAWADE PRAKASH TANAJIRAO M 28 Krantisena Maharashtra

7 BANSODE GUNDERAO SHIVRAM M 73 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

8 BABA FAIJODDIN SHAIKH M 28 Nelopa(United)

9 BHOSLE REVAN VISHWANATH M 45 Janata Dal (Secular)

10 MUJAWAR SHAHABUDDIN NABIRASUL M 37 Prabuddha Republican Party

11 RAJENDRA RANDITRAO HIPPERGEKAR M 38 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

12 ANGARSHA SALIM BABULAL M 62 Independent

13 GAIKWAD UMAJI PANDURANG M 39 Independent

14 CHAVAN BABU VITHOBA M 40 Independent

15 CHANDANE PINTU PANDURANG M 35 Independent

16 DADASAHEB SHANKARRAO JETITHOR M 50 Independent

17 NITURE ARUN BHAURAO M 38 Independent

18 PATEL HASHAM ISMAIL M 55 Independent

19 PAWAR HARIDAS MANIKRAO M 35 Independent

20 PATIL MAHADEO DNYANDEO M 50 Independent

21 BALAJI BAPURAO TUPSUNDARE M 37 Independent

22 ADV. BHAUSAHEB ANIL BELURE (BEMBLIKAR) M 29 Independent

23 MUNDHE PATRIL PADAMSINHA VIJAYSINHA M 29 Independent

24 YEVATE-PATIL SHRIMANT M 55 Independent

25 SANDIPAN RAMA ZOMBADE M 41 Independent

S13 41 MH LATUR 23-Apr-09 1 AAWALE JAYWANT GANGARAM M 99 Indian National Congress

2 GAIKWAD SUNIL BALIRAM M 99 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 ADV. BABASAHEB SADSHIVRAO GAIKWAD M 99 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 ARAK ASHOK VIKRAM M 99 Krantisena Maharashtra

5 V.K. ACHARYA M 99 Prabuddha Republican Party

6 T.M. KAMBLE M 99 Republican Party of India (Democratic )

7 GANNE TUKARAM RAMBHAU M 99 Jan Surajya Shakti

8 BANSODE RAGHUNATH WAGHOJI M 99 Peoples Republican Party

9 BABURAO SATYAWAN POTHHARE M 99 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

10 RAMKUMAR RAIWADIKAR M 99 Samajwadi Jan Parishad

11 SHRIKANT RAMRAO JEDHE M 99 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

12 SUSANE ATUL GANGARAM M 99 Ambedkarist Republican Party

13 SAHEBRAO HARIBHAU WAGHMARE M 99 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

14 AAWCHARE VIJAYKUMAR BABRUWAN M 99 Independent

15 KAMBLE BANSILAL RAMCHANDRA M 99 Independent

16 NILANGAEKAR AVINASH MADHUKARRAO M 99 Independent

17 MANE GAJANAN PANDURANG M 99 Independent

18 SANJAY KABIRDAS GAIKWAD M 99 Independent

S13 42 MH SOLAPUR 23-Apr-09 1 GAIKWAD PRAMOD RAMCHANDRA M 48 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 ADV. BANSODE SHARAD MARUTI M 41 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 SHINDE SUSHILKUMAR SAMBHAJIRAO M 67 Indian National Congress

4 ADV. KASABEKAR SHRIDHAR LIMBAJI M 59 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

5 RAJGURU NARAYAN YEDU M 60 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

6 LAXMIKANT CHANDRAKANT GAIKWAD M 37 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

7 NARAYANKAR RAJENDRA BABURAO M 44 Independent

8 NITINKUMAR RAMCHANDRA KAMBLE ALIAS NITIN BANPURKAR M 37 Independent

9 BANSODE UTTAM BHIMSHA M 50 Independent

10 BANSODE RAHUL DATTU M 33 Independent

11 MILIND MAREPPA MULE M 49 Independent

12 VIKRAM UTTAM KASABE M 33 Independent

13 VIJAYKUMAR BHAGWANRAO UGHADE M 38 Independent

S13 43 MH MADHA 23-Apr-09 1 DESHMUKH SUBHASH SURESHCHANDRA M 50 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 PAWAR SHARADCHANDRA GOVINDRAO M 68 Nationalist Congress Party

3 RAHUL VITTHAL SARWADE M 49 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 AYU GAIKWAD SATISH SUGRAV M 28 Prabuddha Republican Party

5 CHAVAN SUBHASH VITTHAL M 34 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

6 MAHADEO JAGANNATH JANKAR M 40 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

7 RAMCHANDRA NARAYAN KACCHAVE M 40 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

8 SASTE KAKASAHEB MAHADEO M 48 Krantisena Maharashtra

9 SOU. NAGMANI KISAN JAKKAN F 45 Independent

10 DR.M. D. PATIL M 50 Independent

11 BANSODE BALVEER DAGADU M 42 Independent

12 BHANUDAS BHAGAWAN DEVAKATE M 70 Independent

13 DR. MAHADEO ABAJI POL M 56 Independent

14 SURESH SHAMRAO GHADGE M 36 Independent

15 DNYANESHWAR VITTHAL AMALE M 26 Independent

S13 44 MH SANGLI 23-Apr-09 1 PATEL M.JAVED M. YUSUF M 38 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 PRATIK PRAKASHBAPU PATIL M 35 Indian National Congress

3 ASHOK DNYANU MANE(BHAU) M 37 Swatantra Bharat Paksha

4 MANOHAR BALKRISHNA KHEDKAR M 58 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

5 MAHADEV ANNA WAGHAMARE M 65 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

6 AJITRAO SHANKARRAO GHORPADE M 56 Independent

7 ANSARI SHABBIR AHEMED M 61 Independent

8 GANPATI TUKARAM KAMBLE ALIAS G.T. KAMBLE M 70 Independent

9 PANDHARE DATTATRAYA PANDURANG M 51 Independent

10 KAVTHEKAR PRAVIN BHAGWAN KAVTHEKAR ALIAS JIVA MAHALE M 47 Independent

11 MULANI BALEKHAN USMAN M 46 Independent

12 VAGARE MARUTI MURA M 34 Independent

13 SHAMRAO PIRAJI KADAM M 64 Independent

14 SIDDESHWAR SHIVAPPA BHOSALE M 36 Independent

S13 45 MH SATARA 23-Apr-09 1 CHAVAN PRASHANT VASANT M 34 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 PURUSHOTTAM BAJIRAO JADHAV M 45 Shivsena

3 BHONSLE SHRIMANT CHH. UDYANRAJE PRATAPSINH M 43 Nationalist Congress Party

4 BHAUSAHEB GANGARAM WAGH M 51 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

5 ALNKRITA ABHIJIT AWADE-BICHUKALE F 29 Independent

S13 46 MH RATNAGIRI – SINDHUDURG 23-Apr-09 1 DR.NILESH NARAYAN RANE M 28 Indian National Congress

2 PARULEKAR JAYENDRA SHRIPAD M 43 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 SURESH PRABHAKAR PRABHU M 55 Shivsena

4 AJAY ALIAS AABA DADA JADHAV M 28 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

5 RAJESH PUSUSHOTTAM SURVE M 41 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

6 VILASRAO KHANVILKAR M 54 Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha

7 SIRAJ ABDULLA KAUCHALI M 60 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

8 KHALAPE AKBAR MAHAMMAD M 55 Independent

9 SURENDRA BORKAR M 62 Independent

S13 47 MH KOLHAPUR 23-Apr-09 1 KAMBLE SUHAS NIVRUTI M 41 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 CHHATRPATI SAMBHAJIRAJE SHAHU M 38 Nationalist Congress Party

3 DEVANE VIJAY SHAMRAO M 50 Shivsena

4 KAMBLE MARUTI RAVELU M 34 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

5 CHOUGULE BHAI P.T. M 64 Independent

6 DR. NEELAMBARI RAMESH MANDAPE F 49 Independent

7 S.R. TATYA PATIL M 70 Independent

8 BAJRANG KRISHNA PATIL M 39 Independent

9 MAHAMMADGOUS GULAB NADAF M 57 Independent

10 SADASHIVRAO MANDLIK DADOBA M 74 Independent

S13 48 MH HATKANANGLE 23-Apr-09 1 KANADE ANILKUMAR MAHADEV M 37 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 MANE NIVEDITA SAMBHAJIRAO F 45 Nationalist Congress Party

3 RAGHUNATH RAMCHANDRA PATIL M 58 Shivsena

4 PATIL UDAY PANDHARINATH M 39 Krantisena Maharashtra

5 BABURAO OMANNA KAMBLE M 61 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha

6 MANE ARVIND BHIVA M 43 Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha

7 SHETTI RAJU ALIAS DEVAPPA ANNA M 41 Swabhimani Paksha

8 ARUN ALIAS SHAM BAJARNAG BUCHADE M 28 Independent

9 THORAT ANANDRAO TUKARAM M 46 Independent

10 SURNIKE ANANDRAO VASANTRAO (FOUJI BAPU) M 48 Independent

S18 4 OR KEONJHAR 23-Apr-09 1 ANANTA NAYAK M 39 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 DHANURJAYA SIDU M 43 Indian National Congress

3 YASHBANT NARAYAN SINGH LAGURI M 38 Biju Janata Dal

4 LACHHAMAN MAJHI M 42 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

5 DR SUDARSHAN LOHAR M 59 Bahujan Samaj Party

6 CHITTA RANJAN MUNDA M 37 Independent

7 DR. FAKIR MOHAN NAIK M 34 Independent

S18 5 OR MAYURBHANJ 23-Apr-09 1 GAMHA SINGH M 57 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 DROUPADI MURMU F 50 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 LAXMAN TUDU M 47 Biju Janata Dal

4 LAXMAN MAJHI M 62 Indian National Congress

5 SUDAM MARNDI M 43 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

6 LAXMISWAR TAMUDIA M 68 Samajwadi Party

7 SUNDAR MOHAN MAJHI M 65 Jharkhand Disom Party

8 DEVI PRASANNA BESRA M 61 Independent

9 NARENDRA HANSDA M 26 Independent

10 RAMESWAR MAJHI M 29 Independent

S18 6 OR BALASORE 23-Apr-09 1 ARUN JENA M 47 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

2 ARUN DEY M 63 Nationalist Congress Party

3 MAHAMEGHA BAHAN AIRA KHARABELA SWAIN M 55 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 SHRADHANJALI PRADHAN F 40 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 SRIKANTA KUMAR JENA M 58 Indian National Congress

6 DEBASISH RANJAN DASH M 37 Samruddha Odisha

7 RAKESH RANJAN PATRA M 27 Jana Hitkari Party

8 GHASIRAM MOHANTA M 66 Independent

9 LAXIMIKANTA BEHERA M 51 Independent

S18 7 OR BHADRAK 23-Apr-09 1 ANANTA PRASAD SETHI M 58 Indian National Congress

2 ARJUN CHARAN SETHI M 68 Biju Janata Dal

3 NITYANANDA JENA M 29 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 RATH DAS M 54 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 GOLAK PRASAD MALLIK M 60 Independent

6 SUSANTA KUMAR JENA M 31 Independent

S18 8 OR JAJPUR 23-Apr-09 1 AMIYA KANTA MALLIK M 50 Indian National Congress

2 PARAMESWAR SETHI M 40 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 MOHAN JENA M 52 Biju Janata Dal

4 AJIT KUMAR JENA M 42 Samruddha Odisha

5 BABULI MALLIK M 36 Orissa Mukti Morcha

6 BHIMSEN BEHERA M 44 Jana Hitkari Party

7 UDAYA NATH JENA M 29 Independent

8 KALANDI MALLIK M 28 Independent

S18 9 OR DHENKANAL 23-Apr-09 1 KRISHNA CHANDRA SAHOO M 48 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 CHANDRA SEKHAR TRIPATHY M 60 Indian National Congress

3 TATHAGATA SATPATHY M 53 Biju Janata Dal

4 RUDRANARAYAN PANY M 49 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 PRIYABRATA GARNAIK M 28 Kalinga Sena

S18 14 OR CUTTACK 23-Apr-09 1 ANADI SAHU M 68 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 GOPAL CHANDRA KAR M 63 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 BIBHUTI BHUSAN MISHRA M 57 Indian National Congress

4 BHARTRUHARI MAHTAB M 51 Biju Janata Dal

5 KAPILA CHARAN MALL M 72 Bira Oriya Party

6 PRADIP ROUTRAY M 40 Kalinga Sena

7 DEBANANDA SINGH M 33 Independent

S18 15 OR KENDRAPARA 23-Apr-09 1 JNANDEV BEURA M 44 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 RANJIB BISWAL M 38 Indian National Congress

3 LENIN LENKA M 46 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 BAIJAYANT PANDA M 45 Biju Janata Dal

5 PRATAP CHANDRA JENA M 60 Samruddha Odisha

6 PRAVAKAR NAYAK M 48 Kalinga Sena

7 RAMA KRUSHNA DASH M 44 Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)

8 SARAT CHANDRA SWAIN M 49 Independent

S18 16 OR JAGATSINGHPUR 23-Apr-09 1 BAIDHAR MALLICK M 46 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 BIBHU PRASAD TARAI M 42 Communist Party of India

3 BIBHUTI BHUSAN MAJHI M 37 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 RABINDRA KUMAR SETHY M 54 Indian National Congress

5 AKSHAYA KUMAR SETHI M 25 Samruddha Odisha

S18 17 OR PURI 23-Apr-09 1 JITENDRA KUMAR SAHOO M 35 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 DEBENDRA NATH MANSINGH M 59 Indian National Congress

3 PINAKI MISRA M 49 Biju Janata Dal

4 BRAJA KISHORE TRIPATHY M 62 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 KSHITISH BISWAL M 80 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

6 SABYASACHI MOHAPATRA M 35 Kalinga Sena

7 PRABHAT KUMAR BADAPANDA M 42 Independent

S18 18 OR BHUBANESWAR 23-Apr-09 1 AKSHAYA KUMAR MOHANTY M 46 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 ARCHANA NAYAK F 43 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 PRASANNA KUMAR PATASANI M 66 Biju Janata Dal

4 SANTOSH MOHANTY M 58 Indian National Congress

5 UMA CHARANA MISHRA M 60 Jana Hitkari Party

6 NABAGHAN PARIDA M 66 Bira Oriya Party

7 PRAFUL KUMAR SAHOO M 38 Republican Party of India (A)

8 BASANTA KUMAR BEHERA M 47 Kalinga Sena

9 BIJAYANANDA MISHRA M 51 Lok Jan Shakti Party

10 JAGANNATH PRASAD LENKA M 75 Independent

11 DHIRENDRA SATAPATHY M 67 Independent

12 PRAMILA BEHERA F 33 Independent

13 SASTHI PRASAD SETHI M 47 Independent

S23 1 TR TRIPURA WEST 23-Apr-09 1 NILMANI DEB M 55 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 KHAGEN DAS M 71 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

3 SUDIP ROY BARMAN M 45 Indian National Congress

4 SANJIB DEY M 32 Nationalist Congress Party

5 ARUN CHANDRA BHOWMIK M 63 All India Trinamool Congress

6 RAKHAL RAJ DATTA M 60 Amra Bangalee

7 PARTHA KARMAKAR M 40 Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)

8 TITU SAHA M 32 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

9 BINOY DEB BARMA M 49 Independent

10 SUBRATA BHOWMIK M 58 Independent

S23 2 TR TRIPURA EAST 23-Apr-09 1 PULIN BEHARI DEWAN M 69 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 BAJU BAN RIYAN M 67 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

3 DIBA CHANDRA HRANGKHWAL M 52 Indian National Congress

4 RITA RANI DEBBARMA F 51 All India Trinamool Congress

5 KARNA DHAN CHAKMA M 37 Amra Bangalee

6 FALGUNI TRIPURA M 42 Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)

7 RAJESH DEB BARMA M 34 Independent

8 BINOY REANG M 34 Independent

9 MEVAR KUMAR JAMATIA M 40 Independent

S24 37 UP AMETHI 23-Apr-09 1 ASHEESH SHUKLA M 48 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 PRADEEP KUMAR SINGH M 39 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 RAHUL GANDHI M 38 Indian National Congress

4 BHUWAL M 56 Janvadi Party(Socialist)

5 MOHD.HASAN LAHARI M 35 Bharatiya Republican Paksha

6 SUNITA F 26 Mahila Adhikar Party

7 SURYABHAN MAURYA M 45 Rashtravadi Aarthik Swatantrata Dal

8 AAVID HUSSAIN M 31 Independent

9 OMKAR M 46 Independent

10 KAPIL DEO M 30 Independent

11 DILIP M 36 Independent

12 MIHILAL M 52 Independent

13 MEET SINGH M 65 Independent

14 RAMESH CHANDRA M 30 Independent

15 RAM SHANKER M 43 Independent

16 SWAMI NATH M 25 Independent

S24 38 UP SULTANPUR 23-Apr-09 1 ASHOK PANDEY M 58 Samajwadi Party

2 MOHD.TAHIR M 33 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 SURYA BHAN SINGH M 54 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 DR.SANJAY SINGH M 55 Indian National Congress

5 ANIL M 35 Republican Party of India (A)

6 CHOTELAL MAURYA M 40 Apna Dal

7 MOHD.UMAR M 42 Peace Party

8 RAKESH M 25 National Youth Party

9 RAJKUMAR PANDEY M 36 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

10 TRIVENI PRASAD BHEEM M 52 Bharatiya Republican Paksha

11 ARVIND KUMAR M 46 Independent

12 AWADHESH KUMAR M 30 Independent

13 KRISHNA NARAYAN M 33 Independent

14 JHINKURAM VISHWAKARMA M 33 Independent

15 PRAKASH CHANDRA M 35 Independent

16 HARI NARAYAN M 70 Independent

S24 39 UP PRATAPGARH 23-Apr-09 1 KUNWAR AKSHAYA PRATAP SINGH ‘GOPAL JI’ M 41 Samajwadi Party

2 RAJKUMARI RATNA SINGH F 49 Indian National Congress

3 LAKSHMI NARAIN PANDEY ‘GURU JI’ M 57 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 PROF. SHIVAKANT OJHA M 57 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 ATIQ AHAMAD M 46 Apna Dal

6 ARUN KUMAR M 48 Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)

7 A. RASHID ANSARI M 54 Momin Conference

8 RAJESH M 36 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

9 ATUL DWIVEDI M 29 Independent

10 UDHAV RAM M 53 Independent

11 CHHANGALAL M 56 Independent

12 JITENDRA PRATAP SINGH M 40 Independent

13 DINESH PANDEY ALIAS D.K. PANDEY M 34 Independent

14 BADRI PRASAD M 48 Independent

15 MUNEESHWAR SINGH M 65 Independent

16 RAMESH KUMAR M 31 Independent

17 RAVINDRA SINGH M 33 Independent

18 RANI PAL F 58 Independent

19 RAMMURTI MISHRA M 36 Independent

20 RAM SAMUJH M 60 Independent

21 VINOD M 29 Independent

22 SHIVRAM M 51 Independent

23 SATRAM M 42 Independent

S24 48 UP BANDA 23-Apr-09 1 AMITA BAJPAI F 39 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 BHAGAWAN DEEN GARG M 47 Indian National Congress

3 BHAIRON PRASAD MISHRA M 55 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 SANTOSH KUMAR M 54 Communist Party of India

5 R. K. SINGH PATEL M 49 Samajwadi Party

6 ASHOK KUMAR M 40 Indian Justice Party

7 ANAND YADAV M 45 United Communist Party of India

8 PARASHU RAM NISHAD M 45 Apna Dal

9 LALIT KUMAR M 37 Ambedkar Samaj Party

10 ANSH DHARI M 29 Independent

11 JAGAN NATH SINGH M 62 Independent

12 PRAKASH NARAYAN M 32 Independent

13 BALENDRA NATH M 38 Independent

14 MANOJ KUMAR M 30 Independent

15 SHIV KUMAR M 43 Independent

S24 50 UP KAUSHAMBI 23-Apr-09 1 GIRISH CHANDRA PASI M 39 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 GAUTAM CHAUDHARY M 44 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 RAM NIHOR RAKESH M 64 Indian National Congress

4 SHAILENDRA KUMAR M 51 Samajwadi Party

5 UMESH CHANDRA PASI M 40 Apna Dal

6 GULAB SONKAR M 45 Indian Justice Party

7 GULAB CHANDRA M 39 Independent

8 JAGDEO M 53 Independent

9 MAN SINGH M 28 Independent

10 RAM SARAN M 56 Independent

S24 51 UP PHULPUR 23-Apr-09 1 KAPIL MUNI KARWARIYA M 42 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 KARAN SINGH PATEL M 50 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 DHARMARAJ SINGH PATEL M 50 Indian National Congress

4 SHYAMA CHARAN GUPTA M 63 Samajwadi Party

5 CHANDRAJEET M 28 Lok Dal

6 DEVENDRA PRATAP SINGH M 38 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

7 PRADEEP KUMAR SRIVASTAVA M 49 Apna Dal

8 LALLAN SINGH M 35 Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party

9 VIJAY KUMAR M 56 Gondwana Mukti Sena

10 SATISH YADAV M 34 Indian Justice Party

11 SANJEEV KUMAR MISHRA M 30 Yuva Vikas Party

12 KRISHNA KUMAR M 33 Independent

13 DR. NEERAJ M 43 Independent

14 BHARAT LAL M 52 Independent

15 DR. MILAN MUKHERJEE M 67 Independent

16 MUNISHWAR SINGH MAURYA M 65 Independent

17 RADHIKA PAL F 34 Independent

18 RADHESHYAM SINGH YADAV M 72 Independent

19 RAM JANM YADAV M 31 Independent

20 RAMSHANKAR M 47 Independent

21 VIRENDRA PAL SINGH M 66 Independent

22 SHAILENDRA KUMAR PRAJAPATI M 40 Independent

23 SAMAR BAHADUR SHARMA M 40 Independent

24 DR. SONE LAL PATEL M 59 Independent

S24 52 UP ALLAHABAD 23-Apr-09 1 ASHOK KUMAR BAJPAI M 58 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 YOGESH SHUKLA M 39 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 KUNWAR REWATI RAMAN SINGH ALIAS MANI JI M 65 Samajwadi Party

4 SHYAM KRISHNA PANDEY M 65 Indian National Congress

5 OM PRAKASH M 41 Rashtriya Machhua Samaj Party

6 GULAB GRAMEEN M 47 Lok Dal

7 BIHARI LAL SHARMA M 54 Apna Dal

8 BAIJAL KUMAR M 48 Bahujan Sangharsh Party (Kanshiram)

9 RAMA KANT M 47 Indian Justice Party

10 RAJESH PASI M 32 Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party

11 RAM PARIKHAN SINGH M 59 Janvadi Party(Socialist)

12 VIJAY SHANKAR M 45 Bahujan Shakty

13 SARFUDDIN M 32 Nelopa(United)

14 AKBAL MOHAMMD M 34 Independent

15 AJUG NARAIN M 33 Independent

16 ABHAY SRIVASTAVA M 31 Independent

17 KM. KUSUM KUMARI AD F 45 Independent

18 GOPAL SWROOP JOSHI M 62 Independent

19 NARENDRA KUMAR TEWARI M 47 Independent

20 BAJRANG DUTT M 36 Independent

21 MUNNU PRASAD M 44 Independent

22 RAVI PRAKASH M 41 Independent

23 RAKESH KUMAR M 47 Independent

24 RAJ BALI M 51 Independent

25 RAM GOVIND M 46 Independent

26 RAM JEET M 38 Independent

27 RAM LAL M 46 Independent

28 KM. SHASHI PANDEY F 45 Independent

29 DR. MOHD. SALMAN RASHIDI M 57 Independent

30 SADHNA AGARWAL F 47 Independent

31 HIRA LAL M 54 Independent

S24 54 UP FAIZABAD 23-Apr-09 1 NIRMAL KHATRI M 58 Indian National Congress

2 BIMLENDRA MOHAN PRATAP MISRA “PAPPU BHAIYA” M 48 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 MITRASEN M 76 Samajwadi Party

4 LALLU SINGH M 54 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 AJAY KUMAR M 25 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

6 ATUL KUMAR PANDEY M 39 The Humanist Party of India

7 AMAR NATH JAISWAL M 44 Rashtriya Kranti Party

8 GIRISH CHANDRA VERMA M 32 Apna Dal

9 GULAM SABIR M 42 Navbharat Nirman Party

10 CHANDRASHEKHAR SINGH M 36 Bharat Punarnirman Dal

11 NUSRAT QUDDUSI ALIAS BABLOO M 41 Peace Party

12 MANISH KUMAR PANDEY M 35 Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha

13 SAIYYAD MUSHEER AHMED M 55 Awami Party

14 RAMESH KUMAR RAWAT M 42 Maulik Adhikar Party

15 SUSHIL KUMAR M 45 Bharatiya Lok Kalyan Dal

16 ATAURR RAHMAN ANSARI M 52 Independent

17 AMARNATH VERMA M 36 Independent

18 DINA NATH PANDEY M 35 Independent

19 NASREEN BANO F 38 Independent

20 BALAK RAM ALIAS SHIV BALAK PASI M 34 Independent

21 RAM DHIRAJ M 46 Independent

22 SWAMI NATH M 29 Independent

23 SIYARAM KORI M 50 Independent

S24 55 UP AMBEDKAR NAGAR 23-Apr-09 1 RAKESH PANDEY M 55 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 VINAY KATIYAR M 49 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 SHANKHLAL MAJHI M 54 Samajwadi Party

4 DINESH KUMAR RAJBHAR M 33 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

5 BASANT LAL M 53 Peace Party

6 BAL MUKUND DHURIYA M 31 Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)

7 BHARTHARI M 44 Bharatiya Republican Paksha

8 MANSHARAM M 40 Maulik Adhikar Party

9 LALMAN M 34 Janvadi Party(Socialist)

10 VIJAY KUMAR MAURYA M 38 Rashtravadi Aarthik Swatantrata Dal

11 SANTOSH KUMAR M 50 Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha

12 IFTEKHAR AHMAD M 37 Independent

13 KAILASH KUMAR SHUKLA M 60 Independent

14 GAYADEEN M 43 Independent

15 CHANDRA BHUSHAN M 61 Independent

16 DEO PRASAD MISHRA M 42 Independent

17 NABAB ALI M 55 Independent

18 PARASHU RAM M 49 Independent

19 PATANJALI JAITALI M 58 Independent

20 RAM SUKH SAHOO M 50 Independent

21 DR. LAL BAHADUR M 42 Independent

22 SRIRAM AMBESH M 61 Independent

S24 57 UP KAISERGANJ 23-Apr-09 1 MOHD ALEEM M 46 Indian National Congress

2 BRIJBHUSHAN SARAN SINGH M 52 Samajwadi Party

3 DR LALTA PRASAD MISHRA ALIS DR L P MISHRA M 59 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 SURENDRA NATH AWASTHI M 53 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 ZAMEER AHAMAD M 53 Ambedkar National Congress

6 DAYA RAM M 41 Peoples Democratic Forum

7 MANOJ KUMAR M 33 Lok Dal

8 RAM PRAKSH M 39 Republican Party of India (A)

9 RAMENDER DEV PATHAK M 60 Peace Party

10 HAFEEZ M 47 Apna Dal

11 ANOKHI LAL M 49 Independent

12 OM PRAKASH M 35 Independent

13 UDAI RAJ M 52 Independent

14 CHANDRA BHAN M 42 Independent

15 JAGDISH M 40 Independent

16 JAGDISH PRASAD M 38 Independent

17 JITENDRA BAHADUR M 57 Independent

18 PARAMHANS SINGH M 33 Independent

19 RAJ KISHORE SINGH M 38 Independent

20 RADHEYSHYAM BOAT M 62 Independent

21 RAMFEER ALIS CHUNTI M 59 Independent

22 VINESH KUMAR M 32 Independent

23 VIMAL VERMA M 30 Independent

S24 58 UP SHRAWASTI 23-Apr-09 1 RIZVAN ZAHEER M 46 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 RUBAB SAIDA F 58 Samajwadi Party

3 VINAY KUMAR ALIAS VINNU M 45 Indian National Congress

4 SATYA DEO SINGH M 63 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 ARUN KUMAR M 33 Ambedkar National Congress

6 KULDEEP M 44 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

7 RAJESHWAR MISHRA M 28 Peace Party

8 RAM ADHAR M 62 Republican Party of India (A)

9 TEJ BAHADUR M 32 Independent

10 RAM SUDHI M 38 Independent

11 VINOD KUMAR PANDEY M 27 Independent

S24 59 UP GONDA 23-Apr-09 1 DR ACHUTANANDDUBE M 64 Nationalist Congress Party

2 KIRTI VARDHAN SINGH RAJA BAIYA M 43 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 BENI PRASAD VERMA M 68 Indian National Congress

4 RAM PRATAP SINGH M 58 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 VINOD KUMAR SINGH ALIAS PANDIT SINGH M 42 Samajwadi Party

6 ASHIQ ALI M 46 Peace Party

7 OM PRAKASH SINGH M 54 Janvadi Party(Socialist)

8 PREM KUMAR M 26 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

9 RAJENDRA PRASAD1 M 55 Ambedkar National Congress

10 RAM KEWAL M 41 Vanchit Jamat Party

11 RAM LOCHAN M 46 Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha

12 VIDYA SAGAR M 36 Apna Dal

13 HARSH VARDHAN PANDEY M 33 Lok Dal

14 AKILENDRA KUMAR PATHAK M 34 Independent

15 ANURADHA PATEL F 42 Independent

16 OM PRAKASH M 47 Independent

17 GAGNGA DHAR SHUKLA M 38 Independent

18 DEEPAK M 31 Independent

19 NARENDRA SINGH M 34 Independent

20 BAIJNATH M 30 Independent

21 RAJENDRA PRASAD M 28 Independent

22 RADHEY SHYAM M 59 Independent

23 RAM PRASAD M 61 Independent

24 RAM LAKHAN M 54 Independent

25 SATYA PRAKASH M 39 Independent

S24 60 UP DOMARIYAGANJ 23-Apr-09 1 JAGDAMBIKA PAL M 59 Indian National Congress

2 JAI PRATAP SINGH M 55 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 MATA PRASAD PANDEY M 72 Samajwadi Party

4 MOHD. MUQUEEM M 59 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 INAMULLAH CHAUDHARY M 66 Peace Party

6 JITENDRA PRATAP SINGH M 46 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

7 PINGAL PRASAD M 41 Republican Party of India

8 BALKRISHNA M 39 Bahujan Sangharsh Party (Kanshiram)

9 MUKHDEV M 41 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

10 RAJDEV M 35 Bharatiya Eklavya Party

11 RAM SAMUJH M 41 Bharatiya Jan Berojgar Chhatra Dal

12 RAHUL SANGH PRIYA BHARTI M 36 Indian Justice Party

13 HARISHANKAR M 45 Lok Jan Shakti Party

14 MOTILAL VIDHYARTHI M 59 Independent

15 RAM KRIPAL M 58 Independent

16 SIRAJ AHAMAD M 26 Independent

S24 61 UP BASTI 23-Apr-09 1 ARVIND KUMAR CHAUDHARY M 43 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 BASANT CHAUDHARY M 43 Indian National Congress

3 RAJ KISHOR SINGH M 38 Samajwadi Party

4 DR. Y. D. SINGH M 64 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 OM PRAKASH M 40 Vanchit Jamat Party

6 DAYASHANKAR PATWA M 57 Peace Party

7 DALBAG SINGH M 50 Bahujan Sangharsh Party (Kanshiram)

8 RAM NAYAN PATEL M 49 Apna Dal

9 VINOD KUMAR RAJBHAR M 33 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

10 SHIVDAS M 50 Shoshit Samaj Dal

11 SANJEEV KUMAR NISHAD M 27 Bahujan Uday Manch

12 SITARAM NISHAD M 63 Janvadi Party(Socialist)

13 RAM LALAN YADAV M 36 Independent

14 SHIV POOJAN ARYA M 52 Independent

15 SATYADEV OJHA M 70 Independent

16 SATISH CHANDRA SHARMA M 40 Independent

S24 62 UP SANT KABIR NAGAR 23-Apr-09 1 KAMLA KANT CHAUDHARY M 41 Communist Party of India

2 FAZLEY MAHAMOOD M 41 Indian National Congress

3 BHAL CHANDRA YADAV M 42 Samajwadi Party

4 BHISMA SHANKAR ALIAS KUSHAL TIWARI M 44 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 SHARAD TRIPATHI M 35 Bharatiya Janata Party

6 INDRA KUMAR M 37 Bahujan Uday Manch

7 KRISHNA NAND MISHRA M 38 All India Minorities Front

8 KHELADI M 35 Bharatiya Republican Paksha

9 JANTRI LAL M 37 Janvadi Party(Socialist)

10 PANCHOO BELDAR M 48 Ambedkar Samaj Party

11 RAJESH SINGH M 37 Peace Party

12 RAM ACHAL M 34 Maulik Adhikar Party

13 RAM AVADH NISHAD M 62 Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party

14 LOTAN ALIAS LAUTAN PRASAD M 47 Shoshit Samaj Dal

15 VINOD RAI M 38 National Lokhind Party

16 ANJU F 28 Independent

17 JOOGESH YADAV M 35 Independent

18 NITYANAND MANI TRIPATHI M 35 Independent

19 PHOOLDEO M 49 Independent

20 RAMESH M 26 Independent

21 VINAY PANDEY M 31 Independent

22 SHRI BABA RAM CHANDRA M 52 Independent

23 SUSHILA JIGYASU F 29 Independent

24 HARISH CHANDRA M 32 Independent

S24 73 UP JAUNPUR 23-Apr-09 1 DHANANJAY SINGH M 33 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 PARAS NATH YADAVA M 54 Samajwadi Party

3 SEEMA F 37 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 ACHHEYLAL NISHAD M 61 Nelopa(United)

5 GIRAJA SHANKAR YADAVA M 49 Gondvana Gantantra Party

6 GEETA SINGH F 46 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

7 BAHADUR SONKAR M 48 Indian Justice Party

8 RAVI SHANKAR M 38 Lok Jan Shakti Party

9 RAJKISHUN M 26 Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party

10 RAJESH S/O RAMESHCHANDRA M 30 Apna Dal

11 RAJESH S/O RAMYAGYA M 32 Eklavya Samaj Party

12 RAMCHANDAR M 52 Rashtravadi Aarthik Swatantrata Dal

13 SHEETALA PRASAD M 51 Revolutionary Socialist Party

14 AJAY KASYAP – GUDDU M 26 Independent

15 JAGDISH CHANDRA ASTHANA M 62 Independent

16 TASLEEM AHMED REHMANI M 45 Independent

S24 78 UP BHADOHI 23-Apr-09 1 DR. AKHILESH KUMAR DWIVEDI M 41 Nationalist Congress Party

2 GORAKHNATH M 56 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 CHHOTELAL BIND M 53 Samajwadi Party

4 DR. MAHENDRA NATH PANDEY M 52 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 SURYMANI TIWARI M 60 Indian National Congress

6 JAJ LAL M 47 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

7 NANDLAL M 56 Vikas Party

8 RAMRATEE BIND M 74 Apna Dal

9 THAKUR SANTOSH KUMAR M 27 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

10 SHAHID M 42 Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party

11 GAURISHANKAR M 38 Independent

12 JEETENDRA M 30 Independent

13 TEJ BAHADUR YADAV ADVOCATE M 56 Independent

S27 1 JH RAJMAHAL 23-Apr-09 1 CHANDRA SHEKHAR AZAD M 38 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 JYOTIN SOREN M 59 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

3 THOMAS HASDA M 58 Rashtriya Janata Dal

4 DEVIDHAN BESRA M 69 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 HEMLAL MURMU M 54 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

6 AAMELIYA HANSDA F 29 Revolutionary Socialist Party

7 CHARAN MURMU M 33 Shivsena

8 DAUD MARANDI M 25 Samajwadi Party

9 SUKHWA URAON M 33 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

10 SUNDAR TUDU M 45 Bharatiya Jagaran Party

11 SOM MARANDI M 44 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

12 STIPHEN MARANDI M 55 Jharkhand Jan Morcha

S27 2 JH DUMKA 23-Apr-09 1 CHURKA TUDU M 44 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 PASHUPATI KOL M 29 Communist Party of India

3 RAMESH TUDU M 34 Rashtriya Janata Dal

4 SHIBU SOREN M 64 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

5 SUNIL SOREN M 30 Bharatiya Janata Party

6 ARJUN PUJHAR M 33 Samajwadi Party

7 NIRMALA MURMU F 33 Revolutionary Socialist Party

8 PHATIK CHANDRA HEMBRAM M 64 All Jharkhand Students Union

9 BITIYA MANJHI F 53 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

10 RAMESH HEMBROM M 39 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

11 RAMJIVAN DEHRI M 35 Samata Party

12 KALESHWAR SOREN M 38 Independent

13 CHARLES MURMU M 27 Independent

14 NANDLAL SOREN M 55 Independent

15 PULICE HEMRAM M 31 Independent

16 BIVISAN PUJHAR M 50 Independent

17 CYRIL HANSDA M 63 Independent

18 SONA MURMU F 56 Independent

19 HOPNA BASKI M 57 Independent

S27 3 JH GODDA 23-Apr-09 1 IQBAL DURRANI M 50 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 DURGA SOREN M 39 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

3 NISHIKANT DUBEY M 37 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 FURKAN ANSARI M 61 Indian National Congress

5 ASHOK SHARMA M 39 Jharkhand Party

6 GEETA MANDAL F 39 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

7 GOVIND LAL MARANDI M 39 Revolutionary Socialist Party

8 JAWAHAR LAL YADAV M 31 Lok Jan Shakti Party

9 NANDLAL YADAV M 39 Samajwadi Party

10 NIRANJAN PRASAD YADAV M 33 Rashtrawadi Sena

11 PRADEEP YADAV M 42 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

12 PRADEEP YADAV M 25 Samata Party

13 BINOD MEHARIA M 56 Bahujan Shakty

14 RAJ NARAYAN KHAWADE M 42 AJSU Party

15 SANTOSH KUMAR RAY M 26 All India Trinamool Congress

16 SURAJ MANDAL M 61 Jharkhand Vikas Dal

17 JAYSWAL MANJHI M 38 Independent

18 JAHIR MUSTAKIM M 35 Independent

19 MANOJ KUMAR MANDAL M 35 Independent

20 MITHILESH PASWAN M 38 Independent

21 MD. MOAJJAM ALI CHANCHAL M 38 Independent

22 SHANKAR PRASAD KESHARI M 39 Independent

23 SANJEEV KUMAR M 27 Independent

S27 6 JH GIRIDIH 23-Apr-09 1 AKLU RAM MAHTO M 65 Communist Party of India

2 TEKLAL MAHTO M 57 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

3 BIJAY SINGH M 48 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 RAVINDRA KUMAR PANDEY M 50 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 MD. HIMAYUN ANSARI M 72 Rashtriya Janata Dal

6 MRINAL KANTI DEV M 61 Socialist Party (Lohia)

7 RAVINDER MAHTO M 43 Jharkhand Party (Naren)

8 SHIVA MAHTO M 75 Marxist Co-Ordination

9 SABA AHMAD M 62 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

10 INDRA DEV MAHTO M 45 Independent

11 UMESH RISHI M 43 Independent

12 NAND KISHOR PRASAD M 64 Independent

13 BUDDHI NATH TIWARY M 41 Independent

14 MAHAVIR PRASAD M 36 Independent

15 MASOOM RAJA ANSARI M 27 Independent

16 LALOO KEWAT M 46 Independent

17 SHANKAR RAJAK M 38 Independent

S27 7 JH DHANBAD 23-Apr-09 1 CHANDRASHEKHAR DUBEY M 66 Indian National Congress

2 PASHUPATI NATH SINGH M 60 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 SAMARESH SINGH M 68 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 INDU SINGH F 32 Samata Party

5 JANARDAN PANDEY M 56 All India Forward Bloc

6 DIN BANDHU SINGH M 56 Socialist Party (Lohia)

7 PAWAN KUMAR JHA M 28 Janata Dal (Secular)

8 PHUL CHAND MANDAL M 66 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

9 M.K.MANDAL M 62 Amra Bangalee

10 A.K. ROY M 72 Marxist Co-Ordination

11 VIDESHI MAHATO M 54 Jharkhand Vikas Dal

12 VIRENDRA PRADHAN M 44 Lok Jan Shakti Party

13 SUNIL KUMAR M 38 Indian Justice Party

14 MD. SULTAN M 57 Jharkhand Party

15 HAFFIZUDDIN ANSARI M 51 Samajwadi Party

16 ABDUL MUSTAFA M 32 Independent

17 KARTIK MAHATO M 44 Independent

18 JAI PRAKASH SINGH M 39 Independent

19 JAIRAM SINGH M 31 Independent

20 JITENDRA KUMAR SINGH M 36 Independent

21 PHUL CHAND MAHATO M 40 Independent

22 BAMA PADA BAURI M 35 Independent

23 MADHUSUDAN RAJHANS M 44 Independent

24 MANILAL MAHATO M 27 Independent

25 MANOJ GANDHI M 29 Independent

26 MANOJ PANDEY M 29 Independent

27 MUNSI HEMBRAM M 56 Independent

28 RAVI RANJAN SINHA M 34 Independent

29 SHANKAR RAWANI M 42 Independent

30 SALIM KHAN M 42 Independent

31 SADHUSHARAN GOPE M 46 Independent

32 SUSHIL KUMAR SINGH M 57 Independent

S27 8 JH RANCHI 23-Apr-09 1 RAJENDRA SINGH MUNDA M 74 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2 RAM TAHAL CHAUDHARY M 66 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 MD. SARFUDDIN M 46 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 SUBODH KANT SAHAY M 57 Indian National Congress

5 AKHTAR ANSARI M 53 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

6 AFSAR EMAM M 48 Jharkhand PeopleÂ’S Party

7 MD. AJAD ANSARI M 47 National Lokhind Party

8 JIPALAL SINGH MUNDA M 45 Jharkhand Party (Naren)

9 DAYANAND GUPTA M 39 Jharkhand Vikas Dal

10 SURENDRA KUMAR SUMAN M 36 Samata Party

11 ANJANI PANDEY M 51 Independent

12 AGAM LAL MAHTO M 34 Independent

13 AFTAB ALAM M 42 Independent

14 ARTI BEHRA F 32 Independent

15 UPENDRA PD. SRIVASTAVA M 65 Independent

16 KESHAV NARAYAN BHAGAT M 49 Independent

17 KAILASH PAHAN M 40 Independent

18 JANARDAN TIWARI M 42 Independent

19 JITENDRA MAHTO M 27 Independent

20 DEVENDRA THAKUR M 48 Independent

21 BIRSA HEMBRAM M 31 Independent

22 RANJEET MAHTO M 49 Independent

23 RAMPODO MAHTO M 37 Independent

24 ROSHAN LAL MAHTO M 28 Independent

25 ROSAN PRASAD M 25 Independent

26 LAL BABA MASANI M 65 Independent

S27 9 JH JAMSHEDPUR 23-Apr-09 1 AJEET KUMAR M 39 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 ARJUN MUNDA M 41 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 SUMAN MAHTO F 44 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

4 ARVIND KUMAR SINGH M 47 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

5 ASHOK TRIPATHI M 44 Samajwadi Party

6 KINKAR GOUR M 41 Rashtravadi Aarthik Swatantrata Dal

7 KRISHN MURARI MISHRA M 47 Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha

8 PARIKSHIT MAHATO M 43 Lok Jan Shakti Party

9 MUBIN KHAN M 50 Bahujan Shakty

10 RAJ KAPOOR MAHATO M 35 Jharkhand Vikas Dal

11 SHARAT MAHATO M 36 Jharkhand Party (Naren)

12 SHAILENDRA MAHTO M 55 All Jharkhand Students Union

13 SHYAM NARAYAN SINGH M 50 All India Trinamool Congress

14 SANDIP PAUL M 43 Jharkhand Party

15 DR. SUNARAM HANSDA M 41 Jharkhand Disom Party

16 HEMANT SINGH M 37 Amra Bangalee

17 KRISHNA PRASAD M 40 Independent

18 JOSAI MARDI M 31 Independent

19 DILIP KALINDI M 44 Independent

20 DILIP TUDU M 41 Independent

21 PARAS NATH PRASAD M 56 Independent

22 RAKESH KUMAR M 30 Independent

23 RAJIV CHANDRA MAHATO M 27 Independent

24 RAM CHANDRA PRASAD GUPTA M 49 Independent

25 VICTOR A. LAZARUS M 60 Independent

26 SITARAM TUDU M 61 Independent

S27 10 JH SINGHBHUM 23-Apr-09 1 BARKUWAR GAGRAI M 41 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 BAGUN SUMBRUI M 82 Indian National Congress

3 HIKIM CHANDRA TUDU M 39 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 PREM SINGH MUNDRI M 40 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

5 MANGAL SINGH BOBONGA M 42 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

6 SUKH RAM JONKO M 62 Jharkhand Disom Party

7 ASHOK KUMAR TIU M 47 Independent

8 MADHU KORA M 38 Independent

9 HIKIM SOREN M 46 Independent

S04 11 BR KATIHAR 30-Apr-09 1 NIKHIL KUMAR CHOUDHARY M 63 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 MUNNI DEVI F 35 Independent

3 SHAH TARIQ ANWAR M 58 Nationalist Congress Party

4 MADAN MOHAN NISHAD M 62 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 MANOJ PARASAR M 44 Jan Samanta Party

6 PHOOLO DEVI F 40 Independent

7 AHMAD ASHFAQUE KARIM M 53 Lok Jan Shakti Party

8 SUNIL KUMAR CHOUDHARY M 39 Independent

9 MOHAMMAD HAMID MUBARAK M 33 Independent

10 SHOBHA DEVI F 40 Independent

11 MAHBOOB ALAM M 52 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

12 HIMRAJ SINGH M 49 Independent

13 RAJESH GURNANI M 38 Loktantrik Samata Dal

14 RAJGIRI SINGH M 53 Independent

15 OM PRAKASH PODDAR M 38 Bharatiya Jantantrik Janta Dal

16 MANENDRA KUMAR M 38 Independent

17 BHOLA NATH KEWAT M 60 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

18 CHANDU MURMU M 43 Jharkhand Disom Party

19 SHIV PUJAN PASWAN M 31 Buddhiviveki Vikas Party

20 SHAMBHU ROY M 38 Independent

21 NITESH KUMAR CHOUDHARY M 31 Independent

22 BABU LAL MARANDI M 33 Independent

23 KISHAN LAL AGRAWAL M 32 Independent

S04 13 BR MADHEPURA 30-Apr-09 1 VINOD KUMAR JHA M 42 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 OM PRAKASH NARAYAN M 44 Communist Party of India

3 TARA NAND SADA M 52 Indian National Congress

4 PROF RAVINDRA CHARAN YADAV M 49 Rashtriya Janata Dal

5 SHARAD YADAV M 61 Janata Dal (United)

6 RAJO SAH M 30 Loktantrik Samata Dal

7 DHANOJ KUMAR M 26 Rashtravadi Janata Party

8 RAVINDRA KUMAR M 33 Rashtra Sewa Dal

9 NIRMAL KUMAR SINGH M 66 Samata Party

10 SAKAR SURESH YADAV M 32 Independent

11 KISHOR KUMAR M 33 Independent

12 BALWANT GADHWAL M 29 Independent

13 TIRO SHARMA M 59 Independent

14 KARPOORI RISHIDEO M 29 Independent

15 AMIT ACHARYA M 26 Independent

16 PRASANNA KUMAR M 54 Independent

17 DHRUWA KUMAR M 43 Independent

18 MAHADEV YADAV M 55 Independent

19 PARMESHWARI PRASAD NIRALA M 68 Independent

S04 25 BR KHAGARIA 30-Apr-09 1 SATYA NARAYAN SINGH M 66 Communist Party of India

2 PRADUMAN KUMAR M 31 Independent

3 DINESHCHANDRA YADAV M 50 Janata Dal (United)

4 HARI NANDAN SINGH M 61 Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)

5 GULABRAJ M 31 Independent

6 ASARFI PRASAD MEHTA M 63 Bahujan Samaj Party

7 SIKANDAR PRASAD SHARMA M 56 Independent

8 SANGRAM KUMAR M 27 Independent

9 SURESH PODDAR M 47 Bharatiya Jantantrik Janta Dal

10 SANJAY YADAV M 41 Independent

11 NEHA CHAUHAN F 27 Independent

12 MANJU KUMARI F 31 Rashtra Sewa Dal

13 CHAUDHRY MEHBOOB ALI KAISER M 42 Indian National Congress

14 BHARAT KUMAR YADAV M 52 Kosi Vikas Party

15 RAM NANDAN YADAV M 45 Independent

16 NAYEEMUDDIN4 M 42 Independent

17 LAL BAHADUR HIMALAYA M 38 Independent

18 BABULU PASWAN M 35 Navbharat Nirman Party

19 PAWAN KUMAR “SUMAN” M 33 Independent

20 RAVINDRA KU. RANA M 62 Rashtriya Janata Dal

S04 27 BR BANKA 30-Apr-09 1 GRIDHARI YADAV M 44 Indian National Congress

2 JAI PRAKASH NARAYAN YADAV M 55 Rashtriya Janata Dal

3 DAMODAR RAWAT M 47 Janata Dal (United)

4 MUKESH KUMAR SINGH M 45 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 SANJAY KUMAR M 45 Communist Party of India

6 ANIL KUMAR ALIAS ANIL GUPTA M 40 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

7 AMRESHWAR KUMAR M 29 Jago Party

8 ARBIND KUMAR SAH M 42 Rashtriya Pragati Party

9 KEDAR PRASAD SINGH M 61 Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)

10 MAHABUB ALAM ANSARI M 50 Bharatiya Momin Front

11 RAJENDRA PANDIT NETAJI M 57 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (Ulgulan)

S06 1 GJ KACHCHH 30-Apr-09 1 JAT POONAMBEN VELJIBHAI F 37 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 DANICHA VALJIBHAI PUNAMCHANDRA M 54 Indian National Congress

3 NAMORI MOHANBHAI LADHABHAI M 50 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 CHAUHAN MOTILAL DEVJIBHA M 49 Lokpriya Samaj Party

5 DR. TINA MAGANBHAI PARMAR F 26 Bharatiya Natiional Janta Dal

6 DUNGARIYA BHARMALBHAI NARANBHAI M 45 Samajwadi Party

7 PARMAR MUKESHBHAI MANDANBHAI M 44 Indian Justice Party

8 BADIYA RAMESH GANGJI M 44 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

9 KANJI ABHABHAI MAHESHWARI M 55 Independent

10 GARVA ASMAL THAKARSHI M 44 Independent

11 GOVIND JIVABHAI DAFADA M 50 Independent

12 BADIA GANGJI FAKIRA M 55 Independent

13 MAHESHWARI GANGJI DAYABHAI M 55 Independent

14 MAHESHWARI DHANJIBHAI KARSHANBHAI M 51 Independent

15 MUNSHI BHURALAL KHIMJIBHAI M 40 Independent

16 MANGALIYA LILBAI JIVANBHAI F 42 Independent

17 VANZARA HIRABEN DALPATBHAI F 35 Independent

18 SARESA NANJI BHANJIBHAI M 42 Independent

S06 2 GJ BANASKANTHA 30-Apr-09 1 GADHVI MUKESHKUMAR BHERAVDANJI M 47 Indian National Congress

2 CHETANBHAI KALABHAI SOLANKI M 28 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 CHAUDHARI HARIBHAI PARTHIBHAI M 54 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 AMRUTBHAI LAKHUBHAI PATEL(FOSI) M 49 Mahagujarat Janta Party

5 KATARIYA HASMUKHBHAI RAVJIBHAI M 34 Akhand Bharti

6 NAGORI JHUBERKHAN LIYAKATKHAN M 33 Adarsh Lok Dal

7 LODHA ISHVARBHAI MAHADEVBHAI M 57 Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh

8 SAVJIBHAI PATHUBHAI RAJGOR M 34 Vishva Hindustani Sangathan

9 KARNAVAT YOGESHKUMAR BHIKHABHAI M 31 Independent

10 PATEL NAGJIBHAI PRAGJIBHAI M 43 Independent

11 PARSANI MAHMAD SIKANDAR JALALBHAI M 30 Independent

12 PUROHIT ASHOKBHAI CHHAGANBHAI M 32 Independent

13 PANSAL KALABHAI PUNMABHAI M 49 Independent

14 MAJIRANA BHOPAJI AASHAJI M 68 Independent

15 MALI JAGDISHKUMAR HASTAJI M 30 Independent

16 ROOTHAR LEBUJI PARBATJI M 32 Independent

17 SHARDABEN BHIKHABHAI PARMAR F 45 Independent

18 SIPAI AAIYUBBHAI IBRAHIMBHAI M 35 Independent

19 SHRIMALI ASHOKBHAI BALCHANDBHAI M 40 Independent

S06 3 GJ PATAN 30-Apr-09 1 KHOKHAR MAHEBOOBKHAN RAHEMATKHAN M 50 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 JAGDISH THAKOR M 51 Indian National Congress

3 BAROT SANJAYBHAI MAGANBHAI M 50 Nationalist Congress Party

4 RATHOD BHAVSINHBHAI DAHYABHAI M 68 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 PATAVAT MAHAMMADBHAI SHARIFBHAI M 50 Independent

6 PATEL NARANBHAI PRAGDASBHAI M 55 Mahagujarat Janta Party

7 KANUBHAI BHURABHAI MAHESHVARI M 60 Independent

8 CHAUDHARY KIRTIKUMAR JESANGBHAI M 30 Independent

9 CHAUDHARY MANSINHBHAI MANABHAI M 32 Independent

10 JUDAL GANESHBHAI MEGHRAJBHAI M 35 Independent

11 THAKOR NATUJI HALAJI M 48 Independent

12 THAKOR BHUPATSINH KANTIJI M 29 Independent

13 DIVAN YASIN AHMAD MAHAMADSHAH M 47 Independent

14 PATEL KALPESHBHAI SHANKARLAL M 27 Independent

15 PATEL KIRITKUMAR CHIMANLAL M 38 Independent

16 PATEL DILIPKUMAR LILACHAND M 31 Independent

17 PATEL MANORBHAI VIRAMDAS M 68 Independent

18 PATEL RAMESHBHAI GOVINDBHAI M 45 Independent

19 BRAHMKSHATRIYA NIRUPABEN NATVARLAL F 35 Independent

20 BRAHMKSHATRIYA BHAGVATIBEN KHETSINH F 55 Independent

21 RABARI BABUBHAI LALLUBHAI M 56 Independent

22 RAJPUT JAGATSINH SAMANTSANG M 29 Independent

23 RAVAL BHURABHAI MOTIBHAI M 45 Independent

24 VAGHELA SHIVUBHA RAMSING M 53 Independent

25 SUNSARA AAMINBHAI USMANBHAI M 35 Independent

S06 9 GJ SURENDRANAGAR 30-Apr-09 1 BHATIYA NARANBHAI KEHARBHAI M 45 Independent

2 VAGHELA SATUBHA KANUBHA M 75 Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh

3 BHARATBHAI RAMNIKLAL MAKWANA M 43 Independent

4 KOLI PATEL SOMABHAI M 68 Indian National Congress

5 DEVJIBHAI GOVINDBHAI FATEPARA M 51 Indian National Congress

6 MER LALJIBHAI CHATURBHAI M 53 Bharatiya Janata Party

7 SONI PRAKASHBHAI GOVINDBHAI M 51 Bharatiya Janata Party

8 KORDIA ALTAFBHAI VALIBHAI M 25 Independent

9 PATEL MOHANBHAI DAHYABHAI M 56 Bahujan Samaj Party

10 TUNDIYA PREMJIBHAI VIRJIBHAI M 53 Independent

11 NAYAKPRA HITSH BHAGVANGIBHAI M 40 Independent

12 DABHI MOHANBHAI TULSHIBHAI M 63 Independent

13 DERVALIA MEDHABHAI KALABHAI M 51 Independent

14 PATEL KHEMABHAI ISHVARBHAI M 43 Independent

15 RABA HARSURBHAI RAMBHAI M 63 Independent

16 JADAV BHAGWANBHAI MATHURBHAI M 56 Independent

17 UKABHAI AMARABHAI MAKWANA M 40 Independent

18 JAGRUTIBEN BABULAL GADA (SHAH) F 39 Mahagujarat Janta Party

19 PATADIYA KHIMJIBHAI HARAJIVANBHAI M 52 Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena

20 SOLANKI KARSHANBHAI JIVABHAI M 38 Independent

21 PATEL ASHOKKUMAR CHIMANLAL M 54 Independent

22 DHAVANIYA BACHUBHAI CHHAGANBHAI M 58 Lokpriya Samaj Party

23 CHAVDA ASHOKBHAI KARSHANBHAI M 33 Bahujan Samaj Party

24 SAVUKIYA LALJIBHAI MOHANLAL M 50 Independent

25 MER MAVJIBHAI KUKABHAI M 63 Independent

S06 10 GJ RAJKOT 30-Apr-09 1 MULTANI SUBHANBHAI POPATBHAI M 52 Independent

2 GOKALBHAI KHODABHAI PARMAR M 53 Lokpriya Samaj Party

3 KIRANKUMAR VALJIBHAI BHALODIA M 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 DHANSUKHBHAI CHUNIBHAI BHANDERI M 46 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 DR. ZAKIRHUSEN MATHAKIYA M 38 Samajwadi Party

6 ARVINDBHAI JADAVJIBHAI RATHOD M 42 Independent

7 KUBAVAT BABUDAS CHHAGANDAS M 63 Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh

8 PRAVINBHAI MEGHJIBHAI DENGADA M 46 Independent

9 KUVARJIBHAI MOHANBHAI BAVALIA M 54 Indian National Congress

10 JOSHI SUDHIRBHAI REVASHANKAR M 67 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

11 JADEJA SATUBHA AMARSANG M 41 National Secular Party

12 JADEJA NATUBHA AMARSANG M 39 National Secular Party

13 DHEDHI DALEECHANDBHAI LIRABHAI M 54 Bahujan Samaj Party

14 KHIMSURIYA BHANUBHAI RAMJIBHAI M 47 Bahujan Samaj Party

15 NARENDRASINH TAPUBHA JADEJA M 35 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

16 HIRABHAI GORDHANBHAI CHANGELA M 58 Independent

17 HARSODA MAHESH HIRABHAI M 25 Independent

18 BHIKHABHAI KURJIBHAI SADADIYA M 57 Bahujan Samaj Party

19 GAR PRAKASH KHIMJIBHAI M 40 Independent

20 DUDHATRA MUKUNDBHAI GOVINDBHAI M 41 Independent

21 SAROLA GEETABEN MANJIBHAI F 32 Independent

22 RABARI MOMAIYABHAI ALABHAI M 60 Independent

23 AJITSINH HARISINH JADEJA M 55 Independent

24 DR.RAJESHKUMAR SHANTIBHIA MANKADIA M 35 Independent

25 RAJGURU INDRANIL SANJAYBHAI M 43 Indian National Congress

26 NAYANBHI HASHMUKHBHAI UPADHYAY M 42 Independent

27 KESHUBHAI DHANJIBHAI VEKARIYA M 30 Independent

28 MATHAKIA USMAN HASAN M 56 Independent

29 BABUBHAI DEVJIBHAI GHAVA M 42 Lok Jan Shakti Party

30 PATADIA VINODBHAI KHODABHAI M 45 Independent

31 CHAVDA LAKHMANBHAI DEVJIBHAI M 49 Republican Party of India

32 VEKARIYA PRAGJIBHAI NATHUBHAI M 60 Independent

33 BHIKHABHAI KURJIBHAI SADADIA M 57 Independent

34 VEKARIA ALPESHBHAI KESHUBHAI M 32 Mahagujarat Janta Party

35 JASVANTBHAI RANCHHODBHAI SABHAYA M 38 Samajwadi Party

36 PIPALIA BHARATBHAI SAVJIBHAI M 52 Mahagujarat Janta Party

37 GORI BHARTIBEN MAHENDRABHAI F 26 Independent

S06 13 GJ JUNAGADH 30-Apr-09 1 BARAD JASHUBHAI DHANABHAI M 54 Indian National Congress

2 BHUVA KAMLESHBHAI LALJIBHAI M 48 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 SOLANKI DINUBHAI BOGHABHAI M 51 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 AKHED MAHESHBHAI VALLABHBHAI M 48 Indian Justice Party

5 KUNJADIYA VALLABHBHAI RAMBHAI M 46 Akhil Bharatiya Manav Seva Dal

6 CHANDULAL BHANUBHAI DHADUK M 42 Mahagujarat Janta Party

7 DANGAR BRIJESH RAMBHAI M 31 Rashtrawadi Sena

S06 15 GJ BHAVNAGAR 30-Apr-09 1 GOHILMAHAVIRSINHBHAGIRATHSINH M 52 Indian National Congress

2 VAGHANI PRAKSHBHAI ARJANBHAI M 38 Indian National Congress

3 RANA RAJENDRASINH GHANSHYAMSINH M 53 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 MANDAVIA MANSUKHBHAI LAXMANBHAI M 42 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 BORICHA VALJIBHAI BAGHABHAI M 51 Bahujan Samaj Party

6 REVAR MANSUKHBHAI KHODIDASBHAI M 40 Bahujan Samaj Party

7 ZADAFIA GORDHANBHAI PRAGJIBHAI M 54 Mahagujarat Janta Party

8 ZADAFIA GORDHANBHAI PRAGJIBHAI M 54 Mahagujarat Janta Party

9 ZADAFIA GORDHANBHAI PRAGJIBHAI M 54 Mahagujarat Janta Party

10 YADAV TULSHIBHAI RAMJIBHAI M 67 Samajwadi Party

11 YADAV TULSHIBHAI RAMJIBHAI M 67 Samajwadi Party

12 YADAV TULSHIBHAI RAMJIBHAI M 67 Samajwadi Party

13 SAPARIA DINESHBHAI NANUBHAI M 45 Lokpriya Samaj Party

14 SAPARIA DINESHBHAI NANUBHAI M 45 Lokpriya Samaj Party

15 SAPARIA DINESHBHAI NANUBHAI M 45 Lokpriya Samaj Party

16 PANDYA ATULBHAI HARSHADRAI M 46 Bharatiya Natiional Janta Dal

17 PANDYA ATULBHAI HARSHADRAI M 46 Bharatiya Natiional Janta Dal

18 PANDYA ATULBHAI HARSHADRAI M 46 Bharatiya Natiional Janta Dal

19 GOHIL NANAJIBHAI MADHABHAI M 38 Republican Party of India (A)

20 GOHIL NANAJIBHAI MADHABHAI M 38 Republican Party of India (A)

21 CHAUHAN PREMJIBHAI SHAMJIBHAI M 42 Akhil Bharatiya Congress Dal (Ambedkar)

22 MAKWANA HARINBHAI RAMNIKLAL M 37 Independent

23 MAKWANA HARINBHAI RAMNIKLAL M 37 Independent

24 MAKWANA HARINBHAI RAMNIKLAL M 37 Independent

25 GOHIL KISHORSINH BALAVANTSINH M 54 Independent

26 GOHIL KISHORSINH BALAVANTSINH M 54 Independent

27 GOHIL KISHORSINH BALAVANTSINH M 54 Independent

28 KATARIA ZINABHAI NAGAJIBHAI M 49 Independent

29 KATARIA ZINABHAI NAGAJIBHAI M 49 Independent

30 KATARIA ZINABHAI NAGAJIBHAI M 49 Independent

31 PUNANI MUKESHBHI MAGANBHAI M 43 Independent

32 PUNANI MUKESHBHI MAGANBHAI M 43 Independent

33 PUNANI MUKESHBHI MAGANBHAI M 43 Independent

34 CHAUHAN DHIRUBHAI KARSHANBHAI M 39 Independent

35 CHAUHAN DHIRUBHAI KARSHANBHAI M 39 Independent

36 CHAUHAN DHIRUBHAI KARSHANBHAI M 39 Independent

37 SONANI NARESHBHAI NANAJIBHAI M 36 Independent

38 SONANI NARESHBHAI NANAJIBHAI M 36 Independent

39 SONANI NARESHBHAI NANAJIBHAI M 36 Independent

40 CHUDASAMA MEPABHAI MAVJIBHAI M 42 Independent

41 CHUDASAMA MEPABHAI MAVJIBHAI M 42 Independent

42 CHUDASAMA MEPABHAI MAVJIBHAI M 42 Independent

43 SOLANKI MAHAMADRAFIKBHAI IBRAHIMBHAI M 50 Independent

44 SOLANKI MAHAMADRAFIKBHAI IBRAHIMBHAI M 50 Independent

45 SOLANKI MAHAMADRAFIKBHAI IBRAHIMBHAI M 50 Independent

46 DABHI DEVJIBHAI MEGHABHAI M 29 Independent

47 DABHI DEVJIBHAI MEGHABHAI M 29 Independent

48 DABHI DEVJIBHAI MEGHABHAI M 29 Independent

49 PATEL KALPESHBHAI ASHOKBHAI M 30 Independent

50 PATEL KALPESHBHAI ASHOKBHAI M 30 Independent

51 PATEL KALPESHBHAI ASHOKBHAI M 30 Independent

S06 18 GJ PANCHMAHAL 30-Apr-09 1 MANSURI MUKHTYAR MOHAMAD M 49 Akhil Bharatiya Manav Seva Dal

2 VAGHELA SHANKERSINH LAXMANSINH M 68 Indian National Congress

3 PATEL PROSOTTAMBHAI MANGALBHAI M 53 Indian National Congress

4 BAROT PRAKASHKUMAR MANEKLAL M 53 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 CHAUHAN PRABHATSINH PRATAPSINH M 67 Bharatiya Janata Party

6 MALIVAD KALUBHAI HIRABHAI M 58 Bharatiya Janata Party

7 SHAIKH KALIM A.LATIF M 42 Lok Jan Shakti Party

8 SHUKLA ARVINDKUMAR JYANTILAL M 66 Bahujan Samaj Party

9 BHABHOR RASILABEN SAMSUBHAI F 26 Indian Justice Party

S06 19 GJ DAHOD 30-Apr-09 1 KATARA SINGJIBHAI JALJIBHAI M 62 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2 KALARA RAMSINGBHAI NANJIBHAI M 37 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 DAMOR SOMJIBHAI PUNJABHAI M 70 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 TAVIYAD DR. PRABHABEN KISHORSINH F 54 Indian National Congress

5 MEDA KALSINGBHAI TAJSINHBHAI M 57 Nationalist Congress Party

6 PARMAR DINESHBHAI NAGJIBHAI M 28 Indian Justice Party

7 BARIYA NAVALSINGBHAI MADIABHAI M 39 Mahagujarat Janta Party

8 MUNIA KAMALSINH CHHAGANBHAI M 61 Samajwadi Party

S06 20 GJ VADODARA 30-Apr-09 1 GAEKWAD SATYAJITSINH DULIPSINH M 46 Indian National Congress

2 PUROHIT VINAYKUMAR RAMANBHAI M 36 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 BALKRISHNA KHANDERAO SHUKLA M 45 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 GIRISHBHAI MADHAVLAL BHAVSAR M 42 Independent

5 THAVARDAS AMULRAI CHOITHANI M 63 Independent

6 DASGUPTA TAPANBHAI SHANTIMAY M 45 Independent

7 PARMAR BHARTIBEN KISHORCHANDRA F 36 Independent

8 MALEK MAHEBUBBHAI RAHIMBHAI M 42 Independent

9 VASAVA HARILAL SHANABHAI M 46 Independent

S06 21 GJ CHHOTA UDAIPUR 30-Apr-09 1 RATHWA RAMSINGBHAI PATALBHAI M 57 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 RATHWA NARANBHAI JEMLABHAI M 55 Indian National Congress

3 BHIL PRAKASHBHAI SOMABHAI M 36 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 RATHWA SATISHBHAI RAMANBHAI M 32 Janata Dal (United)

5 VASAVA(BHIL) VITTHALBHAI VENIBHAI M 63 Independent

S06 22 GJ BHARUCH 30-Apr-09 1 PATEL MEHRUNNISHA VALLIBHAI F 40 Lok Jan Shakti Party

2 PATHAN JAHANGIRKHA AHEMADKHA M 69 Indian National Congress

3 PATHAN JAHANGIRKHA AHEMADKHA M 69 Indian National Congress

4 MANSUKHBHAI DHANJIBHAI VASAVA M 52 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 UGHARATDAR UMARJI AHMED M 64 Indian National Congress

6 UGHARATDAR UMARJI AHMED M 64 Indian National Congress

7 UGHARATDAR UMARJI AHMED M 64 Indian National Congress

8 UGHARATDAR UMARJI AHMED M 64 Indian National Congress

9 MANSUKHBHAI DHANJIBHAI VASAVA M 52 Bharatiya Janata Party

10 MANSUKHBHAI DHANJIBHAI VASAVA M 52 Bharatiya Janata Party

11 MORI CHHATRASINH PUJABHAI M 53 Bharatiya Janata Party

12 MORI CHHATRASINH PUJABHAI M 53 Bharatiya Janata Party

13 MORI CHHATRASINH PUJABHAI M 53 Bharatiya Janata Party

14 VASAVA SURESHBHAI GORDHANBHAI M 40 Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh

15 VASAVA DILIPKUMAR GULSINGBHAI M 32 Independent

16 PANDEY SANATKUMAR RAJARAMBHAI M 32 Bahujan Samaj Party

17 BASHIRBHAI MAHAMEDBHAI FOJDAR M 44 Independent

18 VASAVA CHHOTUBHAI AMARSINHBHAI M 62 Janata Dal (United)

19 BHAGAT ANILKUMAR CHHITUBHAI M 44 Janata Dal (United)

20 LAD MAHIPATBHAI MAGANBHAI M 52 Independent

21 PATEL THAKORBHAI CHANDULAL M 58 Independent

22 HEMANTKUMAR JERAMBHAI GOHIL M 31 Independent

23 MANGROLA KANAKSINH MOHANSINH M 58 Samajwadi Party

24 MANGROLA VIKRAMSINH KANAKSINH M 28 Samajwadi Party

25 PATEL NARESHKUMAR BHAGVANBHAI M 48 Mahagujarat Janta Party

26 PATEL NARESHKUMAR BHAGVANBHAI M 48 Mahagujarat Janta Party

27 NARENDRASINH RANDHIRSINH VASHI M 37 Loktantrik Samajwadi Party

28 PARMAR BALVANTSINH VIJAYSINH M 53 Nationalist Congress Party

29 PATHAN NISHARKHAN ZAHIRKHAN M 38 Independent

30 LAKDAWALA SHAKIL AHMED M 43 Independent

31 PATEL USMANBHAI GULAMBHAI M 26 Independent

S06 25 GJ NAVSARI 30-Apr-09 1 NAIK YOGESHKUMAR THAKORBHAI M 54 Nationalist Congress Party

2 C. R. PATIL M 54 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 RAJPUT DHANSUKHABHAI BHAGVATIPRASAD M 51 Indian National Congress

4 SHAILESHBHAI BISHESWAR SHRIVASTAV M 37 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 AMULKUMAR DHIRUBHAI DESAI M 46 Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh

6 AAZADKUMAR CHATURBHAI PATEL M 33 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Party

7 YADAV GANGAPRASAD LALANBHAI M 55 Mahagujarat Janta Party

8 KANUBHAI DEVJIBHAI SUKHADIA M 47 Independent

9 JASHAVANTBHAI DALPATBHAI PANCHAL M 48 Independent

10 TARUNBHAI CHAMPAKBHAI PATEL M 39 Independent

11 PATEL PRAVINCHANDRA MANILAL M 52 Independent

12 PRAKASH MANHAR SHAH M 45 Independent

13 PRAVINBHAI RANGILDAS KAPASIYAWALA M 71 Independent

14 YADAV RAJENDRAKUMAR RAMRAJ M 35 Independent

15 RATHOD GOVINDBHAI LAXMANBHAI M 52 Independent

16 VARANKAR KAMALBEN KASHIRAM F 50 Independent

17 SHATRUDHANDAS OMKARDAS SUGAT (BAIRAGI) M 78 Independent

18 SATYAJIT JAYANTILAL SHETH M 41 Independent

S06 26 GJ VALSAD 30-Apr-09 1 DHIRUBHAI CHHAGANBHAI PATEL M 53 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 NARESHBHAI MAGANBHAI PATEL M 41 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 LAXMANBHAI CHHAGANBHAI VARLI M 51 Independent

4 BHOYE NAYNESHBHAI MADHUBHAI M 31 Samajwadi Party

5 GAVLI CHHAGANBHAI PILUBHAI M 43 Bahujan Samaj Party

6 PATEL PANKAJKUMAR PRABHUBHAI M 40 Aadivasi Sena Party

7 KISHANBHAI VESTABHAI PATEL M 46 Indian National Congress

8 JEETUBHAI HARJIBHAI CHAUDHARI M 45 Indian National Congress

9 RAMBHAI KOYABHAI PATEL M 59 Independent

S10 3 KA BAGALKOT 30-Apr-09 1 SHANKAR TELI M 33 Independent

2 MANOHAR H.AYYANNAVAR M 51 Independent

3 MALAKAJAPPANAVAR BASAYYA M 49 Janata Dal (Secular)

4 KALLAPPA REVANASIDDAPPA KADECHUR M 43 Independent

5 JAGADISH TIMMANAGOUDA PATIL M 59 Indian National Congress

6 BASAVARAJ KALAKAPPA PUJAR M 42 Nationalist Congress Party

7 HULLANAGOUDA CHANDANAGOUDA PATIL M 70 Independent

8 GADDIGOUDAR PARVATGOUDA M 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

9 PATIL JAGADISH M 59 Indian National Congress

10 DANAPPA MALLAPPA ASANGI M 38 Independent

11 CHINCHOLI SANTOSHKUMAR SAHEBGOUDA M 25 Independent

12 GADADANNAVAR RAMANNA BHIMAPPA M 47 Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha

13 CHANDRASHEKHAR HANAMANT BANDIWADDAR M 29 Akhil Bharatiya Manav Seva Dal

14 PARASHURAM JALAGAR M 48 Pyramid Party of India

15 PARASHURAM JALAGAR M 48 Janata Dal (Secular)

16 KRISHNAGOUDA RANGANAGOUDA PATIL M 56 Independent

17 R. RAMESH BABU M 38 Janata Dal (Secular)

18 R.RAMESH BABU M 38 Janata Dal (Secular)

19 BADASHA RAJESAB MUJAWAR M 40 Independent

20 KRISHNAGOUDA RANGANAGOUDA PATIL M 56 Independent

21 PATIL VIJAYKUMAR M 46 Janata Dal (Secular)

22 PANDIT BODALI M 33 Independent

23 GADADANNAVAR RAMANNA BHIMAPPA M 47 Independent

24 GADADANNAVAR RAMANNA BHIMAPPA M 47 Independent

25 R.RAMESH BABU M 38 Independent

26 R.RAMESH BABU M 38 Independent

27 RENUKARADHYA HIREMATH M 29 Independent

28 SANNAGOUDAR GURURAJ SATYAPPAGOUDA M 27 Independent

29 PAKALI FAROOQ M 33 Bahujan Samaj Party

30 SINDHUR GURUBASAVARYA M 48 Janata Dal (Secular)

31 NAZIR DUNDASI M 31 Independent

32 SANGMESH .G. BHAVIKATTI M 29 Independent

S10 10 KA HAVERI 30-Apr-09 1 RAMACHANDRAPPA GUDDAPPA BILLAL M 59 Independent

2 CHANDRAGOUDA HANUMANTA GOUDA PATIL M 29 Independent

3 FAKKIRESH SHAMBHU BIJAPUR M 39 Independent

4 SHIVAKUMAR CHANNABASAPPA UDASI M 42 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 BASAVARAJ SHANKRAPPA DESAI M 38 Independent

6 JAGADEESH YANKAPPA DODDAMANI M 35 Independent

7 RAJESAB RAHAMANSAB SIDNEKOPPA M 65 Independent

8 PRABHU K PATIL M 31 Janata Dal (United)

9 JAVALI ASHOKAPPA MALLAPPA M 43 Nationalist Congress Party

10 RAMACHANDRASA SAHASRARJUNSA HABIB M 26 Independent

11 IGAL DILLPPA KARIYAPPA M 52 Bahujan Samaj Party

12 KRISHNAJI RAGHAVENDRARAO OMKAR M 32 Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha

13 MULLANAVAR ABDULRAJAK MODINSAB M 49 Bahujan Samaj Party

14 MEHABUB KUTUBSAB NADAF M 47 Independent

15 SALEEM AHAMAD M 45 Indian National Congress

16 PATIL SHIVAKUMARGOUDA M 42 Janata Dal (Secular)

17 MANJUNATH KALAVEERAPPA PANCHANAN M 38 Independent

18 DESAI MALLIKARJUN BASAPPA M 61 Independent

19 SALEEM AKBAR NAIK M 30 Independent

20 DAYANAND RAMACHANDRA RATHOD M 35 Independent

21 ALLABAX TIMMAPUR M 34 Independent

22 BADIGER KOTESHWAR M 28 Independent

23 VASTRAD VEERBHADRAYYA KALAKAYYA M 47 Bharatiya Janata Party

S10 11 KA DHARWAD 30-Apr-09 1 PRALHAD JOSHI M 46 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 CHANNABASAPPA.S.KUSUGAL M 48 Independent

3 RAJANNA.P.KADDLYANAVARAMATH M 36 Independent

4 KUNNUR MANJUNATH CHANNAPPA M 55 Indian National Congress

5 BAGWAN NASIR PAPULSAB M 51 Janata Dal (Secular)

6 RAMACHANDRA KALINGAPPA MAHAR M 59 Independent

7 TALAKALLAMATH MAHESH GURUPADAYYA M 52 Nationalist Congress Party

8 ASHOK BADDI M 38 Independent

9 KURUBAR BEERAPPA M 38 Independent

10 BABUSAB KASHEEMNAVAR M 61 Janata Dal (Secular)

11 PATIL GURUPADAGOUDA M 62 Independent

12 JANUMALA BASKAR M 39 Independent

13 BASANGOUDA HANSI M 63 Independent

14 PANCH MAHALDAR M 38 Independent

15 NIRJAN HANMANTSA M 40 Janata Dal (United)

16 SHANKRAPPA YADAVANNAVAR M 50 Independent

17 SONDUR RAGHAVENDRA SRINIVAS M 46 Janata Dal (Secular)

18 ALLISAB SANDIMANI M 30 Independent

19 KILLADAR ALLABAKSH M 52 Nationalist Congress Party

20 TAKAPPA KALAL M 59 Independent

21 MULLA KASHIMASAB M 57 Bahujan Samaj Party

22 PREMANATH KASHAPPA CHIKKTUMBAL M 31 Bahujan Samaj Party

23 MARUTI RAMAPPA HANASI M 40 Independent

24 DADAPEER KOPPAL M 50 Ambedkar National Congress

25 KALLIMANI IBRAHIM M 32 Independent

26 IMAMHUSEN KUNDAGOL M 46 Independent

27 GADAGKAR MOHAMMAD YOOSUF M 56 Muslim League Kerala State Committee

28 SHANKRAPPA JINNAKAR M 63 Independent

29 HULLI MOHAMMEDALI M 67 Independent

30 JAMIRAHMEDKHAN M 27 Independent

31 MOHAMMED ISMAIL BHADRAPUR M 28 Independent

32 BIJAPUR JALALSAHEB M 78 Independent

33 BALANNAVAR BASAVARAJ M 30 Independent

34 KASHEEMNAVAR BABUSAB M 61 Independent

35 PATIL GURUPADAGOUDA M 62 Janata Dal (Secular)

S10 13 KA DAVANAGERE 30-Apr-09 1 RAMESH HULI M 35 Independent

2 MUJEEB PATEL M.H.K. M 25 Independent

3 DR. SRIDHARA UDUPA M 56 Independent

4 SUBHAN KHAN M 45 Independent

5 SIDDESWARA G.M. M 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

6 DR.RAJU C. M 44 Independent

7 MALLIKARJUN S.S. M 42 Indian National Congress

8 IDLI RAMAPPA M 46 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

9 NAGARAJA M 30 Independent

10 H K KENCHVEERAPPA M 65 Independent

11 L.H. PATIL M 41 Independent

12 RAJASHEKHARAYYA B. M 62 Independent

13 DR. HIDAYATHUR RAHMAN KHAN M 36 Bahujan Samaj Party

14 NINGAPPA A. M 77 Independent

15 MALLIKARJUN L.S. M 39 Independent

16 AMANULLA KHAN J. M 35 Independent

17 JAYANNA ITAGI M 38 Independent

18 ALUR M.G. SWAMY M 62 Independent

19 SATHISH B.M M 45 Independent

20 INAYAT ALI KHAN M 31 Independent

21 YOGESHWARA RAO SINDHE M 42 Independent

22 RAJASHEKAR M 44 Independent

23 HANUMANTHAPPA M 32 Independent

24 MANJUNATH K. M 43 Independent

25 MAHESH Y. M 40 Independent

26 EHSANULLA PATEL H.M. M 53 Independent

27 SUDESH G.M. M 31 Akhila India Jananayaka Makkal Katchi (Dr. Issac)

28 CHANDRASHEKARAPPA S. M 59 Independent

29 VEERESH T. M 35 Independent

30 SIDDESHI G. M 42 Independent

31 MARUTHI H. M 51 Independent

32 GNANA PRAKASH B. M 30 Independent

33 ESWARAPPA H. M 30 Independent

34 NAGARAJAPPA M 46 Independent

35 KALLERUDRESHAPPA K.B. M 49 Janata Dal (Secular)

S10 14 KA SHIMOGA 30-Apr-09 1 UMESHKUMAR S M 38 Janata Dal (United)

2 N DINESH KUMAR M 40 Independent

3 M.P. SRIDHAR. BYNDOOR M 44 Independent

4 AKHIL AHMED M 45 Independent

5 H.S. SHEKARAPPA M 47 Independent

6 J. JAYAPPA M 40 Bahujan Samaj Party

7 S. BANGARAPPA M 76 Indian National Congress

8 D.S. ESHWARAPPA M 41 Independent

9 T. CHAKRAVARTI NAYAKA M 70 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

10 MAINUDDIN.M.S M 35 Independent

11 C. MURUGAN M 29 Akhila India Jananayaka Makkal Katchi (Dr. Issac)

12 B,Y. RAGHAVENDRA M 36 Bharatiya Janata Party

13 Y.H. NAGARAJA M 51 Independent

14 MANJAPPA. S. M 58 Independent

15 RANGANATHA T.L. M 50 Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha

16 H.G. LOKESHA M 47 Independent

17 V. SHAIK MEHABOOB M 43 Independent

S10 15 KA UDUPI CHIKMAGALUR 30-Apr-09 1 GANAPATHI SHETTIGARA M 58 Independent

2 SRINIVASA M 51 Independent

3 DENIAL FEDRIK RANGER M 35 Independent

4 JAYAPRAKASH HEGDE M 57 Indian National Congress

5 JAYAPRAKASH HEGDE M 57 Indian National Congress

6 JAYAPRAKASH HEGDE M 57 Indian National Congress

7 JAYAPRAKASH HEGDE M 57 Indian National Congress

8 SMT. RADHA F 49 Communist Party of India

9 SMT. RADHA F 49 Communist Party of India

10 SMT. RADHA F 49 Communist Party of India

11 DR. SRIDHAR UDUPA M 56 Independent

12 UMESH KUMARA M 38 Independent

13 B.VINAYAK MALLYA M 26 Independent

14 STEVEN JOHN MENEZES M 43 Bahujan Samaj Party

15 STEVEN JOHN MENEZES M 43 Bahujan Samaj Party

16 ABDUL RASHEED M 40 Independent

17 ABDUL RASHEED M 40 Independent

18 VENKATRAMANA HEGADE.B M 39 Jai Vijaya Bharathi Party

19 D.V.SADANANDA GOWDA M 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

20 D.V.SADANANDA GOWDA M 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

21 D.V.SADANANDA GOWDA M 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

22 D.V.SADANANDA GOWDA M 56 Bharatiya Janata Party

S10 16 KA HASSAN 30-Apr-09 1 KOVI BABANNA M 47 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

2 B. C. VIJAYAKUMAR M 43 Independent

3 A. P. AHAMED M 66 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 B. SHIVRAMU M 58 Indian National Congress

5 K. H. HANUME GOWDA M 78 Bharatiya Janata Party

6 S. HARISH(S. C. S) M 37 Independent

7 AIJAZ AHAMED FAROOQI M 52 Republican Party of India (A)

8 H. D. DEVEGOWDA M 76 Janata Dal (Secular)

9 KODIHALLI CHANDRASHEKAR M 51 Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha

10 M. MAHESH URF HARSHA M 38 Independent

11 K. SHANMUKHA M 42 Independent

12 RAJANI NARAYANAGOWDA M 34 Independent

13 K. REVANNA M 34 Independent

14 G. P. SANTHOSH GUPTHA M 28 Independent

15 B. LOHITHGOWDA KUNDURU M 30 Bharatiya Janata Party

16 BOMMEGOWDA M 62 Independent

17 T. R. VIJAYA KUMAR M 33 Independent

18 DEVARAJ. P. B M 26 Independent

19 DYAVEGOWDA M 53 Independent

S10 17 KA DAKSHINA KANNADA 30-Apr-09 1 SUPREETHA KUMAR POOJARY M 31 Independent

2 JANARDHANA POOJARY M 71 Indian National Congress

3 VASUDEVA M P M 49 Independent

4 DR.THIRUMALA RAYA HALEMANE M 55 Independent

5 G.MOHAMMED M 48 Independent

6 K RAMA BHAT URIMAJALU M 78 Independent

7 ABDUL RAZAK M 50 Independent

8 MADHAVA B M 71 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

9 MOHAMMED SALI M 40 Independent

10 GIRISH A RAI M 47 Bahujan Samaj Party

11 NALIN KUMAR KATEEL M 42 Bharatiya Janata Party

12 K MONAPPA BHANDARY M 57 Bharatiya Janata Party

13 C AHAMMAD JAMAL M 54 Muslim League Kerala State Committee

14 ANANDA GATTY M 59 Independent

15 SUBRAHMANYA KUMAR KUNTIKANA MATA M 36 Independent

16 DR.U.P.SHIVANANDA M 59 Independent

S10 20 KA MANDYA 30-Apr-09 1 SHAMBHULINGEGOWDA M 48 Independent

2 KOWDLEY CHANNAPPA M 60 Janata Dal (United)

3 K S NANJAPPA M 56 Independent

4 K S PUTTANNAIAH M 60 Sarvodaya Party

5 N NANJUNDAIAH M 57 Independent

6 S B SHIVALINGEGOWDA M 62 Indian National Congress

7 SUMANTH M 60 Independent

8 M KRISHNAMURTHY M 35 Bahujan Samaj Party

9 VENKTESH R M 37 Independent

10 T S ASHRAF M 33 Independent

11 SHIVARAMU M 41 Independent

12 L R SHIVARAMEGOWDA M 53 Bharatiya Janata Party

13 SHAKUNTHALA F 29 Independent

14 H S RAMANNA M 45 Independent

15 H R CHANDRASHEKHARAIAH M 43 Independent

16 BALASUBRAMANIAN M 38 Independent

17 CHELUVARAYA SWAMY M 49 Janata Dal (Secular)

18 M H AMARANATH @ AMBAREESH M 57 Indian National Congress

19 CHANDRASHEKHARAIAH M 46 Independent

20 N J RAJESH M 35 Independent

21 KEMPEGOWDA M 36 Independent

22 BOREGOWDA M 57 Independent

23 M P MUNAVAR SHARIF M 50 Independent

24 H V MADEGOWDA M 47 Independent

25 K SHIVANAND M 45 Independent

26 K KEMPEGOWDA M 47 Independent

27 JHONSON CHINNAPPAN M 32 Independent

S10 21 KA MYSORE 30-Apr-09 1 C.H.VIJAYASHANKAR M 53 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 SRINATH-PATHRIKE M 39 Independent

3 M.BASAVANNA M 30 Independent

4 S.P.MAHADEVAPPA M 59 Independent

5 SYED NIZAM ALI M 51 Bahujan Samaj Party

6 P.KARIGOWDA M 63 Independent

7 P.PARASHIVAMURTHY M 41 Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party

8 ADAGURU H VISHWANATH M 59 Indian National Congress

9 M.ANWARJI M 62 Independent

10 ARHSADULLA SHARIFF M 40 Bharatiya Praja Paksha

11 M.V.SANTHOSHKUMAR M 27 Independent

12 M.S.BALAJI M 51 Ambedkar National Congress

13 SANTHOSH KUMAR.P M 35 Akhila India Jananayaka Makkal Katchi (Dr. Issac)

14 S.P.GEETHA F 36 United Women Front

15 RAJU M 54 Independent

16 B.A.JIVIJAYA F 71 Janata Dal (Secular)

17 M.LEELAVATHI F 51 Independent

18 RAFEEQ M 27 Independent

19 E.RAJU M 42 Independent

20 M.NAGENDRA M 42 Independent

21 DR.E.KESHAMMA F 32 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

22 K.P.CHIDANANDA M 48 Janata Dal (United)

23 B.D.LINGAPPARAI M 52 Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha

S24 33 UP UNNAO 30-Apr-09 1 SHIVSHANKERKUSHWAHA M 46 Akhil Bharatiya Ashok Sena

2 RAMESHKUMARSINGH M 60 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 ANNUTANDON F 51 Indian National Congress

4 DEEPAKKUMAR M 40 Samajwadi Party

5 SUNILKUMAR M 35 Independent

6 RASHIDQAMAR M 28 Muslim League Kerala State Committee

7 BASUDEVVISHARAD M 65 Vikas Party

8 ABHICHHEDILALYADAV M 47 Rashtriya Samajwadi Party (United)

9 RAMASHREY M 36 Independent

10 RAJKISHORESINGH M 36 Rashtravadi Communist Party

11 LALA M 40 Independent

12 UMESHCHANDRA M 25 Apna Dal

13 RAJUKASHYAP M 40 Vanchit Jamat Party

14 RAMAOTAR M 63 Buddhiviveki Vikas Party

15 KRISHNAPALSINGHVAIS M 62 Independent

16 CHANDRASHEKHARTIWARI M 43 Independent

17 ARUNSHANKARSHUKLA M 52 Bahujan Samaj Party

18 ASHOKKUMAR M 39 Independent

19 CHHEDILAL M 42 Republican Party of India (A)

20 RAMSEVAK M 44 Ambedkar Samaj Party

21 UDAISHANKERTIWARI M 64 Independent

22 JAVEDRAZA M 39 Janata Dal (United)

23 KAILASHNATHMISHRA M 66 Independent

24 DRCOLPRATAPSHANKARTIWARI M 65 Rashtriya Raksha Dal

S24 34 UP MOHANLALGANJ 30-Apr-09 1 R.K.CHAUDHARY M 50 Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party

2 ASHA DEVI F 38 Bharatiya Grameen Dal

3 JAI PRAKASH M 50 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 SUSHILA SAROJ F 58 Samajwadi Party

5 JAIPAL PATHIK M 50 Rashtravadi Communist Party

6 NARENDRA KUMAR M 38 Indian National Congress

7 DINESH KUMAR M 38 Independent

8 SATTIDEEN M 53 Uttar Pradesh Republican Party

9 RANJAN M 38 Bharatiya Janata Party

10 RAM DHAN M 42 Independent

11 RAJU SONKAR M 46 Independent

12 AMRESH KUMAR M 27 Rashtravadi Communist Party

13 SATISH SONKAR M 40 Dharam Nirpeksh Dal

14 BINDU DEVI F 33 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

15 SARJU M 52 Independent

S24 35 UP LUCKNOW 30-Apr-09 1 RAVI SHANKAR M 28 Bharat Punarnirman Dal

2 SUKHVEER SINGH M 41 Independent

3 DR. AKHILESHWAR SAHAI M 39 Independent

4 RAVI M 32 Vikas Party

5 AMIT PANDEY M 33 Independent

6 RAJESH KUMAR M 25 Independent

7 PADAM CHANDRA GUPTA M 35 Independent

8 DR. AKHILESH DAS GUPTA M 48 Bahujan Samaj Party

9 SEHNAAZ SIDRAT F 48 Independent

10 NAND KUMAR M 44 Bharatiya Grameen Dal

11 DASHARATH M 36 Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party

12 MOHD. IRSHAD M 40 Navbharat Nirman Party

13 A. HAROON ALI M 48 Independent

14 LAL JI TANDON M 73 Bharatiya Janata Party

15 ANUPAM MISHRA M 37 Swarajya Party Of India

16 ZUBAIR AHMAD M 32 Independent

17 PRAVEEN KUMAR MISHRA M 32 Eklavya Samaj Party

18 RISAV KUMAR SHARMA M 28 Maulik Adhikar Party

19 BAL MUKUND TIWARI M 26 Independent

20 S.MD.AHAMAD M 59 Independent

21 HARJEET SINGH M 48 Independent

22 CHANDRA BHUSHAN PANDEY M 60 Independent

23 S.R.DARAPURI M 65 Independent

24 RADHEYSHYAM M 37 Independent

25 NAFISA ALI SODHI F 52 Samajwadi Party

26 DR.KHAN MOHMAD ATIF M 64 Muslim Majlis Uttar Pradesh

27 AMBIKA PRASAD M 49 Independent

28 MANOJ SINGH M 37 Independent

29 VINAY PRAKASH M 36 Independent

30 RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY M 40 All India Trinamool Congress

31 RAJESH KUMAR NAITHANI M 35 Independent

32 CHATURI PRASAD M 56 Independent

33 MURLI PRASAD M 56 Rashtriya Kranti Party

34 ASHOK KUMAR PAL M 31 Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party

35 SITARAM M 38 Uttar Pradesh Republican Party

36 NITIN DWIWEDI M 25 Independent

37 MUSTAQ KHAN M 38 Indian Justice Party

38 RAM KUMAR SHUKLA M 62 Independent

39 SMT. JUGUNU RANJAN F 47 Jaganmay Nari Sangathan

40 LT.COL.(RETD.) KUSH PRASAD MATHUR M 55 Rashtriya Raksha Dal

41 RITA BAHUGUNA JOSHI F 59 Indian National Congress

42 RAJIV RANJAN TIWARI M 29 Independent

43 SUMAN LATA DIXIT F 53 Independent

44 DHEERAJ M 37 Independent

45 AMRESH MISHRA M 43 Independent

46 DEVENDRA M 25 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

47 KEDAR MAL AGRAWAL M 55 Independent

48 AMAR SINGH YADAV M 53 Independent

49 SAYED MOH. LADEL M 45 Independent

50 KAMAL CHANDRA M 39 Gondvana Gantantra Party

51 SHARAD KUMAR CHAUDHARY M 35 Bharatiya Rashtriya Bahujan Samaj Vikas Party

52 GIRISH CHANDRA M 62 Independent

53 C.A. RAJESH RASTOGI M 52 Independent

54 K.C. KARDAM M 65 Independent

55 CHAMAN BIHARI TANDON M 66 Independent

56 LADDAN M 49 Independent

S24 53 UP BARABANKI 30-Apr-09 1 KAMALA PRASAD RAWAT M 47 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 P.L.PUNIA M 64 Indian National Congress

3 RAM NARESH RAWAT M 44 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 RAM SAGAR M 62 Samajwadi Party

5 VED PRAKASH RAWAT M 29 Bahujan Samaj Party

6 JEEVAN M 26 Janvadi Party(Socialist)

7 DESHRAJ M 49 Bharatiya Subhash Sena

8 BABADEEN M 49 Bharatiya Republican Paksha

9 BHAGAUTI M 54 Apna Dal

10 SANTRAM M 40 Navbharat Nirman Party

11 KAMLESH KUMAR M 38 Independent

12 GAYA PRASAD M 50 Independent

13 DEPENDRA KUMAR RAWAT M 25 Independent

14 PREM CHANDRA ARYA M 33 Independent

15 RAM AUTAR M 39 Independent

16 LAJJAWATI KANCHAN F 43 Independent

17 VISHRAM DAS M 67 Independent

S25 1 WB COOCH BEHAR 30-Apr-09 1 ARGHYA ROY PRODHAN M 37 All India Trinamool Congress

2 KRISHNA KANTA BARMAN M 29 Party for Democratic Socialism

3 NIRANJAN BARMAN M 42 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 NRIPENDRA NATH ROY M 49 All India Forward Bloc

5 HITENDRA DAS M 54 Independent

6 HAREKRISHNA SARKAR M 37 Republican Party of India

7 BANGSHI BADAN BARMAN M 41 Independent

8 BHABENDRA NATH BARMAN M 61 Bharatiya Janata Party

9 DALENDRA ROY M 50 Amra Bangalee

10 NUBASH BARMAN M 46 Independent

S25 2 WB ALIPURDUARS 30-Apr-09 1 MANOHAR TIRKEY M 54 Revolutionary Socialist Party

2 ELIAS NARJINARY M 56 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 BILKAN BARA M 62 Samajwadi Jan Parishad

4 JOUCHIM BAXLA M 55 Independent

5 DWIPEN ORAON M 30 Kamtapur Progressive Party

6 KAMAL LAMA M 49 Independent

7 THADDEVS LAKRA M 60 Independent

8 PABAN KUMAR LAKRA M 56 All India Trinamool Congress

9 MANOJ TIGGA M 36 Bharatiya Janata Party

10 PAUL DEXION KHARIYA M 55 Independent

S25 3 WB JALPAIGURI 30-Apr-09 1 MAHENDRA KUMAR ROY M 54 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2 PRITHWIRAJ ROY M 36 Independent

3 SHANTI KUMAR SARKAR M 50 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 HARIBHAKTA SARDAR M 54 Independent

5 SATYEN PRASAD ROY M 46 Independent

6 SUKHBILAS BARMA M 64 Indian National Congress

7 PABITRA MOITRA M 58 Amra Bangalee

8 DR. DHIRENDRA NATH DAS M 47 Nationalist Congress Party

9 SRI CHINMAY SARKAR M 30 Independent

10 SRI MUNDRIKA RAM M 51 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

11 SRI DWIPENDRA NATH PRAMANIK M 37 Bharatiya Janata Party

S25 4 WB DARJEELING 30-Apr-09 1 JASWANT SINGH M 70 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 JIBESH SARKAR M 55 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

3 DAWA NARBULA M 73 Indian National Congress

4 SHANTA KUMAR SINGHA M 40 Nationalist Congress Party

5 HARIDAS THAKUR M 62 Bahujan Samaj Party

6 ABHIJIT MAJUMDAR M 48 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

7 TRILOK KUMAR DEWAN M 63 Independent

8 NIRANJAN SAHA M 50 Amra Bangalee

9 BAIDYANATH ROY M 55 Indian Peoples Forward Block

10 ARUN KUMAR AGARWAL M 48 Independent

11 NITU JAI M 35 Independent

12 RAM GANESH BARAIK M 44 Independent

13 HELARIUS EKKA M 50 Independent

S25 5 WB RAIGANJ 30-Apr-09 1 ANIL BISWAS M 49 Independent

2 GOPESH CH. SARKAR M 66 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 SULEMAN HAFIJI M 51 Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)

4 MANAS JANA M 36 Independent

5 UPENDRA NATH DAS M 47 Independent

6 AKHIL RANJAN MONDAL M 62 Bahujan Samaj Party

7 BIRESWAR LAHIRI M 61 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

8 NACHHIR ALI PRAMANIK M 64 Independent

9 ABDUL KARIM CHOUDHURY M 62 Independent

10 DEEPA DASMUNSHI F 48 Indian National Congress

11 MATIUR RAHMAN M 49 Janata Dal (United)

12 FAIZ RAHAMAN M 45 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

S25 6 WB BALURGHAT 30-Apr-09 1 BIPLAB MITRA M 57 All India Trinamool Congress

2 SAMU SOREN M 48 Independent

3 PRASANTA KUMAR MAJUMDAR M 68 Revolutionary Socialist Party

4 GOBINDA HANSDA M 47 Bahujan Samaj Party

5 PRAHALLAD BARMAN M 32 Independent

6 MRIDUL GHOSH. M 30 Assam United Democratic Front

7 SUBHASH CH. BARMAN M 50 Bharatiya Janata Party

8 CHAMRU ORAM M 52 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

S25 7 WB MALDAHA UTTAR 30-Apr-09 1 AMLAN BHADURI M 35 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 BIKASH BISWAS M 54 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 MAUSAM NOOR M 27 Indian National Congress

4 SAILEN SARKAR M 68 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

5 ATUL CHANDRA MANDAL M 39 Independent

6 MALLIKA SARKAR (NANDY) F 50 Independent

7 MONOWARA BEGAM F 39 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

8 ASIM KUMAR CHOWDHURY M 47 Independent

9 AMINA KHATUN F 29 Independent

S25 8 WB MALDAHA DAKSHIN 30-Apr-09 1 ABDUR RAZZAQUE M 60 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2 ABU HASEM KHAN CHOUDHURY M 65 Indian National Congress

3 BHARAT CHANDRA MANDAL M 52 Bahujan Samaj Party

4 DIPAK KUMAR CHOWDHURY M 47 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 MOHAMMAD EJARUDDIN M 74 Muslim League Kerala State Committee

6 MD. KAMAL BASIRUJJAMAN M 32 Independent

7 RUSTAM ALI M 39 Independent

8 MANIRUDDIN SAIKH M 64 Paschim Banga Rajya Muslim League

9 MANJUR ALAHI MUNSHI M 42 Independent

10 SHYAMAL DAS M 38 Independent

S25 32 WB GHATAL 30-Apr-09 1 MATILAL KHATUA M 55 Bharatiya Janata Party

2 NARAYAN CHANDRA SAMAT M 60 Bahujan Samaj Party

3 GURUDAS DASGUPTA M 73 Communist Party of India

4 NURE ALAM CHOWDHURY M 66 All India Trinamool Congress

5 LIYAKAT KHAN M 31 Indian Justice Party

6 ARUN KUMAR DAS M 40 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

7 AHITOSH MAITY M 53 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

S25 33 WB JHARGRAM 30-Apr-09 1 AMRIT HASNDA M 63 Indian National Congress

2 NABENDU MAHALI M 34 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 ADITYA KISKU M 46 Independent

4 PULIN BIHARI BASKE M 40 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

5 SUSIL MANDI M 28 Independent

6 CHUNIBALA HANSDA M 44 Jharkhand Party

7 PANCHANAN HANSDA M 70 Bahujan Samaj Party

8 SUNIL MURMU M 30 Independent

9 DARKU MURMU M 56 Independent

S25 34 WB MEDINIPUR 30-Apr-09 1 DIPAK KUMAR GHOSH M 72 All India Trinamool Congress

2 SANJAY MISHRA M 49 Independent

3 PRADIP PATNAIK M 51 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 PARTHA ADDHYA M 32 Independent

5 SRI AMIT MAITRA M 63 Independent

6 PRABODH PANDA M 63 Communist Party of India

7 ASOK KUMAR GOLDER M 64 Bahujan Samaj Party

9 SUKUMAR DE M 54 Independent

10 JOYNAL ABEDIN SEKH M 52 Independent

11 MUKUL KUMAR MAITY M 33 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

12 NEPAL CHANDRA DAS M 60 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

S25 35 WB PURULIA 30-Apr-09 1 ASIT BARAN MAHATO M 38 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 NILKAMAL MAHATO M 69 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 RENUKA SINGH DEV F 60 Indian National Congress

4 SHANTIRAM MAHATO M 56 Indian National Congress

5 SAYANTAN BASU M 32 Bharatiya Janata Party

6 NARAHARI MAHATO M 54 All India Forward Bloc

7 AJIT PRASAD MAHATO M 56 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

8 ABINASH SAREN M 39 Independent

9 ABHIRAM BESRA M 41 Jharkhand Disom Party

10 AMULYA RATAN MAHATO M 68 Independent

11 UMACHARAN MAHATO M 69 Independent

12 DHIREN CHANDRA MAHATO M 48 Independent

13 DHIREN RAJAK M 44 Jharkhand Party (Naren)

14 BISAMBAR MURA M 42 Independent

15 MUKHES SAHU M 36 All Jharkhand Students Union

16 MRITYUNJAY MAHATO M 46 Independent

S25 36 WB BANKURA 30-Apr-09 1 BASUDEB ACHARIA M 67 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2 LAKSHMI SARKAR F 54 Independent

3 SUBRATA MUKHERJEE M 63 Indian National Congress

4 BYASDEB CHAKRABORTTY M 37 Janata Dal (United)

5 PARESH MARANDI M 54 Independent

6 PRABIR BANERJEE M 36 Independent

7 SUDHIR KUMAR MURMU M 40 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

8 GANESH ROY M 34 Bahujan Samaj Party

9 RAHUL (BISWAJIT) SINHA M 45 Bharatiya Janata Party

10 ASWINI DULEY M 51 Jharkhand Party (Naren)

11 TAPAN KUMAR PATHAK M 27 Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party

S25 37 WB BISHNUPUR 30-Apr-09 1 SUSMITA BAURI F 34 Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2 UMA KANTA BHAKAT M 62 Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)

3 TAPAS DAS M 31 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

4 UTTAM BOURI M 30 Independent

5 SEULI SAHA F 39 All India Trinamool Congress

6 JAYANTA MONDAL M 53 Bharatiya Janata Party

7 MANIK BAURI M 43 Bahujan Samaj Party

U03 1 DN DADAR & NAGAR HAVELI 30-Apr-09 1 DELKAR MOHANBHAI SANJIBHAI M 46 Indian National Congress

2 PATEL SUMANBHAI THAKORBHAI M 37 Indian National Congress

3 PATEL NATUBHAI GOMANBHAI M 36 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 MADHA JATARIYABHAI BUDHIYABHAI M 33 Bharatiya Janata Party

5 BIJ YOHANBHAI BHADIYABHAI M 36 Bahujan Samaj Party

6 RAJESH PRABHUBHAI PATEL M 38 Independent

7 MISHAL LAXMANBHAI NAVSUBHAI M 39 Independent

8 GAVIT BARAKBHAI JAURBHAI M 38 Independent

9 KHULAT BHIKALYABHAI VANSYABHAI M 40 Independent

S07 2 HR KURUKSHETRA 7-May-09 1 VISHNU BHAGWAN M 61 Independent

S07 6 HR SONIPAT 7-May-09 1 SHIV NARAYAN M 45 Independent

2 JITENDER SINGH M 40 Indian National Congress

3 JITENDER SINGH M 40 Indian National Congress

S19 10 PB FEROZPUR 7-May-09 1 MATHRA DASS M 73 Proutist Sarva Samaj

S19 11 PB BATHINDA 7-May-09 1 HARDEV SINGH ARSHI M 59 Communist Party of India

2 HARDEV SINGH ARSHI M 59 Communist Party of India

S19 12 PB SANGRUR 7-May-09 1 TARSEM JODHAN M 59 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)

S20 3 RJ CHURU 7-May-09 1 SALIM GUJAR M 39 Independent

2 RAM SINGH KASWAN M 63 Bharatiya Janata Party

3 KAMALA KASWAN F 63 Bharatiya Janata Party

4 YUSUF KHAN M 46 Independent

S20 15 RJ PALI 7-May-09 1 PUSP JAIN M 52 Bharatiya Janata Party

S20 18 RJ JALORE 7-May-09 1 SUKHRAJ M 66 Independent

2 SHANTI PARMAR F 48 Independent

S20 23 RJ BHILWARA 7-May-09 1 VIJAYENDRA PAL SINGH M 61 Bharatiya Janata Party

S24 15 UP ALIGARH 7-May-09 1 RAJ KUMARI CHAUHAN F 46 Bahujan Samaj Party

S24 17 UP MATHURA 7-May-09 1 UDYAN SHARMA M 42 Samajwadi Party

2 PHAKKAD BABA M 64 Independent

S24 40 UP FARRUKHABAD 7-May-09 1 SWAMI SACHIDANAND HARI SAKSHI M 53 Rashtriya Kranti Party

S24 42 UP KANNAUJ 7-May-09 1 MAHESH CHANDRA M 53 Bahujan Samaj Party

2 AKHILESH YADAV M 35 Samajwadi Party

S25 27 WB SRERAMPUR 7-May-09 1 KALYAN BANERJEE M 52 All India Trinamool Congress

A toast to each and all of you in your endeavours in these hot summer months and Jai Hind.

Subroto Roy, Kolkata

Postscript: I shall be grateful if any inadvertent errors or ommissions are kindly brought to notice by sending in a comment on the post. Thanks in advance.

An Academic Database of Doctoral & Other Postgraduate Research Done at UK Universities on India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Other Asian Countries Over 100 Years

March 13, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

British universities have in the last one hundred years produced a vast and unsurpassable body of doctoral and other postgraduate research relating to India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Burma, Afghanistan, Malaysia and other Asian countries.

The first table below contains almost 3,300 entries, each beginning with the date of award and the degree, followed by the University (and College), followed by the title of the thesis, followed by the AUTHOR in capital letters, followed by the name of the thesis supervisor where provided.

NB: There is a second table that follows containing a further 78 77 entries — these latter are, however, incomplete in that either the year or the degree appears not to be available.

If you are an author or thesis-supervisor or other academic representative and you are able to correct any inadvertent error or omission, please feel free to write to me promptly by email and I shall seek to account for it. For omissions, please also identify yourself clearly and send a comment to the post along with the necessary data that you believe should be accounted for. Numerous typos existed in the original transcription, several of which have been corrected though many might remain. In several cases, it is not impossible the original transcription has mis-spelt a name but authentication could require the original thesis to be checked.

This database has been created from public data and is published below with the aim of encouraging further research and reflection. It may be of special interest to notice the choice and quality of subjects in the context of particular times.

Subroto Roy

Postscript: More than one grateful reader has called this document someone’s “labour of love”. I agree though I have to say it was not mine — my contribution has been merely to transform a confused spreadsheet into HTML, editing it very slightly, removing some but not all typos yet, and publishing it. The spreadsheet was one of a million files on my computer, which must mean I downloaded it from some public source at some time though I am afraid I have no record where, most probably in British academia.

Degree University & College Title AUTHOR Supervisor

1909   MA   Liverpool   The interaction of England and India during the early years of George III   Dorothy DUDLEY
1917   BLitt   Oxford   The history of the occupation and rural administration of Bengal by the English Company from the time of Clive to the permanent settlement under Cornwallis   W K FIRMINGER
1917   MA   Liverpool   The constitutional relations of the Marquess Wellesley with the home authorities   Beatrice L FRAZER
1917   BLitt   Oxford   Agricultural cooperation in British India   J MATTHAI
1921   BA   Cambridge   Relations between the Bombay government and the Marathi powers up to the year 1774   W S DESI
1921   MA   Manchester   The movement of opinion in England as regards Indian affairs, 1757-1773   E EMMETT   Prof Muir
1921   MA   Manchester   The relations of the Mahrattas with the British power   I Kathleen WALKER   Prof Muir
1922   BLitt   Oxford   The history of Burma to 1824   G E HARVEY
1922   PhD   London   Commercial relations between India and England, 1600-1757   B KRISHNA
1922   MSc   London   Agricultural problems and conditions in the Bombay Presidency, 1870-1914   M A TATA
1922   BLitt   Oxford   The Indian calico trade and its influence on English history   P J THOMAS
1922   MSc   London   The cotton industry in India to 1757   J N VARMA   Prof Sargeant
1922   PhD   Manchester   The administration of Bengal under Warren Hastings   Sophia WEITZMAN   Prof Muir
1923   MA   Manchester   The administrative and judicial reforms of Lord Cornwallis in Bengal (excluding the permanent settlement)   A ASPINALL   Mr Higham
1923   MA   Manchester   The Residency of Oudh during the administration of Warren Hastings   C C BRACEWELL   Prof Davis
1923   MLitt   Cambridge   Industrial evolution of India in recent times   D R GADGIL
1923   PhD   London   The Punjab as a sovereign state, 1799-1839   GULSHAM LALL   Prof Dodwell
1924   BLitt   Oxford   Development of the cotton industry in Indian from the early 19th century   S DESOUANDE
1925   MA   Liverpool   Henry Dundas and the government of India, 1784-1800   Dorothy THORNTON   Prof Veitch
1926   PhD   Cambridge   The North West Frontier of India, 1890-1909, with a survey of policy since 1849   C C DAVIES
1927   PhD   Leeds   A study of the development of agriculture in the Punjab and its economic effects   K S BAJWA
1927   BLitt   Oxford   The military system of the Mahrattas: its origin and development from the time of the Shivaji to the fall of the Mahratta empire   S SEN
1928   MA   Birmingham   The East India Company crisis, 1770-1773   R BEARD
1928   PhD   Edinburgh   A comparative study of the woollen industry in Scotland and the Punjab   J W SIRAJUDDIN   Dr Rankin
1929   PhD   London   The relations of the Governor-General and council with the Governor and council of Madras under the Regulating Act of 1773   A Das GUPTA   Prof Dodwell
1929   PhD   London, LSE   The evolution of Indian income tax, 1860-1922: a historical, critical and comparative study   J P NIYOGI
1929   PhD   London   Development of Indian ralways, 1842-1928   N SANYAL   Prof Foxwell; Dr Slater
1930   PhD   London   Financial history of Mysore, 1799-1831   M H GOPAL   Dr Slater; Prof Dodwell
1930   BLitt   Oxford, St Cath’s Soc   The development of political institutions in the state of Travancore, 1885-1924   V M ITTYERAH
1930   BLitt   Oxford   Sir Charles Crosthwaite and the consolidation of Burma   Mys J MAY-OUNG
1930   PhD   London, SOAS   Revenue administration of the Sirkars under the East India Company down to 1802   Lanka SUNDERAM
1930   PhD   London, LSE   Hastings’ experiments in the judicial administration   N J M YUSUF
1931   PhD   London   State policy and economic development in Mysore State since 1881   UDAYAM ABHAYAMBAL   Miss Anstey
1931   PhD   London   The origin and early history of public debt in India   P DATTA   Prof Coatman
1931   MA   London   Lord Macaulay and the Indian Legislative Council   C D DHARKAR   Prof Dodwell
1931   MA   London   The bilingual problem in Ceylon   T D JAYASURIYA
1931   PhD   London; LSE   Study of agricultural cooperation in India based upon foreign experience   H L PASRICHA   Prof Gregory
1931   PhD   London, UC   The administration of Mysore under Sir Mark Cubbon. 1834-1861   K N V SASTRI   Prof Dodwell

1931 PhD London, SOAS Administrative beginnings in British Burma, 1826-1843 Barbara J STEWART

1931/32    PhD    Cambridge, St Cath’s    English social life in India in the 18th century    T G P SPEAR
1932    PhD    London    The growth and development of the Indian tea industry and trade    S M AKHTAR    Dr Anstey
1932    PhD    London    Anglo-Sikh relations, 1839-1849    K C KHANNA    Prof Dodwell
1932    PhD    London, LSE    Indian commodity market speculation    L N MISRA    Prof Coatman
1932    PhD    London, LSE    Indian foreign trade, 1870-1930    Parimal RAY    Prof Sargent
1932    PhD    London, King’s    Ceylon under the British occupation: its political and economic development, 1795-1833    C R de SILVA    Prof Newton
1932    PhD    London    Post-war labour legislation in India – a comparison with Japan    Sasadhar SINHA    Dr Anstey
1932    PhD    London    Local finance in India    G C VARMA    Prof Coatman
1933    PhD    Leeds    Historical survey of the financial policy of the government of India from 1857 to 1900 and of its economic and other consequences    H S BHAI
1933    PhD    London    The relations between the Board of Commissioners for the affairs of India and the Court of Directors, 1784-1816    P CHANDRA    Prof Coatman
1934    PhD    London    The influence of the home government on land revenue and judicial administration in the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal from 1807-1822    B S BALIGA    Prof Dodwell
1934    MSc    Leeds    A survey of the resources of tanning materials and the leather industry of Bhopal State, India    G W DOUGLAS
1934    PhD    Edinburgh    Human geography of Bengal    Arthur GEDDES
1934    BLitt    Oxford, Somerville    A study of the legal and administrative records of Dacca as illustrating the policy of Warren Hastings in East Bengal    F M SACHSE
1934    BLitt    Oxford    Biography of Maharaja DalipSingh    K S THAPER
1935    DPhil    Oxford    The development of the Indian administrative and financial system, 1858-1905, with special reference to the relations    F J THOMAS
1936    MSc    London    British Indian administration: a historical study    K R Ramaswami AIYANGAR
1936    MA    London    Lord Ellenborough’s ideas on Indian policy    Kathleen I GARRETT    Dr Morrell
1936    MA    London    British public opinion regarding Indian policy at the time of the mutiny    Jessie HOLMES    Dr Morrell
1936    PhD    London, SOAS    The rise and fall of the Rohilla power in Hindustan, 1707-1774 AD    A F M K RAHMAN
1936/37    PhD    Edinburgh    Indian foreign trade, 1900-1931, and its economic background: a study    W B RAGHAVIAH
1937    PhD    Cambridge, Gonville    The national income of British India, 1931-1932    V K R V RAO
1937    PhD    London, LSE    Culture change in South-Western India    A AIYAPPAN
1937    PhD    London, UC    Banks and industrial finance in India    R BAGCHI
1937    PhD    London    Development of social and political ideas in Bengal, 1858-1884    B C BHATTACHARYA    Prof Dodwell
1937    MSc    Leeds    An interpretation of the distribution of the population within the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh    Nora Y BOYDELL
1937    PhD    London, LSE    Rise and growth of Indian liberalism    M A BUCH
1937    PhD    London, LSE    Industrial finance and management in India    N DAS
1937    MSc    London, LSE    The effect of the breakdown of the international gold standard on India    R DORAISWAMY
1937    PhD    London, LSE    The problem of rural indebtedness in Indian economic life    B G GHATE
1937    MSc    London, LSE    Indian coal trade    J GUHATHAKURTA
1937    PhD    London SOAS    Reorganisation of the Punjab government (1847-1857)    R C LAI

1937   PhD   London, External   An economic and regional geography of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh   S M T RIZVI
1937   PhD   Wales   Purposes and methods of recording and accounting as applied to agriculture, with special reference to provision and use of economic data relating to agriculture in India   Arjan SINGH
1938   PhD   London, SOAS   The relations between Oudh and the East India Company from 1785-1801   P BASU
1938   PhD   London, SOAS   East India Company’s relations with Assam, 1771-1826   S K BHUYAN
1938   PhD   London, LSE   Discretionary powers in the Indian Government with special reference to district administration   B CHAND
1938   MA   London, SOAS   The British conquest of Sind   K A CHISHTI
1938   PhD   Cambridge, Christ’s   The working of the Bengal legislative council under the Government of India Act, 1919   J G DRUMMOND
1938   MA   London   British relations with the Sikhs and Afghans, July 1823 to March 1840   E R KAPADIA
1938   PhD   London, SOAS   The East India interest and the British government, 1784-1833   C H PHILIPS
1938   PhD   London, LSE   The position of the Viceroy and Governor General of India   A RUDRA
1938   MA   London   British relations with the Sikhs and Afghans, July 1823 to March 1840   Charles WADE
1938/39   PhD   Edinburgh   Agricultural geography of the United Provinces   B N MUKERJI
1939   PhD   London, LSE   Industrial development of Mysore   R BALAKRISHNA
1939   MA   London, LSE   A general geographical account of the North West Frontier Province of India   M A K DURRANI
1939   PhD   Wales   The international production and exchange of rice with special reference to the production, market demand and consumption of rice in India and Burma   Ahmas KHAN
1939   BLitt   Oxford, St Cath’s Soc   The Governor-Generalship of Sir John Shore, 1793-1798   A W MAHMOOD
1939   PhD   London, LSE   Indian provincial finance (1919-1937) with special reference to the United Provinces   B R MISRA
1940   PhD   London, LSE   Recent economic depression in India with reference to agriculture and rural life   R K BHAN
1940   PhD   Wales   The future of agricultural cooperation in the United Provinces (with an examination of the cooperative experience)with special reference to the problems of agricultural cooperation in the United Provinces, India   H R CHATURVEDI
1940   PhD   London, LSE   An administrative study of the development of the civil service in India during the Company’s regime   A K GHOSAL
1940   PhD   Wales   The production, marketing and consumption of the chief oilseeds in India and the supply and use of oilseeds in the United Kingdom   A S KHAN
1940   PhD   Wales   Principles of agricultural planning with reference to relationships of natural resources, populations and dietaries in India and with further reference to rural development in certain provinces of India   Jaswant SINGH
1941   PhD   London, LSE   Financing of local authorities in British India   A N BANERJI
1941   PhD   London   The political and cultural history of the Punjab including the North West Frontier Province in its earliest period   L CHANDRA   Prof Barnett
1941   PhD   London, LSE   Capital development of India, 1860-1913   A KRISHNASAWMI
1941   PhD   London, LSE   Influence of European political doctrines upon the evolution of the Indian governmental institutions and practice, 1858-1938   G PRASAD
1942   MLitt   Cambridge, Fitzwilliam   Economic and political relations of India with Iran and Afghanistan since 1900   T BASU
1942   PhD   Edinburgh   A study of missionary policy and methods in Bengal from 1793 to 1905   W B S DAVIS   Prof Watt; Prof Buleigh
1943   PhD   London, LSE   Development of large scale industries in India and their localisation   N S SASTRI
1944   BLitt   Oxford, St Cath’s   Communal representation and Indian self-government   I J BAHADOORSINGH
1944   MA   London, External   The physiographic evolution of Ceylon   K KULARATNAM
1946   MA   London, SOAS   The origins and development to 1892 of the Indian National Congress   Iris M JONES
1947   PhD   London, LSE   The agricultural geography of Bihar   P DAYAL
1947   PhD   Cambridge, King’s   Consumer expenditure in India, 1931/32 to 1940/41   R L DESAI
1947   MA   London, LSE   Power resources and utilisation in the United Provinces   P K DUTT
1947   PhD   London, LSE   Cultural change with special reference to the hill tribes of Burma and Assam   Edmund Ronald LEACH
1947   PhD   London, SOAS   The judicial administration of the East India Company in Bengal, 1765-1982   B B MISRA
1947   PhD   London, LSE   The monetary policy of the Reserve Bank of India with special reference to the structural and institutional factors in the economy   K N RAJ
1948   PhD   Wales   The principles and practice of health insurance as applied to India   J AGRAWALA
1948   MSc   London, LSE   International monetary policy since 1919 with special reference to India   D C GHOSE
1948   DPhil   Oxford, Balliol   British policy on the North East Frontier of India, 1826-1886   S GUPTA
1948   DPhil   Oxford, St Cath’s   Local self-government in the Madras Presidency, 1850-1919   K K PILLAY
1948   PhD   London, LSE   The problem of the standards of the Indian currency   A SADEQUE
1948   DPhil   Oxford, Exeter   The social function of religion in a south India community   Mysore Narasimhashar SRINIVAS
1948   BLitt   Oxford, St Cath’s Society   Some aspects of agricultural marketing in India with reference to developments in western marketing systems   R S SRIVASTAVA
1948   PhD   London,. SOAS   Muslims in India: a political analysis (from 1885-906)   Rafiq ZAKARIA
1949   PhD   London, LSE   Settlements in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh   E AHMAD
1949   PhD   London, SOAS   The growth of self-government in Assam, 1984-1919   A K BARKAKOTY
1949   PhD   London, SOAS   British administration in Assam (1825-1845)with special reference to the hill tribes on the frontier   H BARPUJARI
1949   MA   London   An enquiry into the development of training of teachers in the Punjab during the British period   Aquila B BERLAS
1949   PhD   London, LSE   The problem of federation in India with special reference to economic relations   J N BHAN
1949   PhD   London, LSE   A study of methods of national income measurements with special reference to the problems of India   V K CHOPRA
1949   PhD   London, LSE   An analysis of the Indian price structure from 1861   A K GHOSH
1949   DPhil   Oxford, Keble   The achievement of Christian missionaries in India, 1794-1833   Kenneth INGHAM
1949   PhD   Wales   The organization and methods of agricultural cooperation in the British Isles and the possibility of their application in the Central Province of India   N Y KHER
1949   PhD   London, LSE   Industrial geography of Bihar   S A MAJID
1949   PhD   London, LSE   Development of Indian public finance during the war, April 1939-March 1946   S MISRA
1949   PhD   London, LSE   A study of the methods of state regulation of wages with special reference to their possible applications in India   S B L NIGAM
1949   PhD   London, SOAS   The development of marriage in ancient India   B C PAUL
1949   PhD   St Andrews   The social and administrative reforms of Lord William Bentinck   G SEED
1950   PhD   London, LSE   Jails and borstals with special reference to West Bengal   B BHATTACHARYYA   Dr Mannheim
1950   PhD   London   The growth of local self-government in Assam, 1874-1919   A K BORKAKOTY   Prof C R Philips; Prof Hall
1950   DPhil   Oxford, Lady Margaret Hall   The problem of the Indian immigrant in British colonial policy after 1834   I Mary CUMPSTON
1950   PhD   London, LSE   Underemployment and industrialisation: a study of the basic problems with special reference to India   B DATTA
1950   PhD   London, UC   The agriculture of Mysore   G K GHORI
1950   PhD   London, SOAS   The influence of western, particularly English, political ideas on Indian political thought, with special reference to the political ideas of the Indian National Congress, 1885-1919   Sailesh C GHOSH
1950   PhD   London, LSE   Principles of unemployment insurance and assistance with special reference to their application to India   D GUPTA
1950   PhD   Newcastle   Anglo-Afghan relations, 1798-1878, with particular reference to British policy in Central Asia and on the North West Frontier of India   M KHAN
1950   PhD   London, LSE   The social consequences of imperialism with special reference to Ceylon   P R PIERIS
1950   PhD   London, LSE   An experiment in the estimation of national income and the in the construction of social accounts of India, 1945-1946   D N SAXENA   Mr Booker
1950   PhD   London, SOAS   The relations between the home and Indian governments, 1858-1870   Zahinuddin Husain ZOBERI
1951   PhD   London, External   Memoir of the geology and mineral resources of the neighbourhood of Bentong, Pahang and adjoining portions of Selangor and Negri Sembilan, incorporating an account of the prospecting and mining activities of the Bentong District   J B ALEXANDER
1951   BLitt   Oxford, Exeter   The political organization of the plains Indians   Frederick George BAILEY
1951   BLitt   Oxford, Corpus   Southern India under Wellesley, 1798-1805   A S BENNELL   Mr C C Davies
1951   PhD   London, LSE   Problems of the Indian foreign exchanges since 1927   D GHOSH
1951   DPhil   Oxford, Balliol   The Viceroyalty of Lord Ripon, 1880-1884   S GOPAL   Mr R C Davies
1951   MA   Wales   The problem of the Straits, 1896-1936   E W GRIFFITHS
1951   PhD   London, LSE   Sources of Indian official statistics relating to production   O P GUPTA   Dr Rhodes
1951   MA   Manchester   The administration and financial control of municipalities and district boards in the UP   N K KATHIA
1951   PhD   Glasgow   The legal and constitutional implications of the evolution of Indian independence   R KEMAL
1951   PhD   Cambridge, Jesus   An analysis of the Hindu caste system in its interactions with the total social structure in certain parts of the Malabar coast   E J MILLER   Prof Hutton
1951   PhD   Cambridge, Girton   Changes in matrilineal kinship on th Malabar coast   E K MILLER   Prof Hutton
1951   PhD   Bristol   Agriculture and horticulture in India – sundry papers   K C NAIK
1951   MA   Manchester   An economic survey of West Pakistan   A SHARIF
1951   PhD   Cambridge   The interpretation of legislative powers under the Government of India Act, 1935   S D SHARMA
1951   BLitt   Oxford, St Cath’s Society   Religion and society among some of the tribes of Chota Nagpur   H N C STEVENSON
1951       London, SOAS   The political development of Burma during the period 1918-1935   OHN TIN
1951   PhD   London, LSE   The working of the Donoughmore constitution of Ceylon, 1931-1947: a study of a colonial central government by executive committees   Irripitwebadalge don Samaradasa WEERAWARDANA   Mr W H Morris-Jones
1952   PhD   London SOAS   The career of Mir Jafar Khan, 1757-1765 AD   Raya ATULA-CHANDRA   Prof C H Philips
1952   PhD   London, LSE   The development of Calcutta: a study in urban geography   M GUHA   Prof L D Stamp; Prof O H K Spate
1952   PhD   London, LSE   The East India Company’s land policy and management in Bengal from 1698 to 1784   Mazharul HUQ   Dr Anstey
1952   MA   Leeds   The social accounts relating to Ceylon   E L P JAYTILAKA
1952   MSc   London, LSE   Rural industries in India: a study in rural economic development with special reference to Madras   C K KAUSUKUTTY   Dr Anstey
1952   MSc   London, LSE   India’s balance of international payments with special reference to her food and agricultural conditions   G B KULKARNI   Dr Anstey; Dr Raeburn
1952   PhD   Cambridge   Utilitarian influence and the formation of Indian policy, 1820-1840   E T STOKES
1952   PhD   London, SOAS   Local government in India and Burma, 1908-1937: a comparative study of the evolution and working of local authorities in Bombay, the United Provinces and Burma   Hugh R TINKER   Prof Hall
1953   PhD   London, LSE   Economic geography of East Pakistan   N AHMAD   Prof Stamp
1953   MSc   London, UC   the changing pattern of India’s foreign trade, with special reference to the impact of large scale industrial development since 1919   A ALAGAPPAN
1953   PhD   London, SOAS   The East India Company and the economy of Bengal from 1704 to 1740   Sukumar BHATTACHARYYA   Prof C H Philips
1953   MA   Wales   National income of Pakistan for the year 1948-49   Z ul H CHAUDRI
1953   MLitt   Cambridge, Fitzwilliam   The influence of Western thought on social, educational, political and cultural development of India, 1818-1840   V DATTA   Dr T G P Spear
1953   MSc   Belfast   The growth of trade unions in India   S DAYAL
1953   PhD   London   The establishment of Dutch power in Ceylon, 1638-1658    K W GOONEWARDENA   Prof Hall
1953   PhD   London, LSE   The submontane region of North West Pakistan: a geographical study of its economic development   Maryam KARAM-ELAHI   Prof Buchanan; Prof Stamp
1953   PhD   London, LSE   A study of rhe measurement of national product and its distribution, with special reference to Pakistan   A H KHANDKER
1953   PhD   Edinburgh   A regional study of survival, mortality and disease in British India in relation to the geographic factors, 1921-1940   A T A LEARMONTH
1953   PhD   London, SOAS   Development of the Muslims of Bengal and Bihar, 1819-1856, with special reference to their education   A R MAALICK   Prof Philips
1953   DPhil   Oxford, Jesus   The study of the economy of self-subsisting rural communities: the methods of investigation, economic conditions and economic relations, with specific reference to India   P K MUKHOPADHYAY
1953   PhD   London, LSE   The relationship of land tenure to the economic modernization of Uttar Pradesh   W C NEALE
1953   PhD   London, Bedford   Social status of women during the past fifty years (1900=1950)   T N PATEL   Mrs B Wootton
1953   PhD   London, LSE   The state in relation to trade unions and trade disputes in India   Anand PRAKASH   Mr W H Morris-Jones; Mr Roberts
1953   MA   London, SOAS   The tribal village in Bihar   SACHCHIDANANDA   Prof C Haimendorf
1953   PhD   London, UC   Delegated legislation in India   V N SHULKA   Prof Keeton
1953   PhD   London, SOAS   The internal policy of the Indian government, 1885-1898   H L SINGH   Prof C H Philips
1953   PhD   London, SOAS   The internal policy of Lord Auckland in British India, 1836-1842, with special reference to education   D P SINHA   Prof C H Philips
1953/54   MA   Leeds   Demand for certain exports of Ceylon   K THARMARATNAM
1954   MA   London   The administration of Sir Henry Ward,Governor of Ceylon, 1855-1860   S V BALASINGHAM   Prof Graham
1954   PhD   London, SOAS   Social policy and social change in Western India, 1817-1830   Kenneth A BALLHATCHET   Prof C H Philips
1954   Dphil   Oxford, St Hilda’s   Lord William Bentinck in Bengal, 1828-1835   C E BARRETT   Dr C C Davies
1954   MA   London   A historical survey of the training of teachers in Bengal in the 19th and 20th centuries   S BHATTACHARYA
1954   MA   London, SOAS   Evolution of representative government in India, 1884-1909   Sasadhar CHAKRAVARTY   Prof C H Philips

1954    PhD    London, LSE    Consumption levels in India    T P CHAUDHURI
1954    PhD    London, LSE    The forests of Assam: a study in economic geography    H DAS
1954    MSc    Leeds    A study of price fixing for agricultural products with special reference to milk in Great Britain and Bombay    N K DESAI
1954    BLitt    St Andrews    Eldred Pottinger and the North West Frontier, 1838-1842    D W F GOURLAY    Sir C Ogilvie
1954    PhD    London, LSE    The Korean crisis and the Indian Union    K GUPTA
1954    MA    Manchester    Some aspects of the development of Pakistan’s financial structure    M HOSSAIN
1954    MSc    London, LSE    Financing economic development in Ceylon    A T JAYAKODDY    Prof Paish; Dr Anstey
1954    PhD    London, LSE    Measurement of profits: a study of methods with special reference to India    R K NIGAM
1954    DPhil    Oxford, St Antony’s    A study of communal representation in constitutional systems of the British Commonwealth with specific reference to Ceylon, Kenya and Fiji    Carl Gustav ROSBERG    Mr K E Robinson
1954    PhD    London, LSE    Land utilization in Eastern Uttar Pradesh (comprising the districts of Jaunpur, Banares, Guezipur, Azamgarh and Baldea)    M SHAFI    Prof Stamp; Mr R R Rawson
1954    PhD    London, LSE    Representation and representative government in the Indian Republic    Irene C TINKER    Mr W H Morris-Jones
1954    PhD    London, SOAS    Trade and finance in the Bengal Presidency, 1793-1833    Amales TRIPATHY    Prof C H Phillips
1954    PhD    London, LSE    Some aspects of the history of the coffee industry in Ceylon with specific reference to 1823-1885    I H VAN DEN DRIESEN    Mr Fisher
1954    PhD    London, LSE    The Manning constitution of Ceylon, 1924-1931    Alfred Jeyaretnam WILSON    Mr R Bassett; Mr W H Morris-Jones
1955    MSC    London, LSE    Some aspects of the history of British investments in the private sector of the Indian economy, 1876-1914    N Z AHMED    Dr Ashworth; F J Fisher
1955    PhD    Manchester    The social organisation of a village on the Hindu frontier of Orissa    Frederick George BAILEY
1955    LLM    London, LSE    Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements in India: a comparative study    B N BANERJEE
1955    PhD    London    The administration of criminal justice in Bengal from 1773 to 1861    T K BANERJEE    S A de Smith; Prof A Gledhill
1955    MA    London    The East India Company in Madras, 1707-1744    R N BANERJI
1955    PhD    London    The factory of the English East India Company at bantam, 1602-1682    D K BASSETT    Prof D G E Hall
1955    PhD    London, LSSE    Pressure of population on land in India: a regional approach    B S BHIR
1955    MA    London, SOAS    The economic policy of the Government of India, 1898-1905    Edna BONNER    Prof C R Philips
1955    DPhil    Oxford, St Antony’s    The educational policy of the East India Company, 1781-1854    J G BOWEN    Mr C C Davies
1955    BLitt    Oxford, Magdalen    Indian labour migration to Malaya, 1867-1910    D A CALMAN    Dr A F Madden
1955    PhD    London, LSE    Consumption levels in India    T P CHOUDHURY
1955    PhD    London, LSE    The Malay family in Singapore    J DJAMOUR
1955    PhD    Edinburgh    The abolition of the East India Company’s monopoly, 1833    D EYLES    Prof Pares
1955    MLitt    Cambridge. Fitzwilliam House    The mongoloids and their contributions to the growth of Assamese culture    M C GOSWAMI    Dr J E Lindgren
1955    PhD    London, SOAS    The administration of the Delhi Territory, 1803-1832    Jessie HOLMES    Prof C H Philips
1955    MSc (Econ)    London, LSE    Taxation and saving in India    D JHA
1955    MSc    London, LSE    A comparison of the federal aspects of the Government of India Act, 1935, and the constitution of 1950    S KHAN
1955    MA    London, SOAS    Some aspects of the social history of Bengal with special reference to the Muslims, 1854-1884    L KHATOON    Prof Philips
1955    PhD    Aberdeen    Ports of the Indian ocean: an historical geography    W KIRK    A C O’Dell
1955    PhD    Cambridge, Peterhouse    British investment in Indian guaranteed railways, 1845-1875    W J MACPHERSON    Mr K E Berrill
1955    PhD    London, UC    Fundamental freedoms, with particular reference to the Indian constitution    J C MEHDI    Prof G W Keeton
1955    PhD    Birmingham    The educational ideas of Mahatma Gandhi    N P PILLAI
1955    MA    Manchester    Cottage industries in Bihar    S B SAXENA
1955    PhD    London, LSE    The Indian jute industry: a study of agricultural geography    P SENGUPTA
1955    PhD    London, LSE    The political philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi in relation to the English liberal tradition    Bishan Sarup SHARMA
1955    LLM    London, SOAS    Distribution of legislative power under the India constitution    R P SHARMA
1955    PhD    London , SOAS    The Council of India, 1858-1919    S SINGH    Prof C H Philips
1955    PhD    London LSE    The origin and development of left wing movements and ideas in India, 1919-1947    Lalan Prasad SINHA    R Mikband; W H Morris-Jones
1955    PhD    London; SOAS    British interest in trans-Burma trade routes to China, 1826-1876    Ma THAUNG
1955    MA    London    The training of teachers in the Bombay Presidency during the British period: a historical survey    N L VAIDYA
1955    PhD    Edinburgh    Save there, eat here: a cultural study of labour migration from a Pakhtun village    Francis Philip WATKINS
1955    PhD    London, LSE    The southeast quadrant of Ceylon: a study of the geographical aspects of land use    W A R WIKKRAMATILEKE
1956    PhD    London, SOAS    The Dutch power in Ceylon, 1658-1687    S ARASARATNAM    Prof D Hall
1956    PhD    London, LSE    Land use and soil erosion problems of Bist Jullundur Doab, Punjab, India    O P BHARDWAJA
1956    PhD    London, SOAS    British rule in Assam, 1845-1858    B CHAUDHURI    Prof C R Philips
1956    PhD    London, SOAS    Sir Josiah Child and the East India Company at the end of the 17th century    A L CROWE    Prof C Philips
1956    MSc    London, LSE    Scope and method of agricultural economic surveys in India    N Y Z FARUQI    Dr Raeburn
1956    PhD    London, LSE    A study of capital taxation and its scope in India    I S GULATI
1956    PhD    London, LSE    An analysis of the monetary experience of Ceylon    H A de S GUNASEKERA    Prof Sayers; Mr Wilson
1956    PhD    London, LSE    Federal finance and economic development with special reference to Pakistan    M HOSSAIN
1956    PhD    London, LSE    The demand for Indian exports and imports: an econometric study of selected commodities    A K MUKERJI    Prof Allen; Dr Norton
1956    PhD    London, LSE    Capital development in India with special reference to recent trends in investments    Dinanath Kashinath RANGNEKAR    Prof Paish; Dr Anstey
1956    PhD    Cambridge, St John’s    A study of India’s balance of payments, 1901-1913 and 1924-1936    B S RAO    Prof E A G Robinson
1956    MA    London, SOAS    The relations between the Indian central and provincial governments with special reference to the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay, 1858-1882    D N SINGH    Prof C H Philips
1957    MA    Birmingham    An examination in disposal and treatment of juvenile delinquents in Bombay State in relation to practice in England    A D ATTAR
1957    MA    London    The development and reconstruction of university education in Pakistan since 1854    S M A AZIZ
1957    PhD    Cambridge, Trinity    Social organisation of the Jaffna Tamils of North Ceylon with special reference to kinship, marriage and inheritance    M Y BANKS    Mr E R Leach
1957    PhD    London, LSE    West Midnapore: a study of land use    S C CHAKRABORTI
1957    BLitt    Oxford, St Cath’s    The place of agricultural development in India’s first two Five-Year Plans    A CORREIA-AFONSO
1957    PhD    London, SOAS    Studies in the economic and social development of Inida, 1848-1856    M N DAS    Prof C Philips
1957    MA    London, LSE    The population of Chota Nagpur    H P DEVI    Prof L D Stamp
1957    MSc    London, LSE    Small scale and cottage industries as a means of providing better opportunities for labour in India    Q H FAROOQUEE    Prof A Plant; Mr Foldes
1957    PhD    London, LSE    Fiscal policy and inflation in post-war India, 1945-1954    K V G GOWDA
1957    DPhil    Oxford    Anglo Sikh relations, 1799-1849    B J HASRAT    C C Davies
1957    MLitt    Cambridge, Girton    Indian constitutional development, 1927-1935    M B HASSEN    Dr T G P Spear
1957    PhD    London, LSE    The commitee system in British and Indian local authorities    C JHA    Prof W A Robbins
1957    DPhil    Oxford, St Cath’s    The development of money and banking in Ceylon    J B KELEGAMA
1957    PhD    London, LSE    The civil service in independent India: the All India and Union Civil Services    B S KHANNA    Prof W A Robson
1957    PhD    London, LSE    Urbanization in West Pakistan    K KURESHY
1957    PhD    London, LSE    Hinduism and economic growth: a study of the nature of the impact of Hinduism on India’s economic growth with special emphasis on theperiod since the mid 18th century    B B MISHRA    Dr Anstey
1957    PhD    London, External    Large scale sampling surveys in agriculture in the Punjab (Pakistan)    D M QURESHI
1957    PhD    London, SOAS    British land policy in Oudh    j RAJ    Prof C H Philips
1957    DPhil    Oxford    The Dutch in Coromandel, 1605-1690    Tapan RAYCHAUDHURI
1957    PhD    London, LSE    Geomorphological evolution of the highaland of Chota Nagpur and the adjoining districts of Bihar    R P SINGH
1957    PhD    London, LSE    Credit problems of small farmers in Ceylon    Wijetunga Mudianselagadera TILAKARATNA    Mr A D Knox
1957    PhD    London    The urban geography of Agra    A R TIWARI    Prof A E Smailes
1957/58    PhD    London, SOAS    The life and career of Jonathan Duncan, 1756-1795    V NARAIN
1957/58    PhD    Manchester    A comparative study of informal relationships in a Chinese village in Malaya and north India    W H NEWELL
1957/58    PhD    Manchester    The history of the Arghuns and Tarkhans of Sind    M H SIDDIQI
1957/58    PhD    Manchester    An analysis of the demand for, and the supply of, food in India    R P SINHA
1958    MA    London, Inst Ed    The missionary activities of the CMS and CZEMS in Kashmir during the second half of the 19th century    S Z AHMED SAH    Prof J A Lauwerys
1958    PhD    Cambridge, King’s    The political organisation of the Swat Pathans    T F W BARTH    Mr E R Leach
1958    MA    London, Inst Ed    A historical survey of the languages problem in Bengal from the Muslim period to the end of the British period    K BHATTACHARYYA
1958    MSc    Cambridge, Fitzwilliam    The financing of planned economic development in India    S R DATTA GUPTA    Dr A R Prest
1958    MA    London, LSE    Sociology of marriage rituals in India: a study of Sanskritisation and de-Sanskritisation    B DATTAGUPTA
1958    MSc    Londond, LSE    Some aspects of Indo-British trade during the 20th century with special reference to capital goods    V P DHITAL
1958    MA    London, SOAS    The political system of the Rajputs    Sylvia J DUTRA    Dr Bauley; Prof C von Furer-Haimendorf
1958    MSc    London, LSE    The economics of the tea industry in Ceylon    J M F G FERNANDO    Dr V Anstey
1958    PhD    London    The development of the Indian National Congress, 1892-1909    Pansy C GHOSH    Dr K Balhatchet
1958    PhD    London, LSE    Inflation in India, 1939-1952: a study of inflation in an underdeveloped economy    S K GHOSH    Dr Anstey; Mr Day
1958    PhD    London,SOAS    The internal administration of Lord Lytton, with special reference to social and economic policy, 1876-1880    L M GUJRAL
1958    MLitt    Cambridge, King’s    Sir Richard Jenkins and the Residency at Nagpur, 1807-1818    F A HAGAR    Dr T G P Spear
1958    PhD    London, LSE    Agrarian problems in Bihar based, primarily, on surveys in five villages    F Tomasson JANNUZI    Dr V Anstey
1958    BLitt    Oxford, Campion Hall    An economic and historical study of food grain controls in India during the second world war and after    S C JOSEPH
1958    MSc    London, LSE    Union-state administrative cooperation in India (1937-1952)    M KAMAL    Prof W A Robson
1958    MSc    London, LSE    Problems of the agricultural labourers in India    R P KAMAT
1958    MSc    Cambridge, Newnham    The employment problem in Ceylon    I KANNANGARA    Mrs J V Robinson
1958    PhD    Cambridge, Trinity    The commercial and diplomatic relations between India and Tibet in the nineteenth century    H A LAMB    Dr V W W S Purcell
1958    PhD    Cambridge, St Catharine’s    The Dutch East India Company and Mysore, 1762-1790    J van LOHUIZEN    Dr T G P Spear
1958    MA    London, LSE    Social and economic geography of the Mathura District (western Uttar Pradash)    S D MISRA    Mr R R Rawson
1958    PhD    London, LSE    Economics of nutritional problems in India    R N MITRA    Dr Raeburn
1958    PhD    Cambridge, Peterhouse    The analysis of Kandyan marriage: landlords, labourers and aristocrats    OSMAN YALMAN NUR
1958    PhD    London, SOAS    Sir Elijah Impey in India, 1774-1783    Bishwa Nath PANDEY    Prof C H Philips
1958    MA    London, LSE    A geography of the Peshawar region    M Z SAHIBZADA
1958    PhD    London, LSE    Indian monetary policy and debt management since 1939    J C D SETHI    Dr V Anstey; Mr R Turvey
1958    PhD    London, LSE    Strategic aspects of India’s foreign policy    V B L SHARMA
1958    BLitt    Oxford, St Antony’s    The rise and growth of the Praja Socialist Party of India (1934-1935)    H K SINGH    Mr F G Carnell
1958    PhD    London, LSE    Allahabad: a study in urban geography    Ujaqir SINGH    Prof D L Stamp

1958 PhD London, SOAS Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas Romila THAPAR Prof A.L.Basham [viz., note from Prof Thapar dated 4 March 2016]

1958    MA    London, SOAS    History of the development of Rangoon    TUN THET    Prof Hall
1958    PhD    London, LSE    India’s membership of the sterling area    Jai Dev VARMA
1958    PhD    Cambridge    The present situation and the probably future of cotton in West Pakistan’s economy    S B WHITEHILL
1958    PhD    Edinburgh    The economic geography of Madhya Pradesh (formerly Central Provinces and Behar)    R H ZAIDI
1959    MSc(Econ)    London, LSE    The industrial worker in East Pakistan: a study in the adaptation of an industrial labour force    A K AHMADULLAH    Prof Phelps
1959    MA    Manchester    The recruitment of Indians into the covenanted civil service, 1853-1892    M R ANWAR
1959    PhD    Manchester    Britain and Muslim India: a study of British public opinion vis-a-vis the development of Muslim nationalism in India, 1905-1947    K K AZIZ
1959    MSc    London, LSE    Problems in corporation taxation with special reference to India    M P BHATT    Mr Turvey
1959    PhD    London, LSE    Applications of linear programming to the development plans of India    B BHATTACHARYYA
1959    MA    London    Trincocmalee and the East Indies Squadron, 1746-1844    H A COLGATE    Prof Graham
1959    PhD    London, LSE    Economic development of Assam with special reference to the 20th century    P GOSWAMI    Dr Anstey
1959    PhD    London    The nationalist movement in Ceylon betweem 1910 and 1931, with special reference to communal and elective problems    D K GREENSTREET    Dr Miliband
1959    BLitt    Oxford, St Cath’s    Land tenure in the Kandyan provinces of Ceylon    U A GUNASEKERA    Dr D F Pocock
1959    BLitt    Oxford, St Anne’s    The analysis of external trade and economic structure of Ceylon, 1900-1955    O E B GUNEWARDENA    Miss P H Ady
1959    PhD    London, LSE    Some problems of the organisation and administration of public enterprise with special reference to India    L N GUPTA    Prof Robson; Dr Anstey
1959    PhD    Edinburgh    The collection of agricultural statistics and the use of data in the United Kingdom and Pakistan: an objective study to explore possibilities of improvement in Pakistan    Muhammed Altaf HUSSAIN
1959    MA    London, SOAS    Social and administrative policy of the Government of Bengal, 1877-1890    Rokeya KABEER    Prof Basham
1959    PhD    London, External    Industrial relations in India    C B KUMAR
1959    PhD    London, LSE    Some aspects of the problem of implementing agricultural planning in India    Gouri NAG    Mr Knox; Mr Lancaster
1959    PhD    Edinburgh    Early English travellers in India. A study in the travel literature of the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods with particular reference to India    R C PRASAD    Prof W L Renwick; Mr G A Shepperson
1959    PhD    London, LSE    Judicial review in India: a study in constitutional theory and judicial practice    V R RAVIKANTI    Mr S de Smith
1959    MA    London, LSE    The position of women in Hinayana Buddhist countries (Burma, Ceylon, Thailand)    S SEIN    Mr F Freedman
1959    PhD    London , LSE    British opinion and Indian neutralism: an analysis of India’s foreign policy in the light of British public reactions, 1947-1957    Shri Ram SHARMA    Prof Manning
1959/60    PhD    Cambridge, Fitzwilliam    The cottage industries of India: an enquiry into their economics with special reference to developmental planning    Kedarnath PRASAD
1959/60    PhD    Cambridge, Queen’s    The role of transport and foreign trade in the economic development of Burma under British rule, 1885-1914    Maung SHEIN
1959/60    PhD    London, External    North east Baluchistan, Quetta Division: a critical evaluation of the land and its resources    A H SIDDIQI
1959/60    MA    Manchester    An analysis of the principal factors affecting India’s policy toward her Himalayan border    J TOOMRE
1960    PhD    London, SOAS    Some aspects of the history of the Muslim community in Bengal, 1884-1912    Sufia AHMED    Prof C H Philips
1960    MA    London    Aspects of the economic development of the Assam valley, 1858-1884    A C BARUA    Dr K Ballhatchet
1960    PhD    Cambridge    Thomas Munro and the development of administrative policy in Madras, 1791-1818: the origins of “the Munro system”    T H BEAGLEHOLE    Dr K Ballhatchet
1960    PhD    London, LSE    Measurements of production and productivity in Indian industry with special reference to methodological aspects    G C BERI
1960    PhD    London, SOAS    The state and the cooperative movement in the Bombay Presidency, 1880-1930    I J CATANACH    Dr K Ballhatchet
1960    PhD    London, LSE    The centrally recruited services in Pakistan    M A CHAUDHURI    Prof P Robson
1960    DPhil    Oxford, Lincoln    Portuguese society in India in the sixteenth and seveteenth centuries    K J CROWTHER
1960    PhD    Cambridge, St Cath’s    Cottage industries of Ceylon    H D DIAS    Mr B H Farmer
1960    MSc (Econ)    London    Someproblems of agriculture in the Vale of Peshawar (West Pakistan)    Lloyd Suttor EDMONDS
1960    PhD    Cambridge, Fitzwilliam    Malabar in Asian trade, 1740-1800    Asin Ranjan Das GUPTA

1960   MA   Wales, Swansea   Indian international transactions 1948 to 1958   C GURUPRASAD
1960   PhD   London, SOAS   British policy on the North West Frontier Province of India, 1889-1901   L HARRIS   Prof K Ballhatchet
1960   PhD   London, External   Agricultural geography of East Pakistan   B L C JOHNSON
1960   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   The Indian National Congress, 1918-1923   G KKRISHNA   Dr G F Hudson
1960   PhD   London   The growth of the idea of Commonwealth in India. 1900-1929   S R MEHROTRA   Prof Philips
1960   PhD   London   The Burma-China boundary since 1886   Khin Maung NYUNT
1960   PhD   London, Birkbeck   Colombo: a study in urban geography   D B L PANDITARATNA   Prof A L Basham
1960   PhD   London, LSE   The law and the banker in Ceylon   M J L RAJANAYAGAM   Prof Gower
1960   PhD   London, LSE   Land reforms and some allied agrarian problems in Madras State since independence   Arungiri RAMASWAMI
1960   PhD   London LSE   Economic aspects of the sugar industry in India   Saraswathi RAU   Dr Raeburn
1960   PhD   London, LSE   Industrial injuries schemes in India and Britain: a comparative study   B RAYCHAUDHURI
1960   MSc   London, LSE   Wage boards in British and the application of their proceedings in India   C J N SAXENA   Prof Phelps Brown
1960   PhD   London, LSE   Recent changes in land use in the Upper Damodar Basin, India   A SHARAN   Mr Rawson
1960   PhD   London, SOAS   English relations with Haidar Ali, 1760-1782   B SHEIK ALI
1960   MA   London, Inst Ed   A comparative study of the language problem at the university level in India   R K YADAVA
1960   PhD   London, SOAS   Anglo-Chinese diplomacy regarding Burma, 1885-1897   Nancy Iu YAN-KIT
1960/61   PhD   Cambridge, King’s   Surplus manpower in agriculture and economic development with special reference to India   P S SANGHVI   Dr M R Fisher
1960/61   PhD   Cambridge, Newnham   A critique of surplus labour doctrine as applied to the Pakistan in 1947-1957   Rehana TANWIR
1961   PhD   London   Constitutional and political aspects of the public corporation in Britain and India   R S ARORA
1961   BLitt   Oxford, Exeter   Some aspects of change in the structure of the Muslim family in the Punjab under British rule   T ASAD   Dr D F Pocock
1961   PhD   London, SOAS   The structure and organisatioin of the Bengal Native Infantry with special reference to the problems of discipline (1796-1852)   Amiya BARAT   Dr K Ballhatchet
1961   PhD   London, LSE   Howrah: an urban study   A CHATTOPADHYAY   Dr E Jones
1961   PhD   Leeds   India, Britain and Russia: a study of British opinion   V K CHAVDA   Prof Briggs
1961   DPhil   Oxford, Magdalen   Muslim politics in the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent, 1858-1916   M CHUGHTAI   Dr C C Davies
1961   DPhil   Oxford, Nuffield   Henry Dundas and the government of India, 1773-1801   B DE   Mr Davies
1961   PhD   London, SOAS   Some aspects of the development of social policy in Ceylon, 1840-1955 with special reference to the influence of missionary organisations   K M DE SILVA   Dr K Ballhatchet
1961   MSc   London   The economics, organisation and administration of the Indian paper industry   B N DHAR
1961   PhD   London   The administration of Guntur District with special reference to local influences on revenue policy, 1837-1848   Robert Eric FRYKENBERG   Dr K Ballhatchet
1961   PhD   Cambridge   Sir Richard Temple and the government of India 1868-1880: some trends in Indian administrative policy   G R G HAMBLY
1961   PhD   London, SOAS   Tribal unrest on the south-west frontier of the Bengal Presidency, 1831-1833   J C JHA
1961   MA   London, SOAS   Changing values in the Naga Hills and Manipur State   M KALABOVA   Prof C Von Furer Haimerdorf
1961   PhD   London, External   Financial administration in Ceylon since independence   V KANESALINGHAM
1961   MSc   London, LSE   Government of India policy towards Portuguese possessions in India from 1947 to 1957   R A KHAN
1961   PhD   London, SOAS   The development of nationalist ideas and tactics and the policies of the government of India   J R McLANE
1961   PhD   London, SOAS   The Kurumas of Malabar   Richard Lionel ROOKSBY
1961   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity Hall   The Ceylon economy, 1920-1938: a national accounts study   M R P SALGADO   Dr B B Das Gupta
1961   MA   London, SOAS   The social and political organisation of the Kandyan Kingdom (Ceylon)   S B W WICKREMASEKERA
1961/62   PhD   Cambridge, Newnham   The growth of agricultural labour in the Madras Presidency in the nineteenth century   Dharma KUMAR   Mr J Gallagher
1962   MA   London, LSE   Population changes in West Bengal, 1872-1951   A BHATTACHARYYA   Prof Jones
1962   MA   London, Inst Ed   Policies regarding higher education in Ceylon during the 19th and 20th centuries with special reference to the establishment of the University of Ceylon   P CHANDRASEGARAM   Mr B Holmes
1962   PhD   London   The development of the English East India Company with special reference to its trade and organization, 1600-1640   K N CHAUDHURI
1962   PhD   Edinburgh   The control of public expenditure in less-developed countries with special reference to India   usha DAR
1962   PhD   London, LSE   Investment and economic growth in Ceylon   S B D DE SILVA   Prof Paish
1962   PhD   Londond, Birkbeck   The North West frontier of West Pakistan: a study in regional geography   D DICHTER   Prof East
1962   PhD   London   Social institutions in Ceylon 5th century BC to 4th century AD   H ELLAWALLA   Prof Basham; Dr de Casparia
1962   MLitt   Durham   The political ideas of Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall   P HASSAN   Prof W H Morris Jones
1962   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Some aspects of the social and political thought of Mahatma Gandhi   Raghavan Narasimhan IYER   Mr J P Plamenatz
1962   PhD   London, SOAS   Murshid Quli Khan and his times   Abdul KARIM   Mr Harrison
1962   PhD   London   Indo-Ceylon relations since independence   Shelton Upatissa KODIKARA
1962   PhD   London   The fiscal policy of the central government of India since independence and its economic effects   J MADHAB
1962   DPhil   Oxford, Wadham   The impeachment of Warren Hastings   Peter James MARSHALL   Principal of Lady Margeret Hall
1962   PhD   London, External   Social geography of Himachal Pradesh   S D MISRA
1962   PhD   London, LSE   Public administration aspects of community development in India (with special reference to Rajasthan)   D C POTTER
1962   PhD   London, LSE   The development of the Indian capital market with special reference to the managing agent system   B PRASAD   Dr Paish; Dr Anstey
1962   PhD   London, LSE   A study of productivity problems in the cotton textile industries of the UK (Lancashire) and India (Bombay and Ahmedabad) since the Second World War   S P S PRUTHI   Mr Roberts
1962   PhD   London   The political and constitutional evolution of Burma from 1923-1936   Asha RAM
1962   PhD   London, Inst Ed   Education in colonial Ceylon, being a research study on the history of education in Ceylon for the period 1796 to 1834    T R A RUBERU
1962   PhD   Edinburgh   Scottish experience in the impact of farm mechanisation on the employment and use of man labour with observatioins on possible Indian problems in this field   Kalyan Kumar SARKAR
1962   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity Hall   The emergence of Indian nationalism, 1885-1915   A SEAL   Mr J Gallagher
1962   PhD   Manchester   A comparative study of the central administrative organisation in India and in some other Commonwealth countries   S C SETH
1962   DPhil   Oxford, Nuffield   India’s export performance, 1951-1960, export prospects and policy implications   M V SINGH   Dr I M D Little
1962   PhD   Manchester   Some aspects of the administration of community projects in India   T N SRIVASTAVA
1962   PhD   London, QMC   Aspects of the urban geography of new Delhi   M P THAKORE   Prof Smailes
1962   PhD   London   Family planning in India: a field study of attitudes and behaviour in a population of Delhi compared with results of existing research in India and elsewhere   S THAPER
1962   PhD    London, SOAS   Lord Minto and the Indian nationalist movement with special reference to the political activities of the Indian Muslims, 1905-1910   S R WASTI
1962   DPhil   Oxford, New   The formation of policy in the India Office, 1858-1866, with special reference to the Political, Judicial, Revenue and Public Works Departments   D WILLIAMS   Mr C C Davies
1962/63   MA   London, Inst Ed   Education in the Roman Catholic missions in Ceylon in the second half of the 19th century (1842-1905)   C N V FERNANDO   Dr Weitzman
1962/63   PhD   London, External   Sterling tea and rubber companies in Ceylon, 1889-1958   N RAMACHANDRAN
1963   DPhil   Oxford, St Cath’s   Land systems in the Punjab (including North West Frontier Province)as affected by British rule between 1849 and 1901   R AHMAD   Mrs U K Hicks
1963   PhD   London, SOAS   The Bengali reaction to Christian missionary activities, 1833-1957   M M ALI
1963   PhD   Manchester   Economic ideas and Indian economic policies in the nineteenth century   S AMBIRAJAN
1963   PhD   London, UC   The development of the constitution of Jammu and Kashmir   A S ANAND   Mr Holland
1963   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Private investment and partial planning in India   Amiya Kumar BAGCHI
1963   PhD   London   The law of parliamentary elections in India and the United Kingdom   R K BAHL
1963   PhD   London, SOAS   British policy towards the Panjab, 1844-1849   S S BAL   Dr K Ballhatchet
1963   PhD   London   Estimates of the current and capital accounts of the balance of payments of India, 1921/22 to 1938/39, incorporating also the estimates of the government of India   A K BANERJI
1963   MS   London   The governorship of Sir William Gregory in Ceylon   B E St J BASTIAMPILLAI   Prof G S Graham
1963   PhD   Manchester   The industrial growth and technological pluralism in India with special reference to the cotton textile industry   AS BHALLA
1963   PhD   London, LSE   Financial administration of nationalised industries in UK and India   G S BHALLA
1963   MA   London, Inst Ed   A cross-cultural study of interests and attitudes of British and Indian university students   J K BHATNAGAR
1963   MSc   London, LSE   American attitudes towards foreign aid with special reference to the Indian sub continent   E I BRODKIN   Mr Chambers
1963   PhD   London, SOAS   Lord Curzon and the Indian states. 1899-1905   I A BUTT   Dr K A Ballhatchet

1963    MsC    London, UC    A comparative study of the nature and effectiveness of selective credit controls in the UK, India and Australia since 1951    J G CHAPATWALA    Dr Cramp
1963    PhD    London, SOAS    Slavery in the Bengal Presidency under East India Company rule, 1772-1843    A K CHATTOPADHYAY    Major Harrison
1963    PhD    London, SOAS    The rice industry of Burma, 1852-1940    Siok-hwa CHENG    Prof C D Cowan
1963    MA    London, Inst Ed    The effects of diarchy upon educational developments in Bengal, 1919-1953    S K DUTTA GUPTA
1963    PhD    London, LSE    Colonisation of the dry zone of Ceylon    H N C FONSECA
1963    PhD    London    British relations with Kashmir, 1885-1893    D K GHOSE    Dr K Ballhatchet
1963    PhD    Sheffield    The Marquis of Dalhousie and education in India, 1848-1956    Kamala GHOSH
1963    PhD    Manchester    The British Conservative Party and Indian problems. 1927-1935    S C GHOSH
1963    PhD    London, SOAS    British historical writing from Alexander Dow to Mountstuart Elphinstone on Muslim India    J S GREWAL    Dr Hardy
1963    PhD    London, SOAS    Indian politics and the British right, 1914-1922    M R HASSAN    Dr K Ballhatchet
1963    PhD    London, LSE    Ritual pollution and social structure in Hindu Assam    T T S HAYLEY
1963    MSc    London, LSE    English, German, Spanish relations in the Sulu question, 1987-1877    S C HUNTER
1963    PhD    London, LSE    Rainfall, rice fields and irrigation needs in West Bengal    P HUR    Mr Rawson
1963    MSc    London, LSE    Ideological influences in the foreign policy of Pakistan    A HUSSAIN    Dr Manning
1963    MA    Sheffield    The industrial geography of Madras State    Iyer Balasubramanyan HYMA
1963    PhD    Cambridge, King’s    The supply of Sinhalese labour to Ceylon plantations, 1830-1930: a study of imperial policy in a peasant society    L R U JAYAWARDENA    Mr K E Berrill
1963    PhD    London, External    Caste and class in pre-Muslim Bengal: studies in social history of Bengal    N KUNDU
1963    DPhil    Oxford, Jesus    The role and limits of state authority in northern India in the early historical period: an empirical examination of the administration of government    Ian W MABBETT    Prof T Borrow
1963    DPhil    Oxford, Lady Margaret    Lord Minto’s administration in India (1807-1813)with special reference to his foreign policy    Amita MAJUMDAR    Mr C C Davies
1963    DPhil    Oxford, St Hugh’s    Imperial policy in India, 1905-1910    V MAZUMDAR    Dr C C Davies
1963    PhD    London, LSE    The origin, development and problems of village (“community”) projects in India    Vindhyeshwari Prasad PANDE
1963    PhD    London, LSE    Constitutional protection of property in India: a critical and comparative study    P P PANDIT
1963    DPhil    Oxford, Regent’s Park    British Baptist missions and missionaries in India, 1793-1837    E D POTTS    Mr C C Davis
1963    DPhil    Oxford, Somerville    Land revenue administration in the ceded and conquered provinces and its economic background, 1819-1833    Asiya SIDDIQI    Mr C C Davis
1963    MA    London, SOAS    British administration in Upper Burma, 1885-1897    Jagjit Singh SIDHU
1963    BLitt    Oxford, St Cath’s    The Jats: an ethnographic survey    Gunter TIEMANN    Dr D F Pocock
1963    DPhil    Oxford, Balliol    The development and significance of transport in India (1834-1882)    K E VERGHESE    Mr C C Davies
1963    PhD    London, SOAS    Some aspects of Indian society as depicted in the Pali Canon    N K WAGLE
1963    MA    London, LSE    Magic in Malaya    W D WILDER
1963    PhD    London, UC    Basic democracies in Pakistan    M S K YOUSUFZAI    Prof Holland
1964    LlM    London, UC    The origin and nature of presidential powers in Pakistan    M ARIF    Mr Holland
1964    PhD    London, SOAS    The ideological differences between moderates and extremists in the Indian national movement with special reference to Surendranath Banerjea and Lajpat Rai, 1882-1919    D ATGOV    Prof H Tinker
1964    DPhil    Oxford, St Antony’s    The Indian Constituent Assembly and the framing of the Indian constitution    G S AUSTIN    Mr F G Carnell
1964    PhD    London, SOAS    The role of Shaikh Ahmad of Sarhind in Islam in India    M Q BAIG    Prof Basham
1964    PhD    London, SOAS    David Scott on the North East Frontier of India and in Assam    N K BAROOAH    Mr Harrison
1964    BLitt    Oxford, Somerville    An examination of marriage ritual among selected groups in South India    B E F BECK
1964    PhD    London, LSE    The mobilisation of savings and the role of financial institutions with special reference to India    M Q M S DALVI    Dr Anstey
1964    PhD    London, LSE    Producers’ rationality and technical changes in agriculture with special reference to India    S DASGUPTA    Dr Anstey; Mr Joy
1964    PhD    London, SOAS    British policy towards the Pathans and Pindaris in central India, 1805-1818    B GHOSH    Dr K Ballhatchet
1964    PhD    Cambridge. Newnham    Service centres in Southern Ceylon    K A GUNAWARDENA    Mr B H Farmer

1964 PhD London, UCL, A Comparative Study of Pakistani Bilingual and Monoglot School Children’s Performance in Verbal and Non Verbal Tests Rafia HASAN Dr Charlotte Banks (added thanks to information of Naveed Hasan Henderson, PhD London 1995, in a comment below, and confirmed by the University of London Library)

1964    PhD    London, External    An appraisal of public investment policy in India, 1951-1961    J M HEALEY
1964    PhD    London    The formation of British land revenue policy in the ceded and conquered provinces of northern India. 1801-1833    M I HUSAIN    Dr K A Ballhatchet
1964    PhD    London, LSE    Soviet Russia’s policy towards India and its effect on Anglo-Soviet relations, 1917-1928    Z IMAM    Mr Schapiro
1964    PhD    London, Wye    Efficiency in agricultural production; its meaning, measurement and improvement in peasant agriculture with special reference to Pakistan    M S ISLAM
1964    PhD    London, LSE    The urban labour movement in Ceylon with reference to political factors, 1893-1947    V K JAYAWARDENA    Prof Roberts
1964    PhD    London, External    A study of the current trends in the industrial development of Ceylon    V KANAPATHY
1964    PhD    London, LSE    The modern Muslim political elite in Bengal    Abdul Khair Nazmul KARIM
1964    PhD    London, LSE    Iron and steel prices in India since independence    S S MENSINKAI
1964    PhD    London, SOAS    Sir Charles Wood’s Indian policy, 1953-1866    R J MOORE    Prof Basham
1964    PhD    London, SOAS    Lord Northwood’s Indian administration, 1872-1876    E C MOULTON    Dr K Ballhatchet
1964    PhD    London, LSE    Some aspects of agrarian reorganizationin India with special reference to size of holding    B MUKHERJEE    D Anstey
1964    PhD    Cambridge, Newnham    British commercial interests and the expansion of the Bombay Presidency, 1784-1806    P NIGHTINGALE    Dr T G P Spear
1964    PhD    London, SOAS    The rise of the Muslim middle class as a political factor in India and Pakistan    A H M NOORUZZAMAN    Prof H Tinker
1964    PhD    London, SOAS    The rev. James Long and Protestant missionary policy in Bengal, 1840-1872    G A ODDIE    Prof K Ballhatchet
1964    PhD    London, Inst Ed    Some issues between the church and state in Ceylon in the education of the people from 1870 to 1901    A RAJAINDRAN    Dr Holmes
1964    PhD    London, LSE    Rural development in India with special reference to agriculture, education and administration    K RAJARATNAM    Dr Anstey
1964    PhD    Durham    The central legislature in British India, 1921-1947    Md RASHIDUZZAMAN    Prof W H Morris-Jones
1964    PhD    London, LSE    Land tenure as related to agricultural efficiency and rural welfare in India    Paramahansa RAY    Dr Anstey; Mr Joy
1964    PhD    London    The revenue administration of Chittagong from 1761 to1784    Alamgir Muhammad SERAJUDDIN    Mr Harrison
1964    BLitt    Oxford, St Hilda’s    A study of representation in multi-lateral communities with special reference to Ceylon and Trinidad from 1946-1961    A SPACKMAN    Dr A F Madden
1964    MSc    London, LSE    Trends in the pattern of distribution of consumer goods in India    B K VADEHRA
1964    PhD    London, SOAS    British administration in the maritime provinces of Ceylon, 1796-1802    U C WICKREMERATNE    Prof K A Ballhatchet
1964    MA    Nottingham    British policy and the defence of Asia, 1903-1905: with special reference to China and India    B WILLCOCK    Dr J A S Grenville
1964/65    PhD    Manchester    Revolution and counter-revolution: a study of British colonial policy as a factor in the growth and disintegration of national liberation movements in Burma and Malaya    F NEMENZO
1964/65    PhD    Nottingham    Impact of the size of the organization on the personnel management function: a comparative study of personnel departments in some British and Indian industrial firms    B P SINGH
1965    DPhil    Oxford, New College    Life and conditions of the people of Bengal (1765-1785)    Z AHMA    Mr C C Davies
1965    PhD    London, External    The commercial progress and administrative development of the East India company on the Coromandel coast during the first half of the 18th century    R N BANERJI
1965    PhD    London, SOAS    The minorities of Southern Asia and public policy with special reference to India (mainly since 1919)    J H BEAGLEHOLE    Prof H Tinker
1965    PhD    Manchester    Urban unemployment in India    RC BHARDWAJ
1965    DPhl    Oxford, Balliol    The governor-generalship of the Marquess of Hastings, 1813-1823, with special reference to the Supreme Council and Secretariat…Palmer Company    Richard J BINGLE    Mr C C Davies
1965    MSc    London, SOAS    Ministerial government under the dyarchical reforms with special reference to Bengal and Madras    K A CHOWDHURY
1965    PhD    London, SOAS    The idea of freedom in the political thought of Vivekananda, Aurobindo, Gandhi and Tagore    D G DALTON
1965    MA    London, LSE    Irrigation and winter crops in East Pakistan    O HUQ    Mr Rawson
1965    PhD    London, SOAS    Conditions of employment and industrial disputes in Pakistan    A HUSAIN    Prof A Gledhill
1965    PhD    London, LSE    Democratic decentralization and planning in rural India    A C S ILCHMAN    Dr Anstey; Prof Self
1965    MSc    London, King’s    A social geography of Chitral State    ISRAR-UD-DIN    Prof Jones
1965    MSc (Econ)    London, LSE    Economic problems and organisation of public enterprise in Ceylon, 1931-1963    A S JAYAWARDENE    Mr Foldes
1965    PhD    London, SOAS    The rights and liabilities of the Bengal raiyats under tenancy legislation from 1885 to 1947    L KABIR
1965    MA    Manchester    The failure of parliamentary system of government in Pakistan    M A KHAN
1965    PhD    London, SOAS    Curzon, Kitchener and the problem of India army administration, 1899-1909    J E LYDGATE    Prof Robinson
1965    PhD    London, SOAS    A study of urban centres and industries in the central provinces of the Mughal Empire between 1556 and 1803    H K NAQVI    Mr Harrison
1965    PhD    London, SOAS    Sir Charles Metcalfe’s administration and administrative ideas in India, 1806-1835    D N PANIGRAHI    Prof C H Philips
1965    PhD    Birmingham    Peasant farming past and present in the wet zone of Ceylon    P D A PERERA    Prof H Thorpe; Dr W B Morgan
1965    DPhil    Oxford, Merton    Some aspects of British economic and social policy in Ceylon, 1840-1871    M W ROBERTS    Prof J A Gallagher
1965    PhD    London    The rise of business corporations in India and their development during 1851-1900    R S RUNGTA    Prof Paish; Dr V Ansty
1965    PhF    London, SOAS    The Sultanate of Jaunpur    Mian Muhhammad SAEED    Prof Basham
1965    BLitt    Oxford, Lady Margaret    Agricultural policy and economic development in India    K N V SASTRI    Mr G R Allen
1965    PhD    London, SOAS    A comparative study of the traditional political organisation of Kerala and Punjab    S J SHAHANI    Dr Mayer
1965    PhD    London, SOAS    The joint Hindiu family: its evolution as a legal institution    Gunther-Dietz SONTHEIMER    Dr Derrett
1965    PhD    London, SOAS    Nullity of marriage in modern Hindu law    S K TEWARI    Dr J D M Derrett
1965    MA    London, Inst Ed    The social and political significance of Anglo-Indian schools in India    Rosalind TIWARI    Dr King
1965    MA    Manchester    Federalism in south-East Asia with special reference to Burma    Margaret YIYI
1965    PhD    London, SOAS    The partition of Bengal and its annulment: a survey of the schemes of territorial redistribution of Bengal, 1902-1911    S Z H ZAIDI    Prof Basham
1965/66    PhD    Cambridge, St John’s    Economic geography of rubber production in Ceylon    G H PEIRIS    Mr B H Farmer
1965/66    PhD    Leeds    Impact of money supply on the Indian economy, 1950/51 – 1963/64    K PRASAD
1965/66    PhD    Cambridge, Newnham    The structure and working of the commercial banking system in Ceylon, 1945-1963    A J A N SILVA    Miss P M Deane
1965/66    PhD    Durham    Aspects of hte administration of the Punjab, judicial, revenue and political, 1849-1858    S K SONI
1965/66    PhD    Cambridge, Trinity House    The public finances of Ceylon, 1948-1961    G USWATTE-ARATCHI    Dr A R Prest

1966 PhD Manchester University Ramgopal AGARWALA An econometric model of India, 1948-49 to 1960-61 Mr R.J. Ball

1966    PhD    London, LSE    Expenditure classification and investment planning with special reference to Pakistan    K U AHMAD    Dr Anstey
1966    PhD    London, LSE    The methodology of studying fertility differentials with reference to East Pakistan    M AHMAD    Prof Glass; Mr Carrier
1966    PhD    Bristol    The role of a higher civil service in Pakistan    A AHMED
1966    PhD    London, SOAS    Conditions of employment and industrial disputed in Pakistan    H AHMED
1966    MScEcon    London, SOAS    Political parties and the Labour Movement in India in the 1920s    N BEGAM
1966    MLitt    Edinburgh    Patronage and education in the East India Company civil service, 1800-1857    J T BEYER
1966    PhD    Cambridge, Churchill    Regional cooperation for development in South Asia with special reference to India and Pakistan    S R BOSE    Mr W B Reddaway
1966    PhD    London    The constitutional history of Malaya with special reference toe Malay states of Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan and Pahong, 1874-1914    P L BURNS    Prof C D Cowan
1966    PhD    Cambridge, Girton    The impact of planning upon federalism in India, 1951-1964    A CHATTERJI    Prof Sir Ivor Jennings
1966    PhD    London, UC    Industrial conciliation and arbitration in India    R L CHAUDHARY
1966    PhD    London, UC    Lahore: a geographical study    M M CHAUDHURY
1966    PhD    Manchester    The approach to planning in Pakistan    M K CHOWDHURY
1966    PhD    London, LSE    Jamshedpur – the growth of the city and its region    M DUTT    Prof Jones
1966    DPhil    Oxford, Campion Hall    The Tana Bhagats:a study in social change    P EKKA    Mr K O L Burridge
1966    PhD    London, LSE    The scope for wage policy as an instrument of planning in early stages of national economic development: a comparative study of the USSR, India and the UAR    M A ELLEISI    Prof Phelps Brown; Dr Ozga
1966    PhD    London, SOAS    The social condition of the British community in Bengal, 1757-1800    S C GHOSH    Prof A L Basham
1966    PhD    Cambridge, Girton    The transfer of power to Pakistan and its consequences (1946-1951)    M HASAN    Prof N Mansergh
1966    PhD    London, UC    The Indian Supreme Court and the constitution    M IMAM    Dr D C Holland
1966    PhD    London, LSE    Cotton futures markets in India: some economic studies    T ISLAM    Prof Yamey
1966    PhD    London, LSE    The extensions of the franchise in Ceylon with some consideration of the their political and social consequences    K H JAYASINGHE    Mr Pickles
1966    MA    London, External    The control of education in Ceylon: the last fifty years of British rule and after (1900-1962)    C S V JAYAWAWEERA
1966    PhD    London, External    A comparative study of British and American colonial educational policy in Ceylon and the Philippines from 1900 to 1948]    S JAYAWEERA
1966    PhD    Manchester    Import substitution in relations to industrial growth and balance of payments iof Pakistan, 1965-1970    A H KADRI
1966    PhD    London, SOAS    Origins of Indian foreign policy: a study of Indian nationalist attitudes to foreign affairs, 1927-1939    T A KEENLEYSIDE    Prof H Tinker
1966    PhD    London, SOAS    The transition in Bengal, 1756-1775: a study of Muhammad Reza Khan    Abdul Majed KHAN    Mr Harrison
1966    PhD    London, SOAS    The British administration of Sind between 1843 and 1865: a study in social and economic development    Hamida KHUHRO    Mr Harrison
1966    PhD    London, SOAS    The internal administration of Lord Elgin in India, 1984-1898    P L MALHOTRA    Mr Harrison
1966    PhD    London, SOAS    A study of Murshidabad Distrrict, 1765-1793    K M MOHSIN    Mr Harrison
1966    PhD    London, SOAS    The new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam, 1905-1911    M K U MOLLA    Dr Hardy; Dr Pandey
1966    PhD    London, SOAS    The early history of the East Indian Railways, 1845-1879    Hena MUKHERJEE    Dr Chaudhuri
1966    PhD    London, King’s    British military policy and the defence of India: a study of British military policy, plans and preparations during the Russian crisis, 1876-1880    A W PRESTON    Prof M E Howard
1966    PhD    London, LSE    Changes in caste in rural Kumaon    R D SANWAL    Dr Freedman
1966    PhD    London, SOAS    The Christian missionaries in Bengal. 1793-1833    K SENGUPTA    Prof Basham
1966    PhD    London, LSE    Central control and supervision of capital expenditure in the public sector in the UK and India    Ram Parkash SETH    Prof Greaves; Prof Self
1966    PhD    London, King’s    Surveying and charting the Indian Ocean    W A SPRAY    Prof G S Graham
1966    PhD    London, SOAS    Politics and change in the Madras Presidency, 1884-1894: a regional study of Indian nationalism    R SUNTHARALINGAM    Prof H R Tinker
1966    PhD    London, External    The law relating to directors and managing agents of companies limited by shares in Pakistan    Muhammad ZAHIR    Prof Gledhill
1966/67    PhD    Cambridge, Trinity    Planning and regional development: the application of a multi-sectoral programming model to inter-regional planning in Pakistan    A R KHAN    Dr J A Mirrlees
1966/67    MPhil    London, Inst Ed    The impact of the creation of Pakistan on Muslim education in Pakistan    G NABI
1966/67    PhD    Manchester    A study of fiscal policy in Pakistan, 1950-51, with special reference to its contribution to economic development    M NAYIMUDDIN
1966/67    PhD    Edinburgh    The fisheries of Pakistan: their present position and potentialities    R NIAZI
1966/67    PhD    Leeds    An evaluation of the human impact on the nature and distribution of wild plant communities in the Ceylon Highlands    N P PERERA
1966/67    PhD    Reading    Intra-party relationships and federalism: a comparative study of the Indian Congress Party and the Australian political parties    Y A RAFEEK
1966/67    PhD    Cambridge, St Cath’s    The share of labour in value added during the inflation in the modern sector in under-developed economies: a comparative study of the experience of India, Peru and Turkey between 1939 and 1958    W M WARREN    Mr J A C Bowen
1967    LLM    Queen’s, Belfast    A comparative study of the provisions for emergency powers in the constitutions of the Indian, Australian, Nigerian and Malaysian federations with special emphasis on the Malaysian constitution    A ABIDIN
1967    PhD    Edinburgh    The peasant family and social status in East Pakistan    Nizam Uddin AHMED
1967    BLitt    Glasgow    Foreign trade policy of India    N M AMIN
1967    PhD    London, SOAS    English educated Ceylonese in the official life of Ceylon from 1865 to 1883    W M D D ANDRADI    Mr J B Harrison
1967    PhD    London, SOAS    Some aspects of the relationship of political and constitutional theories to the constitutional evolution of India and Pakistan with special reference to the period 1919-1956    B P BARUA    Prof H Tinker
1967    PhD    Cambridge, Newnham    Indian education and politics,1898-1920    A BASU    Prof J A Gallagher

1967   MA   Sussex   Choice of technique: an activity analysis approach with special reference to the Indian cotton textiles industry   C L BELL
1967   PhD   Cambridge, Selwyn   Anglo-Afghan relations, 1870-1880   S CHAKRAVARTY   Dr T G Spear
1967   PhD   Cambridge, Clare   The relations of the Court of Directors, the India Board, the India Office and the Government of India, 1853-1865   P K CHATTARJI   Dr T G Spear
1967   MA   Sussex   The regulation of communal disturbances in West Bengal and East Pakistan in 1950   M CHAUDHURY
1967   MSc   London, SOAS   Political parties in the Bombay Presidency, 1920-1929   D S CHAVDA   Prof H Tinker
1967   PhD   London, SOAS   Oil prices and the Indian market, 1886-1964   Biplab Kumar DASGUPTA   Prof Penrose
1967   MPhil   London, LSE   Some aspects of stratificatioin in Indian rural communities   K S DASGUPTA   Prof Glass
1967   DPhil   Oxford, Lady Margaret   The growth of urban leadership n Western India with special reference to Bombay City, 1845-1885   C E DOBBIN   Prof J A Gallagher
1967   DPhil   Oxford, Balliol   Judicial control of administrative action in India and Pakistan   A FAZAL   Prof H W R Wade
1967   DPhil   Oxford, Linacre House   Patterns of investment, political stability and rates of growth: an analysis of central government expenditure of Ceylon, 1930-1963   S T G FERNANDO   Lady Hicks
1967   MA   Sussex   Development administration and Calcutta metropolitan government   R FOGEL
1967   PhD   London, QMC   Peasant production of tea in Sri Lanka   R S GUNAWARDENA   Dr Hodder; Prof Smailes
1967   PhD   London, SOAS   The policy of Sir James Fergusson as Governor of Bombay Presidency, 1880-1885   A GUPTA   Prof K Ballhatchet
1967   PhD   Cambridge, Sidney   The effect of a change in the terms of trade on the economic growth of Pakistan: a study of the third five year plan   I U HAQUE   Mr W B Reddaway
1967   PhD   London, LSE   Agricultural taxation in a newly developing country: the case of Pakistan   A HASHEM   Prof Peston
1967   PhD   London, SOAS   A price stabilisation model for Pakistan: jute   A K M S HUQ   Prof Penrose
1967   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   The failure of parliamenary politics in Pakistan, 1953-1958   I HUSAIN   Prof M Beloff
1967   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   The development of Indian politics, 1888-1909   G JOHNSON   Dr A Seal
1967   MA   Sussex   Language as an issue in Indian politics   J KABANGO
1967   MA   London, LSE   The changing distribution of cash crops in East Pakistan, 1945-1962   A K M KALIMULLAH   Dr Board
1967   PhD   Aberdeen   The development of transport in East Pakistan   Abul Fazal Muhammed KAMALUDDIN
1967   MPhil   London, SOAS   The advent of the British in Ceylon, 1762-1803   V L B MENDIS   Dr Bastin
1967   MPhil   Leeds   The linguistic world of Anglo-India   K MUSA
1967   MPhil   London, SOAS   Some aspects of the Hindu-Muslim relationship in India, 1876-1892   Shamsun NAHAR   Dr B N Pandey
1967   PhD   Edinburgh   The contribution of Scottish missions to the rise and growth of responsible churches in India   James McMichael ORR   Dr H Watt; Prof A C Cheyne
1967   PhD   London, LSE   The impact of industrialisation on urban growth: a case study of Chotanagpur   P PANDEYA   Prof Jones
1967   DPhil   Oxford, Jesus   British relations with Pakistan, 1947-1962: a study of British policy towards Pakistan   M A QURESHI   Mr G Wint
1967   PhD   London   The evolution for civil procedure in Bengal from 1772 to 1806   Z RAHMAN
1967   PhD   London, SOAS   Local government services in India: a case study of Punjab, 1860-1960   D R SACHDEVA   Prof H Tinker
1967   PhD   London, UC   Judicial interpretation of the Government of India Act, 1935   H SAHARAY
1967   MA   London, SOAS   Political conflict in selected villages of India, Pakistan and Ceylon   M J SHEPPERSDSON   Prof Mayer
1967   PhD   Leicester   Some early tertiary ostracods from West Pakistan   Qadeer Ahmad SIDDIQUI
1967   PhD   London, SOAS   Evolution of the structure of civil judiciary in Bengal, 1800-1831   C SINHA   Dr Pandey
1967   PhD   London, External   The social structure of an Indian-Jewish community   S STRIZOWER
1967   MPhil   London, Inst Ed   Education and international understanding between the East and the West with special reference to the UK and Pakistan   Q J SURI   Prof Lauwery; Mr Goodings
1967   MPhil   London, Inst Ed   Education in Kerala and the missionary contribtion to it during the first half of the nineteenth century   Joseph THAIKOODAN
1967   PhD   London, SOAS   Customs and institutions connected with the domestic life of the Sinhalese in the Kandyan period:   Miniwan P TILLAKARATNE
1967   PhD   London, SOAS   Trends in and prospectsof Pakistan’s exports to the UK and the European Economic Community, 1951-1970   Z A VAINCE   Prof Penrose
1967   DPhil   Oxford, Merton   The policies of the government of Ceylon concerning education and religion, 1865-1885   L A WICKREMERATNE   Mr K A Ballhatchet
1967   BLitt   Oxford, Somerville   The sociological implications of educational policies in Ceylon since 1947   C K WICKREMESINGHE   Dr D F Pocock
1967   BLitt   Oxford, St Hilda’s   Henry Russell’s activities in Hyderabad, 1811-1820   Z YAZDANI   Mr K A Ballhatchet
1967/68   PhD   Cambridge, Corpus   The causes and consequence of trade fluctuations in Ceylon, 1948-1960   M A FERNANDO   Mr H H Leisner
1967/68   PhD   London, External   British relations with Tanjore (1748-1799)   C S RAMANUJAM
1967/68   PhD   Edinburgh   The agricultural geography of Hissar District   Jasbur SINGH
1967-68   PhD   Cambridge, Christ’s   Anglo-Mughal relations in western India and the development of Bombay, 1662-1690   G Z REFAI
1968   MA   Durham   The influence of religion on politics in Pakistan, 1947-1956   S R AHMAD
1968   PhD   London, SOAS   The administration of the North West Frontier,1901-1919   L BAHA   Dr Hardy
1968   MSc   Cambridge, Christ’s   Industrial expansion and regional cooperation in South Asia: a study of selected industries   Peter Douglas BALACS
1968   MLitt   Cambridge, Trinity Hall   The working of the supreme government of India and its constitutional relations with the home authorities, 1833-1853   A G BANERJEE   Dr T G P Spear
1968   PhD   Cambridge, Newnham   On price relationships in Indian agriculture   K BARDHAN   P M Deane
1968   DPhil   Oxford, Somerville   Social and conceptual order in Kongu: a region of South India   B E F BECK   Dr R K Jain
1968   PhD   London   The urban geography of Lyallpur   M H BOKHARI   Prof A E Smailes
1968   PhD   Cambridge   Rohilkhand from conquest to revolt, 1774-1858: a study in the origins of the Indian Mutiny uprising   E I BRODKIN   Dr E T Stokes
1968   PhD   Cam,bridge, Girton   Gandhi in India, 1915-1920: his emergence as a leader and the transformation of politics   J M BROWN   Dr A Seal
1968   MPhil   London   The development of education in India under Lord Curzon, 1899-1905   Hamida I BUTT
1968   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Bengali political unrest (1905-1918)with special reference to terrorism   H CHAKRABARTI   Prof K Ballhatchet
1968   MPhil   London, King’s   The development of mountain warfare in India in the 19th century   S CHANDRA   Prof M E Howard
1968   DPhil   Oxford, St Cath’s   American policy towards India, 1941-1947, with emphasis on the Phillips mission to India, 1943   F L CHASE   Prof J A Gallagher
1968   DPHil   Oxford, Linacre   The agrarian economy and agrarian relations in Bengal, 1859-1885   B B CHAUDHURI   Dr K A Ballhatchet
1968   BLitt   Oxford, Linacre   Some aspects of English Protestant missionary activities in Bengal, 1857-1885   T CHAUDHURI   Dr S Gopal
1968   DPhil   Oxford, University   British government and society in the residency of Bengal, 1858-1880: an examination of certain aspects of British policy in relation to the changing nature of society   J M COMPTON   Mr K A Ballhatchet
1968   DPhil   Oxford, Magdalen   British reform policy and Indian politics on the eve of the rise of Gandhi   R J DANZIG   Dr S Gopal
1968   PhD   Cambridge, Magdalen   Optimum investment decisions with special reference to the Indian fertilizer industry   A K DAS GUPTA   Dr J A Mirrlees
1968   DPhil   Oxford, Somerville   Public opinion and Indian policy, 1872-1880   U DAS GUPTA   Dr S Gopal
1968   MPhil   London, Inst Ed   The contribution of the Wesleyan missionaries to southern India   P W DE SILVA
1968   PhD   York   The verbal piece in spoken Hindi: a morpho-syntactic study   Hans DUA
1968   MPhil   London, Inst Ed   An enquiry into the purpose and development of Catholic education in Madras. 1850-1950   M A DUNNE   Prof Lauwerys
1968   PhD   London, LSE   Some political aspects of foreign aid in India, 1947-1966   P J ELDRIDGE   Prof Goodwin
1968   DPhil   Oxford, Linacre House   The development of a new elite in Ceylon with special reference to educational and occupational background, 1910-1931   P T M FERNANDO   Dr A H Halsey
1968   BLitt   Oxford, Exeter   An historical survey and assessment of the ecclesiastical and missionary policy of the East India Company   I J GASH   Mr C C Davies
1968   MLitt   Bristol   The civil servant and contemporary government in India   B GIRI
1968   PhD   Birmingham   Consumption patterns in India: a regional analysis   D B GUPTA
1968   DPhil   Oxford, St Edmund Hall   The debts of the Nawab of Arcot, 1763-1776   J D GURNEY   Dame L Sutherland
1968   PhD   London, LSE   Econometrics of import planning in India (1947-1965): a case study of selected commodities   M L HANDA   Prof Sargan; De Desai
1968   DPhil   Oxford, Nuffield   Moral and religious changes in an urban village of Bangalore, South India   M N HOLSTROM   Dr D P Pocock
1968   MPhil   London SOAS   Lord Mayo’s Viceroyalty (1869-1872) with special reference to problems of external security and internal stability   M A HOSSAIN   Dr Zaidi
1968   PhD   London, LSE   British policy towards Persia and the defence of British India, 1798-1807   R INGRAM ELLIS   Miss H Lee
1968   PhD   London, LSE   Karachi: a pre-industrial city in transition   M Z KHAN   Prof Jones
1968   PhD   London, SOAS   The Dutch in Ceylon, 1743-1766   D A KOTELAWEL   Dr Bastin
1968   PhD   London, SOAS   The contribution of Christian missionaries to education in Bengal, 1793-1837   M A LAIRD   Prof K Ballhatchet

1968   PhD   London, LSE   Socio-economic determinants of infant and child mortality in Sri Lanka: an analysis of post-war experience    S A MEEGAMA   Prof Glass
1968   MPhil   London, UC   Higher judiciary in Pakistan   M Y MIRZA   Mr Holland
1968   BLitt   Oxford, St Cath’s   Funeral ritual in South India   M M MOFFATT   Dr R K Jain
1968   MPhil   London, LSE   Land use and nutrition in Lucknow District   I MOHIUDDIN   Mr R Rawson
1968   PhD   London, SOAS   Political relations between India and Nepal, 1877-1923   K MOJUMDAR   Prof K Ballhatchet
1968   MPhil   London, Bedford   The cities of Hyderabad-Secunderabad with special reference to their industrial development   K B MUSTAFA   Mr Mountjoy
1968   MPhil   London, LSE   Concepts of purity and pollution in Indian religion   Judith Ann OSTROW
1968   PhD   Lancaster   The evolution and history of the Buddhist monastic order with special reference to the Sangha in Ceylon   Gunaratne PANABOKKE
1968   PhD   London, SOAS   The invasion of Nepal: John Company at war, 1814-1816   J C PEMBLE   Dr Moore
1968   PhD   London, SOAS   The All-India Muslim League in Indian politics, 1906-1912   M RAHMAN   Dr Moore
1968   MPhil   London, SOAS   The reform of local self-government in India under Lord Ripon, 1880-1884: a study in the formation of policy   Q RAHMAN
1968   PhD   Wales, Bangor   An economic appraisal of agricultural marketing in Pakistan   Abdur RASHID
1968   PhD   Edinburgh   A geographical analysis of the historical development of towns in Ceylon   L K RATNAYAKE   Prof J W Watson; Dr R Jones
1968   MA   Sussex   Constitutional change and the depressed classes: the representations from the depressed classes in the United Provinces to the Indian Statutory Commission, 1928, and their outcome   L SEN-GUPTA
1968   PhD   London, External   The role of railway transport in Ceylon: present problems and future prospects   K SUNDERALINGAM
1968   PhD   London, Inst Ed   A critical study of the history and development of university education in modern India, with special reference to problems and patterns of growth since 1847   C TICKOO
1968   DPhil   Oxford, St Cath’s   Kinship and marriage among the Jat of Haryana in northern India   Gunter TIEMANN   Dr R K Jain
1968   PhD   Edinburgh   The strategy of Christian missions to the Muslims: Anglican and reformed contributions in India and the Near East from Henry Martyn to Samuel Zwemmer, 1800-1938   Lyle L VANDER WERFF   Prof M Watt; Prof AC Cheyne
1968   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Indian historical writing in English, 1870-1920, with special reference to the influence of nationalism   Johannes H VOIGT   Mr K A Ballhatchet
1968   MPhil   London, LSE   The hierarchy of towns in Vidarbha, India, and its significance for regional planning   Sudhir Vyankatesh WANMALI. Prof MJ Wise
1968   MA   Manchester   The relevance of land reform to economic progress in Pakistan   M A ZAMAN
1968/69   PhD   Glasgow   Planning for economic development: a comparative case study of Indian and Egyptian experience, 1946-1966, with special reference to planning strategy and effectiveness   A El- H H EL-GHAZALI
1968/69   PhD   Cambridge, Girton   Muslim politics and government policy: studies in the development of Muslim organisation and its social background in North India and Bengal, 1885-1917   Janetr Mary RIZVI
1969   PhD   Durham   The working of district administration in Pakistan, 1947-1964   N ABEDIN   Prof W H Morris-Jones
1969   PhD   Cambridge, Fitzwilliam   The formation of the Government of India Act, 1935   W AHMAD   Dr T G P Sper
1969   MPhil   London, SOAS   Ideological factors in selected fields of policy making in India   Zoe F ALLEN
1969   PhD   London, SOAS   British famine and agricultural policies in India with special reference to the administration of Lord George Hamilton   S K BANDYOPADHYAY   Dr R J Moore
1969   PhD   London, SOAS   The political and economic conditions of Indians in Burma, 1900-1941   N R CHAKRAVARTI
1969   PhD   London, SOAS   The amending process in the Indian constitution   H CHAND
1969   PhD   London   Trade and commercial organisation in Bengal with special reference to the English East India Company, 1650-1720   S CHAUDHURY   Dr K N Chaudhuri
1969   DPhil   Oxford, Balliol   The Bombay political service, 1863-1924   I F S COPLAND   Prof J A Gallagher
1969   PhD   London, Birkbeck   The Colonial Office and political problems in Ceylon and Mauritius, 1907-1921   L B L CROOK   Dr I M Cumpston
1969   DPhil   Oxford, Nuffield   British defence policy in the Indian Ocean region between the Indian Independence Act, 1947, and the British defence review, 1966   P G C DARBY   Prof N H Gibbs
1969   DPhil   Oxford   An evaluation of the Eastern bloc assistance to India (1956-57 to 1965-66)   DATARHA
1969   PhD   London, LSE   The effect of international labour migration on trade and real income: a case study of Ceylon, 1920 to 1938   A DUTTA   Prof Johnson
1969   PhD   London, Bedford   The development of the sugar industry in Nizamabad, Andhra Pradesh   A H FAROOQI
1969   PhD   London   Lord William Bentinck in Madras, 1803-1807   M GUPTA   Dr B M Pandey
1969   PhD   London, External   A study of the planning techniques in India: India’s five year plans   S GUPTA
1969   PhD   Manchester   A typical support structure of leadership in Punjab – the faction   J J M HAUDHRI
1969   PhD   Manchester   A structural study of Pakistan’s monetary sector   K A IMAN
1969   PhD   London, LSE   Regional development in Pakistan with special reference to the effects of import licensing and exchange control   A I A ISLAM
1969   PhD   London   Social aspects of the historical geography of East Pakistan, 1608-1857   Bilquis JAHAN   Miss E M J Campbell
1969   PhD   London, External   The sources and development of the customary laws of the Sinhalese up to 1835   M L S JAYASEKERA
1969   MSocSc   Birmingham   Industrial development and organization in Ceylon – a case study of the Ceylon cement industry   G W JAYSURIYA
1969   PhD   London   Dutch rule in maritime Ceylon, 1766-1796   V KAMAPATHYPILLAI   Dr J S Bastin
1969   PhD   London, LSE   Domestic instability as a factor in Pakistan’s foreign policy, 1952-1958   M KAMLIN   Dr Lyon
1969   PhD   London, LSE   A study of import control, with special reference to India   H KUSARI
1969   PhD   London, LSE   Britain and the termination of the India-China opium trade, 1905-1913   Margaret J B-C LIM   Prof Medlicott; Mr Dilks
1969   BLitt   Oxford, Linacre   Financing agricultural development with special reference to the place of agricultural credit in West Pakistan after 1947   A M MALIK   Mr R G Opie
1969   PhD   London, SOAS   Election laws in Pakistan   M D MALIK
1969   PhD   London, SOAS   The development of the jurisdiction and powers of the superior courts in Pakistan   M A MANNAN   Prof Gledhill
1969   MA   Sussex   Th Krishak Praja Party and the Bengal provincial elections, 1937   H MOMEN
1969   BPhil   St Andrews   Muslim politics in India, 1858-1918   S NAZ   D G Seed
1969   PhD   London, SOAS   Jury and police reform during the Indian Vice-Royalty of Lord Lansdowne, 1888-1894   R RAHMAN   Dr P Hardy
1969   PhD   London, LSE   Frontier problems in Pakistan’s foreign policy   S M M RAZVI   Dr P H Lyon
1969   DPhil   Oxford, Merton   The Commission of Eastern Inquiry in Ceylon, 1829-1837: a study of a Royal Commission of Colonial Inquiry   V K SAMARAWEERA   Dr A F Madden
1969   PhD   London, SOAS   Hinduism in a Kangra village   U M SHARMA   Pror Mayer
1969   PhD   London, SOAS   The reorganization of the Indian armies, 1858-1879   A H SHIBLEY   Dr Moore
1969   PhD   London, SOAS   Land resumption in Bengal, 1819-1846   A M WAHEEDUZZAMA   Dr Zaidi
1969   PhD   London, External   Methodism in north Ceylon: its history and influences, 1814-1890   D K WILSON
1969/70   PhD   Bristol   On the construction and implementation of a planning model for Ceylon   S NARAPALASINGAM
1969/70   PhD   Durham   Some aspects of central banking in Pakistan, 1948-1966   A K NIAZI
1969/70   PhD   Edinburgh   Settlement geography of the Indian desert (Rajasthan area)   Ram C SHARMA
1969/70   PhD   Bristol   The relations between central and provincial governments in Pakistan   M A TAYYEB   Prof Bromhead
1969/70   PhD   London, SOAS   Some legal aspects of agrarian reform in India   Namgi Lal UPADHYAYA
1970   MPhil   London, LSE   Production and trade in the raw cotton and cotton textile industries of Pakistan,1948-1966   Q K AHMAD   Prof H Myint
1970   PhD   Edinburgh   Regionalism and political integration in Pakistan: a case study in political geography   Masood ALI
1970   MPhil   London, SOAS   The urban geography of Kanpur   S A ALI
1970   MPhil   London, LSE   Peasant agriculture in Ceylon, 1933-1893   A C L AMEER ALI   Prof F J Fisher
1970   PhD   Edinburgh   Possible developments in building technology in relations to low cost housing in Pakistan   Mohammed M BAJWA
1970   DPhil   Oxford, St Anthony’s   The growth of political organization inthe Allahabad locality, 1880-1925   C A BAYLY   Prof J A Gallgher
1970   PhD   Cambridge, Gonville     Spatial organizationof some villages in Northern India   P M BLAIKIE   Mr B H Farmer
1970   PhD   Cambridge   British impact on the Indian cotton textile industry, 1757-1865   J G BORPUJARI   Dr W J Macpherson
1970   MPhil   London, UC   Some problems of physical planning in Ceylon   S W P BULANKULAME
1970   PhD   London, LSE   The behaviour of prices in India, 1952-1966: an empirical study   S K CHAKRABARTI   Prof Walters
1970   MSc   Bristol   The long-term outlook for the consumption of tea in India – a quantitative analysis   B M CHAMBERS
1970   MA   Manchester   Social change in Indian towns   M K CHATERJEE
1970   PhD   Cambridge, St Cath’s   Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall: a study of the Anglo-Indian official mind   E C T CHEW   Dr E T Stokes
1970   PhD   London, SOAS   British policy on the North East frontier of India, 1865-1914   D P CHOUDHURY   Prof K Ballhatchet
1970   MA   Kent   Recent trends in Indian federalism   S DAS
1970   MPhil   London, Inst Ed   Development of adult education in India since independence with special reference to rural reconstruction   B DUTTA
1970   BLitt   Oxford, Keble   Identity amongst Muslims in West Bengal, India, and its relationship with political, social and economic change   P J K EADE   Dr R K Jain
1970   BLitt   Oxford, St Edmund Hall   Aspects of history of the Indian National Congress with special reference to the Swarajya Party, 1919-1927   R A GORDON   Prof J A Gallagher
1970   PhD   Wales, Swansea   A study of the social and economic geography of the coastal fishing industry of Ceylon   Suniti Danissari GUNASEKERA
1970   PhD   London, SOAS   British policy and Baluchistan, 1854-1876   T A HEATHCOTE   Dr M E Yapp
1970   MPhil   London, King’s   Selected aspects of agricultural development in West Pakistan   J HUSSAIN
1970   PhD   London, SOAS   Social and political change in Ceylon, 1900-1919 with special reference to the disturbances of 1915    p v i JAYASEKERA   Prof K A Ballhatchet
1970   MSc   Edinburgh   Language and politics in modern India   P KARAT
1970   PhD   London, SOAS   Protection of minority interests under the Indian constitution   G T LUIS   Prof Derrett
1970   DPhil   Oxford, Wadham   Sociological aspects of revival and change in Buddhism in nineteenth century Ceylon   Kitsiri MALALGODA   Mr B R Wilson
1970   PhD   London, SOAS   The administration of British Burma, 1852-1885   J A MILLS   Prof C D Cowan
1970   DPhil   Oxford, St John’s   Renewable natural resources planning for regional development with special reference to Kashmir   Maharaj K MUTHOO   Mr J J Macgregor
1970   DPhil   Sussex   Labour organisation in the Bombay textile industry, 1918-1929   R NEWMAN   Dr Reeves
1970   PhD   London, QMC   Land development in the Sinharaja foothill of Ceylon   M P PERERA   Mr B W Hodder
1970   PhD   London, SOAS   Shareholders’ control of public companies in Pakistan   A K RANJHA
1970   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   The politics of U.P. Muslims   Francis Christopher Rowland ROBINSON   Dr Seal
1970   MPhil   London, Inst Ed   Urbanisation – its educational implications in India   P SAJNANI
1970   PhD   York   Predicate complement constructions in Hindi and English   Anil SINHA
1970   PhD   London, LSE   Water supply and irrigation in the dry zone of Ceylon   K U SIRINANDA   Mr P Rawson; Dr Chandler
1970   PhD   Cambridge, Jesus   Ceylon’s export trends and prospects   M P S SURIAARACHCHI   Mr H Leisner
1970   MA   London, Inst Ed   The t rainingof teachers in Bombay Province (including Gujerat) since 1947   M N UPADHYAYA
1970   MSc   Wales   Britain’s forgotten war: the British role in the confrontation of Malaysia by Indonesia   Michael R WAGSTAFF
1970   MPhil   London, SOAS   A structural analysis of myths from the North east frontier of India   James Mackie WILSON
1970   PhD   Leeds   The role of the Ceylon civil service before and after independence   Watareke Aratchchige WISWA WARNAPALA
1970/71   PhD   St Andrews   The theory, practice and administration of Waqf with special reference to the Malayan state of Kadah   M Z B H OTHMAN   Dr J Burton
1970/71   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   The politics of U P muslims   M A ROWLANDS
1970/71   PhD   London, LSHTM   Dynamics of malaria in Ceylon   C SIVAGNANASUNDRAM
1971   MPhil   London, SOAS   A comparative study of social heirarchies in selected areas of India and Pakistan   Makhdum Tasadduq AHMAD   Dr Mayer
1971   PhD   Lancaster   Technical change and economic development of agriculture: the case of Bangladesh   M ALAMGIR
1971   MPhil   London, UC   A select bibliography of periodical literature published in English, German, French, Sanskrit, Hindi, Pali and Bengali during 1951-1966 on some aspects of Indian culture (philosophy, religion, linguistics, literature)from the post-Vedic to the pre-Kalidasa era   P BISWAS
1971   MPhil   London, SOAS   Symbolic and material aspects of institutions in political process: analysis of two North Indian villages   Bengt-Erik Per Gustaf BORGSTROM
1971   MLitt   Cambridge, Firtzwilliam   Metropolitan dominance in South India   R W BRADNOCK   Mr B H Farmer
1971   PhD   London, SOAS   Social change of marriage patterns in the North Western Himalayas (Churah, Pangi and Ladakh)   Bharpur Singh BRAR
1971   PhD   Cambridge, King’s   Political alliances in rural Western Maharashtra   Anthony Thomas CARTER
1971   PhD   London, External   Culture conflicts and education in Ceylon after independence   Ida W DESILVA
1971   PhD   London, SOAS   The internal politics of the Kandyan kingdom, 1707-1760   Lorna S DEWARAJA
1971   PhD   Durham   Patterns of population structure and growth in East Pakistan   K Maudood ELAHI
1971   PhD   London, LSE   An econometric growth model for Pakistan   A FAROOQUI   Mr J M Desai
1971   DPhil   Sussex   Municipal politics in Calcutta: elite groups and the Calcutta corporation, 1875-1900    C P M FUREDY   Prof A Low
1971   BLitt   Oxford, St John’s   Statutory provisions for the settlement of collective industrial disputes in England and Australia and India   S T GOH
1971   MA   Exeter   A study of the authority structure of an industrial organisation in a transitional setting: case study of a Ceylon industrial plant   S GOONATILAKE
1971   MSc   Hull   The impact of foreign aid on India’s international trade, 1951-1965   C P HALLWOOD
1971   PhD   Nottingham   Pakistan’s external relations   A K M A HAQUE   Prof Pear
1971   PhD   Durham   The working of parliamentary government in Pakistan, 1947-1958   S C HARUN
1971   MLitt   Glasgow   Government expenditure: a study with reference to economic development in Pakistan   M HUQ
1971   PhD   London, King’s   Freedom of interstate trade in India   C K M JARIWALA
1971   DPhil   Oxford, St Hilda’s   Government policy and economic and social change in western India,1850-1875   J F M JHIRAD   Prof K A Ballhatchet
1971   MSc   Strathclyde   Administrative aspects of social security programmes for factory labourers in East Pakistan   M KABIR
1971   DPhil   Oxford, Balliol   Nationalism n Bengal, 1903-1911: a study of Bengali reactions to the partition of the province with special reference to the social groups involved   A P KANNANGARA   Prof K A Ballhatchet
1971   PhD   London, SOAS   Some aspects of society and politics in Bengal, 1927 to 1936   B R KHAN   Mr J B Harrison
1971   MPhil   London, SOAS   The tripartite countries [Iran, Pakistan and Turkey]of the regional cooperation for development: a geographical study of a regional grouping   Durray S KURESHI
1971   DPhil   Sussex   Administrative structures, economic change and problems of rural development in Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh, India   Bismarck U MWANSASU
1971   PhD   London, King’s   A comparative study of the executive in Australia and India   J D OJO
1971   PhD   London, SOAS   Some aspects of the Indian Viceroyalty of Lord Elgin, 1862-1863   J A RAHMAN   Dr Harrison
1971   PhD   London, SOAS   Legal aspects of the “doctrine of pleasure” in relation to public servants in India   U R RAI
1971   MPhil   London, LSE   A comparative study of manpower in selected industries with similar technologies in India and the UK   S F RICHARDS   Prof Wise
1971   MPhil   Leeds   The military in politics in India and Pakistan since 1947   A H RIZVI   Prof Hanson; Dr O A Hartley
1971   PhD   London, SOAS   The government of India under Lord Chelmsford, 1916-1921, with special reference to the policies adopted towards constitutional change and political agitation in British India   P G ROBB   Prof K A Ballhatchet
1971   PhD   York   A generative semantic treatment of some aspects of English and Hindigrammar   Prajapati SAH
1971   PhD   London, LSE   The problem of economic holdings in the peasant agriculture of the dry zone of Ceylon   Somasundaram SELVANAYAGAM
1971   PhD   London, SOAS   Status, power and resources: the study of a Sinhalese village   S P F SENATATNE
1971   MPhil   London. LSE   British opinion and Indian independence: a study of some British pressure groups which advanced the cause of Indian independence   Kumar Indra VIJAY
1971   MLitt   Edinburgh   David Livingstone and India   rOSINA g VISRAM   Prof G A Shepperson
1971   PhD   Cambridge, Newnham   Employment incomes in Ceylon: an inquiry into the structure and determination of wage and salary earnings in Ceylon, 1949-1969   Pabawathie C WICKREMASINGHE
1971   MPhil   London, Inst Ed   A critical analysis of the problems of higher education in Pakistan since independence (1947) with special reference to student unrest   U S ZAMAN
1971/72   PhD   Liverpool   British opinion and Indian reform, 1858-1876   Nilima SAHA   Mr P J N Tuck
1972   DPhil   Oxford, Christ Church   Economic aspects of some peasant colonizations in Ceylon   G M ABAYARATNA   Miss M R Haswell
1972   PhD   Leeds   Economic, political and administrative aspects of planning for development in a divided country: a study of relationships between East Bengal and West Pakistan, 1947-1971   Shaikh Magsood ALI
1972   MSc   Bristol   Capital finance in a developing economy – Ceylon   Bernard V ANTHONISZ
1972   PhD   Cambridge, Clare Hall   Communal conflict in Ceylon politics and the advance towards self-government   Rupasinghe A ARIYARATNE
1972   MPhil   London, Inst Ed   A comparative study of language policies and problems in Ceylon and India since independence   V ARUMUGAM
1972   MPhil   London, SOAS   Judicial control of the machinery of government in Pakistan   Chaudhary M Y ASIM
1972   PhD   Cambridge, Queens   Politics in South India. 1917-1947   Christopher J BAKER
1972   PhD   Durham   The hierarchy of central places in Northern Ceylon   P BALASUNDARAMPILLAI
1972   PhD   London, LSE   Some aspects of the strains and stresses in Indo-British relations, 1947-1965: an analysis of the causes and course of gradual decline in Britain’s importance to India   A R BANERJI   Mr J B L Mayall
1972   PhD   London, QMC   Fiscal policy in India (with reference to taxation)over three five year plans   S BHADURI   Prof M H Peston
1972   DPhil   Sussex   Political change in Rohilkhand, 1932-1952: a study of the rleationships between provincial and district level politicans   L BRENNAN
1972   PhD   London, SOAS   An examination of the development and structure of the legal profession at Allahabad, 1866-1935   Gilliam F BUCKEE
1972   MPhil   Sussex   Educational administration in Bombay Presidency, 1913-1937   J L BUTLER
1972   PhD   London, SOAS   Extra-constitutional actions in Pakistan   Z I CHOUDHURY
1972   PhD   London, SOAS   The politics and functioning of the East Bengal legislature, 1947-1958   Najma CHOWDHURY
1972   MEd   Manchester   The social and educational changes brought about in some South Indian villages by the Saruodaya movement   A G CLARK
1972   DPhil   Oxford   Decentralisation and political change in the United Provinces, 1880-1921   W F CRAWLEY
1972   PhD   Aberdeen   The development and influence of British missionary movements toward India, 1786-1830   Allan K DAVIDSON   Mr A F Walls
1972   PhD   Cambridge, Emmanuel   The official mind and the problem of agrarian indebtedness in India, 1870-1910   Clive J DEWEY
1972   PhD   London, SOAS   Juristic techniques in the Supreme Court of India (195-1971)in some selected areas of public and personal law   Rajeev DHAVAN

1972   MA   Hull   Resource allocation in the public sector in Malaysia with special reference to the Muda River irrigation scheme   CHEW CHAI DOAN
1972   PhD   Hull   Some aspects of private foreign enterprise in Ceylon   L E N FERNANDO
1972   PhD   London, SOAS   Rural money markets in India   Subrata GHATAK
1972   MA   Manchester   Traditional India and the meaning of caste   Beth GOLDBLATT
1972   DPhil   Sussex   Optimum location of paddy improvement schemes in Ceylon   J M GUNADESA
1972   MA    Exeter   Industrialization and protective tariffs in Pakistan   A M A HAKIM
1972   PhD   Cambridge,St John’s   The place of India in the strategic and political consideration of the Axis powers, 1939-1942   Milan HAUNER   Prof F H Hinsley
1972   MA   Exeter   Foreign capital and economic development: the case of Pakistan   M E HOSSAIN
1972   PhD   London, LSE   Rural society and leadership in Malaya with special reference to three selected communities   Syed HUSIN ALI
1972   BLitt   Oxford, Lady Margaret   Some aspects of religion and culture in Bengal   H K ION
1972   PhD   London, SOAS   Agricultural development of Bengal: a quantitative study, 1920-1946   M M ISLAM   Dr Chaudhuri
1972   PhD   London, SOAS   Bengali Moslem public opinion as reflected in the vernacular press between 1901 and 1930   Mustafa N ISLAM
1972   PhD   London, SOAS   The permanent settlement and the landed interests in Bengal from 1793 to 1819   M S ISLAM   Mr G B Harrison
1972   BLitt   Oxford, Somerville   A social anthropological study of Jainism in Northern India   S JAIN   Dr R G Leinhardt
1972   DPhil   Sussex   Techno-economic survey of industrial potential in Sri Lanka   N D KARUNARATNE
1972   PhD   London, SOAS   Constitutional protection of the freedom of association in Pakistan   Hamiduddin KHAN
1972   PhD   London, UC   Kowloon: a factorial study of urban land use and retail structure   Chi-sen LIANG   Prof P Wood
1972   PhD   London, SOAS   The rajas and nawabs of Bengal, 1911-1919   Pronoy Chand MEHTAB
1972   PhD   Cambridge, Fitzwilliam   Income distribution and savings in Pakistan: an appraisal of development strategy   T E NULTY   Prof W B Reddaway
1972   DPhil   Oxford   The organisational basis of Indian agriculture with special reference to the development of capitalistic farming (ie based on wage-labour and following economic criteria for investment) in selected regions in recent years   U PATNAIK
1972   PhD   York   A systematic treatment of certain aspects of Telugu phonology   Vennelakanti PRAKASAM
1972   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Regional disparities in the growth of incomes and population in India, 1951-1965   Siripurapu Kesava RAO   Dr A K Bagchi
1972   PhD   Exeter   The impact of devaluation on prices and production in Pakistan   M M SHAIKH
1972   PhD   London, SOAS   The study of inflation in Pakistan, 1955-1968   Qamarul H SIDDIQI   Prof E Penrose
1972   PhD   London, UC   Functions of international conflict: a case study of Pakistan   K SIDDIQUI   Dr J W Burton
1972   PhD   London   The home government of India, 1834-1853   Robert F S TATE   Mr Harrison
1972   PhD   London, SOAS   Indian politics and the elections of 1937   D D TAYLOR   Prof H Tinker
1972   PhD   Wales, Aberystwyth   Economic integration and development with special reference to four Asian countries [India, Ceylon, Burma and Malaysia]   Ransit Corneille WANIGATUNGA   Prof G L Rees
1972   PhD   Cambridge, Newnham   The development and function of the transport system in Ceylon: a network analysis   Poonanulkarange C H WEERASURIYA   Dr B T Robson
1972   MPhil   London, SOAS   Tribal identity among the Santals, 1770-1857   Michael Piers YORKE
1972/73   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Social conflict and political unrest in Bengal, 1875-1908   Rajat K RAY
1972/73   PhD   Reading   The applicability of linear programming to resource allocation in an irrigated agriculture with special reference to the Punjab of Pakistan   T U REHMAN
1973   BLitt   Oxford, Balliol   A study of Bengal peasants, 1765-1812   S U AHMED   Dr C C Davies
1973   PhD   London   The role of the Zamindars in Bengal, 1707-1772   Shirin AKHTAR   J B Harrison
1973   DPhil   Sussex   Political structure and economic development in rural West Pakistan   H ALAVI
1973   MPhil   London, Inst Ed   The impact of British educational thought onthe concept of university education in Sri Lanka   Chandra Lilian AMARASEKERA
1973   PhD   London, Wye   A study of economic resource use and production possibilities on settlement schemes in Sri Lanka (with special reference to the Minipe Colonisation Scheme)   Nihal St Michael Aloysius AMERASINGHE
1973   DPhil   Sussex   Nationalism and the regional politics: Tamiland, India, 1920-1937   D J ARNOLD   Prof D A Low
1973   PhD   London, QMC   Functions and status of urban settlement in West Bengal   Mira DAS
1973   DPhil   Sussex   Peasant movements in India,c.1920-1950   D N DHANAGARE
1973   PhD   London, LSE   The development of the port of Colombo, 1860-1939   K DHARMASENA   Prof F J Fisher
1973   MPhil   York   Male nurses in Ceylon: a study of the career problems of male nurses in the Ceylon health service, 1972   Malsiri K DIAS
1973   BLitt   Oxford, Campion Hall   Some aspects of agricultural policy in Ceylon since independence with special reference to youth resettlement schemes   B W DISSANAYAKE   Miss M R Haswell
1973   PhD   Exeter   Orgnisational forms in post traditional society with special reference to South Asia   P D S GOONATILAKE
1973   PhD   London, SOAS   A study of the revenue administration of Sylhet District in Bengal, 1765-1792   Kusha HARAKSINGH   Prof K A Ballhatchet
1973   DPhil   Sussex   Revolutionary networks in Northern Indian politics, 1907-1935: a case study of the terrorist movement in Delhi, the Punjab, the United Provinces and adjacent princely states   M HARCOURT
1973   PhD   London, LSE   Indian population policy and the family planning programme   Edward C HARRIMAN
1973   BLitt   Oxford, Jesus   The role of law in the politics of Pakistan from 1947 to 1956   S F A HASSAN   Prof H W R Wade
1973   DPhil   Oxford, St Catharine’s   Foreign aid in the economic development of Ceylon   W HETTIARACHI   Miss P H Ady
1973   MSc   Lancaster   Monetary management, commercial bank credit expansion and economic development in Pakistan   Rafiqul ISLAM
1973   PhD   London, External   Economic development in Ceylon   Halwalage N S KARUNATILAKE
1973   MSocSc   Birmingham   Distribution of rate of suicide according to age and sex on the basis on caste in Gujerat State   H KAZI
1973   PhD   Hull   Some economic aspects of the oil palm industry of West Malaysia   Hacharan Singh KHERA
1973   DPhil   Oxford   Terms of trade, public policy and economic development of Ceylon, 1948-1958   W D LAKSHMAN
1973   PhD   Wales   An economic analysis of recent developments in the production and marketing of jute with particular reference to their implications for the economy of Pakistan   Saidur R LASKER
1973   PhD   London, LSE   Local government and administration in Ceylon   Genevieve R LEITAN
1973   PhD   York   Some aspects of Bhartrhari’s linguistic theory as represented in the Vakyapadiya   Kaluwachchimule MAHANAMA
1973   PhD   London, SOAS   The changing position and functions of the Rajahs and Nawabs of Bengal, 1911-1919   P C MAHTAB   Prof K Ballhatchet
1973   DPhil   Oxford, Nuffield   Private corporate industrial investment in India, 1947/1967: factors affecting its size, fluctuations and sectoral distribution   P PATNAIK   Mr P P Streeten
1973   PhD   London, King’s   The legal framework for the settlement of industrial disputes in Ceylon   Stanislaus Edward PULLE   Mr A Hughes
1973       London, SOAS   The minorities of Ceylon,, 1926-1931 with special reference to the Donoughmore Commission   G QUINTUS
1973   PhD   London, SOAS   The covenanted civil servant and the government of India, 1858-1883: a study of his part in the decision-making and decision implementing process in India   Muhammad A RAHIM   Mr J B Harrison
1973   MPhil   London, QMC   The markets of Calcutta: an analysis of the evolution of indigenous marketing systems and shopping facilities   Mondira Sinha RAY
1973   DPhil   Sussex   Poverty and policy: the impact of rural public works in the Kosi area of Bihar, India   Gerry RODGERS   L Joy
1973   PhD   Cambridge, Lucy    Polarization on Colombo in the economic geography of Ceylon   Liyanage Kundali Vidyamali SAMARASINGHE   Mr B H Farmer
1973   PhD   Birmingham   A quantitative analysis of the patterns of export: a case study of India   M L SETH
1973   MA   Sussex   A multisectoral model of production for Sri Lanka   Paran SIRISENA
1973   MSc   Cambridge, Girton   Underutilized industrial capacity in India   Nancy SLOCUM
1973   MPhil   London, QMC   External aspects of Pakistan’s political geography   A H SYED
1973   PhD   London, SOAS   Extradition in the light of the Indian constitution   Madan M TEWARI
1973   DPhil   Oxford, Balliol   The Vice-royalty of Lord Irwin in 1926/31 with special reference to political and constitutional developments   James Frederick Caleb WATTS   Dr A F Madden
1973   PhD   Cambridge, Clare Hall   Some aspects of prodcution and market surplus in the rice sector of Ceylon   Piyasiri WICKRAMASEKARA
1973   PhD   Exeter   A theory of multiple exchange rates and exchange rate management in Ceylon   G W P WICKRAMASINGHE
1973/74   PhD   London, Wye   The marketing of tea with special reference to India’s share of thew world market   N C NANDA
1973/74   PhD   East Anglia   Constraints on optimum resource use in an irrigated land settlement scheme in Ceylon   D H R J PERERA
1973/74   PhD   Cambridge, Newnham   Locational analysis and government sponsored large-scale industries in Ceylon   Y RASANAYAGAM

1973/74   DPhil   Sussex   A multisectoral model of production for Sri Lanka   N L SIRISENA
1973/74   PhD   Cambridge, King’s   The kinship and social organization of a Roman Catholic fishing village in Ceylon   Roderick Lennox STIRRAT
1974   PhD   Brunel   Defence expenditure and economic growth with reference to India   V AGARWAL
1974   MSc   London, LSHTM   Current patterns of food administration in the West and their application to Pakistan   A AHMED
1974   DTPH   London, LSHTM   Some problems in family planning in rural Sri Lanka   E R AMARASEKERA
1974   PhD   London, Inst Comm   Trotskyism in Ceylon: a study of the development, ideology and political role of Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935-1964   Y R AMARASINGHE   Prof W H Morris-Jones
1974   PhD   London, SOAS   Changes in patterns and practices of wheat farming since the introduction of the new high yielding varieties. A study of six villages in the Bulandshahr District, Uttar Pradesh, Northern India   Kathleen May BAKER
1974   PhD   London   Urban society in Bengal, 1850-1872,with special reference to Calcutta   Ranu BASU   Prof K Ballhatchet
1974   MPhil   London, Wye   Some economic aspects of rubber production in Sri Lanka   Gamlath Rallage CHADRASIRI
1974   PhD   Cambridge, Pembroke   Agrarian society and British administration in Western India, 1847-1920   Neil Rex Foster CHARLESWORTH
1974   DPhil   Sussex   Innovation, inequality and rural planning: the economics of Tubewell irrigation in the Kosi region, Bihar, India   Edward J CLAY
1974   PhD   Kent   Money and monetary policy in a lerss developed economy: the case of Ceylon (Sri Lanka)1950-1970   E CONTOGIANNIS
1974   DPhil   Sussex   A study of wages of the coal miners in India (with special reference ot the Raniganj and Jharia coalfields)   A DASGUPTA
1974   MSc   Wales, Aberystwyth   The factor shares of Indian international trade, 1947-1948 to 1967-1968   Mazumdar D DATT
1974   MPhil   Nottingham   A Marxist analysis of the economic development of India   Brian DAVEY   Prof Parkinson
1974   PhD   London   The intrigues of the German government and the Ghadr Party against British rule in India, 1914-1918   T G FRASER   Mr D N Dilks
1974   DTPH   London, LSHTM   Some public health problems of the labour force in Sri Lanka   A N HANIFFA
1974   MPhil   London, SOAS   The role of “reasonable restrictions” under the Indian constitution   Tirukattupali Kalyana Krishnamurthy IYER
1974   PhD   London   Buddhist-Christian relationships in British Ceylon, 1797-1948   C W KARUNARATNA   E G S Parrinder
1974   MSc   London, LSHTM   Growth study of the preschool children of Pakistan   M M R KHAN
1974   MPhil   Edinburgh   Implementation of development plans in Pakistan   S J KHAWAJA
1974   DPhil   Oxford, St Hugh’s   The movement towards constitutional reform in Ceylon, 1880-1910   N N LABROOY
1974   DPhil   Oxford   Social and political attitudes of British expatriates in India, 1880-1920   Margaret O MACMILLAN   Prof Gallagher
1974   PhD   Queen’s, Belfast   Allahabad: a study in social structure and urban morphology   L MALVIYA
1974   DPhil   Oxford   The Donoughmore Commission in Ceylon, 1927-1931   Tilaka Piyaseeli METHTHANANDA
1974   DPhil   Oxford, Balliol   India’s exports and export policies in the sixties   D NAYYAR   Mr P P Streeten
1974   DPhil   Oxford   Prelude to partition: all-India moslem politics, 1920-1932   D J H PAGE
1974   PhD   London, King’s   The social background, motivation and training of missionaries to India, 1789-1858   Frederic S PIGGIN
1974   PhD   York   Some aspects of the Vanni dialect of Sinhalese as contrasted with the dialect of the western region of Sri Lanka   Pushpakumara PREMARATNE
1974   PhD   Manchester   The commercial pressure on the British government policy towards Indian nationalist movement, 1919-1935   M R PREST
1974   PhD   Cambridge, Clare Hall   Change in Bengal agrarian society c.1760-1850: a study of selected districts   Ratnalekha RAY   Prof E G Stokes
1974   PhD   London, SOAS   Education and society in the Bombay Presidency, 1840-1858   A J ROBERTS   Prof K S Ballhatchet
1974   PhD   Bradford   Pakistani villages in a British city: the world of the Mirpuri villager in Bradford and in his village of origin   Verity J SAIFULLAH-KHAN
1974   DPhil   Oxford   Labour and industrial organization in the Indian coal-mining industry, 1900-1939   Colin P SIMMONS   Prof P Mathias
1974   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Nationalism and Indian politics: the Indian National Congress, 1934-1942   B R TOMLINSON   Dr A Seal
1974   PhD   Hull   The European plantation rubber industry in South East Asia, 1876-1921   Phin Keong VOON
1974   PhD   London, SOAS   British scholarship and Muslim rule in India: the work of William Erskine, Sir Henry Elliot, John Dowson, Edwards Thomas, J Talboys Wheeler and Henry J Keene   Tripta WAHI   Dr P Hardy
1974   PhD   Cambridge, Tinity   The society and politics of the Madras Presidency, 1880-1920   D A WASHBROOK   Dr A Seal
1974   PhD   Hull   The Saribas Malays of Sarawak: their social and economic organisation and system of values   BIN kLING ZAINAL
1974/75   PhD   Cambridge, Darwin   Landlords, planters and colonial rule: a study of tensions in Bengal rural society, c. 1830-1860   Chittabrata PALIT   Prof E T Stokes
1974/75   PhD   London, SOAS   The Khilafat movement in India, 1919-1924   M Naeem QURESHI   SDr Moore
1974/75   PhD   Birmingham   A multisectoral model for manpower and educational planning in Sri Lanka   T W Y RANAWEERA
1974/75   MSc   Cambridge Trinity   The extraction and use of surplus in India and China, 1950-1960   Chiranjivi Shumshere THAPA
1975   MSc   Strathclyde   Foreign indebtedness and debt servicing capacity of Pakistan, 1955-1970   M K ACHIGZAI
1975   MSc   London, LSHTM   Mortality and fertility trends in Orissa, 1951-1972   V AHMAD
1975   PhD   Edinburgh   Industrialisation and the problems of access to finance of small and medium sized forms in Ceylon   C A BALASURIYA
1975   MA   Ulster   Bangladesh: a divided Pakistan   N J BEST
1975   PhD   Manchester   Science and politics in India: accountability of scientific research policy structures, 1952-1970   B BHANEJA
1975   MSc   Salford   Factionalism and party building in India with special reference to the State of Rajasthan   R BHARGAVA
1975   MSc   Wales, Swansea   Population planning in Bangladesh   A R BHUIYAN   Mr J Whetton
1975   PhD   Lancaster   As assessment of the economic effects of a customs union among the South Asian countries of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka   M A R BHUYAN
1975   PhD   London   The East India Company and its army, 1600-1778   G J BRYANT   Dr P J Marshall
1975   DPhil   sussex   The effects of external assistance on economic development: the case of Sri Lanka   A CHANDRA-RANDENI
1975   PhD   Leeds   The marketing of cotton in Pakistan   I U CHAUDHRY
1975   MSc   Wales, Swansea   Social welfare services in Pakistan: the integration of state and welfare activity   A CHOUDRY   Jim Whetton
1975   PhD   Londond, Wye   Factors influencing India’s exports since 1950   Kashmir Singh DHINDSA
1975   DPhil   Oxford   The journals and memoirs of British travellers and residents in India in the late 18th century and the 19th century prior to the Mutiny   Ketaki K DYSON   Dr C M Ing
1975   PhD   London, SOAS   The structure of politics in South India, 1918-1939: conflict and adjustment in Madras City   J A ELLIS
1975   MA   Sussex   The Vidhan Sabha election, Uttar Pradash, India, of February 1974   J GOODMAN
1975   MPhil   London, UC   Problems of port development in Sri Lanka, with special reference to Colombo   Daya Somalatha GUNATILLAKE
1975   DPhil   Sussex   Peasant agitations in Kheder District, Gujerat, 1917-1934   D R HARDIMAN   Mr P K Chaudhuri
1975   MSc   Wales, Swansea   Organisation and staffing needs in four state social services departments in Malaysia   Kamariah Mohd ISMAIL   Mr C Gore
1975   MScEcon   Wales   Economic development and the problem of unemployment with special reference to Bangladesh   Halim JAHANGIR
1975   PhD   Edinburgh   Public sector investment in the direct development of urban housing in Sri Lanka (Ceylon)   M E JOACHIM
1975   DPhil   Sussex   The relation between land settlement and party politics in Uttar Pradesh, India, 1950-69, with special reference to the formulation of the Bharatiya Kranti Dal   M H JOHNSON
1975   PhD   London, SOAS   Business, labour and opposition movements in the politics of Ahmedabad City, 1960-1972   Bharti KANSARA   Prof W H Morris-Jones
1975   MLitt   Aberdeen   South Asian international relations since rthe emergence of Bangladesh   A KHAN
1975   MA   Sussex   The Congress split of 1969: a study in factional and ideological conflicts   H KINASE-LEGGETT
1975   PhD   London   Legal aspects of stage carriage licensing in India   P LEELAKRISHNAN
1975   PhD   London, SOAS   Economics of higher yielding varieties of rice with special reference to a south Indian district…West Godavari (Andhra Pradesh)   S MADHAVAN   Mr T J Byres
1975   DPhil   Sussex   Political change in an Indian state: Mysore, 1910-1952   James G MANOR   Prof A Low; Dr Reeves
1975   PhD   Leeds   Financial institutions and private investment in Pakistan, 1955/56 to 1969/70   A M M MASIH   Finance
1975   MPhil   London, UC   Self-help in Hyderabad’s urban development   Catherine Anne MEDE
1975   PhD   London, LSE   An analysis of the economy and social organisation of the the Malapantara – a south Indian hunting and gathering people   Brian MORRIS
1975   DPhil   Oxford, Wolfson   The Indian National Congress and political mobilization in the United Provinces, 1926-1934   G PANDEY

Mr D K Fieldhouse
1975   PhD   Edinburgh   A prototype system for the control of land use and settlements in the planned development of Bangladesh   A M A QUAZI
1975   PhD   London, Inst Comm   The emergence of Bangladesh as a sovereign state   Mizanur RAHMAN
1975   DPhil   Oxfird, Linacre House   Some aspects of the Indian government’s policy of state railways, 1869-1884   V SHANMUGASUNDARAM   Prof K Ballhatchet
1975   PhD   Edinburgh   Changing patterns of cropland use in Bist Doab, Punjab, 1951-1968   Gurjeet SINGH
1975   PhD   London, LSE   A demographic analysis of the sterilization programme in the Indian states, 1957-1973   Veena SONI   Prof D Glass
1975   MLitt   St Andrews   Tax revenue forecasting in a developing economy with special reference to India   D K SRIVASTAVA
1975   DPhil   Sussex   The British in Malabar, 1792-1806   B S W SWAI   Prof D A Low; Dr P Reeves
1975   PhD   London, SOAS   The cotton trade and the commercial development of Bombay, 1855-1875   Antonia M VICZIANY   Dr K N Chaudhuri
1975   PhD   London, SOAS   The Moplah rebellion of 1921-1922 and its genesis   Conrad WOOD
1975/76   PhD   Birmingham   Significance of size in Indian public limited companies   N P NAYAR
1975/76   DPhil   Oxford, Trinity   British policy and the political impasse in India during the viceroyalty of Lord Linlithgow   Gowher RIZVI
1976   MPhil   London, UC   Development of printing in Urdu, 1743-1857   Nazir AHMAD   Mr R Staveley
1976   PhD   London, SOAS   The beginnings of British rule in Upper Burma: the study of British policy and Burmese reaction, 1885-1890   Muhammad S ALI   Prof C D Cowan
1976   MLitt   Glasgow   Jute in the agrarian history of Bengal, 1870-1914: a study in primary production   M W ALI   Prof S Checkland; Mr J F Munro
1976   PhD   Cambridge, Queen’s   Private industrial investment in Pakistan   Rashid AMJAD   Mr M A King
1976   PhD   London, SOAS   The Tamil renaissance and Dravidian nationalism, 1905-1944, with special reference to the works of Maraimalai Atikal   K Nambi AROORAN   Prof K Ballhatchet
1976   PhD   Lancaster   Regional dualism: a case study of Pakistan, 1947/48 to 1969/70   M AZHAR-UD-DIN
1976   PhD   London, SOAS   Patterns of rural development in Tamil Nadu   Robert Wilfred BRADNOCK
1976   DPhil   Sussex   Patterns of tractorization in the major rice growing areas of Sri Lanka   M N CARR
1976   DPhil   Oxford, St John’s   Aspects of the registration and legal control of trade unions in India with some comparative observations   B K CHANDRASHEKAR
1976   MSc   Heriot-Watt   The development of tourism in Sri Lanka(Ceylon)with special reference to Nuwara Elyia   E G DHARMASIRIWARANDE
1976   MPhil   Edinburgh   Some guidelines for a spatial framework for regional planning in Sri Lnaka   N D DICKSON
1976   PhD   London, UC   Some problems relating to constitutional amendments in India   Bhubaneswar DUTTA
1976   MA   Sheffield   An examination of the letters and papers of a Wesleyan missionary (the Rev. James John Ellis of India, 1883-1962   J ELLIS   Prof J Atkinson; Dr J C G Binfield
1976   DPhil   Sussex   Caste and Christianity: a study of the development and influence of attitudes and policies concerning caste held by Protetsant Anglo-Saxon missions in India   D B FORRESTER
1976   DPhil   Sussex   Sri Lanka and the powers: an investigation into Sri Lanka’s relations with Britain, India, US, Soviet Union and China, 1948-1974   Birty GAJAMERAGEDARA   Coral Bell
1976   PhD   Cambridge, Selwyn   Bombay city businessmen and politics, 1918-1933: the politics of indigenous colonial businessmen in relation to rising nationalism and a modernising economy   A D D GORDON   Prof J A Gallagher
1976   MSc   Wales, UWIST   The impact of the Central Freight Bureau of Sri Lanka on liner conferences and trade patterns   M H GUNARATNE
1976   PhD   Wales, Aberystwyth   Programming for a balanced development of modern industries in Bangladesh   A K Md HABIBULLAH   Prof P N Mathur
1976   MPhil   East Anglia   Techniques and management of annual planning with reference to Bangladesh   Shamsul HAQUE
1976   MSc   Wales, Swansea   Employment planning in Sri Lanka   Nimal HETTIARATCHY
1976   PhD   Cambridge, Christ’s   Agrarian structure and land productivity in Bangladesh: an analysis of farm level data   Mahabub HOSSAIN   Mrs S Paine
1976   PhD   Glasgow   Factor price distortions in Bangladesh   M M HUQ
1976   PhD   London, SOAS   A quantitative study of price movements in Bengal during the 18th and 19th centuries   A S M A HUSSAIN   Dr K N Chaudhuri
1976   MPhil   London   A study of 19th century historical work on Muslim rule in Bengal: Charles Stewart to Henry Beveridge   Muhammad D HUSSAIN   Dr P Hardy
1976   MSc   Wales   Construction and use of new system of national accounts for Sri Lanka   Siripala IPALAWATTE   Prof P N Mathur
1976   PhD   London, LSE   Factor intensity and labour absorption in manufacturing industries: the case of Bangladesh   R ISLAM   Prof A Sen; Dr Dasgupta
1976   PhD   Wales, Aberystwyth   An investigation into the effect of farm structure on resource productivitiy in selected areas of Bangladesh   Md Abdul JABBAR
1976   PhD   London, Inst Comm   India in the British Commonwealth: the problem of diplomatic representation 1917-1947   James L KEMBER   Dr T Reese
1976   PhD   Aberdeen   International relations in the South Asian sub-continent since the emergence of Bangladesh: conflict or co-operation ?   Ataur Rahman KHAN
1976   MSc   Strathclyde   Indian decision making and the Sino-Indian boundary conflict   R LOUDIS
1976   PhD   Glasgow   Regional disparities and structural change in an underdeveloped economy: a case study of India   M MAJMUDAR
1976   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Radical nationalism in India, 1930-1942: the role of the All India Congress Socialist Party   Z M MASANI
1976   PhD   London, SOAS   Political leadership among the Hindu community in Calcutta, 1857-1885   John G McGUIRE   Prof K A Ballhatchet
1976   MPhil   Leeds   Public enterprise and the economic development of Pakistan: a study of the relationship between industrial finance corporations and the development of the private sector   I MEHDI
1976   PhD   Manchester   Marketing of social products: family planning in Bangladesh   M A MIYAN
1976   PhD   London, UC   History of printing in Bengali characters up to 1866   Hussain Khan MOFAKHKHAR
1976   PhD   Cambridge, Christ’s   An Indian rural society: aspects of the structure of rural society in the United Provinces, 1860-1920   P J MUSGRAVE   Prof E T Stokes
1976   PhD   Cambridge, St John’s   The British in India, 1740-1763: a study in imperial expansion into Bengal   J B NICHOL   Prof E T Stokes
1976   PhD   London, LSE   Education and educated manpower in Bangladesh: a study of development after the 1947 partition   M NURUZZAMAN   Dr C M Phillips
1976   PhD   Manchester   The sensitivity of the demand for Indian exports to world prices: a study of particular commodities   N G PEERA
1976   PhD   Glasgow   Some methodological aspects of the cost benefit analysis of irrigation projcts: a case study of the Telegana region of India   Gautam PINGLE   Mr E RAdo; Dr R P Sinha
1976   DPhil   Oxford, St John’s   The role of India in imperial defence beyond its frontiers and home waters, 1919-1939   J O RAWSON   Prof N H Gibbs
1976   PhD   London, LSE   Towards a spatial strategy for Indian development   L R SATIN
1976   PhD   London, SOAS   Municipal markets of Calcutta: three case studies   Mondira SINHA RAY
1976   PhD   London, SOAS   Munda religion and social structure   Hilary STANDING
1976   PhD   London, SOAS   Pakistan: a geopolitical analysis, 1947-1974   Arif Hassan SYED
1976   MSc   Wales, Swansea   Child welfare planning in India   Kalyani Sarojini THADI
1976   PhD   Aston   Techno-economic aspects of the competitive position of natural rubber with special reference to the natural rubber industry in Sri Lanka   G VARATHUNGARAJAN
1976   PhD   Cambridge, Sidney   The impact of tariff protection on Indian industrial growth, 1918-1939, with special reference to the steel, cotton mill and sugar industries   D M WAGLE   Dr W J Macpherson
1976   DPhil   Sussex   The use of project appraisal techniques in the Indian public sector: a case study of the fertiliser industry   John WEISS
1976   PhD   London, SOAS   Decisions and analogy: political structure and discourse among the Ho tribes of India   Michael Piers YORKE
1976/77   PhD   Cambridge, Darwin   Living saints and their devotees: a study of guru cults in urban Orissa   Deborah Anne SWALLOW   Prof E R Leach
1977   PhD   London, LSE   The jute manufacturing industry of Bangladesh, 1947-1974   Q K AHMAD
1977   DPhil   Oxford   The Bengal Muslims, circa 1871-1906: the re-definition of identity   R AHMED
1977   PhD   Hull   The Boria: a study of a Malay theatre in its socio-cultural context   RAHMAN AZMAN
1977   PhD   London,SOAS   Guardianship in South Asia with special reference to alienation and limitation   M BADARUDDIN
1977   PhD   Lancaster   The image of Gandhi in the Indo-Anglican nove   D CHATTERJEE
1977   PhD   Cambridge, Selwyn   Lancashire cotton trade and British policy in India, 1919-1939   Basudev CHATTERJI
1977   PhD   Aberdeen   Doctrinal and exegetical issues in the Hindu-Christian debate during the nineteenth century Bengal renaissance with special reference to St Paul’s teaching on the religions of the nations   Chee Pang CHOONG
1977   PhD   Glasgow   Technological change in agriculture: the development experience of Tamil Nadu   M D’SA
1977   PhD   Cambridge, Selwyn   Indigo plantations and agrarian society in North Bihar in the 19th and early 20th centuries   C M FISHER   Prof E Stokes
1977   PhD   Edinburgh   Some aspects of the colonial administration in Ceylon, 1855-1865   Alison C FORBES   Dr T J Barron
1977   PhD   Manchester   A model of manpower planning for India   R D GAIHA
1977   PhD   East Anglia   Paddy and rice marketing in Northern Tamil Nadu, India   Barbara HARRISS
1977   PhD   East Anglia   Technological change in agriculture and agrarian social structure in Northern Tamil Nadu   John Charles HARRISS
1977   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Indian National congress and the Indian Muslims (1916-1928)   M HASAN   Dr A Seal
1977   MEd   Wales, Aberystwyth   Television strategies for health education in Pakistan   Muhammad Anwar HASSAN
1977   PhD   London, UC   The tax burden on Bangladeshi agriculture – a welfare economics approach   M HUQ
1977   PhD   Durham   Differentiation, polarisation and confrontation in rural Bangladesh   B K JAHANGIR
1977   DPhil   Oxford, St Hugh’s   Gangaguru: the public and private life of a Brahmin community of North India   A S JAMESON
1977   PhD   Edinburgh   A Bangladeshi town’s elite: a sociological study   F KHAN
1977   MPhil   London, King’s   South Asia Muslims and the ocncept of equality with reference to the 20th century   M LAHLOU   Dr P Hardy
1977   PhD   London, SOAS   Evaluation of integrated rural development project in Pakistan   W E LOVETT
1977   PhD   London   Depression kills more than a self: concepts of mental distress among Pakistanis   R MALIK
1977   PhD   London, SOAS   The origins and early years of the British Committee of the Indian National Congress, 1885-1907   Margot I MORROW   Prof K A Ballhatchet
1977   MPhil   London, SOAS   Caste, rituals and strategies   Rina NAYAR
1977   PhD   Edinburgh   The directors of the East India Company, 1754-1790   J G PARKER   Dr J N M Maclean; Prof V G Kiernan
1977   PhD   Hull   Anglo-Burmese relations, 1795-1826   Gandadharan Padmanabhan RAMACHANDRA
1977   PhD   Leicester   The development of local transport in Bangladesh   Abu REZA
1977   DPhil   Sussex   An analysis of the export performance and policies of Bangladesh since 1950 with special reference to the income and employment implications of trade in manufactures   S A L REZA
1977   DPhil   Sussex   A study of political elites in Bangladesh, 1947-1970   Rangalal SEN   Prof T B Bottomore
1977   PhD   Leeds   Organisation and leadership of industrial labour in Karachi, Pakistan   Z A SHAHEED
1977   PhD   Kent   A monetary macro-economic model for India, 1951/52-1965/66   M A SHAHI
1977   MLitt   Cambridge, Girton   The Congress ministry in Bombay, 1937-1939   Rani SHANKAREDASS   Prof J Gallagher
1977   mpHIL   Edinburgh   A comparative study of development policies in Pakistan, 1955-1970   S H SYED
1977   MPhil   London, Birkbeck   Differences between the UK and Indian management attitudes to organization development (OD) and manpower planning: a comparative study   M N THAKUR
1977   PhD   London, LSE   Anglo-Indian economic relations, 1913-1928: with special reference to the cotton trade   James David TOMLINSON   Mr M E Falkus; Mr D E Baines
1977/78   PhD   Cambridge, Selwyn   Thje unemployment problem and development planning in Pakistan   Ghazy bin Subh-o MUHJAHID   Mr D A S Jackson
1977/78   PhD   London, LSE   Economic inequality and group welfare: theory and application in Bangladesh   S R OSMANI   Prof A Sen
1977/78   PhD   Cambridge, King’s   The interrelation of agriculture and industry in a developing country: the case of Bangladesh   A H WAHIDUDDIN MAHMUD   Dr R M Goodwin
1978   PhD   London, SOAS   The economic and social organization of selected Mohmand Pukhtun settlements   Akbar S AHMED
1978   MPhil   Leeds   Disguised unemployment in the rural sector in Bangladesh   A H W M ALAM
1978   PhD   London, SOAS   British policy towards the Indian states, 1905-1939   S R ASHTON   Dr B N Pandey
1978   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Lord Willington and India, 19192-1936   George W BERGSTROM   Dr A F Madden
1978   DPhl   Sussex   Inequality, demand, structures and employment: the case of India   R BERRY
1978   PhD   Edinburgh   The Kui people: changes in belief and practice   Barbara Mather BOAL
1978   MPhil   Sussex   Islam in India since the partition of the sub-continent: issues in self-definition   J A BOND
1978   PhD   Leicester   The civil and military patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1840   John Michael BOURNE
1978   PhD   London, SOAS   The history of Janakpurdham: a study of asceticism and the Hindu polity   Richard BURGHART
1978   PhD   London, SOAS   The Hindu family firm and its future in the light of Indian tax law   S C CHAKRABORTY
1978   PhD   Exeter   The production and trade of rice and cotton in Pakistan with special reference to exports to the European Community   M A CHOUDHRY
1978   DPhil   Oxford   The colonial police and anti-terrorism: Bengal 1930-1936, Palestine 1837-1947 and Cyprus 1955-1959   D J CLARK   Prof M E Howard
1978   DPhil   Oxford, Hertford   International trade and payments and economic policy in Ceylon during 1938/1953: a case study in the economics of independence   D C DOLAWATTA   Mr R W Bacon
1978   MPhil   Leicester   An econometric model of consumer behaviour in India, 1950/51-1972/73   A GHATAK
1978   PhD   Durham   Kinship and ritual in a South Indian micro-region   Anthony GOOD
1978   PhD   Cambridge, Wolfson   Pineapples from Sri Lanka: the export potential of fresh fruit in relation to some aspects of post-harvest deterioration   S J GOONERATNE   Dr P H Lowings
1978   PhD   London   The law of homicide in Pakistan   M HANIF

1978   PhD   Cranfield   Inter-urban bus operation in Bangladesh: a comparative study of the efficiency of the public and private bus sectors   M ISLAM
1978   PhD   Lancaster   Religion and moderenisation: a case study of interactions between Christianity, Hinduism and modernisation in Northern Orissa, 1947-197   A KANJAMALA
1978   PhD   Manchester   Analysis of industrial efficiency in Pakistan, 1959/60 to 1969/70   A R KEMAL
1978   PhD   Cambridge   Indian business and nationalist politics, 1931-1939: the political attitude of the indigenous capitalist class in relation to the crisis of the colonial economy   Claude MARKOVITS   Dr A Seal
1978   PhD   Lancaster   Herman Merivale and the British Empire. 1806-1874, with special reference to British North America, Southern Africa and India   D T McNAB   Dr J M MacKenzie
1978   DPhil   Oxford.    The era of civillisation: British policy for the Indians of the Canadas, 1830-1860   John Sheridan MILLOY   Dr F Madden
1978   PhD   Exeter   An analysis of the world jute economy and its implications for Bangladesh   M G MOSTAFA
1978   PhD   Surrey   Causes of educated unemployment in less developed countries: the case of Sri Lanka   T PERERA
1978   PhD   Leeds   Public expenditure growth and its role in developing countries: the case of Bangladesh   A H PRAMANIK
1978   DPhil   Sussex   Capacity utilisation and labour employment in large scale manufacturing plant in Bangladesh   Alimur RAHMAN   B Dasgupta
1978   MPhil   Liverpool   A study in some aspects of demand and supply of food in a rapidly expanding population: the case of Bangladesh   F RAHMAN
1978   PhD   Essex   Tenancy and production behaviour in agriculture: a study of Bangladesh agriculture   K M RAHMAN
1978   MPhil   Leeds   The political economy of inflation: a case study of Bangladesh, 1959-1975   Syed Z SADEQUE
1978   PhD   Wales, InstSciTech   Spatial impact of growth poles in the context of regional development planning: a case study in the Ranchi Region (Bihar), India   Suranjit Kumar SAHA
1978   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Agrarian structure, technology and marketed surplus in the Indian economy   A SAITH
1978   MPhil   London, LSE   The Cominterm and the Communist Party of India, 1920-1929   Dushka Hyder SAIYID   Prof J Joll
1978   PhD   London, SOAS   Relations between Roman Catholics and Hindus in Jaffna, Ceylon, 1900-1926: a study of religious encounter   N M SAVERIMUTTU   Prof K A Ballhatchet
1978   PhD   London, SOAS   Legal aspects of public enterprise in India and Tanzania: a comparative study   A SEN
1978   PhD   London, SOAS   The life and writings of Sir John William Kaye, 1814-1876   Nihar Nandan Prasad SING
1978   PhD   London, SOAS   Some aspects of education and educational administration in the Madras Presidency between 1870 and 1898: a study of British educational policy in India   S SRIVASTAVA   Mr J Harrison
1978   PhD   London, SOAS   Public expenditure and state accumulation in India, 1960-1970   John F J TOTE   Mr T J Byres
1978   PhD   London, SOAS   Law and order in Oudh, 1856-1877   D B TRIVEDI   Prof K A Ballhatchet
1978   PhD   Cambridge, St John’s   Periodic markets in south Bihar, India   Sudhir Vyankatesh WANMALI    Dr GP Chapman Mr BH Farmer
1978   PhD   Brunel   Job satisfaction and labour turnover among women workers in Sri Lanka   W T WEERAKOON
1978   PhD   London, SOAS   Gandhists and socialists: the struggle for control of the Indian National Congress, 1931-1939   James Carroll WILSON
1978   MPhil   London, Insti Comm   Political conflict and regionalism: Orissa, 1938-1948   T W WOLF   Prof W H Morris-Jones
1979   MPhil   Edinburgh   National parks planning in Malaysia   A K bin ABANG MORSHIDI
1979   PhD   Cambridge   Labour market and labour utilisation in Bangladesh agriculture: an analysis of farm level data   Iqbal AHMED
1979   PhD   London, SOAS   The history of the city of Dacca, 1840-1884   S U AHMED   Mr Harrison
1979   DPhil   Oxford, Balliol   Sugar cane cultivation in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh c.1890-1940: a study in the interrelations between capitalistic enterprise and a dependent peasantry   S AMIN   Dr Raychaudhuri
1979   PhD   London, UC   Occupational and spatial mobility among shanty dwellers in Poona: a study of selected settlements and implications for housing policy   M M BAPAT
1979   MLitt   Oxford, St Antony’s   The Punjab and recruitment to the Indian Army (1846-1918)   D BRIEF
1979   PhD   Keele   UN India Pakistan Observation Mission (UNIPOM), 1965-1966   S CHAUHDRY
1979   PhD   Wales   Local government finance in Bangladesh   Amirul Islam CHOWDHURY   Mr J Eaton
1979   PhD   Warwick   Interrelationships between income redistribution and economic growth with special reference to Sri Lanka   H M A CODIPPILY
1979   MPhil   London, SOAS   The constitutional history of Sri Lanka with special reference to the judiciary   M J A COORAY
1979   PhD   London, SOAS   Local politics in Bengal, Midnapur District   Swapan DAS GUPTA
1979   PhD   Edinburgh   Government and princes: India 1918-1939   G J DOUDS
1979   PhD   Manchester   The establishment of nuclear industry in less developed countries: the cases of Argentine, Brazil and India   M DUAYER DE SOUZA
1979   DPhil   Sussex   Levels, the communication of programmes and sectional strategies in Indian politics with reference to the Bharatiya Kranti Dal and the Republican Party of India in Uttar Pradesh State and Aligarh District (UP)   R I DUNCAN
1979   DPhil   Oxford, Keble   An anthropological analysis of the identity of the educated Bengali Muslim middle class of Calcutta, India   P J K EADE   Prof M Freeman
1979   DPhil   Oxford, Balliol   Bombay peasants and Indian nationalism: a study of economic change and political activity in the Bombay countryside, 1919-1939   Simon J M EPSTEIN
1979   DPhil   Sussex   Bilateral trade and payments agreements as an instrument of trade policy in Ceylon, 1952-1971   L S FERNANDO   D Wall
1979   DPhil   Oxford   Military aid as a factor in Indo-Soviet relations, 1961-1971   P C GERHARDT
1979   PhD   Manchester   Image makers of Kumartuli: the transformation of a caste-based industry in a slum quarter of Calcutta   Beth GOLDBLATT
1979   PhD   Lancaster   Achieving national development in the Third World: a systems study [Sri Lanka and Venezuela]   P W GUNAWARDENA
1979   PhD   London, SOAS   Industrial development of Bengal, 1902-1939   A Z M IFTIKHAR-UL-AWWAL
1979   PhD   Cambridge   Afghanistan in British imperial strategy and diplomacy, 1919-1941   Lesley Margaret JACKMAN
1979   DPhil   Sussex   Changing production relations and population in Uttar Pradesh   Vinod K JAIRATH   S Epstein
1979   DPhil   Oxford, Merton   Religion and politics among the Sikhs in the Punjab, 1873-1925   R A KAPUR   Prof R E Robinson
1979   PhD   Aberdeen   Nationalism in Bangladesh   Ataur R KHAN
1979   MLitt   Oxford, Wolfson   Communities in Ceylon: an ethnic perspective on Sinhalese-Tamil relations   P LANGTON   Dr Schuyler-Jones
1979   PhD   London, Wye   An economic analyses of resource use with respect of farm size and tenure in an area of Bangladesh   Md Abdur Sattar MANDAL
1979   DPhil   Oxford   Hindu pilgrimage with particular reference to West Bengal, India   E Alan MORINIS
1979   MPhil   York   Sociolinguistics of language planning: a historical study of language planning in Sri Lanka   Abul Monsur Md Abu MUSA   Dr M W S De Silva
1979   PhD   London, SOAS   Chittagong Port: a study of its fortunes, 1892-1912   S H OSMANY   Mr J B Harrison
1979   PhD   Cambridge, St Cath’s   Punjab peasants and politics: a study of the Lower Chenab Canal, 1890-1020   B J POFF   Prof E Stokes
1979   PhD   Cambridge, Clare   Agrarian structure and capital formation: a study of Bangladesh agriculture with farm level data   Atiqur RAHMAN
1979   PhD   London, SOAS   The non-official British in India, 1883-1920   R K RENFORD
1979   PhD   Aberdeen   The soils of the central Sarawak lowlands, Malaysia   I M SCOTT
1979   PhD   Durham   The socio-cultural determinants of fertility and the population policy in India   M SEKHRI
1979   PhD   St Andrews   Macroeconmic forecasting in developing countries with special reference to fiscal policy: a case study of India   Dinesh K SRIVASTAVA   Dr GK Shaw
1979   PhD   London, SOAS   Emergency powers in the Indian constitution   Jahnavi K P SRIVASTAVA
1979   PhD   London, LSE   Democratic considerations and population policies in development planning: a survey of third world countries with case studies of Bangladesh and Pakistan   B F M STAMFORD   Prof D V Glass
1979   PhD   Edinburgh   The development of British Indology   K B SWANSON
1979   PhD   London, Royal Holloway   Anglo-French diplomacy overseas, 1935-1845, with special reference to West Africa and the Indian Ocean   Rosalind M WALLER   Prof G N Sanderson
1979/80   PhD   Cambridge, St John’s   Some aspects of the monetary and financial experience of a mixed economy: the case of Ceylon, 1950-1970   S W R D SARMARASINGHE   Mr M G Kuczynski
1980   MPhil/PhD   London, LSHTM   Sex differential mortality: a study of the status of women in Pakistan   A AHMAD
1980   DPhil   Sussex   Overseas aid and the transfer of technology – agricultural mechanisation in Sri Lanka   D F BURCH   E Brett
1980   PhD   Aberdeen   Aspects of population changes in British colonial Malacca: a study in social geography   Kok Eng CHAN
1980   PhD   London, SOAS   Rural power and debt in Sind in late 19th century, 1865-1901   David CHEESMAN   Dr Zaidi
1980   PhD   London, UC   Optimal development and various public policies: a case study of Bangladesh   Omar H CHOWDHURY   Mr Lal
1980   PhD   Cambridge   The agrarian economy of northern India, 1800-1880: aspects of growth and stagnation in the Doab   S J COMMANDER   Prof Stokes
1980   PhD   Leeds   Methodism and Sinhalese Buddhism: the Wesleyan-Methodist missionary encounter with Buddhism in Ceylon, 1814-1868, with special reference to the work of Robert Spencer Hardy   Barbara A R COPLANS   Dr E M Pye; Dr R C Towler
1980   PhD   London, King’s   British and Indian strategy and policy in Mesopotamia, November 1914-May 1916   P K DAVIS   Dr M L Dockrill
1980   MPhil   Edinburgh   Use of technology: rural industrialization in Sri Lanka   A DE WILDE
1980   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   The Indian Civil Service. 1919-1947   H A EWING   Dr A Seal
1980   PhD   Edinburgh   Devotional music in Mysore   Gordon GEEKIE
1980   MPhil   CNAA   An approach to the assessment and control by developing countries of the economic costs and benefits of their national fleets, with particular reference to Sri Lanka   M D H GUNATILLAKE
1980   DPhil   Sussex   Development of capitalism in agriculture in Pakistan with special reference to the Punjab Province   S A HUSSAIN
1980   PhD   Cambridge   Popular Christianity, caste and Hindu society in south India, 1800-1915: a study of Travancore and Tirunelveli   Susan Banks KAUFMANN
1980   PhD   Edinburgh   The cost and effictiveness of export incentive schemes in Pakistan, 1950-1970   Mohammad KHAYRAT
1980   PhD   London, SOAS   The city of Lucknow before 1856 and its buildings   Rosaleen M LLEWELLYN-JONES   Dr Chaudhuri
1980   PhD   Manchester   Domestic worship and the festival cycle in the south Indian city of Madurai   Penelope LOGAN
1980   PhD   Leeds   The policy of the government of India towards Afghanistan, 1919-1947   C MAPRAYIL   Prof D Dilks
1980   PhD   Strathclyde   Appropriate products, employment and income distribution in Bangladesh and Ghana: a case study of the soap industry   A K A MUBIN
1980   PhD   Manchester   Choice and transfer of technology: the case of modernization of dairying in India   S K MUKERJI
1980   DPhil   Oxford   The rebellion in Awadh, 1857-1858: a study in popular resistance   R MUKHERJEE
1980   DPhil   Sussex   The Muriya and Tallot Mutte: a study of the concept of the earth among the Muriya Gonds of Bastar District, India   Terrell POPOFF
1980   DPhil   Oxford   Saving in Pakistan, 1950-1977: estimation and analysis   M Z M QURESHI
1980   PhD   Durham   A study of the status of women in Islamic law and society with special reference to Pakistan   S F SAIFI
1980   PhD   London, SOAS   The political economy of rural poverty in Bangladesh   K U SIDDIQUI   Mr T J Byres
1980   DPhil   Sussex   Export led industrial development: the case of Sri Lanka   Upanda VIDANAPATHIRANA   Mr Godfrey
1980   PhD   London   Foreign investment law and policy of India: the control of private direct foreign investment   S L WATKINS
1980   PhD   Kent   The little businessman of Bukit Timah: a study of the economic, social and political organisation of traders in a market complex in Singapore   C W WONG
1981   PhD   London, External   An analysis of academic libraries in the Punjab (Pakistan)and proposals for their future development   Nazir AHMAD
1981   DPhil   Sussex   Institutional structure, income distribution and economic development: a case study of Pakistan   S E AHMAD   R Jolly; P Chaudhuri
1981   DPhil   Oxford, Wolfson   Productivity, prices and distribution in Pakistan’s manufacturing sector, 1955-1970   Meekal A AHMED   Mr Z A Silberston
1981   PhD   Birmingham   Pakistani entrepreneurs, their development, characteristics and attitudes   Zafar ALTAF
1981   MPhil   Reading   Approaches to the optimisation of calving interval in large dairy herds in Sri Lanka   V ARIYAKUMAR
1981   DPhil   Sussex   Adoption of high-yielding varieties of paddy: a case study of Bangladesh agriculture   M ASADUZZAMAN
1981   MPhil   Oxford   Alternative approaches to the analysis of Indian agriculture: an evaluation   P BALAKRISHNAN
1981   MLitt   Oxford, Balliol   The Indian state and the state of emergency   Ashis BANERJEE   Mr N Maxwell
1981   DPhil   Oxford, St Cath’s   Migration theory with special reference to Delhi   B BANERJEE   Prof I M D Little
1981   PhD   London, SOAS   Evaluation of changes brought about by resettlement scheme in Sri Lanka   G S BETTS
1981   PhD   Newcastle   Genetic variation and structure in selected populations of India   S M S CHAHAL
1981   PhD   London, LSE   Commercial policy and industrialization with special reference to India since independence   S CHATTERJEE   Prof T Scitovsky
1981   PhD   Edinburgh   The politics and technology ofsharing the Ganges   B CROW
1981   PhD   Hull   Karst water studies and environment in West Malaysia   J CROWTHER
1981   DPhil   Sussex   Land and politics in West Bengal: a sociological study of a multicaste village   A S DASGUPTA
1981   DPhil   Sussex   Population trends and changes in village organisation – Rampur revisited   M DASGUPTA   S Epstein; R Cassen
1981   MPhil   London, King’s   A study of female offenders in Sri Lanka and England   S S H DE SILVA
1981   MPhil   Oxford   Educated unemployment in India   D J DONALDSON
1981   DPhil   Sussex   Rules and transactions: some aspects of marriage among the Dhund Abbasi of North East Pakistan   H DONNAN
1981   PhD   London   India’s relations with developing countries: a study of the political economy of Indian investment, aid, overseas banking and insurance   S K DUTT
1981   DPhil   Oxford, Wolfson   Geomorphology and environmental change in South India and Sri Lanka   Rita A M GARDNER   Dr A S Goudie
1981   PhD   Aberdeen   A study of Bangladesh tea soils with particular reference to the efficiency of phosphatic fertilizers   A K M GOLAM KIBRIA
1981   MPhil   Oxford   Some early British socialists in India   N GOPAL
1981   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   The agrarian economy of the Bombay Deccan, 1818-1941   Sumit GUHA
1981   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Planning for growth and structural change in an under-nourished economy: the case of India   U R GUNJAL   Dr D M Nuti
1981   PhD   Manchester   Buddism, magic and society in a southern Sri Lankan town   M C HODGE
1981   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   An investigation of the impact of British rule in India, c 1820-1860 in the context of political, social and economic continuity and change   D J HOWLETT   Dr G Johnson
1981   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   The origins of the partition of India, 1936-1947   Anita INDER SINGH
1981   PhD   Cambridge   Jinnah, the Muslim League and the demand for Pakistan   A JALAL
1981   PhD   London, Imperial   Supervisory style and work group satisfaction: an empirical study in the textile industry in Sri Lanka   N W N JAYASIRI
1981   MPhil   Sussex   The effect of proximity to urban influence on rural leadership in Sri Lanka   s JAYATILAKE   R Dore
1981   MPhil   London, LSHTM   Relations between estimation biases and response errors in the analysis of a retrospective demographic survey of Bangladesh   Mokbul Ahmed KHAN   Prof W Brass
1981   MTh   Aberdeen   Salvation in a Malaysian context   Boo Wah KHOO
1981   MPhil   Edinburgh   British and Indian post-war new towns: a comparative analysis   D KUMER
1981   PhD   London, LSE   Bhutto, the People’s Pakistan Party and political development in Pakistan,1867-1977   M LODHI
1981   PhD   Bradford   The economics of railway traction with particular reference to India   J MAJUMDAR
1981   PhD   London, SOAS   Law and development in Sri Lanka: an historical perspective, 1796-1989    M L MARASINGHE
1981   PhD   Glasgow   The techno-economic development of the Indian machine tool industry, with special emphasis on aspects affecting efficiency   Ronald G MATTHEWS
1981   PhD   Durham   Spatial patterns of population growth and agricultural change in the Punjab, Pakistan, 1901-1972   M A MIAN
1981   PhD   Cambridge   Patterns of long-run agrarian change in Bombay and Punjab, 1881-1972   S C MISHRA
1981   PhD   Edinburgh   An empirical analysis of export promotion in Pakistan, 1959-1977   K MOHAMMAD
1981   DPhil   Sussex   The state and peasantry in Sri Lanka   M P MOORE
1981   PhD   Warwick   Rural factor markets in Pakistan   I NABI   Prof Stern
1981   PhD   Wales, UCNW   Basic needs fulfillment and the evaluation of land use alternatives with special reference to forestry in Kerala State, India   C T S NAIR
1981   MPhil   Oxford   The structure of Indian society: a study of some aspects of the work of Louis Dumont   S S RANDERIA
1981   DPhil   Sussex   The historical problems of agricultural productivity with special reference to the use of modern technology inputs: a case study of Meerut district in western Uttar Pradesh   Sumit ROY   B Dasgupta
1981   PhD   London, SOAS   The thakur and the goldsmith: aspects of legitimation in an Indian village   Christopher Thomas SELWYN
1981   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity Hall   The agrarian constraint to economic development: the case of India   Abhijit SEN   Mr J A Rowthorn
1981   MPhil   London, LSE   Control and regulation of cotton marketing in India, 1950-1975   J SENGUPTA   Prof B S Yamey
1981   MPhil   Kent   Patani nationalism   O bin SHEIKH AHMAD
1981   PhD   Cambridge, St Edmund’s   Canal irrigation and agrarian change under colonial rule: a study of the UP Doab, India, 1830-1930   Ian Edward STONE
1981   PhD   London   The growth of the Muslim League in the Punjab, 1937-1946   I A TALBOT
1981   MPhil   Brunel   A study of financing of small industries in UK and India   J P TEWARI
1981   DPhil   Sussex   Population, growth and labour utilisation in a rural/urban context: a Sri Lanka case study   W TILAKARATNE
1981   PhD   London, SOAS   Determinants of change in population resource relationships at village level: a study of two south Indian villages   Christopher Louis WILDE
1981   PhD   Bath   Class formation, state intervention and rural development in South Asia   G D WOOD
1981   PhD   London, LSE   The identification of developing Soviet strategy interests in the Indian Ocean, 1968-1974   Rashna Minoo WRITER   Mr P Windsor
1981   PhD   London, SOAS   The impact of canal irrigation on the rural structuresof the Punjab: the canal colony districts, 1880 to 1940   Fareeha ZAFAR
1982   DPhil   Sussex   Capital accumulation, land productivity and agrarian structure in Bangladesh agriculture   M ALAM
1982   PhD   Warwick   Effects of taxation on business in less developed countries with special reference to Sri Lanka   P BENNETT
1982   DPhil   Sussex   Agrarian structure, economic change and poverty: the experience of central Gujerat   BHANWARSINGH
1982   PhD   London, Imperial   Development of the labour process in the Indian electrical industry   B BHUSHAN
1982   PhD   Edinburgh   Energy flows in subsistence agriculture: a study of a dry zone village in Sri Lanka   Jan Roderic BIALY
1982   PhD   Cambridge   Conjugal units and single persons: an analysis of the social system of the Naiken of the Nilgirirs (South India)   Nirut BIRD
1982   PhD   Aberdeen   A sociological study of the development of social classes and social structure of Bangladesh   B M CHODWHURY
1982   PhD   Salford   Foreign aid and economic development: a case study of Pakistan with special reference to poverty and income distribution   M K CHOUDHARY
1982   PhD   Cabridge   A study of cotton-weaving in Bangladesh: the relative advantages and disadvantages of handloom weaving and factory production   Nuimuddin CHOWDHURY
1982   DPhil   Sussex   Technological innovation in agriculture in India: an analysis of economic policy and political pressures   F C CLIFT
1982   DPhil   Sussex   Open unemployment and poverty in the rural sector in Sri Lanka   I COOMARASWAMY
1982   DPhil   Oxford, Balliol   The jute economy of Bengal, 1900-1947: unequal interaction between the industrial, trading and agricultural sectors   O GOSWAMI   Dr Raychaudhuri
1982   DPhil   Sussex   Changing socio-economic relations in a Kandyan countryside   P N GUNASINGHE   S Epstein
1982   MPhil   Leeds   Recovery of gemstones from river gravels in Sri Lanka   S M HERATH BANDA
1982   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   The changing structure of cotton textile production in Bengal under the impact of the East India Company, 1750-1813, and the textile producers of Bengal   Hameeda HOSSAIN   Dr T Raychaudhuri
1982   MPhil   Sussex   The difference between ideological planning and service performance and the problems of differential access to agricultural credit in Bangladesh: the case of the integrated rural development programme   Sajjad HUSSAIN
1982   PhD   London, LSE   Boundary problems in South Asia   K H KAIKOBAD   Prof I Brownlie
1982   DPhil   Sussex   Spring Valley: a social, anthropological and historical enquiry into the impact of the tea estates upon a Sinhalese village in the Uva Highlands of Sri Lanka   C P KEMP
1982   DPhil   Oxford, Trinity   Pakistan’s relations with the USA, the USSR, China and India from the Sino-Indian war of 1962 to the Simla Pact   Mohamed Jameelur Rehman KHAN   Dr S Rose
1982   PhD   London   Aspects of the urban history, social, administrative and insttitutional of Dacca City, 1921-1947   Nazia KHANUM   Mr J B Harrison
1982   MPhil   Cambridge, Magdalene   The British policy of withdrawal from India: in particular with reference to its impact on the subsequent political development of India   S W KIM   Mr C Barnett
1982   DPhil   Oxford, New   The Indian coal industry after nationalisation   Rajiv KUMAR   Mr S Lall
1982   PhD   Lonon, SOAS   Industrial location and regional policy in south India   James William MACKIE   Dr Bradnock
1982   PhD   Cambridge   Women’s work and economic power in the family: a study of two villages in West Bengal   Linda Catherine MAYOUX
1982   PhD   Wales, Aberystwyth   Construction of capital and labour coefficient matrices for the India economy and their use in framing a development plan   Deba Kumar Datt MAZUMDAR   Prof F N Mathur
1982   PhD   Edinburgh   Relativization in Bengali   A K M MORSHED
1982   PhD   London, LSE   India and the EEC, 1962-1973   Bishakha MUKHERJEE
1982   PhD   Keele   Social aspects of production and reproduction in Bonda society   Bikram N NANDA
1982   MPhil   Reading   The evaluation and control of constraints on the development of dairying in the Jaffna District of Sri Lanka   A NAVARATNARAJAH
1982   DPhil   Sussex   Social change and class relations in rural Sri Lanka   U L PERERA   R Dore
1982   PhD   Manchester   An evaluationof the problems of measuring the profit performance of multinational enterprise in less developed countries: a case study of Bangladesh   M Z RAHMAN
1982   DPhil   Sussex   Villagers education aspirations and their relationship to rural development: a south Indian case study   Sudha V RAO   S Epstein
1982   PhD   Cambridge, Corpus   On liberty and economic growth: preface to a philosophy for India   Subroto ROY   Prof F Hahn
1982   PhD   London, LSHTM   Education and fertility in Pakistan   Zeba A SATHAR
1982   PhD   London, LSE   Maintaining non-alignment: India’s political relations with the superpowers in the 1970s   Muhammad Azher Zafar SHAH   Mr C J Hill
1982   DPhil   Sussex   The process of rural change and its impact on income distribution in Gujerat   Bhanwar SINGH   R Cassen
1982   PhD   Leeds   Analytical techniques in agricultural development planning: a critical appraisal of a project for the modernization of an irrigation scheme in Sri Lanka   Nelson VITHANAGE   Mr I G Simpson
1982   PhD   Reading   A biological study of the benefits of intercropping in England and India   N VORASOOT
1982/83   PhD   Birmingham   Pakistan: the energy sector: a study in sector planning   Tariq RIAZ
1982/83   PhD   Cambridge   A study of the development of the sugar industry in Ahmednagar Diustrict, Maharashtra, (with particular reference to the harvesting and carting labourers employed in the industry   Joy RICHARDSON
1982/83   PhD   London, SOAS   Politics and the state in Pakistan, 1947-1975   Mohammad WASEEM
1983   PhD   London, LSHTM   Dimensions of intra-household food and nutrient allocation: a study of a Bangaldeshi village   M ABDULLAH   Ms Wheeler
1983   PhD   Aberdeen   Inter-religious controversy in India: the interpretation of Jesus in the works of Rammohun Roy and Sayyid Ahmad Khan   Muda Ismail bin AB-RAHMAN
1983   DPhil   Oxford   Emerson and India   S ACHARYA
1983   DPhil   Oxford, Wolfson   The contribution of Elphinstone College to higher education and political leadership in the Bombay Presidency. 1840-1940   Naheed AHMAD   Prof R E Robinson
1983   PhD   London, Inst Comm   The Mujib regime in Bangladesh, 1972-75: an analysis of its problems and performance   A U AHMED
1983   PhD   London, King’s   Chromite deposits of the Sakhakot-Qila ultramafic complex, Pakistan   Zulfiqar AHMED
1983   PhD   Cambridge, St Cath’s   Rural society and politics in Bengal, 1900-1950   Sugata BOSE   Prof T E Stokes
1983   PhD   City   Conflict and communication in the Third World: a study of class and ethnic bases of conflict and relationships between these and the mass media in Pakistan and Nigeria   C M BRYNIN
1983   PhD   London, SOAS   Contemporary problems in Hindu religious endowments   Nihar Ranjan CHAKRABARTI
1983   PhD   Cambridge   Labour and society in Bombay, 1918-1940: workplace, neighbourhood and social organization   R S CHANDAVARKAR   Dr A Seal
1983   MLitt   Oxford, Trinity   The Congress ministers and the Raj, 1937-1939: a style of British policy and Indian politics   Sunil CHANDER   Dr T Raychaudhuri
1983   PhD   London, King’s   Transforming a traditional agriculture: the change from subsistence to commercial cropping in a part of Hazara District, Pakistan   K L COOK
1983   PhD   London, SOAS   Family and business in a small town of Rajasthan   C COTTAM   Dr L Caplan
1983   MPhil   Edinburgh   Towards a national human settlements strategy for Pakistan   M CRAGLIA
1983   PhD   London, SOAS   The urban demography of industrialization and its economic implications, with particular reference to a region of India from 1951 to 1971   Nigel Royden CROOK
1983   PhD   Newcastle   Agricultural export diversification and earnings instability of Sri Lanka   Maxwell Peter DE SILVA
1983   PhD   London, SOAS   British firms and the economy of Burma, with special reference to the rice and teak industries   Maria Serena Icaziano DIOKNO
1983   MPhil   London, UC   Jammu and Kashmir: a selected and annotated bibliography of manuscripts, books and articles together with a survey of its history, languages and literature from Rajatarangini, 1977/8   Ramesh Chander DOGRA
1983   PhD   London, SOAS   Trade unionism in Bengal before 1922: historical origins, development and characteristics   Stephen N GOURLAY   Dr K chaudhuri
1983   PhD   Exeter   Forms of Chhou: an investigation of an Indian theatre tradition   S J HAWKES
1983   PhD   London, Wye   Food production and food entitlement in rural Bangladesh: five year outlook for a small community in an irrigated area   Walza Md Hossaine JAIM   Mr G Allanson
1983   PhD   Cambridge   The economic and social bases of political allegiance in Sri Lanka, 1947-1982   D J JAYANNATHA   Mr G P Hawthonr
1983   PhD   London, SOAS   Domestic terms of trade and agricultural taxation policy in Pakistan, 1970-1977   Shahnaz KAZI   Mr T Byres
1983   PhD   Wales   Production technology and industrial development: India’s planning period   Edward Lawrence LYNK
1983   PhD   London, SOAS   Transport systems and urban growth in Punjab, Pakistan   M K MALIK   Dr R W Bradnock
1983   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   Peasant society and agricultural development: a case study from coastal Orissa   S MITRA   Prof J A Barnes
1983   PhD   London   A general information programme for Pakistan: some problems and prospects with special reference to the promotion of cultures in the libraries and other information centres   Rafia MOHADADALLY
1983   PhD   London, UC   A general information programme for Pakistan: some problems and prospects with special reference to the promotion of culture in the libraries and other information centres   Rafia MOHAMMADALLY
1983   PhD   Cranfield   Smallholder mechanization in Pakistan   A Q A MUGHAL
1983   DPhil   Oxford   Madrasahs, scholars and saints: Muslim response to the British presence in Delhi and the Upper Doab, 1803-1857   Farhan Ahmed NIZAMI   Dr T Raychaudhuri
1983   MPhil   Edinburgh   Social consequences of rural economic change in South Asia   O NOTE
1983   PhD   London, SOAS   A study of low caste consciousness and social protest in Western India in the later 19th century   Rosalind O’HANLON   Prof K Ballhatchet
1983   PhD   Bradford   Gandhi as a political organiser; an analysis of local and national campaigns in Inda   B OVERY
1983   PhD   London, SOAS   Contact and controversy between Islam and Christianity in northern India, 1833-1857: the relations between Muslim and Protestant missionaries in the north-western provinces and Oudh   Avril Ann POWELL   Prof K Ballhatchet
1983   DPhil   Sussex   Technological capacity and production performance in the fertilizer and the paper industries in Bangladesh   H A QUAZI
1983   PhD   London, SOAS   Differrentiation of the peasantry in Bangladesh: an empirical study with micro-level data   A RAHMAN   Mr T J Byres
1983   MPhil   Edinburgh   Planning for rural development with particular reference to Bangladesh   A H S RAHMAN   Mr J B Leonard; Prof P Johnson-Marshall
1983   PhD   Birmingham   A study of small indigenous church movements in Andra Pradesh   S RAJ
1983   PhD   London, InstiComm   Problems of organisation, policies and mobilisation in the development of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League, 1936-1947   Mohammed Harun-Or RASHID   Prof W H Morris-Jones
1983   PhD   London, UC   Commodity taxes and employment policy in developing countries (with special reference to India)   B RAYCHAUDHURI
1983   PhD   Edinburgh   Responsiveness and rules: parent-child interaction in Scotland and India   V REDDY
1983   MPhil   Sueery   Alignment in Pakistan’s foreign policy, 1954-1977   Arif H SYED   Prof C Pick
1983   MLitt   Aberdeen   The 1853 Government of India Act   Jane THOMAS   Miss R M RTyzack; Dr E C Bridges
1983   PhD   Cambridge, Corpus   Labour migration and economic development in an Indian hillarea   W WHITTAKER   Mr B H Farmer
1983   PhD   Warwick   Some experiments with a multisectoral intertemporal optimization model for Sri Lanka   D E WIJESINGHE
1984   PhD   Bristol   The socio-economic aspects of the population age structure of Uttar Pradesh, India   Mhammed ABUZAR   Dr Morgan
1984   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   Peasant production and capitalist development: a model with reference to Bangladesh   Abu M S ADNAN
1984   PhD   London, LSE   Squatter settlements of Karachi: a comparative perspective of the culture of activism   M O L AZAM
1984   PhD   Cambridge, Sidney   Regional dependence and rural development in Central India, 1820-1930   C N BATES   Dr D A Washbrook
1984   DPhil   Oxford   Agricultural growth in Bangladesh and West Bengal   J K BOYCE
1984   PhD   Edinburgh   The Vellore Mutiny, 1806   Alan D CAMERON   Prof G Shepperson
1984   PhD   Cambridge, Jesus   Opening up the interior: the impact of railways on the north Indian economy and society, 1860-1914   Ian David DERBYSHIRE
1984   PhD   Reading   Technology, growth and distribution in Sri Lanka’s paddy sub-sector   J FARRINGTON
1984   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   Non capitalist land rent: theories and the case of North India   J GHOSH   Mr T Byres
1984   PhD   Ulster   The 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava: Whig Ulster landlord and imperial statesman    A T HARRISON   Dr T G Fraser
1984   PhD   Edinburgh   The cultural determinants of fertility in a region of South India   Heather M JACKSON
1984   PhD   London, SOAS   Human rights – the Sri Lanka experience   N JAYAWICKRAMA
1984   PhD   London, Bedford   Urban transport problems: the case of Bombay   P JOSHI   Dr D Hilling
1984   PhD   London, LSE   Caste and temple service in a Sinhalese highland village   Andrew John KENDRICK   Dr J P Perry
1984   PhD   London, SOAS   Tribal settlement and socio-economic integration: a case study of the Bannu lowlands, Pakistan   Gul Mohammad KHAN   Dr R Bradnock
1984   MPhil   Sussex   The effects of the changing patterns of leadership on succession problems and the use of ideology: a comparative study of India (1962-1969)and Japan (1929-1936)   H KINASE-LEGGETT   B D Graham
1984   PhD   London, SOAS   The British administaration of the Kandyan provinces of Sri Lanka, 1815-1833   K M P KULASEKERA   Prof K A Ballhatchet
1984   PhD   Cambridge, Clare   Studies in the development of India’s non-traditional manufactured exports, 1957-1980   A KUMAR   Prof W B Reddaway
1984   DPhil   Sussex   Implications of international mobility of labour for trade and development with particular reference to Bangladesh   Raisul MAHMOOD   Mr Godfrey
1984   MLitt   Oxford, St Antony’s   The Communist Movement in West Bengal. 1962-1980   Ross MALLICK   Dr T Raychaudhuri
1984   PhD   London, SOAS   Role and ritual in Hindu marriage   Werner F MENSKI   Prof J D M Derrott
1984   DPhil   Oxford, Magdalen   Political mobilisation and the nationalism movement in India – a study of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, 1936-1942   Chandan S MITRA   Dr T Raychaudhuri
1984   PhD   Cambridge, Christ’s   Instability in food grain production: causes, adjustments, policies: a case study of Bangladesh   K A S MURSHID   Prof A Robinson
1984   DPhil   Sussex   Poverty and inequality in rural India: a state-wide analysis of trends since 1950   R NAYYAR   P Chaudhuri
1984   PhD   Edinburgh   Productivity and innovation in traditional agriculture: a comparative study of agricultural development in the Forth Valley, 1760-1841 and the Bengal Presidency, 1870-1914   Alastair William ORR
1984   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Alliance and elopement: economy, social order and sexual antagonism the Kalasha (Kalash Kafirs) of Chitral   Peter S C PARKES   Dr Schuyler-Jones
1984   PhD   Leicester   The structure, petrology and geochemistry of the Kohistan batholith, Gilgit, Kashmir, North Pakistan   Michael George PETTERSON
1984   PhD   Cambridgew   Respecting power: temples, resources and authority in southern Tamilnadu, India   Gordon Darge PRAIN
1984   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   The evolution of the agrarian economy of western India, 1860-1940: a case study of selected Gujerat and Deccan districts   S PRAKASH   Dr G Johnson
1984   PhD   London, LSE   Rural protest and politics: a study of peasant movements in Western Maharashtra, 1875-1947   Livi Nancy Mary RODRIGUES
1984   PhD   London, SOAS   Crime and society in the Sinhala speaking areas of Sri Lanka, 1865-1905   John D ROGERS   Prof K Ballhatchet
1984   MPhil   Nottingham   The right to property under the Indian independence constitution   J S SANGHIA   Prof Pear
1984   PhD   Cambridge   Rural organizations in Sri Lanka: official policy and institutional reform in the peasant agricultural sub-sector, 1948-1977   S SATHANANDAN
1984   PhD   London, SOAS   Muslim society and politics in the Punjab   P SCRAGG   Dr Zaidi
1984   MPhil   London, LSE   Bengal economic development, 1790-1830   P SEN   Mr M E Falkus
1984   PhD   Reading   Tropical forest monitoring using digital Landsat data in northeastern India   Ashbindu SINGH
1984   PhD   Cambridge   Temple “prostitution” and community reform: an examination of the ethnographic, historical and textual context of the devadasi of Tamil Nadu, south India   A SRINAVASAN

1984 PhD Edinburgh Technology transfer in the Indian and Indonesian pharmaceutical industries A J STOKER

1984 PhD London, SOAS, British Attitudes to Indian Nationalism, 1922-1935. Pillarisetti SUDHIR. Professor Kenneth A. Ballhatchet.

1984   PhD   London, SOAS   Ritual status in the life cycles of women in a village of central India   catherine S THOMPSON   Prof A Mayer
1984   DPhil   Sussex   Gender as a variable in the political process: a case study of women’s participation in state-level electoral politics, Andhra Pradesh, India   C WOLKOWITZ
1985   PhD   Strathclyde   The development of small-scale enterprises: a study of the agriculture-related engineering industry in Pakistan Punjab   K AFTAB
1985   PhD   London, Royal Holloway   The emergence of Muslim socialists in North India, 1917-1947   Khizar H ANSARI   Dr F C R Robinson
1985   PhD   Salford   The impact of farm mechanization on productivity and employment: a case study of Punjab, Pakistan   M ASHRAF
1985   PhD   Durham   Blue-green algal nitrogen fixation associated with deepwater rice in Bangladesh   A AZIZ
1985   PhD   London, SOAS   Indian opium and Sino-Indian trade relations   F BAKHALA   Prof K N Chaudhuri
1985   PhD   Cambridge   On the Srawacs or Jains: processes of division and cohesion among two Jain communities in India and England   M J BANKS
1985   PhD   London, SOAS   Martial law in Bangladesh, 1975-`979: a legal analysis   M E BARI
1985   PhD   London, SOAS   Thomas Munro: the decision making process in Madras, 1795-1830   H BREITMEYER   Prof K A Ballhatchet
1985   PhD   London, LSE   Political radicalism and middle class ideology in Bengal: a study of the politics of Subhas Chandra Bose, 1928-1940   B CHAKRABARTY
1985   PhD   Cambridge, Girton   The behaviour of industrial prices in India, 1947-1977   Ruchira CHATTERJI   Dr G Meeks
1985   PhD   Edinburgh   Lateritic soils and their managment in parts of West Bengal   Sandip K CHAUDHURI
1985   PhD   London, SOAS   Social change and the development of “modern” politics in Travancore from the late 19th century to 1938   James L CHIRIYANKANDATH   Dr P G Robb
1985   PhD   Manchester   The role of exchange rate policies in the balance of payments and adjustment process in a small open developing economy: a case study of Sri Lanka   S S COLOMBAGE
1985   DPhil   Sussex   Sharecropping and sharecroppers’ struggles in Bengal, 1930-1950   Adrienne J COOPER   Mr R Guha
1985   MSc   Stirling   The mechanism of distribution of marketed surplus in the models of dual economies through the Soviet, Chinese and Indian practice towards economic development   Z COTTI
1985   PhD   Sheffield   Vegetation and land use studies in the Udawalawe Basin, Sri Lanka   D S EPITAWATTA
1985   PhD   Newcastle   Analysis of the lactation curve of Pakistani dairy buffaloes   K Z GONDAL
1985   DPhil   Oxford, St Edmund Hall   The relations between Britian, India and Burma in the formulaton of imperial policy, 1890-1905   G P GUYER
1985   PhD   Lancaster   The continuity of Madhyamaka and Yogacara in Indian Mahayana Buddhism   I C HARRIS
1985   PhD   London, LSE   Women in the urban labour force in Pakistan: the case of Lahore   Emma HOOPER
1985   PhD   Strathclyde   The choice of technique in cotton textiles and its impact on employment in Bangladesh   M R ISLAM
1985   DPhil   Sussex   The impact of male outmigration on intra-village social relationships: a case study of Meharabad, a Punjabi village in Pakistan   Naveed-I-Rahat JAAFRI
1985   PhD   Edinburgh   Health and the state in India   Roger JEFFERY
1985   PhD   Oxford   Limites and renewals: transformations of belief in Kipling’s fiction   S KEMP
1985   PhD   Queen’s, Belfast   The traditional tabla drumming of Lucknow in its social and cultural context   J R KIPPEN
1985   MPhil   CNAA, Kingston Poly   The rubber industry in India: a vital industry in the planned economy   P A MARS
1985   PhD   Cambridge   Economic relations between a centrally planned and a developing market economy: Indo-Soviet trade (1970-1982)and technology transfer (post 1955)   Santosh Kumar MEHROTRA   Dr P Nolan
1985   DPhil   Oxford   The Bengal Muslim intelligentsia, 1937-1977: the tension between the religious and the seccular   Tazeen Mahnaz MURSHID
1985   PhD   Kent   The impact of colonial rule in Johore: a case of social and political adjustment   M S H MUSTAJAB
1985   PhD   London, LSE   The sacred city of Anuradhapura: aspect of Sinhalese Buddhism and nationhood   Elizabeth NISSAN   Dr C J Fuller; Dr J P Parry
1985   MPhil   Manchester   Land ownership and irrigation development in the Sind region of Pakistan: institutional constraints on technical change   Meherunissa M K PANWHAR
1985   PhD   Cambridge, Darwin   Social and political implications of changing land and labour relations in rural Bangladesh: a village level study   Tanyal RAHMAN VIROOMAL
1985   DPhil   Oxford, Lincoln   The Naxalites and their ideology: a study in the sociology of knowledge   Rabindra RAY   Dr F Parkin
1985   PhD   Cambridge   Honour, nurture and festivity: aspects of female religiosity amongst Jain women in Jaipur   J REYNELL
1985   PhD   Queen’s, Belfast   An analysis of the structure, conduct and performance of the date marketing system in Sind-Pakistan   Muneer Ali Shah RIZVI
1985   PhD   Brunel   The influence of the state in the industrial relations systems of third world countries with special reference to Bangladesh   S A SIDDIQ
1985   MPhil   London, LSHTM   Refugees, health and development: a case study of Tibetan refugees in India   Staphanie Pietre Pardoe SIMMONDS
1985   PhD   Durham   Ritual tradition of Berava caste of southern Sri Lanka   Robert SIMPSON   Mr D Brooks
1985   DPhil   Oxford, Christ Church   Some aspects of implementing appropriate technology with special reference to cotton textiles in India   Harsha Vardhana SINGH   Mrs F J Stewart
1985   PhD   Aston   Nations and organisations: a comparative study of English and Indian work-related values and attitudes in matched manufacturing firms   M H TAYEB
1985   PhD   London, SOAS   Planned language and Penang Hokkien: the socioeconomic effects of language planning on an urban Chinese community in West Malaysia   Diane Arnauld de TERRA
1985   PhD   London, Inst Ed   Education and rural development in India since independence in 1947: with special reference to Kerala   Joseph THAIKOODAN   Prof B holmes
1985   PhD   London, Queen Elizabeth   Class, nutrition education and growth: a class analysis of the impact on infant nutritional status of maternal education concerning early supplementation in Bangladesh   Katharine J WILSON   Dr C Greissler
1985   PhD   Edinburgh   Upholding the veil: Hindu women’s perceptions of gender and caste identity in rural Pakistan   Caroline Sara Lindsay YOUNG

1986    PhD    Bradford    Higher education in developing countries    M A ADEEB
1986    DPhil    Oxford, St Cath’s    Information, uncertainty and rural credit markets in Pakistan    Irfan ALEEM    Prof J A Mirrlees
1986    MPhil    Edinburgh    Housing and the state in Lahore, Pakistan    I U BAJWA
1986    MPhil    Edinburgh    Visual patterns and the landscape of wet zone Sri Lanka    S I BALASURIYA
1986    MPhil    Ulster    Russio-Afghan boundary demarcation. 1884-1895    Anila BALI    Dr T G Fraser
1986    PhD    London, SOAS    The devolution of government in Sri Lanka: legal aspects of the relationship between central and local government: an historical and comparative study    S A BANDARANAYAKE
1986    PhD    Keele    Migrant employment in the urban formal sector: the jute industry in Dacca, Bangladesh    Salma BANU    Prof D Dwyer
1986    PhD    Sheffield    The economic impact of a regional economy: the case of Bhilai Steel Plant (India)    S BHATARA    Mr W D Watts
1986    PhD    Open    Implementation across national boundaries: implementing the Government of India Act, 1935    V BOROOAH
1986    PhD    Wales, Aberystwyth    British politics and the East India Company, 1767-1773    H V BOWEN    Prof P D H Thomas
1986    PhD    London, LSHTM    Evaluation of a community based oral rehydration programme in rural Bangladesh    Ahmed M R CHOWDHURY
1986    PhD    Exeter    Household, kin and community in a Bangladesh village    M A M CHOWDHURY
1986    PhD    Cranfield    Rice by-product production, disposal and utilisation in Sri Lanka    S ELIAS
1986    PhD    London    Trade, kinship and Islamisation: a comparative study of the social and economic organisation of Muslim and Hindu traders in Tirunelveli District, South India    Frank Sylvester FANSELOW
1986    PhD    Aberdeen    Inter-religious conflict in India – the dynamics of Hindu-Muslim relations in North Malabar, 1498-1947    Theodore Paul Christian GABRIEL    Prof A Walls
1986    DPhil    Sussex    Rice in Bangladesh: post harvest losses, technology and employment    M T GREELEY
1986    MSc    Cambridge    The impact of Sri Lankan land reform measures, 1972-1975, on the tea sub-sector    S A P JAYATILAKA
1986    MLitt    Oxford, Trinity    The nature of Indian state: an investigation into the interrelationship between economic and political crisis (1965-75)    A K JHA
1986    PhD    London, LSE    The functions of children in the household economy and levels of fertility: a case study of a village in Bangladesh    N KABEER    Mr C M Langford
1986    MPhil    Edinburgh    The role of incentives for paddy cultivation in developing countries with reference to Bangladesh and Sri Lanka    G A M KARUNARATNE
1986    PhD    Reading    Obstacles to the adoption of modern rice cultivation practices by small farmers in Bangaldesh    Md Abul KASHEM
1986    PhD    Glasgow    Handling of industrial disputes in the public sector industries in Bangladesh    M A A KHAN
1986    DPhil    York    The state, village society and political economy of agricultural development in Bangladesh. 1960-1985    S A KHAN
1986    DPhil    Oxford, Corpus    Instability of jute prices and supplies: the impact on and implications for jute fibre production in Bangladesh    Reza KIBRIA    Mr M F G Scott
1986    MPhil    Essex    Selected aspects of India’s foreign trade in the 1970s    S LAKRA
1986    MTh    Wales, Aberystwyth    The life of the people of north Mizoram prior to and subsequent to the advent of Christianity, up the the year of the Mizo Church’s jubilee in 1944    J M LLOYD
1986    PhD    Bradford    The modelling and analysis of national development strategies for India    P MANDAL
1986    PhD    Cambridge, Emmanuel    Financial and manpower aspects of the Dominions and India’s contribution to Britain’s war effort, 1914-1919    G W MARTIN    Dr Z S Steiner
1986    PhD    Leicester    Fulfilment theology: the Aryan race theory and the work of British Protestant missionariesin Victorian India    Martin MAW
1986    PhD    London, LSHTM    Patterns of adult energy nutrition in a south Indian village    G McNEILL
1986    PhD    Dundee    Estimates of gross domestic product by provinces in Pakistan    A M MIRZA
1986    DPhil    Oxford, New    Caste, Christianity and Hinduism: a study of social organisation and religion in rural Ramnad    C MOSSE    Dr N J Allen
1986    MPhil    East Anglia    Go plough and eat: the impact of Gandhian intervention in a Bihar village between 1954 and 1974    Ivan Charles NUTBROWN
1986    PhD    Londonb, SOAS    A history of the London Missionary Scoiety in the Straits Settlements, 1815-1847    Ronnie Leona O’SULLIVAN    Prof K Ballhatchet
1986    PhD    Aston    Investigation of relationship betrween product design and production departments in manufacturing companies (India)    K PAWAR
1986    PhD    Manchester    Landed property and dynamic of instability: Bengal: the property-power nexus: state formation under colonialism and its contemporary siginificance    H Z RAHMAN
1986    PhD    Cranfield    Appropriateness of incentives for small scale enterprise location in less developed areas: the experience of the UK, Japan and India    K RAMACHANDRAN
1986    DPhil    London, St Antony’s    Exchange rate and commercial policy in a controlled trade regime: a case study of India    Narhari RAO
1986    PhD    City    The social and economic conditions of export orientated industrialisation as a strategy of development [Sri Lanka]    K RUPESINGHE
1986    PhD    City    British press coverage and the role of the Pakistan press from independence to the emergence of Bangladesh    M SHAMSUDDIN
1986    PhD    London SOAS    Vallabhbhal Patel: his role and style in Indian politics, 1928-1947    R D SHANKARDASS
1986    PhD    Sheffield    Transport and regional development in Bangladesh: a geographical study    A H M Raihan SHARIF
1986    PhD    London, SOAS    Sri Lanka: an examination of economic and social development associated with recolonisation on an irrigation scheme    Richard Paul SLATER    Dr A Turton
1986    PhD    Leeds    Pakistan’s relations with Britain, 1947-1951: with particular reference to some problems of partition    M SOHAIL
1986    DPhil    Oxford, Linacre    Tenna: peasant, state and nation in the making of a Sinhalese rural community    Jonathan R SPENCER
1986    PhD    Salford    Rural-urban population mobility in Bangladesh: its implications for rural areas with particular reference to two villages    R M TALUKDAR
1986    PhD    London, LSE    Sacrifice and divine power: Hindu temple rituals and village festivals in a fishing village, Sri Lanka    Masakazu TANAKA
1986    DPhil    Oxford, St Peter’s    India: colonialism, nationalism and perception sof develeopment    Kevin WATKINS
1986    PhD    Manchester    Agrarian change in India: a case study of Bundwan District, West Bengal    Neil Anthony WEBSTER
1986    MLitt    Oxford, Wolfson    A critical examination of Aurobindo’s contribution to the tradition of Vedanta    Yvonne WILLIAMS    Prof B K Matilal
1986    PhD    East Anglia    Cyclone vulnerability and housing policy in the Krishna Delta, South India, 1977-83    Peter WINCHESTER    Dr P M Blaikie
1986    MPhil    East Anglia    Urban unemployment in peninsular Malaysia    S R YAHYA    Dr J T Thoburn
1986    PhD    Edinburgh    The realities of life from a Hindu Sindi perspective    John Nicol YOUNG
1986    PhD    London, LSE    Sacrifice and the sacred in a Hindu “t-irtha”: the case of Pushkar, India    Sushila Jane ZEITLYN    Dr J R Parry
1986/87    PhD    Cambridge, Wolfson    Surplus appropriation and accumulation by rural households in India: a case study based on fieldwork in Uttar Pradesh    Ravi Shankar SRIVASTAVA
1987    PhD    London Royal Holloway    All India Muslim League, 1906-1919    M S AHMAD
1987    PhD    Sheffield    Formulation of design criteria for industrial architecture in Bangladesh in light of the developments made in the United Kingdom and other developed countries    N AHMED
1987    MPhil    CNAA Sheffield Poly    The effects of climate on the design and location of windows for buildings in Bangladesh    Z N AHMED
1987    PhD    Nwecastle    Housing for the lower income people of Dhaka,Bangladesh: a peri-urban development approach    S AMEEN
1987    MPhil    City    Personality, leadership and subordinate satisfaction: an empirical study in the civil service of Singapore    C T ANG
1987    PhD    London, RHBNC    The Pirs of Sind and their relationship with the British, 1843-1947    Sarah Frances Deborah ANSARI    Dr F R C Robinson
1987    MPhil    Strathclyde    The development of sugar manufacturing in Pakistan    M AURANGZEB
1987    PhD    Keele    The growth and development of trade unionism in Bangladesh, 1947-1986    M Z BADIUZZAMAN
1987    PhD    Loughborough    A strategy for the integrated development of squatter settlements: a Karachi case study    Q A BAKHTEARI
1987    PhD    Edinburgh    State and indigenous medicine in nineteenth and twentieth-century Bengal, 1800-1947    Poonam BALA
1987    PhD    Cambridge    Sectoral price determination and the inflationary process in the Indian economy, 1950-1980    P BALAKRISHNAN
1987    PhD    East Anglia    Draught animal power in Bangladesh    D BARTON    Dr D P Gibbon
1987    MPhil    Manchester    The role and contribution of the Alilgarh Muslim University in modern Indian Islam, 1877-1947    G N BUDDHANI
1987    PhD    Cambridge, Magdalene    From a pre-colonial order to a princely state: Hyderabad in tranition, c.1748-1865    S CHANDER
1987    PhD    Dundee    Financial development and agricultural development in Pakistan, 1952-1982    Mohammad Jamil CHAUDHARY
1987    PhD    Leicester    Conflict and change among the Khyber Afridis: a study of British policy and tribal society on the North-West Frontier, 1839-1947    R O CHRISTENSEN
1987    PhD    Cambridge, Sidney     State, tribe and region: policy and politics in Indiaa’s Jharkhand, 1900-1980    S E CORBRIDGE    Mr B H Farmer
1987    DPhil    Oxford, St Antony’s    Communal riots in Bengal, 1905-1947    Suranjan DAS    Dr T Raychoudhuri
1987    PhD    Cambridge    Money and finance in an underdeveloped economy: some themes from Indian economic history, 1914-1917    T DATTA    Mr M G Kuczynki
1987    PhD    London, SOAS    Images and metaphor: an analysis of Iban collective representations    J DAVISON
1987    PhD    Keele    The United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), 1948-1965, with postscript on the impact of UNMOGIP on the Indo-Pakistan war of 1971    Pauline DAWSON    Prof A M James
1987    PhD    London, SOAS    The changing role of women in Bengal, c.1890-c.1930, with special reference to British and Bengali discourse on gender    Dagmar ENGELS    Prof K Ballhatchet
1987    PhD    London, SOAS    Psychiatry and colonialism: the treatment of European lunatics in British India, 1800-1858    Waltraud ERNST    Prof K A Ballhatchet
1987    PhD    Manchester    The origins of inflation in Pakistan, 1959-1982: an evaluation of alternative hypotheses    Faiz B FIROZE
1987    PhD    Cambridge    The brick trade in India: energy use, tradition and development    S GANDHI
1987    DPhil    Oxford    Money and the real economy: a study of India, 1960-1984    S E GHANI
1987    PhD    Cranfield    Computer simulation of runoff and soil erosion from small agricultural catchments in Sri Lanka    E GUNAWARDENA
1987    PhD    Exeter    Tariqah-i-Muhammadiyah movement and its contribution to creating a separatist political consciousness among the Muslims of India, 1818-1872    Ghulam Muhammad JAFFAR
1987    PhD    Salford    Agricultural marketing and agrarian relations in Pakistan: a case study of the Nawahshak districrt, Sind    M A KAMDAR    Dr C P Simmons
1987    MLitt    Cambridge, Trinity Hall    Communal politics in the United Provinces, 1935-1947    Mukul KESAVAN    Dr C A Bayley
1987    DPhil    Oxford, Balliol    Poverty and public policy: government intervention and levels of living in Kerala, India    Bhaskar Gopalakrishna KUMAR    Prof A K Sen
1987    DPhil    Oxford, Hertford    The rise and fall of the Indian cotton mill industry, 1900-1985: the Swadeshi movement and its political legacy    Simon Robert Bough LEADBEATER    Mr G P Williams
1987    DPhil    Oxford, Oriel    British architecture in Victorian Bombay    Christopher W LONDON    Dr R A Beddard
1987    PhD    Cambridge    West Bengal government policy, 1977–1985    Ross MALLICK
1987    PhD    London, LSE    Muslims, work and status in Aligargh    Elizabeth Ashley MANN
1987    PhD    London, SOAS    Migration and the international Goan community    Stella V MASCARENHAS-KEYES
1987    MPhil    Edinburgh    Women and the housing process: observations in a Katchi Abadi in Pakistan    F McCLUNEY
1987    PhD    Leicester    The mineralogy and geochemistry of the carbonatites, syenites and fenites of North West Frontier Province, Pakistan    Ihsanullah MIAN
1987    MPhil    Sussex    Linguistic nationalism in Pakistan (with special reference to the role and history of Urdu in the Punjab)    Yameema MITHA    Dr R I Duncan
1987    PhD    Stirling    Food retailing in Malaysia: a study of supermarket use in peninsular Malaysia    K B OTHMAN
1987    DPhil    Oxford    British rule and the Konds of Orissa: a study of tribal administration and its legitimating discourse    Felix J PADEL
1987    PhD    Reading    Extension needs of a plantation industry with special reference to the tea industry in Sri Lnaka    W A PADMASIRI WANIGASUNDARA
1987    PhD    Wales, UWIST    The role of government in the administration and management of major ports in developing countries with special reference to India    Jose PAUL
1987    PhD    London, LSE    Time, work and the gods: temporal strategies and industrislisation in central India    Christopher PINNEY
1987    DPhil    York    The political dynamics of Indo-Soviet relations, 1930-1977    S S RAI
1987    PhD    London, SOAS    Islamization of laws in Pakistan with particular reference to the status of women    Abdur RASHID
1987    PhD    Aberdeen    Availability and retention of zinc, especially in relation to the soils of Bangladesh    H M RASHID
1987    DPhil    York    Indo-Soviet relations during the period 1955-1974    S S ROY
1987    PhD    Liverpool    The role of small towns in rural development: a case study of Bangaldesh    Toufiq Mohammad SERAJ
1987    PhD    Liverpool    An analysis of squatter settlements in Dhaka, Bangladesh    M T SHAKUR
1987    PhD    London, LSE    Communism in Punjab up to 1867    Gurharpal SINGH
1987    PhD    Edinburgh    The implementation of systematic nursing in selected hospsitals in India: a chronicle of the change process    Esther SIRRA
1987    DPhil    Sussex    Sri Lankan traders: a case study of credit relations and coconut marketing in a rural economy    sARAH lLEWELLYN SOUTHWOLD
1987    PhD    Leeds    The life and influence of Shapurji Saklatvala    Michael John SQUIRES
1987    PhD    Leicester    Evolution of the southern part of the Aravalli-Delhi orogen western India    Tim J SUGDEN
1987    MSc    Aberdeen    Supply response analysis of palm oil in Malaysia, 1961-1985    B A TALIB
1987    PhD    Leicester    Communication and development in South India    Pradip Ninan THOMAS
1987    PhD    Southampton    Developing a critical success factor approach to a holistic institutional evaluation for polytechnics in the states of Gujerat and Madhya Pradesh, 1977-1984    V N TRAFFORD
1987    PhD    Cranfield    The social relevance of postgraduate management education: a case study of India    S VYAKARNAM
1988    PhD    London    Breast feeding, weaning and infant growth in rural Chandpur, Bangladesh    S AHMED
1988    PhD    London, External    Islam in contemporary Bangladesh     Umne Asman Begum Razia AKEER BANU    Dr D Taylor
1988    PhD    Bradford    The impact of public policy on the poor in Sri Lnaka, 1970-1982    Pat ALAILIMA    C Dennis; S Curry
1988    PhD    Manchester    Makran and Baluchistan from the early Islamic times to the Mongol invasion    S S M AL-HUMAIDI    Prof Bosworth
1988    PhD    Birmingham    The British iron and steel industry and India, 1919-1939    H J ANDERSEN
1988    PhD    Edinburgh    Some aspects of the political and commercial history of the Muslims of Sri Lanka with special referenmce to the British period    Mahmudu Naina Marikar Kamil ASAD
1988    MPhil    Kent    The image of women in selected Malaysian novels    Rosnah BAHARUDIN
1988    PhD    Wales, UCNW    Ecology, management and conservation of Pinus roxburghii forests in Kumaun Himalaya, India    Bhagat Singh BURFAL
1988    PhD    Wales, Aberystwyth    The nineteenth-century book trade in Sind    Allah Rakhio BUTT
1988    PhD    London, King’s    Soldiers of Christ: evangelicals and India, 1784-1833    Penelope S E CARSON
1988    DPhil    Oxford, Exeter    Punjab politics, 1909-1923    Amrita CHEEMA    Dr T Raychaudhuri
1988    MSc    Wales    Economic appraisal of irrigated plantations of the Punjab, Pakistan: Changa Manga case study    Faqir Ahmad CHOUDHRY
1988    PhD    Reading    State sponsrship of investment credit to promote rural development in India    J G COPESTAKE
1988    PhD    Leicester    Leucogranites of the North West Himalaya: crust-mantle interaction beneath the Karakoram and the magmatic evolution of collisional belts    Mark B CRAWFORD
1988    MPhil    Brunel    Aspects of the development of manufacturing industries of India    Parviz DABIR-ALAI
1988    MLitt    Oxford, Keble    An ecumneical episcopate: Edwin James Palmer, seventh Bishop of Bombay and the reunion of the churches, with special reference to the church of South India    R W DAVIS
1988    PhD    Cambridge    The irrigation and water supply systems of the city of Vijayanagara    D J DAVISON-JENKINS
1988    PhD    Kent    Law, nation and cosmology in Sri Lanka: deconstructioni and the failure of closure    Rochan DE SILVA    Prof F Fitzpatrick
1988    DPhil    Oxford, St Antony’s    Application of social accounting matrix framework to agricultural policy analysis in Pakistan    Shafique DHANANI    Mr G H Peters
1988    DPhil    Sussex    Rural commerce in Sri Lanka: commercialisation and farm credit in the Uva highlands    E DUE
1988    PhD    Nottingham    Environmental upgrading and intra-urban migration in Calcutta    Margaret Sylvia FOSTER    Prof J C Moughton; Dr T Oc
1988    PhD    Southampton    Catholic education in Sri Lanka during its first century as a British colony, 1796-1901    J B GNANAPRAGASAM
1988    PhD    East Anglia    Inter- and intra-household analysis in North Bihar village: implications for agricultural research    Ruth GROSVENOR-ALSOP    Dr S D Biggs
1988    PhD    Cambridge    Conservation and colonial expansion: a study of the evolution of environmental attitudes and conservation policies on St Helena, Mauritius and in India, 1660-1860    R H GROVE
1988    DPhil    Oxford, St Antony’s    Art, artists and aesthetics in Bengal, c.1850-1920: westernising trends and nationalist concerns in the making of new “Indian” art    Tapati GUHA-THAKURTA    Dr T. Raychaudhuri
1988    MSc    Manchester    Science and technology policy in developing countries of South Asia and South East Asia    K R GUPTA
1988    PhD    Queen’s, Belfast    The sitar music of Calcutta: a study of two gharanas    J S HAMILTON
1988    PhD    London, UC    Inbreeding and fertility in a South Indian village population    Katherine Louise HANN    Dr J Landers
1988    PhD    London, Inst Ed    Education and political instability in Pakistan, 1937-1971    M HAQUE
1988    PhD    Strathclyde    Tubewell irrigation and green revolution: impact on productivity and income distribution    A IKRAMULLAH
1988    MPhil    Edinburgh    Marketing problems of farmers in Punjab, Pakistan: a case study    Qamar-ul ISLAM
1988    PhD    Edinburgh    The reawakening of Islamic consciousness in Malaysia, 1970-1987    Fadzillah bin Mohd JAMIL
1988    PhD    Cambridge, King’s    Clientelism, corruption and capitalist development: an analysis of state intervention with special reference to Bangladesh    Mushtaq Husain KHAN
1988    DPhil    Oxford, St Antony’s    External developments and policy choices facing the non-oil developing countries in the post 1973 period    Faizullah KHILJI    Mrs F J Stewart
1988    DPhil    Sussex    Political and economic organisation in a Sri Lanka market town    Colin KIRK
1988    PhD    Leicester    Media education, communications and public policy: an Indian perspective    K J KUMAR
1988    PhD    Leeds    R K Narayan and V S Naipaul: a comparative study of some Hindu aspects of their work    P LANGRAN
1988    DPhil    Oxford    Orientalism, utilitarianism and British India: James Mill’s “The history of British India” and the romantic orient    Javed MAJEED    Dr N G Shrimpton
1988    MPhil    Edinburgh    Policy issues for conservation: the case of Lahore walled city    M I MIAN
1988    PhD    Sheffield    Development of small and medium sized towns in Bangladesh: a regional planning approach    Mohammed A MOHIT
1988    DPhil    Oxford, St Antony’s    The question of nuclear weapons proliferation in the Indian sub-continent    Ziba MOSHAVER    Mr E A Roberts
1988    PhD    London, UC    The theoretical modelling and empirical measurement of the shadow economy with application to India    U MUKHERJEE
1988    MPhil    Reading    Farming systems and information needs of tea smallholders in Sri Lanka    D K NAWARATNA
1988    PhD    London, SOAS    A social history of a colonial steroetype: the “criminal tribes and castes” of Uttar Pradesh    S B L NIGAM
1988    PhD    London, LSE    Policy making in the Indian offshore oil industry with reference to the period 1974-1986    M L NORONHA    Prof D C Watt
1988    PhD    London, LSE    The Asiatic mode of production, historical materialism and Indian historiography    Denis Brendan O’LEARY
1988    PhD    Leicester    Terraces, uplift and climate, Karakoram Mountains, Northern Pakistan    Lewis Andrew OWEN
1988    MPhil    London, LSE    The tea plantation labour movement in the “Dooars” region of north Bengal, 1900-1951    Nayantara PALCHOUDHURI
1988    PhD    Oxford, St Antony’s    Decline of the Bengal zamindars: Mindapore, 1870-1920    C PANDA    Dr T Raychaudhuri
1988    PhD    London, King’s    Between Mars and Mammon: the military and the political economy of British India at the time of the first Burma war, 1824-1826    Douglas M PEERS
1988    PhD    Cambridge, Corpus    British intelligence and Indian subversion: the surveillance of Indian revolutionaries in India and abroad    R J POPPLEWELL
1988    PhD    London, SOAS    Socio-economic change in Bihar (India) in the later 19th and early 20th century    Bihdeshwar RAM    Dr P Robb
1988    PhD    Kent    Figuring Naipaul: the subject of the post-colonial world    Dulluri Venkat RAO
1988    PhD    Cambridge, Newnham    Aspects of the ethnoarchaeology of Adilabad (Andhra-Pradesh), India    Nandini Rameshwar RAO

1988   DPhil   Oxford, Wolfson   The determinants of India’s manufactured export performance: industry-level and firm-level evidence   Amit Shovon RAY
1988   DPhil   Sussex   Religion, class and function: the politics of communalism in twentieth century Punjab   Mark ROBINSON   Dr R I Duncan
1988   PhD   London, SOAS   The evolution of the printed Bengali character from 1778 -1978   Fiona Georgina Elizabeth ROSS
1988   PhD   Keele   Marginality, identity and the politicisation of the Bhangi community, Delhi   Rama SHARMA
1988   PhD   Kent   Class, kinship and ritual: Islam and the politics of change in Pakistan   S R SHERANI
1988   PhD   De Montfort   Temple architecture of the Marathas in Maharashtra   A SOHONI
1988   PhD   London, SOAS   Nalanda Mahayihara, 1812-1939: some aspects of the study of its art and archaeology   M L STEWART
1988   PhD   Wales, Cardiff   White-collar crime: a study of the nature, extent and control of income tax evasion in Pakistan   Muhammad Shoaib SUDDLE
1988   PhD   CNAA, Westminster    A critical and comparative study of the practice and theology of Christian social witness in Indonesia and India between 1974 and 1983 with special reference to the work of Wayan Mastra in the Protestant Christian Church of Bali and of Vinay Samual in the Church of South India   C M N SUGDEN
1988   PhD   Leeds   Some aspects of Muslim politics in the Pubab, 1921-1947   Qalb-i-Abid SYED   Prof D N Dilks
1988   PhD   Wales, UCNW   Utility-based social shadow pricing and its comparison with other evaluation techniques: a cost-benefit study of fuelwood plantations in Bihar, India   Satyendra Nath TRIVEDI
1988   PhD   Glasgow   Characteristics of public enterprise management in Bangladesh   Syed J UDDIN   Dr D Buchanan
1988   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity Hall   The economic and political context of Indian independence   R P WANCHOO   Dr C A Dayly
1988   PhD   Bath   In the teeth of the crocodile: class and gender in rural Bangladesh   Sarah C WHITE
1988   PhD   Nottingham   Presenting the Raj: the politics of representation in recent fiction on the British empire   R J F WILLIAMS
1988   PhD   East Anglia   Sources of growth and its beneficiaries in Pakistan’s large-scale manufacturing sector, 1955-1981   S WIZARAT
1988/89   PhD   Cambridge, Darwin   Household energy in rural Pakistan: a technical, environmental and socio-economic assessment   A N QAZI
1988/89   PhD   Cambridge, King’s   Administration, classification and knowledge:land revenue settlements in the Panjab at the start of British rule   R W SAUMAREZ-SMITH
1989   PhD   Cambridge   Sedimentology and structure of the Southern Kohat, Trans Indus Ranged, Pakistan   Iftikhar AHMED
1989   PhD   York   Pakistan since independence: the political role of the Ulama   Safir AKHTAR   Dr T V Sathyamurthy
1989   PhD   Strathclyde   Growth of tubewell irrigation and agricultural development in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan   M AKRAM
1989   PhD   London, Wye   A quantitative analysis of marketable surplus of paddy and food policy in Bangladesh   S AKTER
1989   MA   Leeds   Communication influences on the political socialisation of Bangladeshi adolescents   A M ALI   Prof J G Blumer; Dr T J Nossiter
1989   MPhil   London, LSE   The India League and the Indian reconciliation group as factors in Indo-British relations, 1930-1949   Keshava Chand ARORA   Prof I H Nish
1989   PhD   London, King’s   Pakistan crisis 1971: its political and strategic causes   F J AZIZ
1989   PhD   London, SOAS   Indian monetary policy and the international liquidity crisis during rthe inter-war years (1919-1939)   Gopalan BALACHANDRAN
1989   PhD   London, LSE   Communism in Tripura up to 1965   Harihar BHATTACHARYYA   Dr T J Nossiter
1989   DPhil   Oxford   The evolution of classical Indian dance literature: a study of the Sanskritic tradition   M BOSE
1989   PhD   Kent   An ethnographic account of the religious practice in a Tibetan Buddhist refugee monastery in Northern India   Catherine Mary CANTWELL   Dr J Endes
1989   MPhil   Reading   Cropping systems research in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan   E W CHARLES
1989   PhD   Glasgow   The inter-war depression in British India: aspects of its economic and social impact, 1929-36   P S COLLINS
1989   DPhil   Sussex   Paliamentary representation in Sri Lanka, 1931-1986   R COOMARASWAMY   Prof Lloyd
1989   PhD   London, LSE   Ideology and urban planning: the case of Hong Kong   A R CUTHBERT   Dr D R Diamond
1989   PhD   Cambridge, Sidney    Unfulfilled promises, popular protest, the Congress and the national movement in Bihar   V DAMODARAN
1989   PhD   London, LSE   Embodying spirits: village oracles and possession rituals in Ladakh, North India   Sophia Elizabeth DAY   Dr J P Parry
1989   PhD   London, SOAS   Discourses of ethnicity: the adivasis of Jharkhand   S B C DEVALLE
1989   MPhil   Wales, Cardiff   Rice leaffolders: natural enemies and management ractices in Sri Lanka   Malgaha Gamage DHANAPALA
1989   PhD   London, SOAS   The growth of Buddhist monastic institutions in Sri Lanka as depicted in the Brahmi inscriptions   K D M DIAS
1989   PhD   Cambridge   The socio-economic impact of a minor flood control project in rural Bangladesh   B J DODSON
1989   PhD   Bath   Water to the swamp ? Irrigation and patterns of accumulation and agrarian change in Bangladesh   M GLASER
1989   MPhil   Cranfield   Vocational training and self employment in developing countries: aspects of the design and approach of sucessful programmes   John Patrick GRIERSON   Prof M H Harper
1989   MPhil   CNAA, Poly NLondon   British women and the British empire in India, 1915-1947   Florence HAMILTON   Mr E Wilson; Dr D Judd
1989   MPhil   London, LSE   The problem of federalism and regional autonomy in Pakistan   Fayyaz Ahmad HUSSAIN   P Dawson
1989   PhD   Bradford   The monetary transmission mechanism in Sri Lanka, 1977-1985   Ranee JAYAMAHA   P Wilson; J Weiss
1989   DPhil   Sussex   The impact of international labour migration on the rural “Barani” areas of Northern Pakistan   A F KHAN
1989   PhD   Sheffield   The implementation of rural poor programmes in Bangladesh   T A KHAN
1989   PhD   Manchester   Perception and response to floods in Bangladesh   M S KHONDAKER
1989   PhD   Wales, Bangor,   Cost benefit analysis and sustained yield forestry in India   Periyapattanam Jayapal Dilip KUMAR
1989   DPhil   Oxford, Wolfson   Medical knowledge in rural Rajasthan: popular constructions of illness and therapeutic practice   Helen Susanna LAMBERT   Dr N J Allen
1989   MPhil   London   The expansion of the Indian Army during the Great War   I D LEASK   Prof M E Yapp
1989       Bath   Technologies and transactions: a study of the interaction between new technology and agrarian structure in Bangladesh   D J LEWIS
1989   PhD   Edinburgh   One or two sons: class, gender and fertility in north India   Andrew LYON
1989   DPhil   Sussex   Capital accumulation in agriculture in the Punjab (Pakistan)   Moazam MAHMOOD   Prof M Lipton
1989   DPhil   Oxford   The performance of selected public sector industries in Bangladesh, 1972-1985   Syed A MAHMOOD
1989   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity Hall   Missionary of the Indian Road: a study of the thought and work of E Stanley Jones between 1915 and 1948 in the light of certain issues raised by M K Gandhi for Anglo-Saxon Protestant missionaries during the period   P A J MARTIN   Dr J J Lipner
1989   PhD   Glasgow   Exchange rate regimes of less developed countries: the cxase of India   M J MELAZHAKAM
1989   PhD   London, UC   Appropriate evaluation techniques for urban planning in Sri Lanka   N S P MNEDIS
1989   PhD   Cambridge, Magdalene   The Harappan civilisation: a study in variation and regionalisssssssation in Haryana, India   V MOHAN   Dr F R Allchin
1989   PhD   Lancaster   Three Hindu philosophers: comparative philosophy and philosophy in modern India   Paul Martin MORRIS   Prof N Smart; Dr D Smith
1989   PhD   Manchester   The role of financial information in collective bargaining in a developing country: the case of Bangladesh   A J M H MURSHED
1989   PhD   East Anglia   Agrarian structure and rural poverty in Western India   Thomas PALAKUDIYIL   Dr J C Harriss
1989   PhD   Wales, Cardiff   The role of accounting in the economic development of Bangladesh   Michael John PARRY
1989   PhD   London, LSE   Household organisation and marriage in Ladakh Indian Himalaya   Maria Christina PHYLACTOU   Dr C J Fuller
1989   PhD   London, LSE   Social representations of birth control and family welfare: an Indian study   Ragini PRAKASH   Prof R Farr
1989   PhD   London, LSHTM   Household food insecurity and its implications on health, nutrition and work – a study of a dry land farming community in Sri Lanka   M K RATNAYAKE
1989   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Colonial policy, ethnic politics and the minorities in Ceylon   Nira Konjit SAMARASINGHE   Dr T Raychaudhuri
1989   PhD   Cambridge   Administration, classification and knowledge: land revenue settlements in the Panjab at the start of British rule   R S SMITH
1989   DPhil   Oxford, Somerville   Inequality and economic mobility: an analysis of panel data from a south Indian village   Madhura SWAMINATHAN   Dr S Anand
1989   DPhil   Oxford   Art, artists and aesthetics in Bengal, c. 1850-1920: westernising trends and nationalist concerns in the making of a new “Indian” art   Tapati G THAKURTA
1989   PhD   Middlesex Polytechnic   The impact of flood control on agricultural development in India: a case study in north Bihar   P M THOMPSON   Prof E Penning-Rowsell
1989   MPhil   East Anglia   The state and the determinants of the fiscal process in India: an application of James O’Connor’s Theory of the Fiscal Crisis of the State   Sarah VARKKI
1989   PhD   Aberdeen   Some aspects of the chemistry and mineralogy of soil potassium in Sri Lanka acid tea soils and Scottish soils under a range of crops   G WIMALADASA
1989   PhD   Strathclyde   Marketing implications of intermediate technology in the textile industry in Pakistan   M ZAFARULLAH
1989   PhD   Edinburgh   Strategic planning: an exploratory study of its practice by agro-based public enterprises in Malaysia   M ZAINAL ABIDIN
1990   PhD   Cambridge, Wolfson   The politics of pollution control: the Ganges at Varanasi   Sara AHMED   Prof T O’Riordan
1990   PhD   London, LSE   The budgetary process in uncertain contexts: a study of public sector corporations in Bangladesh   Mansurai ALAM
1990   PhD   Aberdeen   Petroleum geochemistry of the tertiary sediments and oil samples from the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh   M ALAM
1990   PhD   Glasgow   Size and management characteristics in the public sector: a case of Pakistan International Airlines   A H M H H AL-ESHAIKER
1990   PhD   CNAA Birmingham Poly   The low-income housing production process in Lakore, Pakistan   M I A ALVI
1990   PhD   Aberdeen   Theological education in relation to the identificaton of the task of mission and the development of ministries in India: 1947 to 1987 with special reference to the Church of South India   Siga ARLES
1990   MPhil   London, QMW   A study of some influences on the development of Ruth Jhabvala’s Indian fiction   Jayanti BAILUR
1990   PhD   London, LSE   Pakistan and the birth of the regional pacts in Asia, 1947-1955   Farooq Naseem BAJWA   Prof I H Nish
1990   PhD   Cam,bridge, King’s   Procedural rationality in public expenditure decision making with specific reference to India   A BASU
1990   PhD   Cambridge   Inter-urban and rural-urban linkages in terms of migration and remittances   J R CHAUDHURI
1990   MPhil   Bradford   Kashmir and the partition of India: the politicians and the personalities involved in the partition of India, particularly in relation to the position of Kashmir at the moment of independence on 15th August, 1947   S CHOUDHRY   Dr M J LeLohe
1990   PhD   Aberdeen   An Indian perspective on the church in the context of poverty and religious pluralism, with special reference to the works of M M Thomas   Ashish J CHRISPAL   Prof. Terrance
1990   PhD   London, LSE   Petty-trading in Calcutta: a socio-political analysis of a third world city   Nandini DASGUPTA
1990   PhD   London, King’s   Rural Bengal: social structure and agrarian economy in the late eighteenth century   Rajat DATTA   Prof P Marshall
1990   PhD   London, SOAS   Development of Sinhala drama: a socio-cultural analysis (from Nadagama to modern theatre, up to 1922)   T R G DELA BANDARA
1990   DPhil   Oxford, Wolfson   Indian death rituals: the enactment of ambivalence   Gillian A EVISON   Prof R F Gombrich
1990   PhD   Bradford   Financial reforms in Sri Lanka, 1977-1987   D J G FERNANDO
1990   PhD   London, SOAS   Discussions of polygamy and divorce by Muslim modernists in South Asia, with special reference to their treatment in Qur’an and Sunna   Rehana FIRDOUS
1990   PhD   Kent   The six-nation initiative   C FRANGONIKOLOPOULOS   Prof A J R Groom
1990   PhD   Sheffield   Man mosquito interaction: the social context of Malaria transmisson in Sri Lanka   Jayaratne Pinnikamaha GAMAGE   Ms J M M Hoogvelt; Dr R A Dixon
1990   PhD   London, LSE   Paddy fields and jumbo jets: overseas migration and village life in Sylhet district, |Bangladesh   Katherine Jane GARDNER
1990   PhD   York   The politics of British aid policy formation: the case of Bangladesh, 1972-1986   M GUHATHAKURTA
1990   DPhil   Oxford   Exports and exchange rate policy: the case of India   B D GUPTA
1990   PhD   London, SOAS   The short story in Pakistan Panjab, 1947-1980   Salim Ullah HAIDRANI
1990   PhD   London, External   The phenomenonology of religious change in Bangladesh in relation to the theology and practice of conversion   Ian McLaurin HAWLEY
1990   PhD   London, UC   The single dominant party system and political development: case studies of India and Japan   Takako HIROSE
1990   MPhil   London, External   The economy and development of education in Bangladesh with particular reference to cost and some aspects of efficiency and effectiveness of higher education for the period 1972-1985   Mohammad Tazammul HUSSAIN
1990   PhD   London   Variations in mountain front geometry across the Potwar Plateau and Hazara/Kalachitta Hill ranges, North Pakistan   C N IZATT
1990   PhD   Open   Charnockite formation in Southern India   D H JACKSON
1990   PhD   Leeds   The effects of agrarian development on class formation and production relations in Pakistan   Muhammad Siddique JAVED   Mr J V Hillard
1990   MPhil   Manchester Poly   Ethnic identity and contemporary female costumes of Sri Lanka   V R JAYASURIYA
1990   PhD   London, UC   Transfer of private external capital to LDCs with special reference to India in comparison to Brazil   Veena JHA
1990   PhD   Salford   The impact of decentralisation on development, with special reference to the experience of Bangladesh since 1982   A K M A KALAM   Prof M B Gleave; Dr B Ingham
1990   PhD   Exeter   Some statistical aspects of child health and growth modelling in Pakistan   S KAMAL
1990   MSc   Wales, Cardiff   Analysis of the provision of sites and services schemes as a solution to low income housing in Colombo, Sri Lanka   Somas Kandarajah KANDIAH
1990   PhD   London, LSE   Gender, caste and class in rural South India   Karin KAPADIA
1990   DPhil   Oxford, St Cath’s   The consequence of economic liberalisation in Sri Lanka   Saman B KELEGAMA   Dr S Anand
1990   PhD   London, SOAS   Revenue, agriculture and warfare in North India: technical knowledge and the post-Mughal elites from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century   Iqbal Ghani KHAN
1990   PhD   Kent   Bengali elites’ perceptions of Pakistan – the road to disillusionment: uneven development or ethnicity   Alqama KHAWAJA   Prof A J R Groom
1990   PhD   Bath   Impact of irrigation upon the rural political economy in Bangladesh   David LEWIS   Dr G D Wood
1990   DPhil   Oxford, Magdalen   United States-Indian relations, 1961-1989: the pursuit and limits of accommodation   Satu P LIMAYE   Dr G Rizvi
1990   PhD   London, UC   Hydrogeology of part of South-Eastern Bangladesh   S M MAHABUB-UL-ALAM
1990   PhD   Lancaster   The atavara myth in the in the Harivamsa, the Visnupurana and the Bhagavatapurana   Freda MATCHETT   Prof N Smart; Dr D Smith
1990   PhD   Open   East India patronage and the political management of Scotland, 1720-1774   G K McGILVARY   Dr A L R Calder; Mr J Riddy
1990   PhD   London, UC   Epidemiology of coronary heart disease in Asians in Britain   Paul Matthew McKEIGUE
1990   PhD   Hull   The fiction of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala: irony within a dual philosophical framework   F F MERICAN
1990   PhD   Leicester   A thermotectonic evolution for the main central thrust and higher Himalaya, Western Garhwal, India   Richard Paul METCALFE
1990   PhD   Leeds   A history of Nandyal Diocese in Andhra Pradesh, 1947-1990   Constance Mary MILLINGTON   Prof A Hastings
1990   PhD   Newcastle   Becoming bilingual: a sociolinguistic study of the communication of young mother tongue Panjabi-speaking children   S MOFFAT
1990   PhD   Wales, BBangor   Ecology and silviculture of Malamus manan in peninsular Malaysia   A B MOHAMAD
1990   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   The politics of Oriya nationalism, 1903-1936   Bishnu Narayan MOHAPATRA   Dr G Rizvi
1990   PhD   London, UC   Rural development and the problem of access: the case of the integrated rural development programme in Bangladesh   Salim MOMTAZ   Prof R J C Munton
1990   PhD   CNAA, Oxford Poly   Geology and geochemistry of the Closepet granite, Karnataka, South India   K A OAK
1990   PhD   London, SOAS   Indian Muslims and the Ottomans (1877-1914): a study of Indo Muslim attitudes to Pan-Islamism and Turkey   Azmi OZCAN
1990   PhD   London, Inst Ed   The cooperative movement in the Jaffa district of Sri Lanka from 1911 to 1970   Kanthappoo PARAMOTHAYAN
1990   PhD   Sheffield   Man-mosquito interaction: the social context of malaria transmission in Sri Lanka   J PINIKAHANAN GAMAGE
1990   PhD   London, SOAS   The mercantile community of Penang and the changing pattern of trade, 1890-1941   Chuleeporn PONGONGSUPATH   Dr I Brown
1990   PhD   Salford   Gandhi and deep ecology: experiencing the nonhuman environment   S A POWER
1990   PhD   London, External   Socio-economic and environmental aspects of under nutrition and ill health in an urban slum in Bangladesh   Jane Allison PRYER
1990   PhD   London, External   Impact of zinc supplementation on Bangladeshi children suffering from acute and persistent diarrhoea   Swapan Kumar ROY
1990   PhD   London, Wye   Persistent poverty among rice farmers in the major irrigated colonization scheme of Sri Lanka   Madar SAMAD   I Carruthers
1990   PhD   London, Wye   Persistent poverty among rice farmers in the major irrigated colonization schemes of Sri Lanka   Madar SAMAD
1990   PhD   St Andrews   Political violence in the Third World: a case study of Sri Lanka, 1971-1987   Gemini SAMARANAYAKE   Prof P Wilkinson
1990   PhD   London, QMW   The use of Hindu mythology in some novels of R K Narayan and Raja Rao   Chitra SANKARAN
1990   PhD   Liverpool   State intervention in rural development: a case study of Bangladesh   A E SARKER
1990   PhD   London, SOAS   The emergence of a Muslim “middle class” in Bengal: attitudes and rhetoric of communalism, 1880-194   Mohammad SHAH   Dr P G Robb
1990   PhD   Edinburgh   Socioeconomic planning in social forestry with particular reference to Orissa State, India   Ran Avtar SHARMA
1990   PhD   Cambridge   A “despotism of law”: a British criminal justice and public authority in north India, 1772-1837   Radhika SINGHA   Dr C A Bayley
1990   PhD   Wales, Swansea   Indian merchant communities in 19th century western India   Sheila M SMITH   Dr R K Newman
1990   PhD   London, LSHTM   The estimation of fertility from incomplete birth registration records, with application to India   Govind Singh SOMAWAT   B Brass
1990   PhD   Cranfield   The role of industrial extension for the local production of agricultural machinery in developing countries with particular reference to Sri Lanka   K-H STEINMANN   I Crawford; F Inns
1990   PhD    North London Poly   The Viceroyalty of Lord Reading, 1921-1926, with particular reference to Indian political constitutional problems and progress   Christine TURNBULL   Dr D Judd
1990   PhD   Cambridge   Constructing difference: social categories and Girahya women: social kinship and resources in south Rajasthan   Maya UNNITHAN   Dr C Humphrey
1990   MPhil   Essex   An analysis of the effects of salinity on the growth of Sri Lankan rice cultivars   S C WANIGASURIYA
1990   PhD   London, Imperial   The structure and metamorphism of the northern margin of Indian Plate, North Pakistan   Mathew Philipps WILLIAMS
1991   MPhil   Trinity College, Bristol   Identity, Islam and Christianity in rural Bangladesh   D W ABECASSSIS
1991   MPhil   London, LSHTM   Fertility trends in Pakistan: a birth order analysis   Mohamed AFZAL   J Blacker
1991   PhD   Sheffield   Intraurban residential mobility in the city of Karachi   N AHMAD
1991   PhD   Wales, Swansea   Decentralisation and the local state under peripheral capitalism: a study in the political economy of local government in Pakistan   Tofail AHMAD
1991   PhD   Newcastle upon Tyne   The effects of price and non-price factors on the production of major crops in Bangladesh   S ALAM
1991   PhD   Cambridge, St Cath’s   North Indian military culture in transition, 1770-1830   S ALAVE   Dr C A Bayly
1991   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Inheriting then earth: Pakistan People’s Party: popular mobilisation and political conflict in Pakistan, 1967-1971   R F ALI   Mr P G Hawthorn
1991   PhD   London, LSHTM   Anti-microbial chemotherapy of leprosy: a quantitiave theoretical basis for trial regimens with particular reference to India   J E ALMEIDA
1991   PhD   London, King’s   The international arms trade: case studies of India and Pakistan, 1947-86   I ANTHONY
1991   PhD   Manchester   The role of the housing market in the development of Jaffna City and its fringe   Krishnapillai ARUMUHAM   Prof B Robson
1991   PhD   London, SOAS   Agricultural production in six selected Qasbas in eastern Rajasthan (c. 1700-1780)   Madhavi BAJAKAL
1991   PhD   LondonSOAS   Agricultural production in six selected qasbas of eastern Rajastan (c.1700-1780)   Madhavi BAJEKAL   Prof K N Chaudhuri
1991   PhD   Salford   Some environmental implications of agricultural and agro-industrial developments in rural India   S K BARAT
1991   PhD   Newcastle upon Tyne   Swami Vivekananda’s practical vedanta   Vivienne BAUMFIELD   Dr D H Killingley
1991   PhD   Wales, Swansea   The significqance of “Ostindien” in the evolution of German colonial thought, 1840-1885   Theodore Robert Maria BOSKE   Prof M E Chamberlain
1991   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Communal politics and the partition of Bengal, 1932-1947   Joya CHATTERJI   Dr A Seal
1991   PhD   Cambridge   A study of subsistance and settlement patterns during the late prehistory of northcentral India   U C CHATTOPADHYAYA
1991   PhD   London, King’s   Indian nuclear strategy   Mohammad Zafar Iqbal CHEEMA   Prof L D Freedman
1991   MPhil   Bradford   Kashmir and the partition of India   S CHOUDRY
1991   PhD   London, UC   The social implications of thalassaemia major among Muslims of Pakistani origin: family experience and service delivery   Aamra Rashid DARR
1991   MPhil   CNAA, Architectural Assoc   The roots of power and root power: an enquiry into negotiations for the consolidation of illegal settlements in New Delhi, India   S DASAPPA
1991   PhD   London, SOAS   Strategy and structure: a case study in imperial policy and tribal society in British Baluchistan   Simanti DUTTA
1991   PhD   Loughborough   The Revd A G Fraser: his ecclesiastical, educational and political activity in Ceylon, 1904-1924   Brian EATHARD   Dr Avril Powell
1991   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   The political culture of the urban poor: the United Provinces between the two World Wars   N GOOPTU   Dr R S Chandavarkar
1991   DPhil   Oxford, Balliol   Azariah and Indian Christianity in the late years of the Raj   S Bharper HARPER, s b
1991   DPhil   Oxford, Green College   Public health and medical research in India, c. 1860-1914   Mark HARRISON   Miss M H Pelling; Dr P J Weindling
1991   PhD   London, King’s College   Rhizolith occurrence and formation within the quartnary coastal deposits of Tamil Nadu State, South East India   Derek Albert HENDRY   Dr R Garner
1991   PhD   London, Wye   Economic analysis of production opportunities, constraints and improvement policies in coconut-based farming systems in Sri Lanka   Mudiyanselage Anura Lokubandara HERATH
1991   MPhil   Wales   Performance, problems and potential of irrigated land settlements in Sri Lanka: an analysis of past policies   Thosapala HEWAGE
1991   PhD   Cambridge   Tax reform, public pricing and trade protection in Bangladesh   S M HOSSAIN
1991   PhD   London, SOAS   The production and use of ritual terracottas in India   Stephen Porter HUYLER
1991   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Defence production in a third world country: the case of the Indian aircraft industry 1940-1980   Shireen Karim Alimohamed JANMOHAMED   Prof E A Roberts
1991   PhD   London, LSE   Rice, work and community among the Kelabit of Sarawak, East Malaysia   Monica Rachel Hughes JANOWSKI
1991   PhD   Stirling   Fishery, population dynamics and breeding biology of Panulirus homarus (L.)on the south coast of Sri Lanka   D S JAYAKODY
1991   PhD   Stirling   The utilisation of acid sulphate on soils for shrimp (Oenaeus monodon)culture on the west coast of Sri Lanka   J JAYASINGHE
1991   PhD   Durham   Perception of, and adjustment to. drought hazard by farmers in southern Sri Lanka   N L A KARUNARATNE
1991   DPhil   Oxford, Trinity   Competing through technology and manufacturing: a study of the Indian commerical vehicles industry   Sanjay KATHURIA   Dr J L Enos
1991   PhD   Leicester   Primary geochemistry and secondary dispersion from gold prospects in the Karkoram and Hindu Kush, northern Pakistan   Abdul KHALIQ
1991   PhD   London, RHBNC   The contribution of the All India Muslim Educational Conference to the educational and cultural development of Indian Muslims, 1886-1947   Abdul Rashid KHAN   Dr F C Robinson
1991   PhD   Sheffield   Low income settlement in city fringes: a case study of eastern fringe Dhaka   R A KHAN   Dr C Choguill
1991   PhD   Edinburgh   Women’s work and rural transformation in India: a study from Gujerat   Uma KOTHARI
1991   DPhil   Sussex   The role of women in household survival strategies: a case study from an urban low-income settlement in Colombo, Sri Lanka   Chandrika KOTTEGODA   Dr K Young
1991   PhD   Warwick   Critical reflections on law and public enterprises in Bangladesh   A K MASUDAL HAQUE
1991   PhD   Sheffield   Urban services in the national cities of India: organisation, financing, planning and delivery   B MATHUR
1991   DPhil   Oxford   The ecological interaction between habitat composition, habitat quality and abundance of some wild ungulates in India   V B MATHUR
1991   PhD   Bath   Poverty and patronage: a study of credit, development and change in rural Bangladesh   James Allister McGREGOR   Dr D G Wood
1991   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Caste, nationalism and communism in Malabar, 1900-1948   D M MENON   Dr R S Chandravarkar
1991   PhD   Southampton   Municipal finance and local self government: the Indian experience   Rajalakshmi MISHRA   Dr D M Hill
1991   PhD   Durham   Industrial water pollution in a surface water system in Colombo, Sri Lanka   S K MOHAMMED-ALI   Prof I G Simmons
1991   PhD   Warwick   The migration and racialisation of doctors fromthe Indian subcontinent   P J MOSS
1991   PhD   London, LSE   India and the Middle East: constancy of policy in the context of changing perspectives, 1947-1986   Prithvi Ram MUDIAM   Dr G Sen
1991   PhD   Surrey   The impact of industrialisation and urbanisation on Patidar women in the Khada District of Gujerat   P R NATTRESS
1991   PhD   Cambridge, Clare Hall   People and trees: gender relations and participation in social forestry in West Bengal, India   C A NESMITH   Dr T P Bayliss-Smith
1991   PhD   Nottingham   Urban lower-middle class and middle income housing: an investigation into affordability and options, Dhaka, Bangladesh   Mohammed Mahbubur RAHMAN   Prof J C Moughton; Mr S Jalloh
1991   PhD   Exeter   Location-allocation modelling for primary health provision in Bangladesh   S-U RAHMAN
1991   MSc   Kent   On the systematics and ecology of some freshwater turtles of Bangladesh   S M A RASHID
1991   PhD   London, SOAS   Structure and performance: a case study of Pakistan’s large scale manufacturing sector (1950-1987)   Shahnaz RAUF
1991   PhD   Cambridge, Newnham   Inter-urban and rural-urban linkages in terms of migration and remittances: case study – Durgapur (West Bengal)   J RAY CHAUDHURI   Prof G P Chapman
1991   PhD   London, King’s   A comparison of the diet and health of pre-menopausal Indian and Caucasian vegetarian women   Sheela REDDY
1991       Cranfield, Silsoe   A case study on training and development of cooperative managers in implementing “Irrigation management programme” of Bangladesh Rural Development Board in Hossainpur Upazila, Bangladesh   M A SADEQUE
1991   PhD   Warwick   Towards a definition of Indian literary feminism: an analysis of the novels of K Markandaya, N Sahgal and A Desai   Minola K SALGADO   Ms P Dunbar
1991   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   South Asian Muslim politics, 1937-1958   Ahmad Y SAMAD   Dr T Raychaudhuri
1991   PhD   London, SOAS   Poverty, growth and stagnation in north Indian agriculture: a comparative study in the political economy of poverty generation in western and eastern Uttar Pradash in the early 1970s   Jean Diana SARGENT
1991   PhD   CNAA, Leicester Poly   Speech in Sri Lankan cleft palate subjects with delayed palatoplasty   D A SELL
1991   DPhil   Oxford, Wadham   The biology of vitex (verbenaceae)in Sri Lanka   Balangeda M P SINGHAKUMARA   Dr C Huxley-Lambrick
1991   PhD   London, King’s   Nabob, historian and orientalist: the life and writing of Robert Orme (1728-1801)   Asora SW TAMMITA-DELGODA   Prof P J Marshall
1991   PhD   London, LSE   Donors, development and dependence: some lessons from Bangladesh, 1971-1986   Peter Graeme Rugge THOMSON   Prof M Desai
1991   PhD   East Anglia   Errant males and the divided woman: melodrana and sexual difference in the Hindi social film of the 1950s   Ravi VASUDEVAN
1991   DPhil   Oxford, Wolfson   The uplift history of the Western Ghats in India   Mike WIDDOWSON   Dr K G Cox; Prof A S Goudie
1991   PhD   Salford   The causes and processes of rural-urban migration in 19th and early 20th century India: the case of Ratnagiri district   G M YAMIN
1992   PhD   East Anglia   Models of household behaviour in subsistence agriculture: a case study of NWFP in Pakistan   Farman ALI   Prof A Parikh
1992   PhD   London, King’s   Nation-building and the nature of conflict in South Asia: a search for patterns in the use of force as a political instrument within and between the states of the region   Syed Mahmud ALI
1992   PhD   Aberdeen   Aspects of Islamic revival and consciousness in Bangladesh, 1905 AC and 1975 AC   A N M AMIN
1992   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Colonialism and the transformation of matriliny in Malabar, 1850-1940   G ARUNIMA   Dr R S Chandavarkar
1992   LLD   Edinburgh   Dravidian studies   Ronald ASHER
1992   PhD   Kent   The political implications of migration: a study of the British Sikh community   S BALI   Mr K Webb
1992   PhD   Manchester   A study of aspects of Indian theatre and its role: consideration and strategies for developing theatre in education in India   S N BARHANPURKAR   Dr Jackson
1992   PhD   London^hUC   The temples of the interface: a study of the relation between Buddhism and Hinduism at the Munnervaram temples, Sri Lanka   Rohan Neil BASTIN
1992   PhD   London, SOAS   Poverty and power: survival strategies of the poorest in three villages of West Bengal, India   Anthony BECK   Dr R W Bradnock
1992   DPhil   Oxford, St Anne’s   The English East India Company and Hindu laws of property in Bengal, 1765-1801: appropriation and invention of tradition   Nandini BHATTACHARYYA-PANDA   Dr T Raychaudhuri
1992   MLitt   Oxford, Magdalen    South Asian women, midwives and the maternity system: the role of cultural differences in the creation of inequality   Isobel M W BOWLER   Dr R W Dingwall
1992   PhD   London, LSE   Agricultural pricing in developing countries: Pakistan 1960-1988   David Patrick COADY   Prof N H Stern
1992   PhD   St Andrews   Alexander Dalrymple (1737-1808), hydrographer to the East India Company and to the Admiralty, as publisher: a catalogue of books and charts.   Andrew COOK   Dr B P Lenman
1992   PhD   Cambridge, Selwyn   Cross cultural conflict analysis: the “reality” of British victory in the second Anglo-Maratha War, 1803-1805   Randolf G S COOPER   Dr G Johnson
1992   DPhil   Sussex   The determinants of private consumption and the impact of fiscal policy: a study of Sri Lanka   Ginige A C DE SILVA   Prof M T Sumner
1992   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Aspects of community participation among the slum dwellers in achieving housing in Bombay   Vandana DESAI   Dr M J Banks; Dr G C K Peach
1992   DPhil   Sussex   Biomass entitlements and rural poverty in India: a village study of crop residues in south Gujerat   Priyamwada DESHINGKAR   Dr M Greeley
1992   PhD   Cambridge, Girton   Indian thought, myth and folklore in the fiction of Rudyard Kipling and E M Forster   C R DEVADAWSON   Prof J B Beer
1992   PhD   London, UC   Residential location of low-income households in Hyderabad, India   Pothuia Jonathan DHARMARAJ
1992   PhD   London, UC   Residential location of low-income households in Hyderabad, India   J P DHARMARAT
1992   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   Religion, identity and authority among the Satnamis in colonial central India   S DUBE   Dr R O’Hanlon
1992   DPhil   Oxford, Wolfson College   Continuity and recreation in the performing arts of India: a study of two artistic traditions   Anne-Marie GASTON   Mr B R Wilson
1992   PhD   Cambridge, Wolfson   The institutional politics of gender in development policy for rural development in Bangladesh   A M M GOETZ   Mr G P Hawthorn
1992   PhD   CNAA, Central England   The “Karnata Dravida” tradition: development of Indian temple architecture in Karnataka 7th to 13th centuries   C A HARDY
1992   PhD   Open   State policy, liberalisation and the development of the Indian software industry   Richard Brendan HEEKS
1992   DPhil   Oxford   Entreprenurial decline and the end of Empire: British business in India, 1919-1949   A-M HISRA
1992   PhD   Cambridge, King’s   Music of Northern Pakistan   C E HUEHNS   Dr R F Davis
1992   PhD   London, SOAS   Female migrants’ adaptation in Dhaka: a case study of the processes of urban socio-economic change   Shahnaz HUQ-HUSSAIN   Dr R W Bradnock
1992   PhD   Bristol   Hindu Muslim inter group relations in Bangladesh: a cognitive inter group analysis   Mir R ISLAM   Prof M R C Hewstone
1992   MLitt   Cambridge, Christ’s   Medical choice in an urban village: a study of Zamrudpur, Delhi   R JALOTA
1992   MPhil   London, Wye   The economics of tea investments: an assessment of factors influencing the profitability of management and rehabilitation of tea establishments in Sri Lanka   Jayakodi Arachchige Maikanthi JAYAKODY
1992   MPhil   Liverpool   The response of democratic governments to armed resistance: India, Argentina, Peru, Colombia and Northern Ireland   J KARUMBIAH
1992   PhD   Leicester   Plume-lithosphere interaction: petrology of Rajmahal continental flood basalts and associated lamproites, Northeast India   Raymond William KENT
1992   PhD   Nottingham   Housing and landslides: a case study in Murree, Pakistan   Amir Nawaz KHAN   Prof J C Moughtin; Mr S Jalloh
1992   MPhil   Bradford   Investment in human capital in Pakistan   M N KHAN
1992   PhD   Strathclyde   Foreign aid, domestic saving and economic growth in retrospect: the case of Pakistan (1960-1988)   Naheed Zia KHAN   Dr E Rahim
1992   PhD   Strathclyde   Settlement processes and strategy in metropolitan areas: policy options for improvements of slums in Pakistan   Dost-Ali KHOWAJA   A Ramsey
1992   PhD   London, Wye   Irrigation systems management under diversified cropping in Sri Lanka: a multiple objective economic assessment on performance of main-water management   Hemesiri Bandara KOTAGAMA
1992   DPhil   Oxford, St Cath’s   A description of the trade in readers for children by Longmans to British India and by Thomas Nelson to the British West Indies (1900-1939)and an examination of the structure of motifs in the readers’ texts   Wayne Barry KUBLALSINGH   Dr T F Eagleton
1992   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill College   State power and the erosion of colonial authority in Uttar Pradesh, India, 1930-42   G KUDAISYA   Prof D A Low
1992   PhD   Cambridge   The public career of G D Birla, 1911-1947   M Mlf G S KUDAISYA   Prof D A Low
1992   PhD   London, LSE   An anthropological account of Islamic holy men in Bangladesh   Samual Peter LANDELL-MILLS   Dr A A F Gell
1992   PhD   London, LSE   Inequality, poverty and mobility: the experience of a north Indian village   Peter Frederik LANJOUW   Prof N Stern
1992   PhD   Wales, Cardiff   Planning education in small dispersed island states with particular reference to the Maldives   Mohamed LATHEEF
1992   PhD   London, LSE   The demography of Indian famines: a historical perspective   A MAHARATNA
1992   MPhil   London, King’s   The British in Bihar, 1757-81   Paramita MAHARATNA   Prof P J Marshall
1992   MPhil   London, King’s   The establishment of British rule in Bihar, 1757-1981   Paraamita MAHARATNA   Prof P J Marshall
1992   MPhil   East Anglia   Rural development in Pakistan: role and some effects of public sector   Abrar Ahmad MALIK
1992   DPhil   Sussex   A study of rural poverty in Pakistan with special reference to agricultural price policy   Shahnawaz MALIK   Mr P Chaudhuri
1992   PhD   Liverpool   Prevalence and genetics of resistance of antimicrobial agents in faecal enterobacteriaceae from children in Bangladesh   K Z MAMUM
1992   PhD   Bradford   Foreign joint ventures in Bangladesh: an empirical investigation of joint ventures in a less developed country between foreign multinational countries and local enterpirses: the case of Bangladesh   G S MAOLA   Prof P J Buckley
1992   DPhil   Oxford, St Hilda’s    Entreprenurial decline and the end of the Empire: British business in India, 1919-1949   Anna-Maria MISRA   Dr T Raychaudhuri; Dr D R Tomlinson
1992   PhD   London, Birkbeck   Languages as identity symbols: an investigation into language attitudes and behaviour amongst second-generation South Asian schoolchildren in Britain including the special case of Hindi and Urdu   M C MOBBS
1992   PhD   Cambridge, Gonville     From cattle to cane: the economic and social transformation of a Tarai village, North India   R H MONTGOMERY   Dr C Humphrey
1992   MPhil   Leicester   British newspaper coverage of Pakistan   Ahmad MUKHTAR   P Golding
1992   DPhil   Oxford, Balliol   Food Engel curves and equivalence scales in Sri Lanka   M MURTHI
1992   PhD   Glasgow   The institution of cooperation, credit and the process of of development in the Indian and Pakistan Punjabs   K MUSTAFA
1992   PhD   CNAA, Huddersfield   Hindu students in a further education college: an ethnographic enquiry   P OLIVER
1992   DPhil   Oxford , Hertford College   Distress sales and exchange relations in a rural area of Rayalaseema Andhra Pradesh   Wendy K OLSEN   Mrs J U Heyer
1992   PhD   Newcastle   Vulnerability, seasonality and the public distribution system in western India: a micro-level study   E A OUGHTON
1992   PhD   Warwick   Education and community in colonial Jallandhar, 1880-1935   Rajvinder S PAL   Dr D A Washbrook
1992   PhD   London, LSE   Electricity demand and pricing in India, 1947-1986   Kirtida Vimai PARIKH   Dr M S Morgan
1992   PhD   London, Wye   Micropropogation of the Sri Lankan anthurium cultivar “Crinkled Red” (Anthurium andreanum Lind)   Sriyani Edussuriya PEIRIS
1992   MPhil   CNAA, St John’s College, Nottingham   The extended family in spouse selection: a critical study and theological evaluation of the patterns of Christian family life in India (especially in the churches of South India)   P S C POTHAN
1992   PhD   Sheffield   A study of rainfall fluctuations in the homogeneous rainfall regimes in Sri Lanka   M PUVANESWARAN
1992   PhD   Stirling   Studies of filter feeding carps of commerical importance in Bangladesh with particular emphasis on the use of automated counting methods   S RAHMATULLAH
1992   PhD   Strathclyde   Solar radiation assessment in Pakistan   I A RAJA
1992   DPhil   Oxford, Nuffield   Forest policy in the Central Provinces, 1860-1914   Mahesh RANGARAJAN   Dr T Raychaudhuri
1992   DPhil   Oxford, Linacre College   Ecophysiology of natural regeneration of “Abies pindrow” in the moist temperate forest of Pakistan   RAZA-UL-HAQ   Mr F B Thompson; Dr P S Savill
1992   PhD   London, External   Recent Christian-Hindu dialogue with reference to Christology   Robert Arthur ROBINSON
1992   MPhil   Newcastle upon Tyne   Changing the attitudes of staff in a residential setting in India – a case study   N ROTTON
1992   PhD   Cambridge, Fitzwilliam   The effect of regular deworming on the growth, health and nutritional status of pre-school children in Bangladesh   Emily Kate ROUSHAM   Dr C G Mascie-Taylor
1992   PhD   South Bank   Effects of psycho-cultural factors on the socialization of British born Indian and indigenous British children living in England   D SACHDEV
1992   PhD   Birmingham   An ecumenical ecclesiology: an historical and systemaic theological enquiry into the Church of North India   D K SAHU
1992   PhD   Reading   A systems approach to the study of potential production of boro rice in the Haor region of Bangladesh   M U SALAM
1992   PhD   Aberdeen   Farm level approaches to tree growing in agroforestry in Haryana, India   P K SARDANA
1992   DPhil   Oxford, Green   Adoption and rejection of eucalyptus on farms in North-West India   Naresh C SAXENA   Dr B Harriss; Mr J E M Arnold
1992   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Women workers in the Bengal jute industry, 1890-1940: migration, motherhood and militancy   S SEN   Dr R S Chandabarkar
1992   PhD   Cambridge^hTrinity   Literary representation of national identity and the rhetoric of nationalism in Raja Rao’s Kanthapura   R SETHI   Mr T J L Cribb
1992   DPhil   Sussex   The determinants of private consumption and the impact of fiscal policy: a study of Sri Lanka   G A C de SILVIA
1992   PhD   Cambridge, Gonville   A forest policy for Western India: the Dangs, 1800s-1920s   A SKARIA   Prof C A Bayly
1992   MPhil   Birmingham   The encounter between Christianity and Buddhism in Sri Lanka from the perspective of the Lausanne Movement   S F SKUCE
1992   MPhil   Birmingham   The development of Gandhi’s moral and religious philosophy from 1888-1921   G E SMITH
1992   PhD   Leicester   The geology of the roof-zone of the Kohistan Batholith, Northwestern Pakistan   Michael A SULLIVAN
1992   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   The military and the state in colonial Punjab, 1900–1939   T Yong TAN   Prof D A Low
1992   PhD   London, SOAS   Competing identities: the problem of what to wear in late colonial and contemporary India   Emma Josephine TARLO
1992   DPhil   Oxford, St John’s College   Studies in English and European writing on India, 1600-1800   Kate ( Katherine S) TELTSCHER   Prof J Carey; Mr J B Katz
1992   PhD   London, LSE   Health attitudes and personal health care decisions in Bombay, India   Bayjool THAKKER   Dr J E Stockdale
1992   PhD   London, LSE   Personal health care decisions in Bombay, India   B THAKKER
1992   PhD   East Anglia   NGOs and rural development process in India: case studies from Rayalaseema   V UMA
1992   PhD   London, SOAS   The personal pronouns and their related clitics in six Khasi dialects: a grammatical and sociolinguistic study   B WAR
1992   PhD   CNAA, North London   Sir Walter Lawrence and India, 1879-1918   Catherine Mary WILSON   Prof D Judd; Dr P Mercer
1993   PhD   Open   Women’s home-based income generation as a strategy towards poverty survival: dynamics of the “Khannawalli” (mealmaking)activity of Bombay   D ABBOTT   Mr A Thoms
1993   PhD   Wales, Cardiff   The role of communication in the rise of the Islamic movements in the Muslim world with special reference to Egypt, Kuwait, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Turkey   K ABU-ALKHAIR
1993   PhD   Cambridge, Girton   The People’s Party, the National Awami League and the political dynamics of federalism in Pakistan   S J AHMED   Mr G P Hawthorn
1993   PhD   Dundee   E M Forster at home and abroad: British and non-British elements in his fiction   A AL-HOUT
1993   PhD   Reading   Farmer-extension worker interaction and upstream information transfer in the T   V extension system in Bangladesh   Md. Mozahar ALI   Prof M J Rolls
1993   PhD   London, Ext (LSHTM)   Cultural influences on contraceptive behaviour in rural Bangaldesh   A AL-SABIR   J Simons
1993   PhD   Bradford   Agricultural credit for small farmers in Northern Pakistan: an analysis of access and productivity impact   Shehla Nasreen AMJAD   Dr Allan Low; Dr Behrooz Morvaridi
1993   PhD   East Anglia   Women’s experiences of a survival strategy: commoditisation of folk embroidery in Gujarat, India   J B ANDHARIA
1993   PhD   Liverpool   Seaweed resources in Sri Lanka: culture of Gracilaria and intertidal surveys   P ANNESTY JAYASURIYA
1993   PhD   Sheffield   A study of significant historic buildings in Lahore, leading towards the formulation of a national conservation policy for Pakistan   M Y AWAN   A Craven
1993   DPhil   York   The management of ethnic secessionist conflict with special reference to devolution of government: the external dimension and the big neighbour syndrome   Abersinghe BANDARA   Prof A Dunsire; Dr A Leftwich
1993   DPhil   Oxford, Somerville   A study of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement 1930-1947, North West Frontier Province, British India   Mukulika BANERJEE   Prof J Davis
1993   MPhil   Eales, Cardiff   A survey of the Pakistani Muslim community in Cardiff   P G BATEMAN
1993   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   Agrarian reforms and the politics of the Left in West Bengal   D BHATTACHARYYA   Mr G P Hawthorn
1993   PhD   Leeds   Salisbury at the India Office, 1866-67 and 1874-78   Paul R BRUMPTON   Dr E D Steele
1993   PhD   London, SOAS   Contesting the resource: the politics of forest management in colonial Burma   Raymond Leslie BRYANT
1993   PhD   London, UC   The incompatability between the the needs of low-income households and the perceptions and attitudes of architects and planners: a case study of Lahore, Pakistan   Arif Qayyum BUTT
1993   PhD   Kent   Confidence building measures in South Asia   Navnita CHADHA   Prof A J R Groom
1993   DPhil   Oxford   The changing nature of the Indian hill station   A CHATERJI
1993   MLitt   Oxford, St Hilda’s   The changing nature of the Indian Hill Station   Aditi CHATTERJI   Dr D I Scargill
1993   PhD   Keele   Paul Scott’s “Raj Quartet”: historical approaches and Bakhtinian readings   P CHILDS
1993   MPhil   Sheffield   Applicability of the CDS-ISIS package in the automation of University libraries with partciular reference to India   S CHOWDHURY
1993   PhD   London, SOAS   Colonialism and cultural identity: the making of a Hindu discourse, Bengal, 1867-1905   Indira CHOWDHURY-SENGUPTA   Prof D J Arnold
1993   MPhil   London, SOAS   The rhythmic organisation of North Indian classical music: tal, lay and laykari   Martin Richard Lawson CLAYTON
1993   PhD   London, SOAS   From Bhakti to Buddhism: early Dalit literature and ideology   Philip John CONSTABLE   Prof D J Arnold
1993   PhD   London   The relevance and feasibility of community-based production of leaf concentrate as a supplement for pre-school children in Sri Lanka   David Nicholas COX
1993   PhD   Edinburgh   Size isn’t everything: an anthropologist’s view of the cook, the potter, her engineer and his donor in appropriate technology development in Sri Lanka, Kenya and UK   Emma CREWE   Dr A Good; Dr M Noble
1993   PhD   Essex   An empirical study of technical and allocative efficiency of wheat farmers in the Indian village of Palanpur   A CROPPENSTEDT
1993   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Privilege and policy: the indigenous elite and the colonial education system in Ceylon, 1869-1948   Lakshmi K DANIEL   Dr T Raychaudhuri
1993   PhD   REading   Weed ecology studies in Sri Lanka: competition studies with maize, barley and oilseed rape   N P DISSANAYAKER
1993   M.Phil   Edinburgh   A study of the indigenous contribution to Tamil Saiva bhakti   C J EDEN
1993   PhD   Lancaster   Epic naratives inthe Hoysala temples: the Ramayana, Mahabharata and Bhagavata Purana in Halebid, Belur and Amrtapura   Kirsti Kaarina EVANS   Dr David Smith
1993   PhD   CNAA, Brighton Poly   Sport and South Asian male youth   S FLEMING
1993   PhD   Manchester   Intermarriage of Zoroastrian women in bombay   H K FRASER
1993   PhD   Brunel   TV talk in a London Punjabi peer culture   M GILLESPIE
1993   PhD   Keele   Occasions of grace: interpretations of truth in Paul Scott’s “The Raj Quartet”   P A GLOVER
1993   PhD   London, LSE   The multiplicity of agencies promoting the health of refugees, with a case study of the Afghans in Pakistan, 1978-1989   Nancy GODFREY   Prof B Abel-Smith
1993   PhD   Open   The Gujeratis of Bolton: the leaders and the led   K G HAHLO
1993   PhD   Loughborough   Acquiring foreign language materials for Pakistani libraries: a study   Syed Jalaluddin HAIDER   Prof J P Feather
1993   Phil   East Anglia   The implications of tourism for the environment: a Maldives case study   H HAMEED
1993   PhD   London, SOAS   Eurasians in British India, 1773-1833: the making of a reluctant community   Christopher John HAWES   Prof D J Arnold
1993   PhD   Aberdeen   Some aspects of the chemistry and mineralogy of soil magnesium in relation to Camellia growth on Sri Lankan acid tea soils   L HETTIARACHCHI
1993   PhD   Manchester   Management control in public sector enterprises: a case study of budgeting in the jute industry of Bangladesh   A K M Z HOQUE   Prof T Hopper
1993   PhD   Salford   Rural accessibility and agricultural development in Bangladesh   N A HUQ   Dr R D Knowles
1993   PhD   London, LSE   Decentralized resource allocation in primary health care: formal methods and their application in Britain and Pakistan   M ISHFAQ
1993   PhD   Manchester   Transnational corporations and economic development: a study of the Malaysian electronics industry   M N ISMAIL
1993   PhD   Edinburgh   Rice marketing in Pakistan: the case for liberalisation ?   Amanat Ali JALBANI
1993   DPhil   York   Language maintenance and bilingualism in Darbhanga   Shailjanand JHA   Dr C Verma
1993   PhD   Cambridge   Industrial concentration and performance: an empirical study of the structure, conduct and performance of Indian industry (1970-1985)   U S KAMBHAMPATI
1993   PhD   London   A genetic analysis of diabetes mellitus in subjects of Indian origin   Parminder Kaur KAMBO
1993   MPhil   Strathclyde   Famine and poliocy in the Central Provinces of India: the crises of 1896/97 and 1899/1900   Nicalas W KEYS   Dr P S Collins
1993   PhD   Kent   Regional conflict in South Asia: the route to intractability in the Kashmir conflict, 1947-1990   A Robert KHAN   Prof A J R Groom
1993   MPhil   Wales, Bangor   Wood production through agroforestry in Charsadda district, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan   F S KHAN
1993   DPhil   Oxford, St Hilda’s    Indian Muslim perceptions of the West during the 18th century   Gulfishan KHAN   Dr I Malik
1993   PhD   Wales, Bangor   Ex-post cost benefit analysis of village woodlots of Gujarat, India   J A KHAN
1993   PhD   London, External   The history of printing and publishing in Ceylon, with special reference to Sinhalese books, 1737-1912   Egodahettiarachchige Don Tilakapala KULARATNE
1993   MLitt   Cambridge   The security of new states, Pakistan and Singapore: a study in contrast and compulsion   A UL I LATIF
1993   MLitt   Glasgow   The imperial eye: perceptions in British photography (1850-1870)of India and the Near East   Alison J LINDSAY   Dr C A Wilson
1993   DPhil   Oxford, Somerville   The role of culture in India’s international relations   V MANI
1993   PhD   London, SOAS   Caring women: power and ritual in Gujerati households in East London   Merryle Ann McDONALD   Dr N Lindisfarne
1993   PhD   Cambridge   Governance and resistance in north Indian towns, c.1860-1900   Patrick M McGINN   Prof C A Bayly
1993   PhD   City   Gamaka and Alamkara: concepts of vocal ornamentation with reference to Bara Khayal   S M McINTOCH
1993   PhD   Aston   Management role in employee participation: a comparative study of multination enterprisei n India and the UK   Santrupt MISRA   Dr R Lumley
1993   PhD   Aston   Management role in employee participation: a comparative study of multinational enterprises in India and the UK   Santrupt MISRA   Dr R Lumley
1993   PhD   London, LSE   Inside and outside: conceptual continuities from household to region in Kumaon, North India   Joanne MOLLER   Dr C Fuller
1993   MPhil   Loughborough   Performance of concrete buried pipe distribution systems of surface irrigation under farm manager’s management in Tangail, Bangladesh   Mohammed Abdul Karim MRIDHA   Mr I K Smout
1993   PhD   London, Wye   The economic evaluation of agricultural research in Sri Lanka   Jeyaluxmy NADARAJAH
1993   PhD   Cambridge, St Edmund’s   Co-option and control: the role of the colonial army in India, 1918-47   Namrata NARAIN   Dr R S Chandavarkar
1993   PhD   London, LSE   Kinship, marriage and womanhood among the Nakarattars of South India   Yuko NISHIMURA   Dr C Fuller
1993   PhD   Guildhall   The determinants of direct overseas investment from Singapore   Samual Bassey OKPOSEN   M Cowen
1993   PhD   Hull   British policy and Chinese policy in Malaya, 1942-1955   HAK CHING OONG   C J Christie
1993   PhD   London, LSE   Making hierarchy natural: the cultural construction of gender and maturity in Kerala, India   Caroline OSELLA   Dr C Fuller; Dr J P Parry
1993   PhD   London, LSE   Caste, class, power and social mobility in Kerala, India   Filippo OSELLA   Dr C Fuller; Dr J P Parry
1993   DPhil   Oxford, Christ Church   The confusions of an imperialist inheritance: the Labour Party and the Indian problem, 1940-1947   Nicholas J OWEN   Dr J G Darwin
1993   DPhil   York   Imperialism, insularity and identity: the novels of Paul Scott   G Martin PATERSON   Mr Landig White
1993   PhD   London, UC   Effects of land use policies on land prices in middle income housing, Hyderabad, India   Padmavathi PERVAR
1993   PhD   London, UC   Sir Leonard Rogers F.R.S. (1868-1962): tropical medicine in the Indian Medical Service   Helen Joy POWER   Prof WF Bynum
1993   DPhil   Oxford, Campion Hall   Satnamis: the changing status of a scheduled caste in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradash   Gnana PRAKASAM   Dr N J Allen
1993   MPhil   Wales, Aberystwyth   The career of Robert, first baron Clive (1725-1764) with special reference to his administrative and political career   David Livett PRIOR   Prof P D G Thomas
1993   PhD   London, QMW   Belonging and not belonging: understanding India in novels by Paul Scott, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala and V S Naipaul   Janet Mariana PUGH
1993   PhD   Newcastle upon Tyne   Coping strategies of domestic workers: a study of three settlements in Delhi metropolitan region, India   P RAGHURAM   Dr J D Jones
1993   MPhil   Leicester   Conceptions of health and health care among two generations of Gujerati-speaking Hindu women in Leicester   V RAJA
1993   PhD   London, LSE   The political economy of agrarian policies in Kerala: a study of state intervention in agricultural commodity markets with particular reference to dairy pmarkets   Velayudhan RAJAGOPALAN   Prof T J Nossiter
1993   PhD   Hull   Religion, politics and the secular state in India after independence   C S RANGANATHAN
1993   PhD   London, LSE   Construction of female gender in rural north India   Deborah Edith RUTTER   Dr J P Parry
1993   MPhil   Newcastle-upon-Tyne   Modelling growth of rainfed and irrigated sugarcane in the dryzone of Sri Lanka   K SANMUGANATHAN
1993   PhD   Hull   Tribes, politics and social change in India: a case study iof the Mullukurumbas of the Nilgiri Hills   S SATHIANATHAN
1993   PhD   Keele   The sources and supply of basic foods in Dhaka City   Sayeed SAYEED
1993   PhD   London, SOAS   Pollution theory and Harijan strategies among south Indian Tamils   Yasumasa SEKINE
1993   PhD   London, Inst Comm   The linkages between Pakistan’s domestic policies and its foreign policy, 1971-1991   Mehtab-Ali SHAH   Dr P H Lyon
1993   PhD   UEA   Various approaches to the measurement of inefficiency in Pakistani agriculture: an empirical investigation   M K SHAR
1993   PhD   London, SOAS   Consumer protection law in India: a socio-legal study   Gurjeet SINGH
1993   PhD   Cambridge, Darwin   Quarternary alluvial sedimentology in Bihar, India   Rajeev SINHA   Dr P F Friend
1993   PhD   Cambridge, King’s   On religion and renunciation: the case of the Raikas of western Rajahastan   Vinay Kumar SRIVASTAVA   Dr C Humphrey
1993   PhD   Leicester   The empire aggrandized, a study in commemorative portrait statuary exported from Britain to her colonies in South Asia, 1800-1939   M A STEGGIES
1993   MPhil   Warwick   South Asians and employment in Great Britain with particular reference to agriculture   R H G SUGGETT
1993   OhD   London, SOAS   Peasant agriculture and tenancy in Orissa (India): a study of three villages at different levels of development, with special reference to share tenancy   M SWAIN
1993   PhD   Warwick   The politics of homeland: a study of ethnic linkages and political mobilisation amongst Sikhs in Britain and North America   D S TALLA
1993   PhD   Edinburgh   Lakshmi in the market place: traders and farmers in a north Indian market   M S TOMAR   Dr P M Jeffrey; Dr R Jeffrey
1993   PhD   Hull   Nagas in the museum: an anthropological study of the material cculture of the Hill People of the Assam-Burnma border   Andrew OChristopher WEST   Mr L G Hill
1993   PhD   London, SOAS   The politics of moderation: Britain and the Indian Liberal Party, 1917-1923   Philip Graham WOODS   Prof D J Arnold
1993   PhD   Leeds   Afghanistan in the defence of India, 1903-1915   Christopher Mark WYATT   Dr K M Wilson
1993   PhD   Exeter   The correlates of contraceptive and fertility behaviour withon the framework of sociocultural ideology: a case study of two urban centres of Pakistan   M I ZAFAR
1994   PhD   Glasgow   The non-compliant behaviour of the small states of South Asia: Nepal and Bangladesh in relation to India   S AFROZE
1994   MPhil   Lancaster   The status of women and fertility: a case study of Pakistani women in Rochdale    Salma AHMAD   Dr Suzette Heald; Dr Sarah Franklin
1994   PhD   London, UC   The hydrogeology of the Dupi Tila sands acquifer of the Barind tract, NA Bangladesh   Kazi Matin Uddin AHMED   Dr W G Burgess
1994   PhD   Cambridge, Wolfson   Behavioural ecology of the Hoolock gibbon (Hylobates Hoolock)in Bangladesh   M F AHSAN   Dr D J Chivers
1994   PhD   Cambridge, King’s   Violence and the state in the partition of Punjab, 1947-48   Swarna AIYAR   Prof D A Low
1994   PhD   Manchester   Taxation and economic development in Bangladesh with special reference to indirect taxation   Sofia H J ALI   Ms W Olsen
1994   PhD   Salford   Environmental assessment for wetlands management in Sri Lanka   M D AMARASINGHE
1994   PhD   Cambridge, Fitzwilliam   Residential land price changes in selected peripheral colonies of Lucknow City, India, 1970-1990   F AMITABH   Dr S E Corbridge
1994   PhD   Cranfield, Silsoe   Mechanisation of grain harvesting in Pakistan   Nadeem AMJAD
1994   PhD   London, SOAS   Women’s consciousness and assertion in colonial India: gender, social reform and politics in Maharashtra, c.1870-c.1920   P ANAGOL-McGINN
1994   PhD   London, SOAS   Women’s consciousness and assertion in colonial India: gender, social reform and politics in Maharashtra, c.1870-1920   Padma ANAGOL-McGINNnagol   Prof D J Arnold
1994   PhD   Strathclyde   Tourism in developing countries: a case study of Pakistan   M I ANWAR
1994   PhD   Bradford   The understanding of truth and the human person in Gandhi’s thought   C ARBER
1994   PhD   Leicester   Mineralogy, geochemistry and stable isotope studies of the ultramafic rocks from the Swat Valley ophiolite, North Western Pakistan: implications for the genesis of emerald and nickeliferous opaque phases   Mohammad ARIF
1994   PhD   Edinburgh   The understanding of pastoral care and counselling in the Church of South India, with special reference to the work of the Christian Counselling Centre, Velore   Nalini ARLES   Prof A F Walls; Dr D Lyall
1994   PhD   Birmingham   Bangladeshi community organisations in East London: a case study analysis   M A ASGHAR
1994   PhD   London, SOAS   Naqshbandi Sufis in a western setting   A T ATAY
1994   PhD   London, LSHTM   Cost effectiveness of anti-malaria activities in Sri Lanka   A M G G N K ATTANAYAKE
1994   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Is education beneficial ? A microeconomic analysis of the impact of education on the economic welfare of a developing country, Sri Lanka   D H C ATURUPANE   Dr P B Seabright
1994   PhD   Leicester   The Koga feldspathoidal syenite, North Western Pakistan: mineralogy and industrial applications   Iftikar Hussain BALOCH
1994   PhD   Cambridge, Darwin   Workers’ politics in Bengal, 1890-1929: mill-towns, strikes and nationalist agitations   Subho BASU   Dr R S Chandavarkar
1994   BLitt   Oxford, Lady Margaret   The famine of 1899-1900 and the government of India   M BHABA
1994   PhD   Essex   A comparative sociolinguistic study of urban and rural Sindhi   M Q BUGHIO
1994   PhD   Southampton   India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976-1990   A J BULLION
1994   PhD   Cambridge, Darwin   Fluvial landforms and sediments in the North-Central Gangetic plain, India   S CHANDRA   Dr K S Richards
1994   PhD   London, LSE   Legislators in India: a comparison of MLAs in five states   Virender Kumar CHOPRA   Prof T J Nossiter
1994   PhD   London, King’s   The development of Singapore land law as influenced by English and Australian law   Panicker Alice CHRISTUDASON
1994   PhD   Cambridge, King’s    Urban texts: an interpretation of the architectural, textual and artefactual records of a Sri Lankan early historic city   R A E CONINGHAM   Dr F R Allchin
1994   PhD   Kent   Indias of the mind: the construction of post-colonial identity in Salman Rushdie’s fiction   C P CUNDY
1994   MLitt   Bristol   British Baptist missionary activity in Orissa, 1822-1914   P K DAS
1994   PhD   Cambridge, St Cath’s    The making of a Jat identity in the Southeast Punjab circa 1880-1936   Monica DATTA   Prof C A Bayly
1994   MPhil   Wales, Cardiff   An evaluation of the attractiveness to Apia cerana F. of the honeybee flora growing in the Dhaka region of Bangladesh and the socio-economic value of these plants to the local community   R J DAY
1994   DPhil   Oxford, New   Indian industry 1950-1990: growth, demand and productivity   Ranu DAYAL
1994   DPhil   Oxford, Wolfson   Technical change and efficiency in Sri Lanka’s manufacturing sector   Sonali D P DERANIYAGALA   Mrs F J Stewart
1994   PhD   Edinburgh   Energy resources and the role of mini and micro hydro power in Northern India   Alison DOIG
1994   PhD   London, Wye   Reaching the poor ? The identification and assessment of rural poverty by a non-governmental organisation (NGO)in Gujerat, India   Talib Baahadurail Karmali ESMAIL
1994   PhD   London, LSE   Defence industrialization in the NICs: case studies from Brazil and India   Carol Vervain EVANS
1994   PhD   London   Dying: death and bereavement in a British Hindu community   Shirley Jean FIRTH
1994   MPhil   Bristol   Pakistan: a power in central Asia    N GHUFRAN   Dr V Hewitt
1994   PhD   Hull   Construction of the European Union: implications for the developing countries: case study of India   D K GIRI
1994   PhD   London   Sufism and its development inthe Panjab   Shuja Ul HAQ
1994   PhD   Aberdeen   Export performance and marketing strategy for Malaysian palm oil   A HASHIM
1994   PhD   Bradford   Microenterprises in Pakistan: an efficiency and performance analysis of manufacturing microenterprises in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan   Syed Amjad Farid HASNU   Mr Michael Yaffey
1994   PhD   Birmingham   The quest of Ajneya: a theological appraisal of the search for meaning in his three Hindi novels   R H HOOKER
1994   PhD   Newcastle   Mechanisation of wheat production in Bangladesh based on a growth modelling approach   A H M S HOSSAIN
1994   PhD   Newcastle   Some factors affecting the performance of draught buffaloes in wetland rice cultivation in Sri Lanka   S M HULANGAMUWA
1994   PhD   Edinburgh   The scented garden in Deccani Muslim literature   S A A HUSAIN
1994   PhD   Durham   Rural-urban integration in Bangladesh: a study of linkages between villages and small urban centres   M N ISLAM   Dr P J Atkins
1994   PhD   Nottingham   Standards of safety in the underground coal mining industry of Pakistan   K G JADOON
1994   PhD   Bradford   Trade liberalization and performance: the impact of trade reform on manufacturing sector performance: Sri Lanka, 1977-89   Kangesu JAYANTHAKUMARAN   Prof C Kirkpatrick; Mr Michael Yaffey
1994   PhD   Reading   Changing patterns ofinformal and formal finance in a Rajasthan village   J Howard M JONES   Mr A Harrison
1994   PhD   London, SOAS   Polygamy and purdah in the royal households of Rajastan – 13th-19th centuries   Varsha JOSHI   Prof D J Arnold
1994   MPhil   Oxford, St Cath’s   Sustainability of public debt: an application to India   Alka KACKER   Dr E V K Fitzgerald
1994   PhD   Reading   Comparison of extension provision for the smallholder and estate tea sectors in Sri Lanka   H R K K KARUNADASA   Dr C J Garforth
1994   PhD   Glasgow   Factor price distortions, underutilisation of capacity and employment in the large-scale manufacturing sector of Pakistan   R KAUSER
1994   PhD   London, SOAS   Missionaries: the Hindu state and British paramountcy in Travancore and Cochin, 1858-1936   Koji KAWASHIMA   Prof D J Arnold
1994   MPhil   Strathclyde   Famine and famine policy in the central provinces of India: the crises of 1896-7 and 1899-1900   N W KEYS
1994   PhD   Wales, Lampeter   Indian Muslims in the political process   O KHALIDI
1994   PhD   Strathclyde   Poverty, uneven development, urbanisation and economic planning policies in Pakistan: a case study of Peshawar, North West Frontier Province   Assmatullah KHAN   Prof U Wannop
1994   PhD   Strathclyde   Interlinkages between land-lease and credit markets: impact on the introduction of modern technology in the North West Frontier Province (Pakistan)   H KHAN
1994   PhD   Lancaster   Saiva priests of Tamil Nadu   G LAZAR
1994   PhD   London   Fertility transition in Malaysia: an analysis by state and ethnic group   R LEETE
1994   PhD   London, Inst Ed   A comparative study of educational disadvantage in India within the Anglo-Indian community: a historical and contemporary analysis   Antoinette Iris Grace LOBO   Mr C Jones
1994   PhD   London, SOAS   The transformation of colonial perceptions into legal norms: legislating for crime and punishment in Bengal, 1790s to 1820s   Shahdeen MALIK
1994   PhD   Central England   Housing finance in developing countries: a case study of Lahore, Pakistan   T H MALIK
1994   PhD   Open   Thermal comfort for urban housing in Bangladesh   F H MALLICK
1994   PhD   London, Bedford   Consciousness and the actors: a re-assessment of Western and Indian approaches to the actor’s emotional involvement from the perspective of Vedic psychology   Daniel MEYER-DINKGRAFE
1994   DPhil   Sussex   The comprehensive crop insurance scheme in India, 1985-1991: a study of its working with special reference to Gujerat   Pramod K MISHRA   Prof M Lipton
1994   PhD   London, SOAS   From patriarchy to gender equity: family law and its impact on women in Bangladesh   Taslima MONSOOR
1994   DPhil   Sussex   Re-reading the Raj: narrative and power in British fictions of India   P G MOREY
1994   PhD   Reading   An effective communication model for the acceptance of new agricultural technology by farmers in the Punjab, Pakistan   Sher MUHAMMAD   Dr C J Garforth
1994   DPhil   Sussex   Brother, there are only two Jatis – men and women: the construction of gender identity, women, the state and personal laws in India   M MUKHOPADHYAY
1994   PhD   London, LSHTM   Visceral leishmaniasis vectors in Pakistan   Mohammad Arif MUNIR
1994   PhD   Leeds   Ramayana and Mahabharata: contemporary theatrical experiments in English with Indic oral traditions of storytelling   V NAIDU
1994   PhD   Durham   Rural-urban interaction in Bangladesh: a study of linkages between villagers and small urban centres   M N I NAZERN
1994   PhD   Queen’s, Belfast   Rukmini Devi and the Bharata Natyam – the revival of classical dance in India   K OHTANI
1994   PhD   London, SOAS   Bauls of West Bengal: with special reference to Raj Khyapa and his followers   Jeanne OPENSHAW   Dr A Cantlie
1994   DPhil    Sussex   Agrarian structure, new technology and labour absorption in Indian agriculture: an empirical investigation of Gujerat   Kirankumar Manubhai PANDYA
1994   PhD   London   Gender, discipleship and charismatic authority in the Rajneesh movement   Marie Elizabeth PUTTICK
1994   PhD   Durham   Social change and fertility transition in Sri Lanka   P PUVANARAJAN   Prof J I Clarke; Mr A R Townsend
1994   PhD   London, LSHTM   Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in northern areas of Pakistan with particular reference to the reservoir(s)   Mohammed Abdur RAB
1994   PhD   Brunel   Management education and development strategies in Bangladesh   A S M M RAHMAN
1994   PhD   Wales, Swansea   Decentralisation and rural society in Bangladesh: a study of bureaucratic restraints on access in the UPAZILA structure    Mohammed Halibur RAHMAN   Dr C Gerry
1994   DPhil   Oxford, Worcester   India and the north-south politics of global environmental issues: the case of ozone depletion, climate change and loss of biodiversity   Mukund G RAJAN   Dr A J Hurrell
1994   PhD   Kent   Causal factors and transmission mechanisms of inflationary impulses in Sri Lanka, 1970-1989   Purnima RAJAPAKSE   Prof Thirlwall
1994   MPhil   London, SOAS   Remembering Burma: Tamil migrants and memories   Audrey Beatrice Stephanie RAMAMURTHY   Dr N Lindisfarne
1994   PhD   Reading   The analysis of farmer information systems for feeding dairy cattle in two villages of Kerala State, India   S N RAMKUMAR
1994   PhD   City   Perception-production in relation to fronting of velars in Hindi and Marati speaking children   M E RAO
1994   PhD   London, UC   Socio-economic status, channels of recruitment and the rural to urban migration of labour: a case study of the squatter settlements of Delhi, India   Himmat Singh RATNOO
1994   PhD   London, UC   Haemoglobin disorders among the tribal population of Madhya Pradesh, India   P H REDDY
1994   PhD   Cambridge, Sidney   Mohajir subnationalism and the Mohajir Qaumi Movement in Sindh Province, Pakistan   J J RICHARDS   Dr S Corbridge
1994   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Conversion and catholicism in Southern Goa, India   R T ROBINSON   Dr C Humphrey
1994   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Rural labour arrangements in West Bengal, India   Benjamin N ROGALY   Dr B Harriss
1994   PhD   Cambridge, St John’s   The politics of fiscal policy: some reflections on fiscal policy and state intervention in developing economies with special reference to India   R ROY
1994   PhD   Reading   The taxonomy and ecology of the genus Licuala (Palmae)in Malaya   L G SAW
1994   PhD   Cambridge, Clare Hall   Politics in Orissa, 1900-1956: regional identity and popular movements   Jayanta SENGUPTA   Dr R S Chandavarkar
1994   MPhil   Newcastle   Public participation in the Malaysian structure plan system practice, response and impact studies   K SHAMSUDIN
1994   PhD   Aberdeen   Attitudes of tribal people towards social forestry with reference to Madhya Pradesh, India   A SHUKLA
1994   PhD   Manchester   Decentralisation, participation and rural development in Bangladesh: an analysis pf the Upazila system   N A SIDDIQUEE   Dr D Hulme
1994   PhD   Bradford   The political economy of agricultural change in India   Kalim U SIDDIQUI   Dr Carolyn Dennis; Dr Behrooz Morvaridi
1994   PhD   Leicester   Electoral campaigns and the media: the coverage of India’s 1991 general election in the Indian and the British press   Balwinder SINGH   Ms O Linne
1994   DPhil   York   Case and agreement in Hindi: a GB approach   Joga SINGH   Mr M K Verma
1994   PhD   Manchester   Historical relations: representing collective identities. Small group portraiture in eighteenth-century England, British India and America   K S STANWORTH
1994   PhD   London, SOAS   The symbolic construction of the Sri Lankan Hindu Tamil community in Britain   D A TAYLOR
1994   PhD   Leeds   The development of the Bangladesh jute industry since 1971   F TERKELSEN
1994   PhD   Reading   Exploring media non-professionals’ participation in access television: towards a participatory production model for development broadcasting in India   Korula VARGHESE   Dr P Norrish
1994   PhD   London, Goldsmiths’   What the neighbours say: gender and power in two low-income settlemets in Madras   Penny VERA-SANSO   Prof P Caplan
1994   PhD   Queen’s, Belfast   Creation in Santal tribal religion and Christian faith: a study in comparative religion   W WALKER
1994   PhD   Manchester   Growth and adjustment after trade liberalisation: Sri Lanka, 1977-1992   D N WEERAKOON
1994   PhD   London, UC   The management of official records in Sri Lanka and its impact on public administration   Sarath Sisira Kumara WICKRAMANAYAKA
1994   PhD   REading   The solubility of rice straw silica and its use as a silicon source in paddy cultivation   D E WICKRAMASINGHE
1994   PhD   London   Effect of climatic factors on the growth of tea (“Camellia sinensis”)in the low country wet zone of Sri Lanka   Madawala Arachchillage WIJERATNE
1994   PhD   Leeds   Young British Hindu women’s interpretation of the images of womenhood in Hinduism   S M WILKINSON
1994   PhD   Bradford   Interlocking directorates in Hong Kong business organizations: a longitudinal study of their changing patterns   G Y-Y WONG
1994   PhD   London, SOAS   Mission-conversion-dialogue: the process of Christianization of the Richi in south-West Bangladesh   Cosimo ZENE   Dr A Cantlie
1995   PhD   London, King’s   The implications of the Falklands War for the defence of India’s island territories   Biju ABRAHAM   Prof G Till
1995   PhD   Exeter   An investigation into programme factors and providers and providers’ perceptions of family welfare centres in Faisalabad district of Pakistan   A AHMAD
1995   PhD   Exeter   An initiative into programme factors and providers’ perceptions at family welfare centres in Faisalbad district of Pakistan   Ashfaq AHMED
1995   PhD   Wales, Cardiff   Aspects of influence over accounting and accounting for currency devaluation in Bangladesh   J AHMED
1995   PhD   Birmingham   Social relations and migration: a study of post-war migration with particular reference to migration from Bangladesh to Britain   F ALAM
1995   PhD   Hull   Keralites in Abu Dhabi: a study of skilled and unskilled Keralite migrant workers in the city of Abu Dhabi   S A S ALKOBAISI
1995   PhD   Reading   The effect of a prolonged release formulation of bovine somatotropin (sometribove)on milk production of Bos Taurus and dairy crossbred cows in Malaysia   A AZIZAN
1995   PhD   Stirling   Scholarly publishing in Malaysia: a study of marketing environment and influences on readership behaviour   Firdaus Ahmad AZZAM
1995   PhD   Strathclyde   The role of the private sector in the provision of sites and services schemes for low income groups: a case study of Lahore, Pakistan   Ihsan-Ullah BAJWA   P Green
1995   PhD   Open   Crustal evolution and metamorphism in the high-grade terrain of South India   J M BARTLETT
1995   PhD   Lancaster   A study of continuity within the Ramakrishna Math and Mission with reference to the practice of seva, service to humanity   G T BECKERLEGGE
1995   MPhil   Wales   Population planning and its effect upon the development of agricultural policies in India since 1947   Austin BICKERS
1995   PhD   London, SOAS   An Indian cloth painting and its art worlds: perceptions of Orissan “patta” paintings   Helle BUNDGAARD   Dr C Pinney
1995   PhD   London, LSE   Gender, exchange and person in a fishing community in Kerala, South India   Cecilia Jane BUSBY   Dr Henrietta Moore
1995   PhD   Cambridge, Clare Hall   Britain, India and the genesis of the Colombo Plan, 1945-51   Philip J CHARRIER   Prof D A Low
1995   MPhil   Warwick   Such a long journey: the Anglo-Indian literary tradition: a study in duality   Mithu CHATTOPADHYAY
1995   DPhil   Oxford, Somerville   Orientalist themes and English verse in nineteenth century India   Rosinka CHAUDHURI   Dr R Young
1995   MPhil   London, King’s College   So peculiarly formed a corps: the beginnings of Gorkha service with the British    A P (Jim) COLEMAN   Prof B J Bond
1995   PhD   London   The elites of the Maldives: sociopolitical organisation and change   Elizabeth Overton COLTON
1995   PhD   Cambridge, Gonville     Origins, development and organisation of national Antarctic programmes with special reference to the United Kingdom and India   A DEY-NUTTALL
1995   PhD   London   The control of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.)in cowpeas in Sri Lanka: effect of varietal resistance, conventional insecticides and locally available bontanicals   C M D DHARMASENA
1995   PhD   London, SOAS   The Gujerati lyrics of Kavi Dayarambhai   R M J DWYER
1995   PhD   Edinburgh   Community health care the NGO way: an anthropological study of a maternal-child health and family planning programme in rural Bangladesh   R V EBDON   Dr A Good; Dr M C Jedrej
1995   DPhil   Oxford, Balliol   Co-option and exclusion: a study of Indian MPs   Paul C R FLATHER   Dr A F Heath
1995   PhD   Strathclyde   Solar based technology for crop drying in rural Pakistan   Mohammad GHAFFAR   Dr G Zawdie
1995   PhD   Cambridge, St Edmund’s   The enforcement of the zini ordinance by the Federal Shariat Court in the period 1980-1990 and its impact on women   E GIUNCHI   Dr B F Musallam
1995   PhD   London, SOAS   Popular resistance to Zamindari oppression in the Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Northern India, 1920-1960   Kusum GOPAL   Prof D J Arnold
1995   PhD   London, SOAS   Geology in India, 1770-1851: a study in the methods and motivations of a colonial science   Andrew GROUT   Dr P G Robb
1995   PhD   London   Carbon dioxide abatement in an empirical model of the Indian economy: an integration of micro and macro analysis   S GUPTA
1995   DPhil   Oxford   The Kishangarh school of painting, c 1680-1850   N N HAIDAR
1995   PhD   Cambridge, King’s   The implications of resettlement on Vasava identity: a study of a community displaced by the Sardar Sarovar (Narmada)Dam project   R P HAKIM   Mr G P Hawthorn
1995   PhD   Keele   Dimensions and types of Malay family interaction in Malaysia: a humanistic approach   L M H HARUN
1995   PhD   London, LSE   Management practices and business development in Pakistan, 1950-1988   Naveed HASAN   Dr G M Austin
1995   PhD   London, Wye   Factors influencing post-harvest longevity of embul bananas   K S HEWAGE
1995   PhD   Durham   Singapore’s experience in ASEAN: the nature of trade and inward investment   M A HILEY   Dr R J A Wilson
1995   PhD   East London   Women’s right to divorce in rural Bangladesh   Naima HUQ   Mr J Roche; Dr J Cooper; Dr J Eade
1995   MPhil   Wales, Lampeter   Resistance, reformation and rejection: modernity and tradition in ninteenth century Hinduism   S B JACOBS
1995   PhD   London, LSHTM   Gynaecological and mental health of low-income urban women in India   Surinda Kaur Parmar JASWAL
1995   PhD   Edinburgh   Estate Tamil: a morphosyntactic study   Nagita KADRURGAMUWE
1995   PhD   Leeds   Provision of corporate financial information in Bangladesh   A K M Waresul KARIM   Prof P Moizer; Ms H Short
1995   PhD   East London   Changing responses to child labour: the case of female children in the Bangladesh garment industry   Sumaiya KHAIR   Dr H Lim; Prof M Freeman
1995   PhD   London, Imperial   Inclincations towards enterprise – a typology of poor, enterprising and non-enterprising women in India   U E KRAUS-HARPER
1995   PhD   London, SOAS   Metropolitan encounters: a study of Indian students in Britain, 1880-1930   Shompa LAHIRI   Dr P G Robb
1995   PhD   Exeter   How to measure default risk: an empirical study on India’s operations in the loan and bond markets   Geeta LAKSHMI   Mr J Matatko; B Pearson
1995   DPhil   Oxford, Nuffield   Financial development, economic growth and the effect of financial innovation on the demand for money in an open economy: an econometric analysis for Singapore   Lamin LEIGH   Dr J Muellbauer; Prof D F Hendry
1995   PhD   Kent   Structured dependency: lone mothers and social security in Hong Kong   L C LEUNG
1995   PhD   London, RHBNC   Sufism, sufi leadership and modernisation in South Asia since c.1800   Claudia LIEBESKIND   Prof F R C Robinson
1995   PhD   Wales, Swansea   Planning for the participation of vulnerable groups in communal management of forest resources: the case of the Western Ghats forestry projects   Catherine LOCKE   Prof Alan Rew
1995   PhD   Wales, Cardiff   Aspects of urban design with special reference to image and identity in built form – case study of Kuala Lumpur   B S MAHBOB
1995   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Pakistan’s foreign policy, 1971-1981: the search for security   Niloufer Q MAHDI   Dr G Rizvi
1995   DPhil   Oxford, St Peter’s    Impact of highland-lowland interaction on agriculture in the Hunza Valley: the socio-economic transformation of mountain societies   Arif MAHMUD   Prof G C K Peach
1995   DPhil   Oxford, Oriel   Contractual arrangements in Pakistani agriculture : a study of share tenancy in Sindh   Nomaan MAJID   Dr B Harriss
1995   MD   Manchester   Maternal and environmental factors and the development of Pakistani children (6-18 months)   S MAQBOOL
1995   PhD   Nottingham   Resource partitioning and productivity of perennial pigeonpea/groundnut agroforestry systems in India   F M MARSHALL
1995   PhD   Essex   Social factors shaping fertility behaviour in Pakistan   Rukhsana MASOOD   Dr Joan Busfield; Mr? Sullivan
1995   PhD   Kent   Toward an integral ecotheology relevant for India   MATHEW
1995   PhD   Edinburgh   Alexander Duff and the theological and philosophical background to the General Assembly’s mission in Calcutta to 1840   Ian Douglas MAXWELL   Prof A F Walls; Dr A C Ross
1995   PhD   London, SOAS   Tibet and the British Raj, 1904-47: the influence of the Indian political department officers   Alexander Colin McKAY   Dr P G Robb
1995   PhD   Cambridge, New Hall   The politics of nationalism: the cast of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh   A A MOHSIN   Mr G P Hawthorn
1995   PhD   Leicester   Media, state and political violence: the press construction of terrorism in the Indian Pubjab   Vipul MUDGAL   Anders Hansen
1995   PhD   Leicester   Media, state and political violence: the press construction of terrorism in the Indian Punjab   Vipul MUDGAL
1995   PhD   Manchester   An analysis of factors affecting farmers’ participation in two rice irrigation schemes in Sri Lanka   S H MUDIYANSELAGE
1995   PhD   Edinburgh   Evolution of the early Himalayan Foreland Basin in North West India and its relationship to orogenesis   Y M R NAJMAN
1995   PhD   Lancaster   The Mills and Boon memsahibs: women’s romantic Indian fiction, 1877-1947   Dominic OMISSI   Prof J M MacKenzie
1995   PhD   Surrey   Consumption, fiscal policy and endogenous growth: the case of India   I PATNAIK
1995   PhD   Durham   A theological reappraisal of the mission of the Christian church in Tamilnadu in the light of the challenge presented by the Dravida Kazhagam Movement (a secular humanistic)movement   R PAULRAJ
1995   PhD   Bradford   A cointegration analysis of money demand in a developing country: a case study of Pakistan   A QAYYUM
1995   PhD   Edinburgh   A comparative study of native and Pakistani geology research articles   Mujib RAHMAN
1995   PhD   Newcastle   Eco-engineering prtactices in Malaysia   N RAHMAN
1995   PhD   Edinburgh   Activating vs. resetting functional categories in second language acquisition: the acquisition of AGR and TNS in English by Sinhalese first language speakers   Hemamala Vajira RATWATTE
1995   PhD   Edinburgh   George Orwell, the BBC and India: a critical study   Abha S RODRIGUES   Mr G D Carnell; Dr R C Craig
1995   PhD   London, LSE   Socio-cultural changes in an Indian peasant society   Arild Engelsen RUUD   Dr J Harries
1995   PhD   London, UC   Public transport in Kuala Lumpur: a model based approach   A F SADULLAH
1995   MPhil   Loughborough   The macroeconomic impact of foreign capital inflows: a case study of Pakistan   T SAEED
1995   PhD   Strathclyde   The lessons from privatization experience for privatization in Pakistan: from public sector enterprises to monopolistic utilities   Mushtaq A SAJID
1995   PhD   Leicester   Mineralogy, geochemistry and possible industrial applications of illite-smectite rich clays from Karak, Northwestern Pakistan   Akhtar Ali SALEEMI
1995   PhD   Stirling   Small enterprise development in Bangladesh: a study of the nature and effectiveness of support services   J H SARDER
1995   PhD   Cambridge   Histological techniques for estimating age at death from human bone:an Indian case study   A SAXENA
1995   MPhil   Newcastle   An analysis of prices and marketing margins for potatoes and onions in Pakistan   S SHAH
1995   MPhil   Leeds   The development of an environmentally sensitive information system in the water industry in Bangladesh   Mohammad Taslim Uddin SHARIF   Prof T Moizer
1995   PhD   Open   A comparative study of Milton Keynes (UK)and Islamabad (Pakistan)   M I H SIDDIQI   Mr R Thomas; Mr J B Harison
1995   PhD   Newcastle   The reproductive biology and histology of three species of sceractinian corals from the Republic of Maldives, India Ocean   C J SIER
1995   PhD   Wales, Bangor   Economic evaluation of agroforestry, forestry and agriculture projects in Orissa, India: with particular reference to financial profitability and basic needs fulfilment   Jitendra Prasad SINGH   Mr T H Thomas
1995   DPhil   Oxford, Linacre   The impact of migration, environment and economic conditions on the biological growth and physique of Sikhs   Lakhwinder P SINGH   Prof G A Harrison
1995   PhD   London, Inst Ed   Design and standardisation of a developmental test for Indian children: the Indian picture puzzle test   R SINGHANIA
1995   DPhil   Oxford, Wolfson   The stylistic development of the sculpture of Kashmir   John E C SIUDMAK   Mr G J S Sanderson
1995   MPhil   London, LSE   Auctioning the dreams: economy, community and philanthropy in a North Indian city   Roger Graham SMEDLEY   Dr C Fuller; Dr J P Parry
1995   DPhil   Oxford, Wolfson   The stylistic development of the sculpture of Kashmir   J E C SUIDMAK
1995   PhD   Lancaster   I see all the gods in your body: a study of religious doctrine in the Mahabharata   N SUTTON
1995   PhD   Sussex   Utilisation of industrial R & D findings in Malaysia: a case study of selected public research institutions, universities and industry   K THIRUCHELVAM
1995   PhD   Middlesex   A regional power : United States policy in the Indian Ocean and the definition of national security, 1978-1980   Paul TODD   T Putnam; Prof F Halliday
1995   PhD   London, LSE   Sacred grove (kaavu): ancestral land of “landless agricultural labourers” in Kerala, India   Yasushi UCHIYAMADA   Dr C Fuller
1995   PhD   East Anglia   Employment and the small enterprise economy in India: an inquiry into its growth and significance for development   Nalini VITTAL
1995   PhD   Edinburgh   Social control and deviance in Edinburgh’s Pakistani community   Abdul Ali WARDAK
1995   MLitt   Aberdeen   From Banff to Bengal and beyond: the list, travel and writings of a remarkable north-east loon: Robert Wilson, M D. (1787-1871)   Thelma G WATT   Prof R Bridges
1995   phD   Edinburgh   Environmental effects on the growth of broad-leaved trees introduced under pine stands in Sri Lanka   N D R WEERAWARDANE
1995   DPhil   Oxford, Magdalen   Manufactured exports, outward-orientation, and the acquisition of technological capabilities in Sri Lanka, 1997-1989   Ganeshan WIGNARAJA   Dr S Lall
1995   PhD   Birmingham   A study of recent conversion to and from Christianity in the Tamil area of South India   A D C WINGATE
1995   PhD   Bradford   The economic impact of temporary migrant workers remittances on the Pakistan economy: estimates from a macro economic model   K U ZAMAN
1996   MLitt   Oxford, Exeter   The women’s movement in Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s   Nilofer AFRIDI-QAZI   Dr M W Lau
1996   PhD   Leicester   Paleoenvironments, diagenesis and geochemical studies of the Dungan formation (Palaocene)eastern Sulaiman Range, Pakistan   Nazir AHMAD
1996   PhD   Sheffield   A study of changes occurring in valuable aspects ofthe built environment of the core areas of historic settlements in Pakistan   T AHMAD   A Craven
1996   PhD   Open   Approaches to bioclimatic urban design for the tropics with special reference to Dhaka, Bangladesh   K S AHMED
1996   DPhil   Oxford, Linacre   Oral traditions in Ladakh   Monisha AHMED   Dr R Barnes Dr N J Allen
1996   PhD   London, RHBNC   The emergence of Muslim feminism in South Asia, 1920-1960   Azra Asghar ALI   Prof F R C Robinson
1996   MPhil   Liverpool   Molecular epidemiology of human and environmental enterobacteriaceae in rural Bangladesh   K S ANWAR
1996   DPhil   Sussex   The spread of technology and the level of development: a comparative study of steel mills using electric arc furnace technology in India and Britain   S S ATHREYE
1996   PhD   Londond, SOAS   A garland of razors: the life of a traditional musician in contemporary Pakistan   Khalid Manzoor BASRA
1996   PhD   Cambridge, St John’s   Bharat versus India: peasant politics and rural-urban relations in North West India   M J R BENTALL   Dr S E Corbridge
1996   DPhil   Oxford, Wolfson   Four essays on the labour market in India   Sonia R BHALOTRA   Prof S J Nickell
1996   MPhil   York   Women writing India: a study of prose fiction by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, Nayantara Sahgal and Sashi Deshpanda   Shivani BHARGAVA   Dr Joe Bristow
1996   PhD   London, SOAS   A necessary weapon of war: state policies towards propaganda and information in Eastern India, 1939-1945   Sanjoy BHATTACHARYA   Dr P G Robb
1996   PhD   Birmingham   Rich pickings ? the political economy of solid waste management in Calcutta, India   A BOSE   I C Blore
1996   PhD   Glasgow   Cultural strategies of young women of south Asian origin in Glasgow, with special reference to health   H BRADBY
1996   PhD   Cambridge, Corpus   European authority and caste disputes in South India, 1650-1850   N BRIMNES   Prof C A Bayly
1996   PhD   London, SOAS   Contemporary uses of Vastu Vidya, the traditional Indian knowledge of architecture   Vibhuti CHAKRABARTI   Dr Giles Tillotson
1996   PhD   Strathclyde   Waterlogging and salinity in the Sukkur region of Sindh: causes and remedies   Mohammed Nawaz CHAND   Prof A I Clunies Ross
1996   PhD   London, SOAS   Slavery and the household in Bengal, 1770-1880   Indrani CHATTERJEE   Prof D J Arnold

1996   PhD   Wales, Aberystwyth   A comparative analysis of centre-local relations in government with special reference to Pakistan and Britain   Ishtiaq Ahmed CHOUDHRY
1996   PhD   Dundee   Audit expectations gap in the public sector of Bangladesh   R R CHOWDHURY
1996   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   Gujjars in Garhwal – parallel lives: situational identity and exchange   B DALAL   Dr C Humphrey
1996   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   The Europeans of Calcutta, 1858-1883   Damayanti DATTA   Prof C A Bayley
1996   MPhil   Reading   The effectiveness of different radio programme formats for the dissemination of information on safe use of insecticides in paddy cultivation in Mahaweli system C in Sri Lanka   N DE SILVA
1996   PhD   Cranfield   Estimating groundwater recharge with limited resources with special emphasis on spatial variability: a study in the dry zone of Sri Lanka   Roshan Priyantha DE SILVA   R C Carter
1996   PhD   London, LSE   Religion and nationalism in India: the case of Punjab, 1960-1990   Harnick DEOL   Prof A Smith
1996   MPhil   London, SOAS   Love and mysticism in the Punjabi Qissas of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries   Jeevan Singh DEOL   Prof C Shackle
1996   PhD   Lancaster   The development of Bhuddist monastic education in Sri Lanka with special reference to the modern period   Naimbala DHAMMADASSI   Prof G Samuel; Dr H Kawanami
1996   PhD   Strathclyde   Solar-based technology for crop drying in Pakistan   M G DOUGGAR
1996   PhD   Lancaster   Touring the Taj: tourist practices and narratives at the Taj Mahal and in Agra   T EDENSOR
1996   PhD   London   Indian music and the west: a critical history    GJ FARRELL
1996   PhD   Hull   Standarisation versus adaptation of marketing strategies: British multinationals in Pakistan   G GHOUS
1996   PhD   Hull   The religious and political thought of Swami Vivekananda   A HARILELA
1996   PhD   Leicester   Cross cultural interpretatioins of television: a phenomenonological hermeneutic enquiry [India]   Ramaswami HARINDRANATH   Mr R Dickinson
1996   PhD   Cambridge, Corpus   Pre-cursors to post-colonialism : Leonard Woolf, E. J. Thompson, and E. M. Forster and the rhetoric of English India   R B P HARRISON   Prof J B Beer
1996   PhD   Wales, Bangor   Farmers’ knowledge and the development of complex agroforestry practices in Sri Lanka   H HITINAYAKE
1996   PhD   Aberdeen   Effects of periodic drought on Acacia magum Willd. and Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn.ex Benth growing on sand tailings in Malaysia   A L HOE
1996   DPhil   Sussex   Replacing market with government: the Indian experience in credit control   R KOHLI
1996   DPhil   Oxford, Wadham   Indian civil servants, 1892-1937: an age of transition   Takehiko HONDA   Prof J M Brown; Dr M C Curthoys
1996   PhD   London, SOAS   Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, 1880-1932: the status of Muslim women in Bengal   H Y HOSSAIN
1996   PhD   East London   Born to be wed: Bangladeshi women and the Muslim marriage contract   Shahnaz HUDA   Dr K Green; Ms A Stewart
1996   PhD   Manchester   Social, psychological and economic factors in the growth of a small firm: a study of the small scale furniture and footwear firms in Pakistan   S A HUSSAIN
1996   PhD   Cambridge, Jesus   Fluvial sedimentology of the Kamial Formation (Miocene)Himalayan Foreland, Pakistan   J A HUTT   Dr P F Friend
1996   DPhil   York   Development through conservation: a sustainable development strategy with special reference to a heritage zone in Madras   R V ISIAH
1996   PhD   Reading   Improvement of Erythrina variegata L.: a multipurpose fast growing tree species in Bangladesh   S ISLAM
1996   PhD   East Anglia   Constraints to the adoption of modern rice varieties during the Aman season in Bangladesh   Md Abdul JABBER   Dr Richard Palmer-Jones
1996   PhD   London, UC   Modern agricultural production and the environment: the case of wheat production in the Indian Punjab, 1971-1988   Amballur Jospeh JAMES
1996   PhD   Cambridge, Newnham   Agro-ecological knowledges and forest managment in the Jharkhand, India: tribal development or populist impasse ?   S L JEWITT   Dr T P Bayliss-Smit
1996   PhD   Glasgow   A study of human rights organizations and issues in India   M JHA
1996   PhD   London, UC   Early iron and steel in Sri Lanka: a study of the Samanalawewa area   G JULEFF
1996   PhD   London, LSHTM   Areal variations in use of modern contraceptives in rural Bangladesh   Nashid KAMAL   A Sloggett
1996   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   A longitudinal anthropometric study of mother-infants pairs in Dhaka, Bangladesh   E KARIM
1996   PhD   Southampton   Development of dietary assessment methods for use in the South Asian community   N A KARIM
1996   DPhil   Oxford, St Edmund Hall   Capital market liberalization in Pakistan: 1980-1992   Bashir A KHAN   Mr C J Cowton
1996   PhD   Bradford   Public sector accounting and financial reporting oractices in Bangladesh   M A S KHAN
1996   PhD   Leicester   Genesis of stratabound scheelite and stratiform Pb-Zn mineralisation, Chitral, Northern Pakistan, and its comparison with South West England tin-tungsten deposits   Mohammad Zahid KHAN
1996   PhD   Wales, Swansea   A political economy of forest resource use: case studies of social forestry in Bangladesh   Niaz Ahmed KHAN   Prof A Rew
1996   PhD   Loughborough   An analysis of risk sharing in Islamic finance with reference to Pakistan   T KHAN
1996   PhD   Leeds   Central-local government relations in Pakistan since 1979   T KHAN   Dr Owen Hartley
1996   PhD   London, UC   Economic values of resource depreciation and environmental degradation in Bangladesh   Fahmida Akter KHATUN
1996   PhD   Warwick   Analysis of tariff and tax policies in Bangladesh: a computable general equilibrium approach   B H KHONDKER
1996   PhD   London, UC   Subsistence and petty-capitalist landlords: an enquiry into the petty commodity production of rental housing in low-income settlements in Madras, India   S KUMAR
1996   PhD   London, LSE   Civil-military relationships in British and independent India, 1918-1962, and coup prediction theory   Apurba KUNDU   Prof T J Nossiter
1996   PhD   London, King’s   Marketing and economic development: a case study of maize marketing in Mardan District, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan   Teshome LEMMA   R Black; M Byron; M E Frost
1996   PhD   London, Imperial   The effects of ozone and nitrogen dioxide on Pakistan wheat (“Triticum aestivum”l.)and rice (“Oryza sativa”L) cultivars   R MAGGS
1996   PhD   Keele   The European Community and South Asia: development, economic cooperation and trade policies with India, Bangladesh and Bhutan, 1973-1993   M MARWAHA   Christopher Brewin
1996   PhD   Hull   Corporate management styles of Malaysian parent companies in managing their local subsidiaries in the manufacturing sector   N A MAZELAN
1996   PhD   Cambridge   Fertility and frailty: demographic change and the health and status of Indian women   K McNAY
1996   MPhil   Leicester   Constraints to professionalism in Sri Lankan newspaper journalism   Mahim MENDIS   Anders Hansen
1996   PhD   Wales, Bangor   The ecology and management of traditional home gardens in Bangladesh   M MILLAT-E-MUSTAFA
1996   PhD   East London   Land reform and landlessness in Bangaldesh   M A MOMEN
1996   PhD   London, King’s   Passing it on: the army in India and the development of frontier warfare, 1849-1947   Timothy Robert MOREMAN   Prof B J Bond
1996   MPhil   London, SOAS   Legal and penal institutions within a middle class perspective in colonial Bengal, 1854-1910   Anindita MUKHOPADHYAY   Prof D J Arnold
1996   DPhil   Oxford   Space, class and rhetoric in Lahore   R McG MURPHY
1996   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity    The crisis of the Burmese State and the foundations of British colonial rule in Upper Burma (1853-1900)   T MYINT-U   Prof C A Bayly
1996   PhD   Nottingham   Open distance learning aspects of adult basic educastion in the UK and their implications for Kerala (India)   Chandrasekharan NAIR-MADHAVEN   W J Morgan
1996   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   Chidambaram – city and people in the Tamil tradition   V NANDA   Dr F R Allchin
1996   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   Chidambaram: temple and city in the Tamil tradition   Vivek NANDA   Dr F R Allchin
1996   PhD   London, Inst Ed   Manpower planning in Pakistan: a study of its assumptions concerning the education-occupation relationship   H K NIAZI
1996   PhD   Southampton   Exploring a bottom up approach to networking for open learning in India   Asad Mohd NIZAM   Dr A P Hart
1996   MPhil   East Anglia   Contradictions of organisation: a case study of a rural development NGO in Rajasthan, India   Jane Elizabeth OLIVER
1996   PhD   Reading   Studies of black pepper (Piper nigrum L)virus disease in Sri Lanka   D PADMINI DE SILVA
1996   PhD   Sheffield   The role of small towns and intermediate cities in regional development in India   A PANNEERSELVAM   C L Chogull
1996   PhD   Birmingham   The word of God is not bound: the necounter of Sikhs and Christians in India and the United Kingdom   J M PARRY
1996   DPhil   Oxford, Green College   Regeneration and sucession following shifting cultivation of dry tropical deciduous forests of Sri Lanka   Gamaralalage A D PERERA   Dr N D Brown; Dr P S Savill
1996   PhD   London   Bureaucrats, development and decentralisation in India: the bureau-shaping model applied to Panchayati in Karnataka, 1987-1991   H J PERRY
1996   PhD   London, LSHTM   Linear growth retardation (stunting)in Sri Lankan children and the role of dietary calcium   Ambegoda Geekiyanage Damayanthi PIYADASA
1996   DPhil   Sussex   English studies and the articulation of the nation in India   P K PODDAR
1996   MPhil   REading   Village organisations and extension: a case study of Balochistan rural support programme   A R QAZI
1996   PhD   Cambridge   Lactational amenorrhoea, infant feeding patterns and behaviours in Bangladeshi women   M RAHMAN
1996   PhD   Cambridge   Relation between energetics, body composition and length of post-partum amenorrhoea in Bangladeshi women   M RASHID
1996   MPhil   Leicester   Thermobarometry of the garnet bearing rocks of the Jijal complex (western Himalayas, northern Pakistan)   Lucie RINGUETTE
1996   PhD   London, SOAS   The devotional poetry of Svami Haridasa   Ludmila Lupu ROSENSTEIN   Dr R Snell
1996   PhD   London, SOAS   Local perceptions of environmental change in a tropical coastal wetland: the case of Koggala Lagoon, Galle, Sri Lnaka   V N SAMARASEKARA
1996   PhD   Newcastle   The production of seed potato (Solanum tuberosum L)tubers from stem cuttings in Sri Lanka   P W S M SAMARASINGHE
1996   PhD   London, SOAS   Mangrove ecology in Sri Lanka   V SAMARESKARA   Prof P Stott
1996   PhD   London, King’s   Agrarian impacts on manufacturing expansion in the Indian Punjab   Jagpal Kaur SANGHA   Dr L Hoggart
1996   DPhil   York   A sociolinguistic study of Panjabi Hindus in Southall: language maintenance and shift   Mukul SAXENA   C Wallace
1996   PhD   Cambridge, Darwin   Political alignments, the state and industrial policy in Pakistan: a comparison of performance in the 1960s and 1980s   A U SAYEED   Dr M H Khan
1996   PhD   Manchester   The role of agriculture in the Indian economy: an analysis using a general equilibrium model based on a social accounting matrix   Sabyasachi SEN   Prof D Colman; Dr A Ozanne
1996   PhD   London, SOAS   Famine, state and society in North India, c.1800-1840   Sanjay Kumar SHARMA   Dr P G Robb
1996   PhD   Wales, Bangor   Project appraisal under risk, threat and uncertainty: a case study of the afforestation project of Bihar, India   Devendra Kumar SHUKLA   Dr C Price
1996   PhD   London   Pakistan’s arms procurement decision-making   A SIDDIQA
1996   PhD   London, SOAS   Political prisoners in India, 1920-1977   Ujjwal Kumar SINGH   Dr Taylor
1996   PhD   Liverpool   Molecular and seroepidemiological studies of rotavirus from children in Bangladesh   S TABASSUM
1996   PhD   Beradford   Environmental education and distance teaching: a case study from Pakistan   F TAHIR
1996   MPhil   Liverpool John Moores   The demand for money in Pakistan: simple-sum versis Divisia   S M TARIQ
1996   PhD   Cambridge, Corpus   Property rights and the issue of power: the case of inland fisheries in Bangladesh   Kazi Ali TOUFIQUE   Dr M H Khan
1996   MPhil   Open   Gender issues and social change: evaluating programme impact in rural Bangladesh   A M VAN SWINDEREN   Mr A Thomas
1996   PhD   Cranfield   The performance in public enterprises in a developing country: Sri Lanka’s experience in perspective   Tillaka S WEERAKOON   Prof Chris Brewster
1996   PhD   Reading   Evaluation of the effectiveness of radio and television in changing the knowledge and attitudes of cinnamon growers in Sri Lanka   J WEERASINGHE
1996   PhD   Manchester   Rationales of accounting controls in a developing context: a mode of production theory anaysis of two Sri Lankan case studies   D P WICKRAMASINGHE   Prof T Hopper
1996   PhD   Cambridge, St Cath’s   Socialist development ? Economic and political change in rural West Bengal under the Left Front   G O WILLIAMS   Dr S Corbridge
1996   PhD   Bristol   The politics of caste in India with special reference to the Dalit Christian campaign for scheduled caste reservations   Andrew K J WYATT   Dr D Turner; Dr V Hewitt
1997   PhD   Stirling   Strategic planning and strategic awareness in small enterprise: a study of small engineering firms in Bangladesh   A F M ABDUL MOYEEN
1997   PhD   Loughborough   A strategy for managing brickwork in Sri Lanka   W V K M ABEYSEKERA   Dr A Thorpe
1997   PhD   East Anglia   Sex ratio imbalances in India: a disaggregated analysis   S B AGNIHOTRI
1997   PhD   Lancaster   Gender roles and fertility: a comparative analysis of women from Britain and Pakistan   S AHMAD
1997   PhD   Nottingham   Modelling the impact of agricultural policy at the farm level in the Punjab, Pakistan   Z AHMAD
1997   PhD   London, Imperial   Particulate air pollution and respiratory morbidity in New Delhi, India   S AKBAR
1997   PhD   East London   Keeping a wife at the end of a stick: law and wife abuse in Bangladesh   Nusrat AMEEN   Dr Kate Green; Ms N Lacey
1997   PhD   Birmingham   The generation of a tool for screening the early grammatical development of Bangla-speaking children and the potential useof this instrument in classes of hearing-impaired children   N ANAM
1997   PhD   Durham   A mission for India: Dr Ellen Farrer and India, 1891-1933   Imogen S ANDERSON   A J Heesom
1997   DPhil   Sussex   Changes in poverty and inequality in Pakistan during the period of structural adjustment (1987-88 to 1990-91)   T ANWAR
1997   PhD   Cranfield   Sustainable farming systems and the role of change agents: Moneragala District, Sri Lanka   J P ATAPATTU
1997   PhD   Edinburgh   Common property resource management in Haryana State, India: analysis of the impact of participation in the management of common property resources and the relative effectiveness of common property regimes   Pasumarthy Venkata Subhash Chandra BABU
1997   MPhil   Oxford, Nuffield   Recognising minorities: a study of some aspects of the Indian Constituent Assembly debates, 1946-1949   Rochana BAJPAI   Dr N Gooptu; Prof M S Freeden
1997   PhD   London, SOAS   The transformation of domesticity as an ideology: Calcutta, 1880-1947   Sudeshna BANERJEE   Prof D J Arnold
1997   PhD   Cambridge, Darwin   Decentralising forest management in India: the case of Van Panchayats in Kumaun   P C BAUMANN   Mr G P Hawthorn
1997   PhD   London, LSE   Households, livelihoods and the urban environmental social development perspectives on solid waste management in Faisalabad, Pakistan   J D BEALL
1997   PhD   London, SOAS   Tribe and state in Waziristan, 1849-83   Hugh BEATTIE   Prof M E Yapp
1997   DPhil   Sussex   A study of small-scale community tank irrigation systems in the dry zone of Sri Lanka   Saleha BEGUM   Dr M Moore
1997   PhD   Aberdeen   The “empire of the raj:” conflict and cooperation with Britain over the shape and function of the Indian sphere in Eastern Africa and the Middle East, 1850s-1930s   Robert J BLYTH   Prof R C Bridges; Ms Rosemary M Tyzack
1997   PhD   Manchester   Comparative human resource managment: a cross national study of India and Britain   P S BUDHWAR
1997   PhD   Wales, Lampeter   Decision making and idjtihad in Islamic environments: a comparative study of Pakistan, Malaysia, Singapore and the United Kingdom   G L R BUNT
1997   DPhil   Oxford, St Hilda’s   A history of the trade to South Asia of Macmillan   Co and Oxford University Press, 1875-1900   Rimi B CHATTERJEE   Mr M Turner; Mr L W St Clair
1997   PhD   East Anglia   Innovation paths in developing country agriculture: true potato seed in India, Egypt and Indonesia   a CHILVER
1997   PhD   Cambridge, Clare Hall   From nabob to sahib: the construction of the British body in India, c.1800-1914   Elizabeth M COLLINGHAM   Prof C A Bayley
1997   PhD   London, UC   Of moths and candle flames: the aesthetics of fertility and childbearing in the Northern areas of Pakistan   Teresa Mary Helen COLLINS   Dr N Redclift; Dr Murray Last
1997   PhD   London, UC   Environmental aspects of industrial location policy in India   Mala DAMODARAN
1997   PhD   Cambridge, Pembroke   A comparative analysis of sharecropping and mudaraba business in Pakistan: a study of PLS in the context of the new theory of the firm   M H A DAR   Dr A M M McFarquhar
1997   PhD   Open   Multiple realities, multiple meanings: a reception analysis of television and nationhood in India   S DAS
1997   PhD   Portsmouth   Control of mycotoxins in major food commodities in Bangladesh   M DAWLATANA
1997   PhD   Liverpool   Evidence based decision making and managerial chaos in population displacement emergencies: a case study of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh, 1992-93   P M DISKETT
1997   PhD   Hull   An investigation into effective management structure for tuna resources in the West Indian Ocean   EDALY
1997   PhD   London, External   Parasitical clinical and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh   Md A EL-MASUM
1997   PhD   Manchester   Production, consumption and labour supply linkages of farm households in the rice-wheat zone of Punjab, Pakistan   U FAROOQ
1997   PhD   Aberdeen   An economic analysis of factors affecting the adoption of coconut-based intercropping systems in Sri Lanka   M T N FERNANDO
1997   PhD   Edinburgh   Varieties of pilgrimage experience: religious journeying in central Kerala   Alexander David Hanson GATH
1997   PhD   Warwick   Against purity, identity, Western feminism and Indian complications   I GEDALOF
1997   PhD   Oxford Brookes   Spatial setting for household income generation: The case of intermediate sized cities, Bangladesh   Shayer GHAFUR
1997   PhD   Cambridge, Clare   Literature, language and print in Bengal, c.1780-1900   Anindita GHOSH   Dr R O’Hanlon
1997   PhD   Cambridge, Darwin   Conservation ecology of primates and human impact in North East India   A K GUPTA   Dr D J Chivers
1997   DPhil   Oxford, New College   The monetary system of Mughal India   Syed N HAIDER   Dr D A Washbrook
1997   PhD   London   Diet, exercise and CHD risk: a comparison of children in the UK and Pakistan   Rubina HAKEEM
1997   PhD   London, LSE   India’s information technology industry: adapting to globalisation and policy change in the 1990s   Gopalakrishnan HARINDRANATH
1997   PhD   Cambridge, Girton   State and local power relations in the towns of Gujerat, Surat and Cambray, c.1572-1740   F HASAN   Dr G Johnson
1997   PhD   Exeter   The organisation, development and management of the population training programmes: a case study in Bangladesh   Md Akhter HOSSAIN   Dr A Ankomah; C Allison
1997   PhD   Reading   Involving women in the process of rural development: a project case study from Balochistan, Pakistan   U HUBNERR
1997   MPhil   London, Goldsmith’s   Significant other: Anglo Indian female authors, 1880-1914   Karyn Marie HUENEMANN   Dr B Moore-Gilbert
1997   PhD   Cambridge, Queens’   Public housing in Hong Kong   E C M HUI   Dr B J Pearce
1997   PhD   East London   Law as a site of resistance: recourse to the law by “garments women” in Bangladesh   Farmin ISLAM   Dr Hilary Lim; Prof J Cooper
1997   PhD   Middlesex   The impact of flooding and methods of assessment in urban areas of Bangladesh   K N ISLAM
1997   DPhil   Sussex   Democratic adjustment: explaining the political sustainability of economic reform in India    Robert S JENKINS   Prof J Manor
1997   PhD   Cambridge, Newnham   Labour and nationalism in Sholapur: conflict, confrontation and control in a Deccan city, Western India, 1918-39   M N KAMAT   Dr R S Chandavakar
1997   PhD   London, LSE   Political communication in India   Kavita KARAN   Prof T J Nossiter
1997   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   The social history of the Rajput clans in colonial North India circa 1800-1900   Malavika KASTURI   Prof C A Bayley
1997   PhD   Aberdeen   Sustainability of small-holder sugar cane based production systems in Sri Lanka   Adhikari P KEERTHIPALA
1997   PhD   Manchester   The market for local capital for small firms in Bangladesh: loan evaluation, monitoring and contracting practices   Mohammed Hassanul Abedin KHAN   P Taylor
1997   PhD   Reading   Improving precision of agricultural field experiments in Pakistan   M I KHAN
1997   PhD   London, Wye   The mango production and marketing system in Sindh Pakistan: constraints and opprtunities   A M KHUSHK
1997   PhD   Aberdeen   Factors influencing adoption of farm level tree planting in social forestry in Orissa, India   A K MAHAPATRA
1997   PhD   Bradford   The quality of higher education in Pakistan: an exploration into the quality of curriculum taught in the universities   M J MALIK
1997   PhD   Surrey   Management consultancies in developing countries: strategies for a competetive era – the case of Pakistan   S H MALLICK
1997   PhD   Cambridge, St John’s   Non-seccessionist regionalism in India: the demand for a separate state of Uttarakhand   E E MAWDSLEY   Dr S E Corbridge
1997   PhD   Cambridge   Sadhana and salvation: soteriology in Ramanuja and John Wesley   P R MEADOWS
1997   PhD   Wales, Cardiff   The unit head nurse in Pakistani hospitals: current and desired levels of practice   G P MILLER
1997   PhD   Edinburgh   The lunatic asylum in British India, 1857-1880: colonialism, medicine and power   James Henry MILLS   Dr C N Bates; Dr P J Bailey
1997   PhD   London, SOAS   The making of a cultural identity: language, literature and gender in Orissa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries   Pragati MOHAPATRA   Dr P G Robb
1997   PhD   Leicester   Conceptualising post-colonial policing: an analysis and application of policing public order   S C MUKHOPADHYAY
1997   DPhil   Sussex   Small firm industrial districts in Pakistan   Khalid M NADVI   Dr H Schmitz
1997   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   British and American Army counterinsurgency learning during the Malaysian emergency and the Vietnam War   J A M NAGL
1997   PhD   London, External   Constitutional breakdown and the judiciary in Pakistan   M F NASEEM
1997   PhD   Sheffield   The external environment of housing in the third world: sustainability and user satisfaction in planned and unplanned low-income housing in Lahore, Pakistan   N NAZ
1997   PhD   London, UC   Dynamics of urban spatial and formal changes of old Dhaka: a developmental influence on a historical city of the Third World   Farida NILUFAR   Alan Penn
1997   PhD   London, SOAS   The Hindi public sphere, 1920-1940   Francesca ORSINI   Dr A S Kalsi
1997   PhD   London, InstChild Health   Iodine deficiency in the Northern Pujab of Pakistan   M POULTON
1997   PhD   REading   Studies on weed management during early establishment of tea in low-country of Sri Lanka   K G PREMATILAKA
1997   PhD   Reading   The effect of defoliation of vetch, barley and their mixtures on forage yield, quality and residual effects on succeeding crops in the rainfed areas of Pakistan   I A QAMAR
1997   PhD   Cambridge, Lucy    Shifting culture in the global terrain: cultural identity constructions amongst British Hindu Punjabis   D S RAJ   Dr S N Bensen
1997   PhD   Manchester   The rural poor and technological change: an enquiry into agricultural extention in Sri Lanka   T T RANASINGHE   Dr J Mullen
1997   PhD   Bradford   Environmental education and agricultural education in Pakistan   G RASUL
1997   PhD   London, SOAS   Social history of North Bengal, c.1870-1949   Rubhajyoti RAY   Dr P G Robb
1997   PhD   Cambridge, St Cath’s   Indian elites, urban space and the restructuring of Ahmedabad city, 1890-1947   Siddhartha RAYCHAUDHURI   Prof C A Bayly
1997   PhD   City   Military rule and the media: a study of Bangladesh    REZWAN-UL-ALAM
1997   PhD   London, LSE   The Kalbelias of Rajasthan: Jogi Nath snake charmers, an ethnography   Miriam ROBERTSON   Dr J Parry; Dr J Woodburn
1997   MPhil   Open   The role of caste in prostitution: culture and violence in the life histories of prostitutes in India   M R ROZARIO
1997   PhD   Hull   A socio-economic assessment of collective choices in the coastal trawl fishery of Malaysia   K H SALIM
1997   PhD   London, LSHTM   Contraception following birth in Bangladesh   S M SALWAY   Prof J Cleland
1997   PhD   Nottingham   People’s participation in community development and community work activities: a case study in a planned village settlement in Malaysia   Asnarulkhadi Abu SAMAH
1997   PhD   Bristol   A basket of resources: women’s resistence to domestic violence in Calcutta   P SEN
1997   MPhil   Reading   Evaluation of adoption levels of innovations in coffee in relation to technology transfer process in the Central Province of Sri Lanka   M A P K SENEVIRATNE
1997   PhD   Kent   Choice and collection of agricultural survey data in Punjab and its use in planning improved food supply   Javid SHABBIR   Mr G M Clarke
1997   DPhil   Sussex   Participatory village resource management: case study of Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP), India   Parmesh SHAH   Dr M T Howes
1997   PhD   London, SOAS   The formation of the Indo-European telegraph line: Britain, the Ottoman Empire and Persia, 1855-1865   Sulieman SHAHVAR   R M Burrell
1997   PhD   Cambridge, Emmanuel   The development of an Indian nuclear doctrine since 1980   W P S SIDHU   Dr I Clark
1997   PhD   Leeds   Gender and nation in selected contemporary writing from Sri Lanka, India and Pakistan   N M S SILVA
1997   PhD   York   Changing attitudes to design with nature: the urban Indian context   P SINGH
1997   PhD   Cambridge, Emmanuel   Pollution and environmental policy in the Ganga Basin: a case study of heavy metal pollution by tanneries near Kanpur, India   S SINHA   Dr K S Richards
1997   PhD   East Anglia   Framing the nation: languages of “modernity” in India   Ajanta SIRCAR
1997   PhD   London, UC   Islamic anthropology and religious practice among Muslims in a southern Sri Lankan town   Llyn Frances SMITH   Prof B Kapferer
1997   PhD   Sussex   The formal and informal sector of solid waste management in Hyderabad, India   Marielle SNEL   Dr T Binns
1997   PhD   London, UC   Urban development and the information technology industry: a study of Bangalore, India   Sampath SRINIVAS   Ms Julie Davila
1997   PhD   London   Land policies in Delhi: their contribution to unauthorised land development   K SRIRANGAN
1997   PhD   Southampton   Coronary heart disease, diabetes, serum lipid concentrations and lung function in relation to fetal growth in South India   C E STEIN
1997   PhD   Open   The involvement of the Church of Pakistan in development   P SULTAN
1997   PhD   Salford   Off-farm activities in India: a case stury of rural househlds in Rurka Kalan Development Block, Punjab, c. 1961-1993   S S SUPRI
1997   PhD   Cambridge, Robinson   Gandhara art in the Swat Valley, Pakistan: a study based on the Peshawar University collection   M F SWATI   Dr J R Knox
1997   PhD   Reading   The compound verb in Assamese   J TAMULI
1997   MPhil   Newcastle   Socio-economic problems of second genertion settelrs in Mahaweli irigation settlement in Sri Lanka   T M P B TENNAKOON
1997   PhD   London, SOAS   The political economy of Burma   TIN MAUNG MAUNG THAN   Prof R Taylor
1997   PhD   Warwick   Reconstructing the history of women’s participation in the nationalist movement in India, 1905-1945: a study of women activitists inUttar Prqdesh   Suruchi THAPAR-BJORKERT   Dr C Wolkowitz; Ms Joanna Liddle
1997   PhD   London, LSE   Spiritual communities in India   Dimitrios THEODOSSOPOULOS   Dr P Loizos
1997   DPhil   Oxford, New   Rajput painting in Mewar   A S TOPSFIELD
1997   PhD   Manchester   The role of management control systems in privatisation: a labour process analysis of a Bangladeshi case study   S N UDDIN
1997   PhD   Cambridge, Clare Hall   Distribution improving development policies for Bangladesh: applying the equilibrium framework   W J A VAN DER GEEST   Prof D M G Newbery
1997   MPhil   City   Women, gender and news values: a case study of Bangladesh   F R VEENA
1997   PhD   Kingston   Miocene-aged extension within the main mantle thrust zone, Pakistan Himalaya   K J VINCE   Dr P Treloar; Dr J Grocott
1997   PhD   London, SOAS   The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan   M A WAGHA
1997   PhD   Cambridge, King’s   Worth its weight: gold, women and value in North West India   H WARD   Dr C Humphrey
1997   PhD   London, Birkbeck   Colonialism and culture in nineteenth century British India   Caroline L WEAVER
1997   PhD   Cambridge   Hedgerow intercropping for soil improvement in Sri Lanka   S M WEERASINGHE
1997   PhD   London, LSHTM   Control of anopheline vectors in a gem mining area in Sri Lanka   A M G M YAPABANDARA
1998   PhD   Liverpool   Malaria and malarial control in Jeli Peninsular Malaysia   M R ABDULLAH
1998   PhD   Reading   The management practices and organisational culture of large Malaysian construction contractors   R ABU BAKER
1998   MPhil   Aberdeen   The determination of sheep and goat prices in the markets of Balochistan – Pakistan   M AFZAL
1998   PhD   London, SOAS   Litigating in the name of the people: stresses and strains of the development of public interest litigation in Bangladesh   Naim AHMED
1998   PhD   London, UC   An approach for the prevention of thalassaemia in Pakistan   S AHMED
1998   PhD   Leeds   Foreign direct investment in Pakistan   M AKHTAR   Hugo Radice
1998   PhD   Durham   Water rationality: mediating the Indus Waters Treaty   U Z ALAM   Dr J D Rigg
1998   PhD   Bath   Fish consumption behaviour in Bangladesh   Zulfiqar ALI   Prof Chris Heady; Dr J A McGregor
1998   DPhil   Oxford   Operationalizing Amartya Sen’s capability approach to human development: a framework for identifying valuable capabilities   Sabina ALKIRE
1998   PhD   Reading   The impact of Anand Pattern Cooperative Societies on the status of women in dairying households in Kerala, India   S S ANIL
1998   PhD   London, SOAS   The politics of time: “primitives” and the writing of history in colonial Bengal   Prathama BANERJEE   Prof D J Arnold
1998   PhD   Bristol   Scripture as empowerment for liberation and justice: the experience of Christian and Muslim women in Bangaldesh   Mukti BARTON   Prof U King
1998   PhD   Nottingham   The protection of human rights in Islamic Republic of Pakistan with special reference to Islamic Shari’ah under 1973 Constitution   A H BOKHARI
1998   PhD   Wales, Cardiff   A comparison of vocational schools and industrial training institutes in Malaysia   A BRAHIM
1998   PhD   London, SOAS   The Nayak temple complex: architecture and ritual in southern Tamilnadu, 1550-1700   Crispin Peter C BRANFOOT   Dr G Tillotson
1998   PhD   Bristol   Studies in early Indian Madhyamaka epistemology   David F BURTON   Dr P Williams; Dr R Gethin
1998   PhD   Cambridge   Agency, animacy and personification in “A passage to India”   R BUZZA
1998   MPhil   Birmingham   Identifying the requirements of a parent education programme for the primary prevention of child physical abuse in the Indian State of Maharashtra   M CAESAR
1998   PhD   Birmingham   Recent structural reforms in India: the role of the government   S CHATTERJEE
1998   PhD   Manchester   Gender implications of industrial reforms and adjustment in the manufacturing sector of Bangladesh   Salma CHAUDHURI ZOHIR   Ms D Elson
1998   PhD   Wales, Swansea   Order and diversity: representing and assisting organisational learning in non government aid organisations [Bangladesh]   Richard J DAVIES   Prof A Rew
1998   PhD   Kent   Law, nation and cosmology in Sri Lanka: deconstruction and the failure of closure   B R DE SILVE WIJEYERATNE
1998   PhD   Cambridge, Darwin   Muslim women in colonial North India, c.1920-1947: politics, law and community identity   Karin A DEUTSCH   Dr R O’Hanlon
1998   PhD   Bath   Factors influencing the growth of sustainable people’s organisations at grassroots level: the case of Caritas DEEDS and Sangathan in Bangladesh   Benedict D’ROZARIO
1998   PhD   Aberdeen   South Asia: a case study of a subordinate internaltional system approach with a speicla reference fo India’s security policy during the Cold War   B DUSADEEISARIYAWONG
1998   PhD   London   Childhood cataract in South India: aetiology, management and outcome   M B ECKSTEIN
1998   PhD   Leeds   Neighbourhood perceptiopns of health and the value placed on health care deliverers in the slums of Mumbai   Nick EMMEL   Dr Ray Bush; J Soussan
1998   PhD   Strathclyde   Patrick Geddes, education and society in colonial India   Michael EYRE   Prof B R Tomlinson
1998   PhD   London, LSE   Migrants to citizens: changing orientations among Bangladeshis of Tower Hamlets, London   K S GAVRON
1998   PhD   Bradford   Evaluating the performance of public infrastructure: the case of electric power and telecommications in Pakistan   A G GHAFOOR
1998   PhD   Bradford   Budget deficits and the economy: the macro-economic effects of budget deficits in Sri Lanka, 1978-1996   Nandana Wijesiri GOONEWARDENA   Prof C Kirkpatrick; Mr Roland Clarke
1998   MPhil   Bradford   An assessment of the survival of dairy residues associated with archaeological and ethnographic ceramics: GC and GC/MS analysis of lipid residues extracted from archaeological (Bronze Age Harappa)and ethnographic (modern Pakistan and India)ceramic vessels   S M GRAYSON
1998   PhD   Southampton   Household structure, health and mortality in three Indian states   Paula L GRIFFITHS   Dr P Hinde
1998   PhD   London, Goldsmiths   Local politics in the Suru Valley of northern India   Nicola GRIST   Dr Sophie Day
1998   PhD   London, LSHTM   The impact of peer counsellers on breast feeding practices in Dhaka, Bangladesh   Rukhsana HAIDER

1998    PhD    Oxford Brookes    Spatial setting of manufacturing activities in the metropolitan cities of developing countries: the example of Dhaka, Bangladesh    Mahmudul HASAN
1998    DPhil    Oxford, Jesus    The Hindu Kush of Pakistan: mountain range evolution from an active margin to continent-continent collision    P R HILDEBRAND    Prof J F Dewe; Dr M P Searle
1998    PhD    London, Institute of Child Health    Iodine nutrition, cognition and school achievement of Bangladeshi schoolchildren    S N HUDA
1998    PhD    Open    Education as a missionary tool: a study in Christian missionary education by English Protestant missionaries in India with special reference to cultural change    J C INGLEBY
1998    PhD    London, SOAS    Urban planning in new Bombay: physical and socio-economic growth and development of a counter-magnet in India    Alain JAQUEMIN
1998    PhD    Open    A critical and comparative study of the relationship between missionary strategy, Dalit consciousness and socio-economic transformation in the missionary work by SPG among the Nadar and Paraiya communities of Tirunelveli District between 1830 and 1930    S JAYAKUMAR
1998    PhD    Birmingham    Portfolio behaviour ofIslamic banks: case studies for Pakistan, 1974-1994, and Iran, 1984-1994    K A A KAGIGI
1998    PhD    London, SOAS    Performative politics: artworks, festival praxis and nationalism with reference to Ganipatil Utsav in western India    Raminder Kaur KAHLON    Dr C Pinney
1998    PhD    London, SOAS    The Vishnu Hindu Parishad in the rise of Hindu militancy in India    Manjari KATJA    Dr Taylor
1998    PhD    Bradford    Foreign aid as a determinant of health expenditure, life expectancy at birth and infant mortality rate in Pakistan, 1971-1990    S G H KAZMI
1998    PhD    Reading    Farmers’ objectives and the choice of new crops in the irrigated farming systems of Pakistan’s Punjab    M A KHAN
1998    PhD    Reading    Improving the potential for adoption of agricultural technology through enhanced use of the mass media and the religious community in disadvantaged environments in Pakistan    N KHAN
1998    MPhil    Salford    Pakistan’s and international textile and clothing trade regime    S M KHAN
1998    MPhil    Manchester    Women’s access to credit and gender relations in Bangladesh    Mubina KHONDKAR    Dr D Hulme; Dr U Kothari
1998    PhD    London, SOAS    Politics of mass literacy in India; a case study of two North Indian villaages under the “Total Literacy” campaign (198-1995)    Ajay KUMAR    Dr S Kaviraj
1998    PhD    London, SOAS    Contesting seclusion: the political emergence of Muslim women in Bhopal, 1901-1930    Siobhan LAMBERT-HURLEY    Dr A A Powell
1998    PhD    Cambridge, Clare    Prosodic prominence in Singapore English    E L LOW    Dr F J D Nolan
1998    PhD    London, SOAS    Pativratas and Kupattis: gender, caste and identity in Punjab, 1870-1920    Anshu MALHOTRA    Dr A A Powell
1998    PhD    Warwick    Modelling macroeconomic adjustment with growth in developing economies: the case of India    Sushanta Kumar MALLICK
1998    PhD    London, UC    Religion, ritual and the pantheon amongst the Sinhalese Buddhist traders of Kandy City, Sri Lanka    Desmond MALLIKARACHCHI    Prof Bruce Kapferer; Dr Danny Miller
1998    DPhil    Sussex    Rapid credit deepening and the joint liability of credit contract: a study of Grameen Bank borrowers in Madhupur    Imran MATIN
1998    PhD    Leeds    Spatial and temporal change in the caste system: the Punjab to Bradford    D J MEDWAY
1998    DPhil    Sussex    Contexts of scarcity: the political economy of water in Kutch, India    Lyla MEHTA    Dr M Greeley
1998    DPhil    Oxford, Balliol    Popular princes: kingship and social change in Travancore and Cochin, 1870-1930    Vikram MENON    Prof J M Brown; Dr D A Washbrook
1998    PhD    Manchester    Perception of adolescent problems by form four malay students in Sarawak, Malaysia    Z MERAWI
1998    DPhil    Sussex    The peculiar mission of Christian womanhood: the selection and preparation of women missionaries of the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society, 1880-1920    Jennifer MORAWIECKI    C A Dyhouse; Prof P M Thane
1998    PhD    Dundee    Approaches to the integrated management of potato cyst nematode in Pakistan    A MUNIR
1998    PhD    Wales    A study of the relation between Christianity and Khasi-Jaintia culture, 1899-1969, with particular reference to the theology and practice of the Khasi-Jaintia Presbyterian Church    L MYLLIEMNGAP
1998    PhD    London, Wye    The pineapple industry in Sri Lanka: constraints and opportunities for its future development    Arumugam NAGENDRAM
1998    PhD    Southampton    Study of rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea (Herbert)of Bangladesh    N S NAHAR
1998    PhD    London, LSHTM    A study of policy process and implementation of the national tuberculosis programme India    Thelma NARAYAN
1998    PhD    London, SOAS    English in the colonial university and the politics of language: the emergence of a public sphere in western India, 1830-1880    Veena NAREGAL    Dr S Kaviraj
1998    PhD    Southampton    Women in Bangladesh: a study of the effects of garment factory work on control over income and autonomy    M H NEWBY
1998    MPhil    Oxford, Hertford    Homeward bound ? the influence of the national norm on voluntary repatriation on the construction of Indian refugee policy with reference to the Bangladeshi Jumma refugees and the Sri Lanka Tamil refugees    Pia A OBEROI
1998    PhD    Southampton    Theorising nuclear weapons proliferation: understanding the nuclear policies of India, South Africa, North Korea and Ukraine    T OGILVIE-WHITE
1998    PhD    Queen’s, Belfast    Credit and women’s relative well-being: a case study of the Grameen Bank, Bangladesh    L N K OSMANI
1998    PhD    Warwick    Pakistani children in Oslo: Islamic nurture in a secular context    Sissel OSTBERG

1998    PhD    London, UC    Control of childhood epilepsy in rural India    D K PAL
1998    PhD    London, SOAS    The politics of development and identity in the Jharkhand Region of Bihar (India), 1951-1991    Amit PRAKASH
1998    PhD    Bristol    The Assam Movement and the construction of Assamese identity    G PRICE
1998    PhD    Lancaster    Social access to housing: a study of low-income settlements around the walled city of Amritsar, Punjab, India    N K PUREWAL
1998    PhD    Aberdeen    An analysis of beef and bovine marketing systems in Pothwar Plateau of Punjab, Pakistan    A H QURESHI
1998    PhD    Aberdeen    An analysis of beef and bovine marketing systems in Pothwar Plateau of Punjab, Pakistan    A H QURISHI
1998    PhD    Reading    The role of the migrant moneylenders in North East India: the Kabuliwallahs of Assam    S RAFIQUE
1998    MPhil    Newcastle    Integrated crop growth modelling system for Barind in Bangladesh    M S RAHMAN
1998    PhD    Kent    Socio legal status of Bengali women in Bangladesh: implications for development    S RAHMAN
1998    PhD    Wales, Bangor    Risk, store of wealth and land use choice: a socio-economic analysis of farmer adoption of woodlots in Karnataka, India    D RAVINDRAN
1998    PhD    London, SOAS    Idealizing motherhood: the brahmanical discourse on women in ancient India (c500 BCE-300CE)    Ujjayini RAY    Dr I J Leslie
1998    DPhil    Oxford, Somerville    British women writers on India between the mid-eighteenth century and 1857    Rosemary A RAZA    Prof J M Brown; Mr J M Prest
1998    PhD    London, LSE    Organisational identification of managers in multinational corporations: a quantitative case study in India and Pakistan    C E W READE
1998    PhD    London, RHBNC    Intense weathering regimes of Deccan basalts    Jennifer Lesley REEVES    Dr J N Walsh
1998    PhD    Leeds    Sedimentology and dynamics of mega-dunes, Jamuna River, Bangladesh    Julie Elizabeth RODEN    Prof P Ashworth
1998    PhD    Newcastle    Owner-occupiers’ transformation of public low-cost housing in Peninsular Malaysia    Azizah SALIM    Dr A G Tipple
1998    PhD    Strathclyde    A study in inter-sectoral relations of linkages, trade and technology: the case of Bangladesh (an application of input-output analysis)    Mohammed SALIMULLAH    Prof I McNicoll
1998    PhD    Wales, Swansea    Contraband trade between Sri Lanka and India    M SARVATHAN    Mr J Whetton
1998    PhD    London, SOAS    The transitional state: Congress and government in Uttar Pradesh, India, 1947-1955    Suhit Kumar SEN    Dr P G Robb
1998    PhD    Manchester    Gender implications of economic reforms in the education sector in India-care of Haryana abd Madhya Pradesh    Manju SENAPATY    Ms D Elson
1998    PhD    Cambridge, St Cath’s    The creation of religious identities in the Punjab, c,1850-1920    Anil SETHI    Prof C A Bayly
1998    PhD    Reading    Relative efficiency of crop production n the cotton-wheat cropping system of Pakistan’s Punjab    M SHAFIQ
1998    PhD    Nottingham    Educational management: an exploratory study of management roles and possibilities of management development at college level in AJK, Pakistan    Saeeda Jahan Ara SHAH    Dr M Parker-Jenkins; Dr M Griffiths
1998    DPhil    Oxford, Worcester    Muslim politics in the North West Frontier Province, 1937-1947    Sayed W A SHAH    Prof J M Brown
1998    PhD    Reading    Economic and non-economic factors that influence the adoption of no-tillage technologies at farm level in rice-wheat and cotton-wheat areas of Pakistana’s Punjab    A D SHEIKH
1998    PhD    Bradford    Project performance and the impact of official development assistance: aid to agricultural development in Pakistan    M K SHEIKH
1998    MLitt    Aberdeen    Selective evaluation of the cycle of women’s status through religious and social practices with special reference to Bengal    S K SIRKAR
1998    DPhil    Oxford, Balliol    Transplanting liberal education: higher education in 19th century Bombay Presidency, India    Anne H E SLIWKA    Prof J M Brown
1998    MPhil    Newcastle    The Permatent emergency shelter cum roofing unit for Bangladesh    David SORRILL    Dr A G Tipple
1998    PhD    Cambridge, Queens’    Colonialism and linguistic knowledge: John Gilchrist and the representation of Urdu in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries    R D STEADMAN-JONES    Dr V A Law
1998    PhD    London, LSHTM    Child work and school attendance in urban India    H TAYLOR    Prof I Timaeus; N Crook (SOAS)
1998    PhD    Edinburgh    Building Christianity on Indian foundations: the theological legacy of Brahmabandav Upadhyay (1861-1907)    Timothy Craig TENNENT
1998    PhD    Leeds    Homelands and the representation of cultural and political identity in selected South Asian texts, 1857 to the present    g f h TICKELL
1998    DPhil    Oxford, Balliol    Between two civilisations: history and self representation of Bangladeshi Buddhism    Paola G TINTI    Prof R F Gombrich
1998    PhD    Kent    Readings in the works of Michael Ondaatje (1963-1982)    Monica TURCI    Prof C L Innes
1998    PhD    Queens, Belfast    Formal and de facto states of emergency: the Indian experience, 1947-1997    K S VENKATESWARAN
1998    PhD    Wales, Cardiff    Studies on the biology and control of Tropilaelaps clareae: Asian parasitic brood mite in Apis mellifera colonies in Islamabad, Pakistan    Camphour E S WAGHCHOURE
1998    PhD    Wales, Cardiff    Studies on the biology and control or Tropilaelaps clareae: Asian parasitic brood mites in Apis mellifera colonies in Islamabad, Pakistan    Elizabeth S WAGHCHOURE-CAMPHOR
1998    PhD    London, SOAS    India’s small scale industry policy: an evaluation and a case study    Trevor L WILLIAMS
1998    PhD    Aberdeen    Studies on weed populations in sugar cane in Sri Lanka    W R G WITHARAMA
1998    PhD    Strathclyde    Industrialization and economic growth: a case study of Bangladesh    A K M ZASHEEM UDDIN AHMED    Dr M M Huq
1998    PhD    Bristol    Sangathan: the pursuit of a Hindu ideal in colonial India: the idea of organisation in the emergence of Hindu nationalism, 1870-1930    John ZAVOS    Prof U King
1998    PhD    Ulster    Groundwater pollution and its environmental impact in Karachi Region (Pakistan)    A ZUBAIR
1999    PhD    London. LSE    Banking and debt recovery: a comparative study of the law and practice in India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia    Sonil G ABEYRATNE
1999    PhD    Oxford Brookes    A micro-level view of low-income rural housing in Bangaldesh    K I AHMED
1999    PhD    Cambridge    A political economy of industrial policy and development: a comparative study of Pakistan and Malaysia    A AKHLAQUE    Industrial productivity
1999    MPhil    Newcastle    An appraisal of processes of soil degradation in the Barind Tract, Bangladesh    S M M ALAM
1999    PhD    Leeds    Urban women in households and in the labour market under structural adjustment policy and programmes: a case study of Pakistani working women    K ALI
1999    DPhil    Oxford, Magdalen    Operationalising Amartya Sen’s capability approach: a framework for identifying valuable capabilities    S M ALKIRE    Prof F J Stewart; Prof J M Finnis
1999    PhD    Manchester    Economic reform in India since 1991 with particular reference to direct foreign investment and privatisation    Thanhkom ARUN    Prof F Nixson
1999    PhD    Hull    Opium and heroin production in Pakistan    A Z ASAD
1999    DPhil    York    Biodiversity and community ecology of mangrove plants, molluscs and crustaceans in two mangrove forests in Peninsular Malaysia in relation to local management practices    E C ASHTON
1999    PhD    Southampton    A multilevel model of the impact of health services on child mortality in Bangladesh    Michael Dennis ASHTON    Dr J McDdonald
1999    PhD    Southampton    Genetic diversity of jackfruit in Bangladesh and development of propagation methods    A K AZAD
1999    PhD    London, King’s    Nuclear weapons in the Indo-Pakistan conflict    Sanjay BADRI-MAHARAJ
1999    PhD    Leicester    The growth of farm firms through production,investment and capital formation in the rice-wheat zone of the Punjab Province of Pakistan    K A BAJWA
1999    PhD    Aberdeen    An economic analysis of farm household pluriactivity in Sri Lanka    G BALASURIYA
1999    DPhil    Oxford, St Cross    This work on Oriya literature and the Jagannath cult, 1866-1936: quest for identity    Subhakanta BEHERA    Dr F A Nizami
1999    PhD    London, UC    Structure of the DP in Bangla    Tanmoy BHATTACHARYA
1999    DPhil    Oxford, Wolfson    The politics of religious identity in South Asia in the late nineteenth century     Torkel BREKKE    Prof R F Gombrich
1999    MSc    Stirling    Investigations to the biology and ecology of an unidentified isopod affecting the CARE CAGES aquaculture programme, Bangladesh    P BULCOCK
1999    DPhil    Sussex    The global and the local in the post-colonial: popular music in Calcutta (1992-1997)    R CHAKRAVARTY
1999    PhD    London, SOAS    Change and continuity in Naqshbandi Sufism: Mujaddidi branch and its Hindu environment    T W P DAHNHARDT    Prof C Shackle
1999    PhD    Ulster    Traveller acts: a critical ethngraphy of backpacker India    K J DAVIDSON
1999    PhD    London , LSE    Tamil warps and wefts: an anthropological study of urban weavers in South India    Geert Raymond DE NEVE    Prof C Fuller; Prof J Parry
1999    PhD    London, Wye    Amelioration of the physical conditions of sandy soils with organic amendments under tropical conditions    S H S A DE SILVA
1999    PhD    Cambridge, Jesus    Youth, gender and community change: a case study of Bangladeshi students in an inner city    Eva DEBNATH    Dr M M Arnot
1999    PhD    Bath    One foot in each boat: the macro politics and micro sociology of NGOs in Bangladesh    Joseph DEVINE    Dr G D Wood; Dr A McGregor
1999    PhD    London, RHUL    The image of the prophet in Bengali Muslim piety, 1850-1950    Amit DEY    Prof F C R Robinson
1999    PhD    London, RHBNC    Images of the Prophet in Bengali Muslim piety, 1850-1950    Amit DEY    Prof F R C Robinson
1999    PhD    London, LSE    Women and gold: gender and urbanisation in comtemporary Bengal    Fentje Henrike DONNER    Dr J F Parry; Dr C Fuller
1999    DPhil    Oxford, Linacre    A study of the origin, evolution and role in society of a group of chiselled steel Hindu arms and armour from Southern India, c.1400-1800 A D    Robert F W ELGOOD    Dr Schuyler Jones

1999   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   Caste, ethnicity and nation in the politics of the Muslims of Tamil Nadu, 1930-1967   S M A K FAKHRI   Dr R S Chandravarkar
1999   PhD   Cambridge, Selwyn   The ecology and behaviour of the pig-tailed macaque (Macaca Nemestrina Leonina)in Bangladesh   M M FEEROZ
1999   PhD   Wales   At the feet of the goddess: a comparative study of local goddess worship in Khurdapur, a village settlement in Orisssa and Cholavandan, a small town in Tamil Nadu   L F FOULSTON
1999   PhD   Leeds   Socio-economic changes in the peri-urban villages in Penang, Malaysia   Suriati GHAZALI   Dr D Preston
1999   PhD   London, SOAS   The dynamics of scientific culture under a colonial state: Western India, 1823-1880   Vaswati Bidhan Chandra GHOSH   Prof P G Robb
1999   PhD   Southampton   A passage from India: British women travelling home, 1915-1947   Georgina GOWANS
1999   PhD   London, External   Solid waste management: a case study of Delhi   V I GROVER
1999   PhD   Aberdeen   A study of factors influencing participation in joint forest management in the northwest Himalayas, India   H K GUPTA
1999   PhD    Southampton   British relations with the Marathas under the Wellesley regime    William A C HALLIWELL   Dr C M Woolgar
1999   PhD   Leeds   A corpus-based study of apposition in written Malay   H A HAROON
1999   PhD   London, UC   The vulnerability of the Dupi Tila Aquifer, Daka, Bangladesh   Muhammed Kamrul HASAN   Dr W G Burgess; Dr J Dottridge
1999   PhD   London, LSHTM   The prevalence of reproductive tract infections in rural Bangladesh   Sarah Jane HAWKES
1999   PhD   Warwick   The colonial city and the challenge of modernity: urban hegemonies and civic contestations in Bombay City, 1905-1925   H HAZAREESINGH
1999   PhD   Warwick   Gandhi and the Muslim question   Sandip HAZARIESINGH   Dr D A Washbrook
1999   PhD   London   Malaria in Afghan refugee communities in North-Western Pakistan: appropriate strategies for vector control and personal protection   S E HEWITT
1999   PhD   London, SOAS   Kings, things and courtly ideal in pre-colonial south India, 1500-1800   Jennifer Anne HOWES   Dr Giles Tillitson
1999   PhD   Cambridge, Clare   The Gujerati literati and the construction of a regional identity in the late 19th century   Riho ISAKA   Dr R S Chandavarkar
1999   DPhil   Sussex   The Grameen Bank: rhetoric and reality   Sanae ITO   Dr M T Greeley
1999   PhD   Stirling   Gender and management: factors affecting career advancement of women in the federal civil service of Pakistan   N JABEEN
1999   PhD   Wales, Aberystwyth   Hindu identity, nationalism and globalization   S R JACOBS
1999   PhD   Reading   Residual effect of phosphate fertiliser measured using the Olsen method in Pakistani soils   Shahid JAVID
1999   PhD   Edinburgh   When horizons darken: the process and experience of religious conversion among Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in London   A W JEBANESAN
1999   DPhil   Oxford, Nuffield   Press and Empire: the London press, government news management and India, c.1900-1922   Chandrika KAUL   Dr J G Darwin
1999   PhD   Edinburgh   Informal Islamic leadership in a Bangladeshi village   Jeffrey William John KEMP
1999   PhD   Wales, Aberystwyth   The economics of milk production and marketing in the development of Pakistan with special reference to Peshawar District   M KHAN
1999   PhD   Essex   Narratives of rise and fall: family, memory and mobility in Jaipur City   Ajay K KHANDELWAL   Prof P Thompson
1999   PhD   Durham   The provision of infrastructure services in Rohtak and Bhiwani Districts, Haryana, India, 1981-1998: a geographical analysis   N KUMAR
1999   PhD   Edinburgh   From people’s theatre to people’s Eucharist: resources from popular theatre for Eucharist reform in the Church of South India, Kerala State.   George KURUVILLA
1999   PhD   Nottingham   Spectrohistory: new historicism and beyond in Salman Rushdie’s novels   C-H LAI
1999   PhD   London, SOAS   Institutional and social change among the Muslims of Malabar, with special refernce to Calicut, 1870-1947   Lakshminarayayanapuram R S LAKSHMI   Dr Avril A Powell
1999   PhD   London, LSE   India’s relationship with the non-resident Indians, 1947-1996: a missed opportunity ?   Marie-Carine LALL
1999   PhD   London, SOAS   The Islamic marble carving and architecture of Cambay in Gujerat between 1200 and 1350: a collection of merits from difference sources   E A LAMBOURN
1999   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Science and related consciousness: a study of the response to modern science in colonial Bengal. c 1870-1930   John Bosco LOURDUSAMY   Dr D A Washbrook
1999   PhD   Manchester   Runoff modelling from large glacierised basins in the Karakoram Himalayas using remote sensing of the transient snowline   A LOWE
1999   MPhil   Edinburgh   The influence of light availability on attack by the mahogany shoot-borer (Hypsipyla rubusta Moore)in Sri Lanka   M R MAHROOF
1999   PhD   Kent   The interpretation of Islam and nationalism by the elite through the English language media in Pakistan   A L MAJOR
1999   PhD   Hull   Ethnicity and politics in the Kashmir Valley   I S MALIK
1999   PhD   London, LSHTM   Undernutrition and impaired functional ability amongst elderly slum dwellers in Mumbai, India   Mary C MANANDHAR
1999   PhD   East Anglia   Cotton leaf curl disease in Pakistan: molecular characterisation, diagnostics and genetically engineered virus resistance   S MANSOOR
1999   PhD   Birmingham   Some historical responses to disability in South Asia and reflections on service provision, with focus on mental retardation in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, and some consideration of blindness   M MILES
1999   PhD   Kent   Sacred anthropology: a study of nondual conceptions of man in Hinduism and Christianity   J R MILNE
1999   PhD   Hull   Perception of Islam in Indian nationalist thought   A MISRA
1999   PhD   London, Inst Comm   The politics of privatisation in Bangladesh   Mobasser MONEM   Prof J Manor
1999   PhD   Cambridge, King’s   The Kisan world abd human rights: a displaced people of eastern India   Ranjit NAYAK   Dr K J Hart
1999   PhD   Salford   An analysius of information systems development across time and space: the case of outsourcing to Infia   Brian NICHOLSON
1999   MLitt   Oxford, St Anne’s   Shaikh Mohammad Abdulllah and the movement for Muslim female education in North India (1890-1945)   Farah NIZAMI   Prof J M Brown; Prof F Robinson
1999   DPhil   Oxford, Lincoln   India, parliament and the press under George III: a study of British attitudes towards the East India Company amd empire in the later 18th and early 19th centuries   Jeremy R OSBORN   Dr D A Washbrook
1999   DPhil   Oxford, Brasenose   Identity and institutions in ethnic conflict:the Muslims of Sri Lanka   Meghan L O’SULLIVAN   Dr N Gooptu
1999   PhD   Warwick   Labour and land rights of women in rural India with particular reference to Western Orissa   Reena PATEL
1999   PhD   Edinburgh   Legislating forests in colonial India, 1800-1880   Akhileshwar PATHAK
1999   DPhil   York   An environmental Leibenstein framework: population pressure, agricultural land use and and environmental change in Orissa (India)   Lopamudra PATNAIK   Prof C Perrings
1999   PhD   Edinburgh   Social and cultural processes of healing and rehabilitation in Sri Lanka   Abigail PENNY   Dr J Spencer
1999   PhD   City   Development and international business: an application to India   M RAMAN
1999   PhD   Liverpool   Fertility in Kerala: the impacts of social development policies and gender relations   Linda REICHENFELD   Prof R I Woods; Mr W T S Gould
1999   PhD   London    Paleoclimate of South Asia over the last 80 ka: luminescent ages of sediments from former glaciations in Nepal and Pakistan   B W M RICHARDS
1999   PhD   Nottingham   Fiscal response to foreign aid: applications to Pakistan and Costa Rica   S E RODRIGUEZ

2000   PhD   Cambridge, Newnham   Religion and the economics of fertility in South India   S IYER
2000   MPhil   London, Inst Ed   Privatisation and equity: the case of Pakistan urban secondary schools   B R JAMIL
2000   PhD    Exeter   The Penjdeh crisis and its impact on the Great Game and the defence of India, 1885-1897    Robert A JOHNSON   Prof J Black
2000   PhD   Cambridge, Darwin   The state and the political economy of industrial development in India: the automobile industry circa 1980-1996   Indraneel KARLEKAR   Dr S E Corbridge
2000   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Gender, identity and development among the Wakhi of northern Pakistan   Sabrina KASSAM-JAN   Dr D Parkes; Dr N J Allen
2000   PhD   Exeter   Drug addiction syndrome among university students in Pakistan   W KAUSAR
2000   PhD   Bath   Struggle for survival: networks and relationships in a Bangladesh slum   M Iqbal Alam KHAN   Prof G Wood; Dr J A McGregor
2000   PhD   Cambridge, Queens’   An empirical study of human resource management in a developing country – the case of the banking industry of Pakistan   Shaista Ensan KHILJI   Mr C G Gill
2000   PhD   Cambridge. Queens   Human resource management in a developing country: the case of banking industry in Pakistan   S E KHILJI   Mr C G Gill
2000   PhD   Cambridge, Fitzwilliam   A study of debates on Christian conversion in India, 1947-1999 from the perspective of Christian mission   Sebastian Chang-Hwan KIM   Dr B Stanley
2000   DPhil   Oxford, St Edmund Hall   The “domestic” world of the Mughals in the reigns of Babar, Humayan and Akbar (1500-1605)   Ruby LAL   Dr D A Washbrook; Dr J D Gurney
2000   PhD   East Anglia   Perceiving disability and practising community-based rehabilitiation: a critical examination with case studies from south India   R P LANG
2000   PhD   Keele   The internationalisation of Malaysian business and its relevance to Malay entrepreneurs   A J MAHAJAR
2000   PhD   Birmingham   The administration of waqf, pious endowment in Islam: a critical study of the State Islamic Religious Councils as the sole trustees of awqaf assets and the implementation of istibdal in Malaysia with special reference to the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur   S M MAHAMOOD
2000   PhD   Strathclyde   Price competetitiveness and performance of manufactured exports: the case of Pakistan   Seema K MAKHDOOMI   Dr M Huq; Prof J Love
2000   MPhil   Nottingham   Levels of flat ownership by middle-income households in Dhaka, Bangladesh   Nasima MATIN   Mr S Jalloh; Prof J C Moughtin
2000   MPhil   London, LSE   European images of India before the rise of orientalism in the late eighteenth century   Kyoko MATSUKAWA   Dr G Wilson
2000   PhD   East London   Thermal comfort in havelis of Jaisalmer   Jane MATTHEWS
2000   DPhil   Sussex   Distress diversification or growth linkages ? Explaining rural non-farm employment variations in Andhra Pradesh, India   Prasado R MECHARIA   D M Hunt
2000   PhD   Bradford   Social policy in Malaysia: a study of social support for the elderly in a rural area   N MOHAMED
2000   PhD   Oxford Brookes   Seismic interpretation and sequence stratigraphy of the offshore Indus basin of Pakistan   S MOHAMMAD
2000   PhD   London   Nationalism, literature and ideology in colonial India and occupied Egypt   A A MONDAL
2000   MPhil   Manchester   Burma and British Cold War policy, 1946-1951   Benjamin John MORRIS   Dr P C Lowe
2000   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Gender, work and familial ideology: women workers in the unorganised garment export industry, New Delhi, India   T MUKHOPADHYAY   Prof G P Hawthorn
2000   PhD   Newcastle   Supply reponse of major agricultural commodities in Pakistan   K MUSHTAQ
2000   MPhil   London, SOAS   Political economic dimensions of East Asian development: South Korea, India   Rajiv Chitazhi NARAYAN   Dr R H Taylor
2000   DPhil   Oxford, Christ Church   Conservation management of the tiger, Panthera Tigris Tigris, in Bandhavgarh National Park, India   Latika NATH   Dr D W MacDonald
2000   PhD   LSHTM   Epidemiological immunochemistry of Helicobacter pylori in Jessore, BBHangladesh   J NESSA
2000   PhD   Wales, Aberystwyth   An operational evaluation test of MEDLINE on CD-ROM in Malaysia with special reference to investigating practicable relevance-based perfoormance measures   Roslina OTHMAN
2000   PhD   Hull   Changing dimensions of single European Market: implications for the non-member countries – a case study on India’s textile and clothing exports   S Gnanasekara PANDIAN
2000   PhD   Cambridge, St John’s   Technology and environmental leapfrogging: three case studies from India   R M PERKINS   Dr B Vira
2000   PhD   London, LSE   Legal systems as a determinant of foreign direct investment: the case of Sri Lanka   Amanda Joan PERRY   Mr P Muchlinski
2000   PhD   Lancaster   A critical ethnography on the production of the Indian MBA discourse   E PRIYADHARSHINI
2000   PhD   Nottingham Trent   Douglarisation and the politics of Indian/African relations in Trinidad writing   Sheila RAMPERSAD
2000   PhD   Edinburgh   Another member of our family: aspects of television culture and social change in Varanasi, North India   Simon William ROBERTS   Dr A Good; Dr J Spencer
2000   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Communal conflict in Bengal, 1930-1947: political parties, the Muslim intelligentsia and the Pakistan Movement   Sulagna ROY   Dr R S Chandavarkar
2000   PhD   Cambridge   Matrilineal comunities, patriarchial realities: female headship in eastern Sri Lanka – a feminist economic reading   K N RUWANPURA   Mrs S Fennell
2000   MPhil   Newcastle   Modelling privatised minor irrigation systems in Bangladesh: an economic analysis   F I M G W SARKER
2000   PhD   Durham   The influence of British political thought in China and India: the cases of Sun Yat-Sen, Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru   N A SCOTT
2000   PhD   Wales, Bangor   The influence of farmer knowledge, shade and planting density on smallholder rubber/banana intercropping in Sri Lanka   A M W K SENEVIRATHNA
2000   DPhil   Sussex   Mother/child health and health care in Pakistan   Shafqat SHEHZAD   Mr P Chaudhuri; Dr A Wagstaff
2000   PhD   Southampton   Constitutional rights relating to criminal justice in South Asia: a comparison with the European Convention on Human Rights   Kabiniyage Buddhappriya Asola SILVA
2000   PhD   Warwick   Gendered labour process and flexibility: a study of jewellery production in India   U SONI-SINHA
2000   PhD   London, SOAS   The impact of Islamization on the Christian community of Pakistan   P SOOKHDEO
2000   PhD   Southampton   The impact of rural-urban migration on child survival in India   Robert STEPHENSON   Dr J McDdonald
2000   PhD   Open   Coproducing universal primary education in a context of social exclusion: households, community organisations and state administration in a district of Karnataka, India   R SUBRAHMANIAN
2000   PhD   Edinburgh   Development of a range management decision support system (RAMDSS)for forest planning in the Banavasi Range of the Western Ghats, India   Ramanathan SUGUMARAN
2000   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Women’s political strategies to combat poverty: a study of a squatter settlement in Dhaka   S M SULTAN   Dr R S Chandavarkar
2000   PhD   Cambridge, Wolfson   Mapping hinduism: “Hinduism” and the study of Indian religions, 1630-1776   Barry W H SWEETMAN   Dr J Lipner
2000   PhD   Essex   The perception of social support and the experience of depression in Pakistani women   E TAREEN
2000   PhD   Southampton   Rural poverty and the role of the non-farm sector in economic development: the Indian experience   M TIWARI
2000   PhD   Portsmouth   Illiteracy in India: a multi-level analysis   S VENKATASUBRAMANIAN
2000   PhD   Warwick   The influence of culture and politics on accounting change in India from 1947 to 1998   Shradda VERMA
2000   PhD   Cambridge, Corpus   Cranial diversity and the evolutionary history of South Asians   Samanti Dineshkumari WARUSAWITHANA KULATILAKE
2000   MPhil   Wales, Aberystwyth   Britain and the Muslims: imperial perceptions of Indian Muslims, 1914-1922   R A J WHITE
2000   MPhil   Oxford, St Cross   Released on both sides ? The origin and position of formless meditation in early Indian Buddhism   Alexander WYNNE   Prof R F Gombrich
2000   PhD   Edinburgh   The forest cooks and the people eat: nature and society in Mayurbhanj, Orissa   Hannele Kirsi Aija YLO’NEN
2000   PhD   Bradford   Agriculture and pastorarlism in the late Bronze Age, North West Frontier, Pakistan   R L YOUNG
2001   MPhil   Glasgow   Colonisation and Hijab: a case study of Egypt and India   N AHMAD
2001   PhD   Stirling   Socio-economic aspects of freshwater prawn culture development in Bangladesh   N AHMED
2001   PhD   Leeds   Thalassaemia carrier testing in pregnant Pakistani women: perceptions of “information ” and “consent”   Shenaz AHMED
2001   PhD   London, SOAS   Early Indian moulded terracotta: the emergence of an iconography and variations in style, circa second century BC to first century AD   Naman Parmeshwar AHUJA
2001   PhD   Essex   Pakistan’s export performance, 1972-1998   M AKBAR
2001   PhD   Durham   Slaves of water: indigenous knowledge of fisheries on the floodplain of Bangladesh   M ALAM
2001   PhD   Aberdeen   Evaluation of environmental sustainability of forest land use policies of Bangladesh   Mohammad ALI
2001   PhD   Aberdeen   The effects of low temperature and seed quality on the germination of fifteen rice (Oryza sative L)cultivars from Bangladesh   M G ALI
2001   PhD   Portsmouth   The rise of a service class culture in India: the software industry in Bangalore   Elaine ASSAR
2001   PhD   Portsmouth   The emergence of a new culture class: the software industry in Bangalore, India   Elain Risa ASSER   Dr P Churmer-Smit
2001   PhD   Brunel   The development of India’s crafts and their implication upon Indo-European furniture   N W BAMFORTH
2001   PhD   Strathclyde   A critique of tourism development planning: a case of Sri Lanka   H M BANDARA
2001   PhD   Wales, Bangor   Developing fodder resources on the forest grassland of tribal areas in western India   Peter George BEZKOROWAJNYI
2001   PhD   Bristol   Conceptions: an exploration of infertility and assisted conception in India   A BHARADWAJ
2001   PhD   Oxford, St Antony’s   The emergence of the Bombay film industry, 1913-1937   Kaushik BHAUMIK   Dr D A Washbrook
2001   PhD   Strathclyde   Consumer preferences and public policy: a case study of water supply and waste management in Madras (Chennai), India   A P BHAYAN KARAM
2001   PhD   Strathclyde   Contingent variation in a developing metropolis: an exploration of water and waste management in Madres   Anand Prathivadi BHAYANKARAM   Mr R Perman
2001   PhD   Kingston   The initiation and magmatic evolution of a juvenile island arc: the Kohistan arc, Pakistan Himalaya   S M BIGNOLD
2001   PhD   London, LSHTM   The rational use of blood in India: intervention to promote good transfusion practice   Timothy John BRAY
2001   PhD   Aberdeen   Chipko and crofter: land movements in northern India and the Highlands of Scotland   Nandini B CHADHA   Mr W T C Brotherstone; Dr J Forster
2001   PhD   Strathclyde   The impact of trade policy on growth in India   Ramesh CHANDRA   Prof J Love
2001   PhD   Cambridge, Girton   Colonial power and agrarian politics in Kheda District (Gujarat), c.1890-1930   Vinayak CHATURVEDI   Prof C A Bayly
2001   PhD   Leeds   Appropriate disposal of sewage in urban and suburban Sri Lanka   E J H COREA
2001   PhD   London, RHUL   Faith, unity, discipline: the making of a socio-political formation in urban India, Lahore,1935-1953   Markus DAECHSEL   Prof F C R Robinson
2001   PhD   Cambridge, Sidney    Whither urban governance ? Self-help civil society, political conflicts and environmental services in Chennai, India   S L DAHIYA   Dr B J Devereux
2001   PhD   Glasgow   The Bengal Army and the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny, 1856-1857   Julian Saul Markham DAVID   Prof H F A Strachen
2001   PhD   London   Air pollution and agricultural insect pests in urban and peri-urban areas of India   C DAVIES
2001   PhD   Essex   No time to play: social, economic and legal dimensions of child labour practices in India   Rie DEBABRATA
2001   PhD   Cambridge, St John’s   Sikh discourses of community and sovereignty in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries    Jeevan S DEOL   Prof C A Bayley
2001   PhD   Exeter   The effects of marital dissolution, fertility and contraceptive behaviour among men and woimen in Addu Atoll, Maldives   Aminath Mohamed DIDI   Dr N Ford; Dr A Ankomah
2001   PhD   Cambridge, Queens’   The scars of piety: Islam and the dynamics of religious dispute on Androth Island, South India   Brian John DIDIER   Dr J A Laidlaw
2001   PhD   London, RHUL   Traditional rule and western conventions: the Maharajas of Bikaner and their partnership with the Raj, 1887-1947   Paolo DURISOTTO   Prof F C R Robinson
2001   PhD   Loughborough   Venture capital financing in India: a study of venture capitalist’s valuation, structuring and monitoring practices    Mansoor DURRANI
2001   PhD   Cambridge, Clare Hall   Commerce and diaspora: locating the business practices of Hindu Sindhis    Mark Anthony FALZON   Dr J A Laidlaw
2001   PhD   London, SOAS   Buddhist narratives in Burmese murals   Alexandra Raissa GREEN   Dr E H Moore; Dr G H R Tillitson
2001   PhD   Lancaster   A critical review of ecological impact assessment in Sri Lanka: with particular reference to the shrimp aquaculture industry   Miriya Prasanni GUNAWARDENA
2001   DrPH   London, LSHTM   Regulation of the private health care sector in Pakistan   Ajmal HAMID
2001   PhD   South Bank   Social exclusion and women’s health in Lahore, Pakistan   N A HAMID
2001   PhD   Liverpool   Identity, conflict and nationalism: the Naga and Kuki peoples of northeast India and northwest Burma   Seilen HAOKIP
2001   MPhil   London, LSE   Humanitarian assistance: the relationship between NGOs and the government of Sri Lanka   Marit HAUG   Prof C Fuller; Prof M Light
2001   PhD   Durham   The engineering behaviour of the tropical clay soils of Dhaka, Bangladesh   A S HOSSAIN
2001   PhD   London, Imperial   The nitrogen economy of rice-based cropping systems in Bangladesh   F HOSSAIN
2001   PhD   Southampton   Assessment of family planning outreach workers’ contact and contraceptive use dynamics in rural Bangladesh using multilevel modelling   M B HOSSAIN
2001   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Essays on consumption and asset mobility in rural Pakistan: a microeconomic approach   Taimur HYAT   Prof B Harriss-White
2001   PhD   Leeds   Internet implementation and strategic subsidiary context of Malaysias subsidiaries located in the UK   Azizi Ali IBRAHIM
2001   PhD   Edinburgh   The scent of jasmine: experiencing knowledge and emotion in cross cultural contextrs of South Indian classical dance   Joanna Rose JACOBSON
2001   PhD   Stirling   Fishery biology and population dynamics of shrimps (Penaeua indicus)and Metapenaeus dobsoni)in the lagoon and coastal area of Negombo, Sri Lanka   P A A T JAYAWARDANE
2001   PhD   Birmingham   A cluster randomised controlled trial of reorganising maternal health services in Sindh, Pakistan   A H JOKHIO
2001   DPhil   Oxford, St Edmund Hall   Christian and non-Christian Angami Nagas with special reference to traditional healing practices   Vibha JOSHI   Dr N J Allen
2001   PhD   London, SOAS   The making of colonial psychiatry, Bombay Presidentcy, 1849-1940   Shruti KAPILA   Prof D J Arnold
2001   PhD   London, Inst Comm.   Security, development and political accommodation in Bangladesh   Shahnaz KARIM   Prof J Manor; Prof R F Holland
2001   PhD   Southampton   Maternal health care utilisation among the urban poor of Maharashtra, India   F KAUSAR
2001   DPhil   Oxford   Echo words in Tamil   Elinor KEANE
2001   PhD   Newcastle   Enhancement of nutritional quality of straw-based diets in Pakistan by urea treatment or suppementation with protein or energy   Muhammad Aslam KHAN
2001   PhD   Nottingham   Environmental hazards, risk perception and general environmental beliefs: a cross cultural study between UK and Pakistan   N R KHAN
2001   DPhil   Oxford, Wadham   Poverty in Pakistan: a study on health, nutrition, income and consumption   Salman H KHAN   Dr C Muller
2001   DPhil   Oxford, Wadham   State, society and labour in colonial Bombay, 1893-1918   Prashant K KIDAMBI   Dr D A Washbrook
2001   PhD   Birminghm   Mission pneumatology with special reference to the Indian theologies of the holy spirit of Stanley Samartha, Vandana and Samuel Rayan   K KIM
2001   PhD   Reading   Sociolinguistic variation in urban India: a study of Marathi-speaking adolescents in Pune   Sonal KULKARNI
2001   PhD   Birmingham   British South Asian identities and the popular cultures of British Bhangra music, Bollywod films and Zee TV in Birmringham   r KUMAR DUDRAH
2001   PhD   London, External   Sarangi style in North Indian art music   Nicolas Fairchild MAGRIEL   Dr R Widdess
2001   PhD   Lancaster   Economic reforms in India: impact on savings and productivity of the manufacturing sector   Vidya MAHAMBARE   Prof V N Balasubramanyam
2001   PhD   Stirling   Small scale multispecies demersal fishery off Negombo, Sri Lanka   R R P MALDENIYA
2001   PhD   Oxford, St Antony’s   A reluctant warrior: Hong Kong in Anglo-American interactions, 1949-1957   Chi Kwan MARK   Dr R J Foot
2001   PhD   Brunel   Rushdie’s legacy: the emergence of a radical British Muslim identity   G A McROY
2001   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   African NGOs: turning knowledge and experience into power   Sarah G MICHAEL   Dr C Elliott
2001   PhD   London, SOAS   Painting awareness: a study in the use of exotic cultural traditions by the artists of the Emperor Akbar’s Khamsa of Nizami   Gregory B MINISSALE
2001   PhD   Leeds   Weak market efficiency and the determinants of share returns: a study of the listed companies on the Dhaka Stock Exchange   Asma MOBAREK   Prof K Keasey; Dr H Short
2001   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Love and marriage in Delhi   Perveez MODY SPENCER   Dr J A Laidlaw
2001   PhD   Wales, Aberystwyth   Dispute settlement mechanism in the ASEAN free trade area (AFTA}   Rahmat MOHAMAD
2001   PhD   Leeds   Dividend policy and behaviour and security price reaction to the announcement of dividends in an emergency market: a study of companies listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange   A Sabur MOLLAH   Prof K Keasey
2001   PhD   Cambridge, St John’s   Writing crime, writing empire: representing the colony in nineteenth century fiction fo crime   Upamanyu Pablo MUKHERJEE   Prof C I Donaldson
2001   PhD   Kent   On the strength of a likeness: Kipling and the analogical connections between India and Ireland   Kaori NAGAI
2001   PhD   Leeds   Perceptions of empowerment and reproductive health decisions amongst rural India women   Ann Marie NICHOLS   Dr Ray Bush; Dr Z Aydin
2001   PhD   London, LSE   The Singapore entrepreneurial state in China: a sociological study of the Suzhou industrial park, 1992-1999   Alexius A PEREIRA   Dr A Power
2001   PhD   Hull   Population biology and management of hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha)in Bangladesh   Md Jalilur RAHMAN
2001   PhD   London, LSHTM   Utilisation of primary health care services in rural Bangladesh: the population and provider perspectives   S A RAHMAN
2001   PhD   Manchester   Modelling demand and supply in Bangladesh agriculture: a computable general equilibrium approach to public policy and economic welfare   S M Osman RAHMAN   Dr N Russell
2001   PhD   City   The evolving devi: education, employment and British Hindu Gujerati women’s identity   Hasmita RAMJI
2001   DPhil   Oxford, Christ Church   Constrictions of identity and cultural translation in relation to origin and destination: a generational comparison of South Asian expatriate and immigrant writers in Britain (1937-present)   Ruvani RANASINHA   Dr J A Mee
2001   PhD   London, QMW   Public interest environmental legislation in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh   J RAZZAQUE
2001   PhD   Manchester   Participation and protected area conservation in India: ecodevelopment theory and practice   Trevor Pritchard REES   Prof D Hulme
2001   PhD   Cambridge, Clare Hall   The making of ethnoHinduism: communalism, reservations and the Ahmedabad riot of 1985   Ornit SHANI   Dr R S Chandravarkar
2001   PhD   London, LSE   Merchants, “saints” and sailors: the social production of islamic reform in a port town of western India   Edward Lawrence SIMPSON
2001   PhD   Wales, Swansea   Gender participation and community forestry: the case of joint forest management in Madhya Pradesh, India   R SINGH
2001   PhD   Reading   International experience of plant variety protection: lessons for India   Chittur SSRINIVASAN   Prof C G Thirtle
2001   PhD   Cambridge, Sidney Sussex   Ecological institutions: joint forest management in Bihar (Jharkhand)and West Bengal, India   M TIWARY   Dr S E Corbridge
2001   PhD   Cambridge, Gonville   Contested notions of sovereignty in Bengal under British rule, 1765-1785   Thomas R TRAVERS   Prof C A Bayly
2001   MPhil   Open   The legacy of the controversies: the continuing impact on interfaith encounters in Sri Lanka of nineteenth century controversies between Buddhists and Christians    M S VASANTHAKUMAR
2001   PhD   Cambridge, Newnham   The appeal of a modern god-person in contemporary India: the case of Mata Amritanandamayi and her mission   M WARRIER   Dr S B Bayley
2001   PhD   Hertfordshire   Identifying potential barriers to business process and information systems reengineering in Sri Lanka   V WEERAKKODY
2001   PhD   Southampton   Short birth intervals and infant health in India   Alison K WHITWORTH
2001   DPhil   Oxford, St Hughes   Governing property, making law: British conceptions of agrarian society and the administration of rural Bengal, c.1785-1835   Jon E WILSON   Dr D A Washbrook
2001   DPhil   Oxford, St Cross   Process analysis of a total literacy campaign in India: a case study of Udaiput District   Rie YAGI   Dr C Brock
2001   PhD   Loughborough   The globalisation of Western advertising: a case study of the impact of imported advertising on cultural values   Azizul Halim YAHYA
2001   PhD   London, SOAS   The intertextuality of women in Urdu litterature: a study of Fahmida Riaz and Kishwar Naheed   Amina YAQIN
2002   PhD   Wales, Bangor   Basic needs analysis of social forestry participants in northwest Bangladesh   S AKHTER   Prof C Price
2002   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Child labour in the Bombay Presidency, 1850-1920   Emma Catherine ALEXANDER   Dr R S Chandavarkar
2002   PhD   London, Imperial   Biological variation and chemical control of Rhizoctonia solani causing rice sheath blight disease in Bangladesh   Md Ansar ALI
2002   PhD   LSHTM   An analysis of private hospital markets in Bangladesh   M A AMIN
2002   PhD   Stirling   A question of “Chineseness”: the Chinese diaspora in Singapore, 1819-1950s   Lynn Ling-Yin ANG   Dr S Mishra
2002   MPhil   Newcastle   Trophy hunting and conservation: Himalayan Ibrex Capra Ibex sibirica in northern Pakistan   Masood ARSHAD
2002   PhD   London   The political economy of policy reform: labour market regulation in India   Roli ASTHANA
2002   PhD   Sheffield   Children’s drawings as research tool: establishing children’s environmental concepts and preferences with reference to urban openspace planning design in Johore Bahru, Malaysia   M S A BAKAR
2002   PhD   London, SOAS   Buddhism and shamanism in village Sikkim   A BALIKCI
2002   DPhil   Oxford, Somerville   The other side of the Raj: representation of colonial India in the writings of Edward John Thompson   Nilanjana BANERJI   Prof R J C Young
2002   PhD   London, SOAS   An investigation into the 56 Vinayakas in Banares and their origins   Isabelle O T BERMIJN
2002   DPhil   Oxford, Linacre   Biodiversity and conservation of a cultural landscape in the Western ghats of India   Shonil A BHAGWAT   Dr N D Brown; Dr P S Savill
2002   DPhil   Oxford, St Anne’s   Stylistic features of Sanskrit in the Upanisads and Pali in early Buddhist texts with special reference to prose word order   Pathompong BODHIPRASIDDHINAND   Prof R F Gombrich
2002   PhD   Cambridge, Wolfson   Archaeological science as anthropology: time, space and matreriality in rural India and the ancient past   Nicole Lise BOIVIN   Dr C A French
2002   MPhil   London, Birkbeck   Religion and the experiences of Indo-Pakistani women in the fiction of Bharati Mukherjee, Bapsi Sidhwa, Hanif Kureishi and Salmon Rushdie   N H BOWEN
2002   PhD   London, SOAS   Baloch nationalism: its origin and development up to 1980   Taj Mohammad BRESEEG
2002   PhD   London   Asakta Karman in the Bhagavadgita   Simon Pearse BRODBECK
2002   PhD   London, SOAS   Indian religions   Simon Pearse BRODBECK
2002   PhD   Newcastle   The integration of poverty-focused aquaculture in large-scale irrigation systems in South Asia   Cecile D BRUGERE
2002   PhD   London   Local governance in Calcutta: bureaucratic performance and health care delivery   Indranil CHAKRABARTI
2002   MLitt   Oxford, St Antony’s   Ashraf identity in early Urdu fiction   Shardul Kumar CHATURVEDI   Dr D A Washbrook; Dr N Gooptu
2002   PhD   Bristol   Towards the socialisation of children’s learning: pupils, parents and primary education in an Indian district – an ethnographic survey   Rita CHAWLA-DUGGAN
2002   PhD   London, UC   The influence of ethnicity and beliefs on the course and outcome of schizophrenia in Singapore   J L CHUA
2002   PhD   London, LSE   Social mobility in a Chamar community in eastern Uttar Pradesh, northern Indian   Manuela CIOTTI
2002   DPhil   Sussex   Rural poverty in Bangaldesh: a comparative study of determinants of economic well-being and inequality   Maria Jose A CORTIJO
2002   PhD   Open   Environmental impact of Deccan Trap flood basalt volcanism: assessment of regional floral responses to late Cretaceous-early Tertiary activity   Jennifer Ann CRIPPS
2002   PhD   De Montfort   Maharashtra and the cross-fertilisation of style of Brahmanical caves in India   Deepanjana DANDA
2002   PhD   London, LSHTM   The long term effect of child bearing on adult mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh   Lisa Sioned DAVIES
2002   DPhil   Oxford, Wolfson   British policy in Bengal: 1939-1954   Bikramjit DE   Prof J M Brown; Prof T Raychaudhuri
2002   PhD   London, SOAS   Institutionalizing education: colonial government, missionary and household education in British colonial Punjab   Jeffrey Mark DIAMOND   Dr A A Powell
2002   PhD   Oxford Brookes   The molecular basis of thalassaemia in Sri Lanka   Christopher A FISHER
2002   PhD   Cambridge, St John’s   Globalization and religious revival in the imperial cities of the Indian Ocean rim, 1870-1820   Mark Ravinder FROST   Dr T N Harper
2002   PhD   Durham   Indigenous knowledge, livelihood and decision -making strategies on floodplain farmers in Bangladesh   G P GHOSH
2002   PhD   Bath   Competing interests and institutional ambiguities: problems of sustainable forest management in the northern areas of Pakistan   A GOHAR
2002   PhD   Edinburgh   Untouchable citizens: an analysis of the Liberation Panthers and democratistion in Tamil Nadu   Hugh GORRINGE
2002   PhD   London, SOAS   The Sufi saints of Awrangabad: narratives, contexts and identities   Nile S GREEN
2002   PhD   Cambridge. St John’s   Mantle plumes and depositional sequences: onshore/offshore India   A R W HALKETT   Dr N J White
2002   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Famine process and famine policy: a case study of Ahmednagar District, Bombay Presidency, 1870-84   David N J HALL-MATTHEWS   Dr D A Washbrook; Dr B Harriss
2002   PhD   Leeds   Computer misuse within the organisation: an evaluation of computer misuse legislation in Britain and Malaysia   Zaiton HAMIN
2002   PhD   London, Imperial   Characterisation of Bacillus cereus strains in Bangladeshi rice   Md Anwarul HAQUE
2002   PhD   Edinburgh   Growing gods: bidayuh processes of religious change in Sarawak, Malaysia   F M A HARRIS
2002   DPhil   Sussex   British collecting of Indian art and artifacts in the 18th and 19th centuies   Lucian G HARRIS
2002   PhD   Reading   Understanding farmers’ attitudes and behaviours towards the use of pesticides on cotton crop in Pakisdtan’s Punjab   Tariq HASSAN
2002   PhD   London   The curriculum for health education in schools: issues of definition, choice and implementation: an illuminative study based on Uganda, Zambia and India   Hubert William Richmond HAWES
2002   PhD   Strathclyde   The significance of ethnic ties and entreprenurial networks in the internationalisation of the firm: case study: the internationalisation of UK Indian enterprises   Jaswinder Singh HAYER
2002   PhD   Leeds   The expression of syntax in Sri Lankan English: speech and writing   S M F HERAT
2002   PhD   Hull   US – Pakistan partnership in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979-1988: causes, dynamics and consequences   A Z A HILALI
2002   PhD   Strathclyde   An integrated performance measurement system of health care services: an empirical study of public and private hospitals in Malaysia   Abdul Razak IBRAHIM
2002   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   Alternative methods and sources for measuring vaccination coverage in rural Bangladesh   MdD Shafiqul ISLAM   Dr C G N Mascie-Taylor
2002   DPhil   Sussex   Voice, responsiveness and collaboration: democratic decentralization and service delivery in two Indian cities   Jennifer JALAL   J P Gaventa
2002   PhD   Wales, Bangor   Drivers of land use change and policy analysis: the case of Bangladesh   Mohammed JASHIMUDDIN   Prof G Edwards-Jones
2002   PhD   Open   An investigation of teaching and learning biology at a distance: with special reference to Sri Lanka   B G JAYATILLEKE
2002   DPhil   York   Cultural construction of the “Sinhala woman” and women’s lives in post-independence Sri Lanka   J D JAYAWARDENA   Dr J de Groot
2002   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Greeks, Saracens and Indians: imperial builders in south India, 1800-1880   Ioma Shanti JAYEWARDENE-PILLAI   Dr D A Washbrook
2002   PhD   London, RHUL   Being Sri Lankan: three cultural geographies   Tariq JAZEEL   Dr C Nash; Prof D Gower
2002   PhD   Southampton   The rhetoric and reality of gender issues in the domestic water sector: a case study from India   Deepa JOSHI
2002   PhD   Cambridge, Selwyn   Behavioural ecology of sympatric langures in Bangladesh   Md Mofizul KABIR   Dr D J Chivers
2002   MD   Leeds   Genetic and environmental determinants of cardiovascular risk factors in South Asian patients with cerebrovascular disease and their first degree relatives   K KAIN
2002   PhD   Nottingham   The categories of Hindu nationalism: a neo-structuralist analysis of the discourse of Hindutva   Christian KARNER
2002   PhD   Manchester Metropolitan   Public participation in environmental impact assessment in the developing and developed worlds: Pakistan and UK perspectives   Amjad Ali KHAN
2002   PhD   Kent   Memory, dis-location, violence and women in the partition literature of Pakistan and India    Furrukh Abbas KHAN   Dr A S Gurnah
2002   MPhil   London, UC   Vitamin A deficiency in children in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP)of Pakistan   M A KHAN
2002   PhD   Manchester   An evaluation of the performance of small and medium enterprises in Bangladesh with special reference to finance   Md Saiful Amin KHAN   Prof F Nixson
2002   PhD   Durham   Women’s voices: the presentation of women in the fiction of South Asian women   Lisa Ee Jia LAU   Dr M A Crang; Dr E E Mawdsley
2002   PhD   London   The role of Islam in the legal system of Pakistan   Martin Wilhelm LAU
2002   PhD   Kent   Power and patronage in Pakistan   Stephen M LYON   Mr R S Edmond
2002   PhD   Reading   The role of English in higher education in Pakistan   S MANSOOR
2002   PhD   Bristol   The global regulation of marine fisheries and its impact on two developing states: Namaibia and Kerala   Leonarda Enrica Camilla MARAZZI
2002   DClinPsy   Leicester   Illness representations, coping and locus of control in breast cancer: a comparative study amongst South Asian Indian women and white indigenous women   R MARTYN
2002   PhD   Durham   Sowing new ideas; an investigation of anthropology’s contribution to rural development in south east Sri Lanka   M MARZANO
2002   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   The sepoy army and colonial Madras, c1806-57   Carina Anne MONTGOMERY   Dr D A Washbrook
2002   PhD   London, SOAS   A lot of history: sexual violence, public memory and the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971   Nayanika MOOKHERJEE   Dr C Pinney; Dr C Osella
2002   PhD   London, SOAS   Hindi film songs: and the cinema   Anna Frances MORCOM   Dr R Widdess
2002   PhD   Bristol   A study of the late Madhyamaka doxography   Jundo NAGASHIMA
2002   PhD   East Anglia   Between work and school: children in rural Andhra Pradesh   Masako OTA   Prof J D Seddon; Dr R Palmer-Jones

2002    DPhil    Oxford, Wolfson    The fragile web of order: conflict avoidance and dispute resolution in Ladakh    Fernanda PIRIE    Dr M J Banks; Prof D Parkin
2002    PhD    Glasgow    Morphological and molecular systematic studies of Asian caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)    Bronwen PRESSWELL
2002    PhD    London, LSE    US foreign policy to Pakistan, 1947-1960: reconstructing strategy    Saqib Iqbal QUERESHI    Dr C Coker
2002    PhD    Essex    India in the making of liberal identities: the case of Mary Carpenter and Harrier Martineau    Brenda A QUINN    Prof C M Hall
2002    PhD    Wales, Bangor    Muslims and crime: a comparative criminological study of South Asian Muslims in Britain and Pakistan    Muzammil QURAISHI    Dr J Wardhaugh
2002    PhD    London, LSE    US foreign policy to Pakistan, 1947-1960: re-constructing strategy    Saqib Iqbal QURESHI    Dr C Coker
2002    PhD    Aberdeen    Seasonal availability and utilisation of feed resources and their impact on the nutrition of livestock in an agro pastoral system of the Hindu Kush Karakoram Himalayan region of Pakistan    Abdur RAHMAN
2002    PhD    East Anglia    Standing one’s ground: gender, land and livelihoods in the Santal Parganas, Jharkhans, India    Nitya RAO    Prof C Jackson; Dr B Rogaly
2002    PhD    Bradford    Opening up spaces: engendering protracted social conflict and conflict transformation: an analysis with special reference to Sri Lanka    C REIMANN
2002    PhD    London, LSHTM    Sustaining menstrual regulation policy: a case study of the policy process in Bangladesh    Gabrielle Catherine ROSS
2002    PhD    Aberdeen    The economic viability of shrimp farming in the coastal areas of Pakistan    Nizam SABIR
2002    PhD    Wales, Cardiff    Raj Bhakta Marg: the path of devotion to Srimad Rajcandra: a Jain community in the twenty first century    E K SALTER    Dr Johnson
2002    PhD    Edinburgh    Negotiations and contradictions: local perceptions of tourism on Langkawi Island, Malaysia    Nor Hafizah SELAMAT
2002    PhD    London, UC    A study to determine the effects of the status of women on child growth undertaken in the Mysore region of Karnataka, India    K SETHURAMAN
2002    PhD    Wales, Aberystwyth    The resolution of environmental disputes in India    D SHANNUGANATHAN
2002    PhD    Newcastle    Application of information technology to improve the design process in the construction sector in Pakistan: a case of the specification management process    B K SHAR
2002    PhD    London, SOAS    Communism in India    Shalini SHARMA    Dr S Kaviraj
2002    PhD    Cambridge, Darwin    The sacred geography of Sanchi Hill: the archaeological setting of Buddhist monasteries in central India    J SHAW    Dr D K Chakrabarti
2002    PhD    Wales, Cardiff    Metaphysical psychology: an analysis of Sri Aurobindo Ghose’s theory of psychological consciousness development with special reference to his concepts of integral Brahman and the psychic entity     Girija SHETTAR    Dr Johnson
2002    MPhil/PhD    Reading    Credit constraints on the growth of rural non-farm sector in India    Anchita SHUKLA (TRIPATHI)    Dr S L Wiggins
2002    PhD    Bath    Escape and “struggle”: routes to women’s liberation in Bihar    Indu B SINHA    Dr G Wood; Dr J A McGregor
2002    PhD    Wales, Cardiff    Representative agent modes and macroeconomic poliocy: an application to the UK    Naveen SRINIVASAN
2002    DPhil    Oxford, Trinity    Bhuvanekabahu VII and the Portuguese: temporal and spiritual encounters in Sri Lanka, 1521-1551    Alan Leiper STRATHERN    Dr P B R Carey; Prof T F Earle
2002    PhD    Cranfield, Silsoe    An evaluation of public and private groundwater irrigation systems in Bangladesh and Pakistan    David SUTHERLAND    Dr R Carter
2002    DPhil    Oxford    Clothing culture: sex, gender and transvestism with reference to UK transvestites and the hijras of India    Charlotte SUTHRELL    Prof M Banks
2002    DPhil    Oxford, Wolfson    A study of consecration ritual in Indian Buddhist tantrism: a critical and annotated transslation of selected sections of the Kriyasagrahapanjika of Kuladatta    Ryugen TANEMURA    Prof A G J Sanderson
2002    PhD    Wales, Bangor    Influence of crop profitability, market, labour and land on smallholder cropping systems in rubber-growing areas of Sri Lanka    Sunethra Pushpa Kumri Thennakoon THENNAKOON-MUDIYANSELAGE    Dr F Sinclair
2002    DPhil    Oxford, Hertford    Negotiating the boundaries of gender and empire: Lady Mary Curzon, Vicereine of India    Nicola J THOMAS    Dr P Coones; Dr J R Ryan
2002    PhD    Cambridge, Fitzwilliam    The institutional responses to the water needs of peri-urban communities in Delhi, India    Kathryn Signe TOVEY    Dr B Vira
2002    PhD    Cambridge, Christ’s    Crafting discourse: mat weaving in Pattamadai, South India    S VENKATESAN    Dr D A Swallow
2002    PhD    East Anglia    Foreign aid, power and elementary education reform in Pakistan from 1992 to 1999    Michael WARD    Dr R McBride
2002    PhD    Nottingham    Salman Rushdie: imagining the other name foe Islam    Y YACOUBI
2002    PhD    London, SOAS    The Vinaya in India and China: spirit and transformation    Jing YIN    Dr T Skorupski
2002    PhD    Reading    An application of theory of planned behaviour and logistic regression models to understand farm level tree planting and its determinants in the district of Dera Ismail of Pakistan’s North West Frontier Province    Muhammad ZUBAIR
2003    PhD    Birmingham    Women empowerment and intrahousehold resource allocation through micro-finance: a comparative study of two micro-finance institutions in Bangladesh    Shahnaz Tarannum ABDULLAH
2003    PhD    Glasgow    An ethnographic study of violence experienced by Dalit Christian women in Kerala State, India, and the implications of this for feminist theology    S ABRAHAM
2003    PhD    London, LSE    Federal formation and consociational stabilisation: the politics of national identity, articulation and ethnic conflict regulation in India and Pakistan    Katharine ADENEY    Prof B O’Leary
2003    PhD    Stirling    An empirical study of employee share ownership in Malaysia    Mohmad ADNAN B ALIAS
2003    PhD    Exeter    Linking India with Britain: the Persian Gulf cable, 1864-1906    Farajollah AHMADI    Prof J Black; Dr L P Morris
2003    PhD    London, UC    Ethnicity and environment in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Bangladesh    Farid AHMED    Dr M Banerjee
2003    DPhil    Sussex    The construction of childhood in Monipur: negotiating boundaries through activities    Iftikhar AHMED
2003    PhD    Manchester    Sri Lankan export-orientated clothing manufacturing industry: a comparison of management development practices across foreign, joint venture and local companies    Vathsala AKURATIYAGAMAGE    B Cooke; A Mamman
2003    PhD    Queen’s, Belfast    We are fighting for the women’s liberation also: a comparative study of female combatants in the national conflicts in Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland    M ALISON
2003    PhD    London, SOAS    Dominant texts, subaltern performances: two tellings of the Ramayan in central India    S ANITHA
2003    PhD    Cambridge, Wolfson    A political biography of Don Stephen Senanyake, (1931-1952): the former prime minister of Sri Lanka    Drene Terana APONSO    Dr G Johnson
2003    DPhil    Oxford, St Cross    Education reform in developing countries:decentralisation with reference to India and Pakistan    Linda F C ARTHUR    Dr C Brock
2003    PhD    London, UC    Childhood epilepsy in Bangladesh: clinical profile, predictors of outcome and randomised controlled trial of efficacy and side effects of treatment    S H BANU
2003    MPhil    Birmingham    A comparative examination of critical, religious and interreligious ingredients contributing to intercommunal harmony and disharmony in Sri Lanka: Sri Lankan Tamil Hindu dynamism, British Christian evangelism and the rise of 20th century Sinhalese Buddhist militancy    A R BECKETT
2003    PhD    Manchester    Perceptions of user education in the university libraries of Pakistan    Rubina BHATTI    T Christie; G Price
2003    PhD    Oxford Brookes    Revolution, military personnel and the war of liberation in Banglaldesh    O A BIR BIKRAM
2003    MPhil    London, SOAS    Hindustani music in the reign of Aurangzeb    Katherine Ruth BROWN    Dr R Widdess
2003    PhD    London, SOAS    We Nelpalis: language, lliterature and the formation of a Nepali public sphere in India, 1914-1940    Rhoderick Alasdair MacDonald CHALMERS    Dr M Hutt
2003    PhD    Leeds    The relationship between knowledge and power in the work of Amitav Ghosh    C G CHAMBERS
2003    PhD    Cambridge, Trinity Hall    Mysore: the making and unmaking of a model state, c. 1799-1834    Nigel Hugh Mosman CHANCELLOR    Prof C A Bayly
2003    PhD    Edinburgh    Rishtas: transational Pakistani marriages    Katharine CHARSLEY
2003    PhD    Sheffield    Birth for some women in Pakistan: defining and defiling    M CHESNEY
2003    PhD    Edinburgh    Admitted truths in Muslim-Christian dialogue: a study of William Muir, Sayyid Ahmad Khan and William Goldsack in 19th century India    David Otis COFFEY
2003    DPhil    Oxford, Queen’s    Marxism and middle class intelligentsia: political ideology and culture in Bengal, 1920-1950    Rajarshi DASGUPTA    Dr N Gooptu
2003    DPhil    Oxford, St Hugh’s    Bridging educational and social divides ? private school outreach for out-of-school children in India    Laura L DAY    Dr C Brock
2003    PhD    London, SOAS    Local brokers: knowledge and trust and organisation in the practice of agricultural extension for small and marginal farmers in Rajasthan, India    Bina DESAI    Dr D Mosse
2003    PhD    Newcastle    The regulation of private schools for low-income families in Andrha Pradesh,India: an Austrian economic approach    P DIXON
2003    PhD    Cambridge, Girton    Orientalism, Sanskrit scholarship and education in colonial north India, ca 1775-1875    Michael Sinclair DODSON    Prof C A Bayley
2003    PhD    Wales, Cardiff    Sri Ramakrishna, Swami Vivekananda and the Ramakrishna movement: the question of continuity    Paul W EATON    Dr Johnson
2003    PhD    London, SOAS    Jews and Judaism in modern Indian discourse    Yulia EGOROVA    Prof C Shackle
2003    PhD    Cambridge, Clare Hall    Behind the scenes at the magic house: an ethnoggraphy of the Indian Museum, Calcutta    M J ELLIOTT    Dr D A Swallow
2003    PhD    Cambridge, Jesus    A study of agricultural production at the level of household, community and region: long term trends in India and China    Shailaja FENNELL    Dr P H Nolan
2003    PhD    London, SOAS    Sinhala Buddhist nationalism from revivalism to militant political ideology: the struggle to shape public culture in Sri Lanka    Yolanda FOSTER    Dr DTaylor
2003    PhD    Gloucestershire    Exiled from glory: Anglo-Indian settlement in nineteenth century Britain with special reference to Cheltenham    S FRASER    Dr C R V More; Dr J M Bourne
2003    PhD    Gloucestershire    Exiled from glory: Anglo-Indian settlement in nineteenth century Britain with special reference to Cheltenham    Stuart J FRASER    Dr C R V More; Dr J M Bourne
2003    PhD    London, LSE    From local tensions to ethnic conflict: the emergence of Hindu nationalism in a Christian/Hindu “tribal” community in Chhattisgargh, northern India    Peggy FROERER    Dr L Sklar
2003    PhD    Cambridge, Churchill    An economic perspective on resettlement of populations displaced by large dams: the case of the Sardar Sarovar Project displaced, India    Supriya GARIKIPATI
2003    PhD    London, SOAS    The origins and early development of anthropomorphic Indian iconography    Madhuvanti GHOSE    Dr G H R Tillotson
2003    DPhil    Oxford, St Edmund Hall    Subduction-related metamorphism, structure and tectonic evolution of the Kohistan arc and main mantle thrust zone, Pakistanm Himalayas    Simon J GOUGH    Dr D J Waters; Dr M P Searle
2003    PhD    Birmingham    Islamic activism in South Asia: the reasons for the electoral under-achievement of the Jama’at Islami Party of Pakistan, 1947-1977    F HAMEED
2003    PhD    Derby    A critical analysis of policy initiatives involving small and medium enterprises in Malaysia    A B A HAMID
2003    PhD    Sunderland    Identity and the Bengal Muslims: mapping changing perspectives (1905-1971)    F HASHEM
2003    PhD    London, External    Patterns and dynamics of loan use: a study of BRAC borrowers in Bangladesh    F HASIN
2003    PhD    Durham    Arsenic toxicity in Bangladesh: health and social hazards    Md Manzarul HASSAN
2003    DPhil    Sussex    Elite public discourses of poverty and the poor in Bangladesh    Naomi T HOSSAIN    M P Moore
2003    PhD    Southampton    Quality of care in maternity services: childbirth among the urban poor of Mumbai, India    Louise A HULTON
2003    PhD    Cambridge, Churchill    Effect of weekly iron supplementation and antihelminthic treatment on the physical growth and development of Bangladeshi children    Mohammad Mushtuq HUSAIN
2003    PhD    Essex    Factors limiting productivity and adoption of rubber tea intercropping in the low country wet zone of Sri Lanka    S M M IQBAL
2003    MPhil    Birmingham    A call to Christian discipleship in a situation of conflict: a study of Christian mission in the socio-ethnic conflict of Sri Lanka, with special reference to the life witness and theoleogy of Dietrich Bonhoefer    M B JEYAKUMAR
2003    PhD    Cambridge, Queens’    Novels of the South Asian diaspora in East Africa    Stephanie Jillian JONES    Mr T L J Cribb
2003    PhD    London, LSE    Governing morals: state, marriage and householfd among the Gaddis of north India    Kriti KAPILA
2003    MPhil    London, SOAS    The power behind the throne: relations between the British and Indian states, 1870-1909    Caroline J KEEN    Dr A A Powell
2003    PhD    Cambridge, Corpus    Representing children: power, policy and the discourse on child labour in the football manufacturing industry of Sialkot    Ali KHAN    Dr D Sneath
2003    PhD    Manchester    The impact of privatisation in Pakistan    Iram Anjum KHAN    Dr P Cook
2003    PhD    Cambridge, Hughes Hall    A social and political history of the telegraph in the Indian empire, circa 1850-1920    Deep Kanta LAHIRI CHOUDHURY    Prof C A Bayley
2003    PhD    Cambridge,Fitzwillliam    Colonial governmentality: spaces of inperialism and nationalism in India’s new capital, New Delh    S I LEGG    Dr J S Duncan
2003    PhD    London, SOAS    Women, equality, autonomy: study of women’s rights in India    Sumi MADHOK    Dr S Kaviraj
2003    PhD    Aberdeen    The performance of agricultural institutions in disseminating new technologies: a case study of modern rice variety BR 32 in Bangladesh’    B MAJUMDER
2003    PhD    Reading    Vegetation mapping in the north west of Pakistan    R N MALIK
2003    DPhil    Sussex    Gendered places, transnational lives: Sikh women in Tanzania, Britain and Indian Pubjab    K P K MAND
2003    PhD    Stirling    Policy transfer and policy translation: day care for people with dementia in Kerala, India    L F M McCABE
2003    PhD    Southampton    Barriers and opportunities in effective contraceptive management in Bangladesh    Juliet McEACHRAN
2003    PhD    Wales, Aberystwyth    Federalism in Malaysia: a constitutional study of the federal institutions established by the Federal Constitution of Malaysia and their relationships with the traditional institutions in the constitution (with special reference to the Islamic religious power and bureaucracy in the states)    K A MOKHTAR
2003    PhD    Leeds    The levels of integration of people with spinal cord lesion in Bangladesh    Abdul Khair Mohammed MOMIN
2003    PhD    Loughborough    Modelling a flow of funds and policy simulation experiments in the financial sector in India    Tomoe MOORE
2003    PhD    London, LSE    Tradition and modernity: a sociological comparison between Sri Lankan women in Colombo and in London in the late 1990s    Fathima Fatheena MUBARAK
2003    PhD    London, Goldsmiths    Doing development: voluntary agencies in the Sundarbans of West Bengal    Amites MUKHOPADHYAY    Prof P Caplan
2003    PhD    London, LSHTM    Gender and reproductive health in Pakistan: a need for reconceptualisation    Z MUMTAZ
2003    PhD    London, SOAS    Romance and pleasure in a restrictive society: understanding the sexual conduct of unmarried middle class young people in Bangladesh    Lazeena MUNA    Prof J Cleland (LSHTM)
2003    PhD    London, LSE    Marxism and beyond in Indian politicval thought: J P Narayan and M N Roy’s theory of radical democrary    Eva-Maria NAG    Dr Chun Lin
2003    PhD    London, SOAS    The museum in colonial India (1770-1936): a history of collecting, exhibiting and disciplining of knowledge    Savithri Preetha NAIR    De G H R Tillotson
2003    PhD    Wales, Aberystwyth    Second World War Japanese atrocities and British minor war crimes trials: the issue of fair trial in four selected British war crimes trials in Malaysia and Singapore in 1946-1947    Arujanan NARAYANAN
2003    PhD    London, UC    The life cycle of clothing: recycling and the efficacy of materiality in contemporary urban India    Katherine Lucy NORRIS    Dr S Kuechler-Fogden
2003    DPhil    Oxford, St Antony’s    Refugees on the Indian sub-continent, 1947-1998: state policy and practice    Pia A OBEROI    Dr G S Goodwin-Gill
2003    PhD    Aberdeen    The classification and efficiency of use of forage resources under semi-arid conditions in the Hindukush, Karakoram and Himalayan region of Pakistan    R M OMER
2003    PhD    Birmingham    The echoes of a faded memory: a contribution to a history of the Tamil Coolie Mission    P J T PEIRIS
2003    PhD    London, SOAS    The formation of a divided public: print, language and literatuire in colonial Goa    R PINTO
2003    PhD    Greenwich    A tapestry of resistance: Afghan educated refugee women in Pakistan: “Agency” identity and resistance in war and displacement    N POURZAND
2003    PhD    Dundee    Quality assurance in undergraduate medical education: a multiple case study in Bangladesh, Thailand and Indonesia    Titi Savitri PRIHATININGSIH
2003    PhD    Reading    International joint ventures in developing economies: an analysis of Indo-British ventures in India    Raji RAJAN    Prof M Utton; Dr U Kambhampati
2003    PhD    London, SOAS    Law and social change in India    Gopalan RAMAN
2003    PhD    London, LSHTM    The consequences of health insurance for the informal sector: two non-governmental, non-profit schemes in Gujerat    Michael Kent RANSON
2003    PhD    Durham    A study of land transformation in Savar Upazila, Bangladesh, 1915-2001: an integrated approach using remore sensing    Md Shahedur RASHID    Dr P J Atkins
2003    PhD    Cambridge, Sidney Sussex    Auditing “development”: an anthropological study of “audit culture” within a “participatory rural development” project in eastern India    M J REW
2003    MPhil    Newcastle    Development and land relations in tribal India: a study of Chotanagpur    Richard ROBERTS    P W Kellett
2003    PhD    Edinburgh    William Roxburgh (1751-1815)the founding father of Indian botany    Timothy Francis ROBINSON
2003    DPhil    Sussex    Representing rebellion: visual aspects of counter-insurgency in colonial India    Daniel J RYCROFT
2003    PhD    Wawick    Malaysian pre-school children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in inclusive settings    S SAAD
2003    PhD    Bristol    Voices from an island: a reading of four Sri Lankan novelists in English    D SAIKIA
2003    PhD    Bradford    A social constructionist account of children’s rights under the conditions of globalisation: the issue of child labour in India    G SANGHERA
2003    PhD    Warwick    The knowledge and perspectives about Educational Management Information System (EIS/SMPP) of decision makers in the Malaysian Ministry of Education (MMOE): an enquiry into the implementation of an EMIS    M W SARWANI
2003    PhD    Manchester    Institutions and poverty reduction: a case study of rural Bangladesh    Md Golam SARWAR    Dr J Mullen
2003    PhD    London, SOAS    Woman and communal violence in India    Atreyee SEN    Dr D Mosse
2003    PhD    Manchester    Information technology and the construction industry in Pakistan    Ali SHAR    Prof S Guy
2003    PhD    Cambridge, St Cath’s    The making of modern Assam, 1826-1935    Jayeeta SHARMA    Prof C A Bayley
2003    PhD    Wales, Cardiff    Arsenic mobility in sediments and contamination of he Bengal Basin    Darren SHAW
2003    PhD    Bradford    Microfinance and social change: a case study of household finance, development and change in gender relations in rural Bangladesh    M N I SHEKH
2003    DPhil    Sussex    Resisting stigma and interventions: situating trafficked Nepali women’s struggles for self-respect, safety and security in Mumbai and Nepal    M M SHIVADAS
2003    PhD    Leicester    Violence as non communication: the news differential of Kashmir and north east conflicts in the Indian national press    Prasun SONWALKAR    Prof A Sreberny
2003    PhD    Aberdeen    Factors affecting tree growing in traditional agriforestry systems in Werstern Himalaya, India    K K SOOD
2003    PhD    Brunel    Moral continuity: Gujerati kinship, women, children and rituals    Alison SPIRO, Mary
2003    PhD    London, SOAS    Social exclusion and cohesion: the case of leprosy in South India    James STAPLES    Dr D Mosse
2003    PhD    London, LSE    Bringing the Empire back in: patterns of growth in the British imperial state, 1890-1960 (with special reference to Indian and Africa)    Gita SUBRAHMANYAM
2003    PhD    Birmingham    Imagining Hinduism: a post colonial perspective    S SUGIRTHARAJAH
2003    PhD    Manchester    A feminist analysis of “white-ness” in an Indian research context    Maria SUMMERSON    Prof L Stanley
2003    PhD    London, SOAS    Prostitution and the law in Pakistan: a case study of Lahore’s Hira Mandi    R TAK
2003    PhD    Open    South Asian women and the construction of political identity    S TAKHAR
2003    PhD    Warwick    Foreign music: linguistic estrangement and its textual effects in Joyce, Beckett, Nabokov and Rushdie    J TAYLOR
2003    DPhil    Oxford, Wadham    Monetary remedy for breach of constitutional rights in the United States, India, New Zealand and the United Kingdom    Lisa Anne TORTELL    Prof P P Craig
2003    PhD    London, SOAS    Literature and the politics of identity in Orissa    Lopamudra TRIPATHY    Dr S Kaviraj
2003    DPhil    Oxford, Nuffield    Growth empirics within a low income country: evidence from states in India,1960-1992    Kamakshya D TRIVEDI    Dr G M F Cameron
2003    PhD    London, LSE    Rebels and devotees of Jharkhand: social, religious and political transformation among the Adivasis of northern India    Barbara VERARDO
2003    PhD    Cambridge, St John’s    Institutional change and natural resource management: the case of forest policy reform in India    Bhaskar VIRA    Prof P H Nolan
2003    PhD    East Anglia    Embodied working lives: manual labouring in Maharashtra, India    Louise WAITE    Dr C Jackson; Dr R Palmer-Jones
2003    PhD    Warwick    Pakistan’s teaching hospitals: present measures quality and proposed quality improvement programmes    G WAJID
2003    DPhil    Oxford, St Cross    Bangladeshi pupils: experiences, identity and achievement    Sue WALTERS    Dr C W R Davies; Prof S Tomlinson
2003    PhD    East Anglia    The growth of the Indian software industry: a social history    Meera WARRIER    Dr K Sen
2003    PhD    Edinburgh    Stereotyped Scots: representations and realities of Scottish missionary and military experience in colonial and post-independence Pakistan    Jeremy WESTON
2003    PhD    Wales    Pandita Ramabai (1858-1922): a re-evaluation of her life and work    Keith J WHITE
2004    PhD    Cambridge, Lucy     The world is established through the work of existence: the performance of Gham-Khadi among Pukhtun Bibiane in northern Pakistan:    Amineh A AHMED    Dr S B Bayly
2004    PhD    Hull    Political regime change and local government in Bangladesh    Tariq AHMED    L Summers
2004    MPhil    Bradford    Community level conflict transformation for sustainable peace: a Barefoot University for peace education in Sri Lanka    Monica ALFRED
2004    MPhil    De Montfort    Arsenic speciation in foodstuffs from Bangladesh and a method for arsenic removal from water    Shaban W AL-RMAILLY
2004    PhD    Wales, Cardiff    The portfolio behaviour of the GCC islamic and conventional banks    Abdulaziz Mohammad N AL-SAEED
2004    DPhil    Oxford, Linacre    Just a pile of stones ! The politicization of identity , indigenous knowledge and sacred landscapes among the Lepcha and the Bhutia tribes in contemporary Sikkim, India    Vibha ARORA    Prof D Parkin; Prof M J Banks
2004    DPhil    Oxford, Campion Hall    From outcaste to caste: the use of symbols and myths in the construction of identity: a study of conflict between the Paraiyars and the Vanniyars in Tamil Nadu, South India    Chockalingam Joe ARUN    Dr M J Banks
2004    PhD    Durham    Economic and structural reforms and bank efficiency: a comparative analysis of India and Pakistan, 1990-1998    A ATAULLAH
2004    PhD    Bradford    Quality assurance in the basic nurse education programme in Pakistan: a case study aimed at improving the quality assurance practices in the basic nurse education in Pakistan    A AZIZ
2004    PhD    Greenwich    A sustainable competitiveness model for strategic alliances: a study of rural entrepreneurs and commercial organisations in Malaysia with special emphasis on Malaysian farmer’s organisations    S A BAHARUM
2004    DPhil    Oxford, Nuffield    The legisimating vocabulary of group rights in contemporary India    Rochana BAJPAI    Prof M S Freedom; Dr N Gooptu
2004    PhD    Reading    Farmers’ risk and uncertainty perceptions and their influence on farm level decision-making in the cotton-wheat zone of Pakistan’s Punjab    K A BAJWA    Dr T Rehman
2004    PhD    London, InstEd    An evaluation of the impact of school-based resource management and formula funding of schools and on the efficiency and equity of resource allocation in Sri Lanka    Balasooriya Mudiyanselage Jayantha BALASOORIYA    Prof A Little; Prof R Levacic
2004    PhD    Cambridge, Downing    Skill upgrading within informal training: lessons from the Indian auto mechanic    J C BARBER    Dr L Caley
2004    DBA    Strathclyde    The competitive advantage of Pakistan: empirical analysis of the textile/apparel industry    K M BARI
2004    PhD    London, Goldsmiths    In service in India: the ethics of rule and conduct of British administrators and army officers in late nineteenth and early twentieth century India    Jatinder BARN    N Rose
2004    MPhil    SOAS    The dispensary movement in Bombay Presidency: ideology and practice, 1800-1876    Jennifer BLAKE    Prof D Arnold
2004    PhD    Middlesex    The “divine heirarchy”: the social and institutional elements of vulnerability in South India    B BOSHER
2004    PhD    London, SOAS    Challenging development: western discourses and Rajasthan women    Tamsin Jane BRADLEY
2004    PhD    Cambridge, Queens    Tectono-metamorphic evolution of the central and western Himalayas    M CADDICK    Dr T J B Holland
2004    PhD    Coventry    Empire and authority: Curzon, collisions, character and the Raj, 1899-1906    M CARRINGTON
2004    DPhil    Sussex    Bringing citizens back in: public sector reform, service delivery performance and and accountability in an Indian state    Jonathan CASELEY    Dr A Joshi
2004    PhD    Sheffield    Site-formation studies and paleolithic investigations in the Siwalik Hill of northern India: reconsidering the Soanian history    P R CHAUHAN
2004    PhD    London, SOAS    Buddhist nuns in Sri Lanka and Taiwan    W-Y CHENG
2004    PhD    Warwick    Uncovering injustice: towards a Dalit feminist politics in Bangladesh    Shraddha CHIGATERI    C Wright
2004    PhD    London, SOAS    The Da’sanami-Samnyasis: the integration of ascetic lineages into an order    Matthew James CLARK
2004    PhD    Manchester    We are the kings: the children of Dhaka’s streets    Alessandro CONTICINI    D Hulme
2004    PhD    Anglia    Adaptation and change in a traditional society: sustainable development in the context of a Ladakhi village    Robert COOK
2004    PhD    Cambridge, Darwin    The Irish expatriate community in British India, c1750-1900    Barry James Conleth CROSBIE    Prof C A Bayley
2004    DPhil    Oxford, Balliol    Much ado about religion: a critical and annotated translation of the Agamadambara, a satirical play by the 9th century Kashmirian philosopher Bhatta Jayanta    Csaba DEZSO    Prof J A Sanderson
2004    PhD    Manchester    Marginal Indian Punjabi Sikh men; a psychotherapeutic perspective    Kamaldeep Singh DHILLON    Dr C Bates
2004    PhD    Nottingham    Inherited factors in pre-eclampsia: molecular genetic and epidemiological studies in a Sri Lankan population    V H W DISSANAYAKE
2004    PhD    Bristol    Gender and human rights: a discursive study of “violence against women” in Mexico and Pakistan    Silvie DRESSELHAUS    Dr J Weldes; Dr V Hewitt
2004    PhD    Portsmouth    The growth and applicationof Shari’ah in India: a legislative and judicial interpretation since 1947    E EHSANULLAH
2004    PhD    London, SOAS    Portugal and Portuguese India, 1870-1961    Bernard Dale ETHELL    Prof P G Robb
2004    PhD    Bradford    Ceramic specialisation and standardisation in early historic South Asia: an interdisciplinary investigation of rouletted ware, grey ware and Arikamedu Type 10    L A FORD
2004    PhD    Hull    Identity, war and the state in India: the case of the Nagas    Mr T FRANKS
2004    PhD    London, King’s    Improving the quality management systems for pharmaceutical services in developing countries: a case study in Sri Lanka    Piyadasa Galalla GAMAGE
2004    PhD    Oxford, Blackfriars    The Vedantic cosmology of Ramanuja and its western parallels    Robindra GANERI    Prof J S K Ward
2004    PhD    Nottingham    Slavery in ancient Greek poleis and ancient Sri Lanka: a comparison    W M W GEDARA
2004    PhD    Cambridge, Queens’    Of poverty and markets: the political economy of informal waste recovery and plastic recycling in Delhi    K GILL    Dr B Vira
2004    PhD    St Hugh’s    Caitanya Vaisnava Vedanta: acintyabhedabheda of Jiva Gosvani’s Catusutri Tika    Ravi Mohar GUPTA    Dr S Gupta-Gombrich; Prof J S K Ward
2004    PhD    London, SOAS    Samaj and unity: the in Bengali literati’s discourse on nationhood, 1867-1905    Swarupa GUPTA    Prof P G Robb
2004    PhD    London, SOAS    The politics of language and nation-building: the Nehruvian legacy and representations of cultural diversity in Sahgal, Rushdie and Seth    A M GUTTMAN
2004    PhD    East Anglia    Understanding gender and intra-household relations: a case study of Shaviyani Atoll, Maldives    Hala HAMEED    Prof C Jackson
2004    DPhil    Oxford, St Antony’s    The dynamics of low-caste conversion movements: rural Punjab c 1880-1935    Christopher Gerard Michael HARDING    Prof J M Brown
2004    PhD    London, SOAS    Religious mobilisation and the construction of political space in the Indian North West Frontier tribal areas in the early twentieth century    Sana HAROON
2004    MPhil    Leicester    Lord Lake of Laswaree and Delhi, 1744-1808    Roger HARRIS    Dr H V Bowen
2004    PhD    Durham    Detection, monitoring and management of small water bodies: a case study of Shahjadpur Thana, Bangladesh    Khondaker Mohammod Shariful HUDA    Dr P J Atkins; Dr D Donaghue
2004    PhD    Warwick    Problem of national identity of the middle class in Bangladesh and state-satellite television    Zeenat HUDA    Dr P Mukta
2004    PhD    Essex    Initial public offerings in Pakistan    T IMTIAZ
2004    PhD    South Bank    Parental involvement, attitudes and responsibilities in educaton: a case study of parents in Britain and Pakistan    N INAYAT
2004    PhD    Cranfield    Technology catch-up actions for manufacturing companies in Pakistan    N IQBAL

2004   PhD   London, SOAS   Protestant translations of the Bible (1714-1995) and defining a Protestant Tamil identity   Hephziba ISRAEL
2004   PhD   London, LSE   People and tigers: an anthropological study of the Sundarbans of West Belgal, India   A JALAIS
2004   PhD   Cambridge, Queens’   The agency of normal food: performing normality in contemporary urban Bengal   Manpreet Kaur JANEJA   Prof C Humphrey
2004   DPhil   Oxford, Nuffield   Bridging the digital divide: regulating universal access in India   Akash K KAPUR   Ms B Morgan
2004   PhD   Reading   Constraints and opportunities for sustainable livelihoods and forest management in the mountains of North West Frontier Province, Pakistan   Jahangir KHAN   Dr H M Jones
2004   PhD   Cambridge, Selwyn   Ecology and conservation of the Bengal tiger in the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangadesh   M M H KHAN   Dr D J Chivers
2004   PhD   De Montfort   Temple architecture of Bengal 9th to 16th centuries   A KHARE
2004   PhD   Keele   Reconstructing rights: an analysis of the role of rights in reconstructing gender relations in the earthquake affected area, Maharashtra, India   Jane KRISHNADAS
2004   PhD   London, SOAS   Resolution and rupture: the paradox of violence in witch accusations in Chhatisgarh, India   Helen M MACDONALD   Dr D Mosse
2004   PhD   London, SOAS   Resolution and rupture: the paradox of violence in witch accusations in Chhattisgarh, India   Helen M MacDONALD
2004   PhD   Edinburgh   Pious flames: changing Western interpretations of widow burning in India to 1860   Andrea MAJOR   Dr C Bates; Dr I Duffield
2004   PhD   Oxford, St John’s   Cricket in colonial India, 1850-1947   Boria MAJUMDAR   Dr D A Washbrook
2004   PhD   Nottingham   Land tax administration and compliance attitudes in Malaysia   N A A MANAF
2004   PhD   London, King’s   Countering hegemony: the geopolitics of agrobiotechnology and the regulatory role of the Indian state   Martin MANSKI   M Mulligan
2004   PhD   Birmingham   The interdependency and the relationship between the government and private sector and their changing role in the development of micro island tourism in the Maldives   Abdulla MAUSOOM
2004   PhD   Durham   Travelling knowledges: urban poverty and slum/shack dwellers international   Colin McFARLANE   Dr G Macleod
2004   PhD   Wales, Aberystwyth   The establishment and growth of selected pioneer tree species from disturbed tropical rainforest sites in Malaysia   H MD NOOR
2004   PhD   London, King’s   Reterritorialising transnational corporate hegemony: the geopolitics of agribiotechnology and the regulatory role of the state in India   Martin MENSKI
2004   PhD   London, SOAS   Zorastrian music   Raiomond MIRZA   Prof O Wright; Dr R Widdess
2004   PhD   London, SOAS   Space, borders and histories: identity in colonial Goalpura (India)   Sanghamitra MISRA   Prof P G Robb
2004   PhD   Cambridge, St John’s   Crystal structure of north east India and southern Tibet and a comparison with thelithosphere of the stable Indian shield   S MITRA   Dr K F Priestley
2004   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   The British in India and their domiciled brethern: race and class in the colonial context, 1858-1930   Satoshi MIZUTANI   Dr D A Washbrook
2004   MPhil   Leeds   Enabling and disabling factors of community cohesion among Pakistani Muslims in Bradford   Dominic J MOGHAL   Dr K Knott
2004   PhD   London , UC   Reworking modernity: the impact of resettlement in the Narmada valley, India   Kuheli MOOKERJEE   Dr C Dwyer; Dr A Varley
2004   PhD   London, InstArch   An examination of the spatial and temporal variation of lithic technology throughout the early Bronze Age of Pakistan   Justin Collard MORRIS   K Thomas
2004   PhD   London, UC   Lithic technology and cultural change during the late prehistoric period of northwest South Asia   J C MORRIS
2004   PhD   Cambridge, Lucy    Markets, transport and the state of Bengal economy, c.1750-1800   T MUKHERJEE   Prof C A Bayley
2004   PhD   London, SOAS   The perception of the “medieval” in Indian popular films, 1920s -1960s   Urvi MUKHOPADHYAY   Dr D Ali; Dr R Dwyer
2004   PhD   Cambridge   Impact of food supplementation on pregnancy weight gain and birth weight in rural Bangladesh   Shamsun NAHAR
2004   PhD   Cambridge. Sidney   Caught in the digital divide: transforming meanings of space, gender and identity for high tech professionals in Bangalore city, India   Roopa NAIR   Prof S E Corbridge
2004   PhD   Reading   The motivation of masons in the Sri Lankan construction industry   Leyon NANAYAKKARA
2004   PhD   Wales, Aberystwyth   Second World War Japanese atrocities and British minor war crimes trials: the issue of fair trial in the four selected British minor war crimes trials in Malaya and Singapore   A NARAYAN
2004   PhD   London, SOAS   The Gandavyuha-sutra: a study of wealth, gender and power in an Indian Buddhist narrative   Douglas Edward OSTO
2004   PhD   London, SOAS   Archaic knowledge, tradition and authenticity in colonial north India   Rakesh PANDEY   Dr D Ali
2004   PhD   West of England   Performance measurement and evaluation of supply chain: the Indian automobile industry   B PATEL
2004   PhD   Aberdeen   Emergency obstetric care: needs of poor women in Bangladesh   E PITCHFORTH
2004   PhD   London, LSE   Multinationals, local firms and economic reforms in Indian industry   Tushar PODDAR
2004   PhD   Birmingham   Mineral chemistry and metal extraction of Sri Lanka beach sands   W A P PREMARATNE
2004   PhD   London, LSE   A micro-econometric analysis of alcohol prohibition in India   L RAHMAN
2004   PhD   London, Wye   Measurement of productivity and efficiency of rice farmers in Bangladesh: an empirical study   Mohamed Mizanur RAHMAN
2004   PhD   Cambridge, Wolfson   Seismic characteristics of the southern Indian and the adjacent pan-African high grade terranes of Gondwanaland   Abhishek Kumar RAI   Dr K F Priestley
2004   PhD   Leeds   Nation, celebration and selected works of Michel Ondaatje and Carol Shields   Gillian Marie ROBERTS
2004   PhD   Cambridge, Gonville   HLA-DBQ1 – reproduction and health in consanguinous and non consanguinous families in Bangladesh   S ROY CHOUDHURY   Dr L A Knapp
2004   PhD   Leeds   The Sixteenth Landers, 1822-1846: the experience of regimental soldiering in India   J H RUMSBY
2004   PhD   Newcastle   Trade reforms: total factor productivity and profitability of manufacturing sectors in Pakistan   Naveeda SALAM
2004   PhD   Open   Psychedelic whiteness: rave tourism and the materiality of race in Goa   Joseph Johannes Arun SALDANHA   Dr J D Robinson; Prof D B Massey
2004   PhD   Manchester   The effect of globalisation on the grassroots women in Bangladesh   Nasreen SATTAR   Ms S Rowbotham
2004   PhD   London, LSE   Understanding the state: an anthropological study of rural Jharkhand, India   A SHAH
2004   PhD   London, SOAS   The Balochi verb: an etymological study   Azim SHAHBAKHSH
2004   DPhil   Oxford, Wolfson   State and society in: Gujerat, c.1200-1500: the making of a region   Samira SHEIKH   Dr D A Washbrook
2004   PhD   Edinburgh   Living with HIV/AIDS: turning points, transitions and transformations in the lives of women in Bombay and Edinburgh   Dina Pervez SIDHVA
2004   PhD   Cambridge   Exploring inclusive education in an Indian context   N SINGAL
2004   PhD   Birmingham   The question of method in Dalit theology: in search of a systematic approach of an Indian liberation theology   Charles SINGARAM
2004   MPhil   Wales, Swansea   Policy and practice of forest management through local institutions in Himachal Pradesh, India   M P SOOD
2004   PhD   South Bank   Health beliefs and health practices of South Asian and British white adults with and without myocardial infarction   Dooroowadave SOOKHOO
2004   DPhil   Oxford, Linacre   Secularism in Salman Rushdie’s “Midnight’s children” and Vikram Seth’s “A suitable boy”: history, nation, language   Neelam F R SRIVASTAVA   Dr J A Mee
2004   PhD   Cardiff   Crossing boundaries: an ethnography of occupational socialization of post-diploma baccalaureate nursing students in Pakistan   Grace D STANLEY
2004   PhD   Cardiff   Crossing boundaries: an ethnography of occupational socialization of post-diploma baccalaureate student nurses in Pakistan   Grace Dianne STANLEY   M Neary; G A Donald
2004   PhD   Cambridge, Downing   From “Palestine” [poem] to India: Bishop Heber’s poetic pilgrimage   I TAKAHASHI   Dr N J Leask
2004   PhD   London, SOAS   Towards a definitive grammar of Bengali: a study and critique of research on selected grammatical structures   Hanne-Ruth THOMPSON   Dr W Radice
2004   PhD   Birmingham   Support and supervision of secondary school teachers in Bangladesh   H THORNTON
2004   DPhil   Oxford, Worcester   Tectonic, metamorphic and magmatic evolution of the central Karakoram crust, northern Pakistan   aNDREW THOW   Dr D J Waters; Prof R R Parrish; Dr M P Searle
2004   DPhil   Oxford, St Cross   The grammar and poetics of Murti-Seva: Caitanya Vaisnava image worship as discourse, ritual and narrative   Kenneth R VALPEY   Dr S Gupta-Gombrich; Prof J S K Ward
2004   PhD   Birmingham   Differences in school performance between Tamil Brahmin and Malabar Muslim children in Kerala, India: a socio-cutural approach   V P VAZHALANICKAL
2004   PhD   Open   Science, technology and agency in the development of drought prone areas: a cognitive history of drought and scarcity   Linden Faith VINCENT   Prof D V Wield
2004   PhD   Coventry   Partition and locality: case studies of the impact of partition and its aftermath in the Punjab region, 1947-1961   Pritpal VIRDEE   Prof I A Talbot
2004   PhD   Cambridge, St Edmund’s   Eating and identity in the novels of V S Naipaul, Anita Desai, Timothy Mo and Salman Rushdie   Paul Matthew John VLITOS   Dr A D B Poole
2004   PhD   Cambridge, Churchill   Thuggee and the “construction” of crime in early nineteenth century India   Kim Ati WAGNER   Prof C A Bayley
2004   PhD   Cambridge, Emmanuel   Between bureaucrats and beneficiaries: the implementation of eco-development:in Pench tiger reserves, India   Jo L WOODMAN   Dr B Vira
2004   PhD   Glasgow   The analysis of human mitochondrial DNA in peninsular Malaysia   Z ZAINUDDIN
2004   PhD   London, King’s   Remote sensing and GIS based assessment of El-Nino related fire activity on Borneo, 1982-1998   Athanossios ZOUMAS
2005   PhD   Loughborough   Alternative arrangements for water supply in urban areas: case studies in Karachi, Pakistan   Noman AHMED
2005   PhD   London, UC   Through “spirits”: cosmology and landscape ecology among the Nyishi tribe of upland Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India   Alexander AISHER   Dr C Pinney; Dr M Banerjee
2005   PhD   Keele   The cultural politics of production: ethnicity, gender and the labour process in Sri Lanka tea plantations   Chandana G ALAWATTAGE
2005   PhD   London, King’s   Studies on slected Malaysian plants as antidiabetic agent   H M ALI
2005   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Equality of educational opportunity and public policy in Bangladesh   Mohammad Niaz ASADULLAH   Dr R Kingdon; Dr S Dercon
2005   PhD   London, LSE   Structural changes in East Asia: factor accumulation, technological progress and economic geography   Shuvojit BANERJEE
2005   PhD   Manchester   The politics of market space in Calcutta, India: past and present   Martin BEATTIE   Prof S Guy
2005   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   Missionary education knowledge and and north Indian society, c 1880- 1915   Hayden John-Andrew BELLENOIT   Dr D A Washbrook
2005   PhD   London, King’s   The changing goddess: the religious lives of Hindu women in West Bengal   Cynthia BRADLEY   Prof F Hardy
2005   PhD   London, UC   Mental illness, medical pluralism and Islamism in Sylhet, Bangladesh   Alyson Fleur CALLAN   Prof R Littlewood
2005   PhD   London, SOAS   Muzaffar Ahmad, Calcutta and socialist politics, 1913-1929   Suchetana CHATTOPADYHYAY   Prof P G Robb
2005   PhD   East Anglia   Surface tension: water and agrarian change in a rainfed village, West Bengal, India   Daniel COPPARD   Dr B Lankford
2005   PhD   Edinburgh   Sri Pada: diversity and exclusion in a sacred site in Sri Lanka   Delkandura Arachchige Premakumara DE SILVA
2005   PhD   London, LSHTM   Social capital and maternal mental health: a cross cultural comparison of four developing countries [Peru, India, Ethiopia, Vietnam]   Mary Joan DE SILVA   Ms S Huttly; Prof T Harpham
2005   PhD   Cambridge. Trinity Hall   Second language acquisition of articles and plural markings by Bengali learners of Engish   Hildegunn DIRDAL   Dr T Parodi
2005   MPhil   London, UC   The servant/employer relationship in19th century England and India   Fae Ceridwen DUSSART   Prof C M Hall
2005   PhD   London, Royal Holloway   Analysing the impact of labour and education laws on child labour in Pakistan during the 1990s   T FASIH
2005   PhD   London, Inst Ed   Ways forward to achieve school effectiveness and school improvement: a case study of school leadership and teacher professional development in Sri Lanka   B N A B FERNANDO
2005   PhD   London, SOAS   Surrendering to the earth: a feminine interpretation of Dharma worship in Bengal with special reference to ‘Sunya Purana   Fabrizio FERRARI
2005   PhD   Edinburgh   Twentieth century South Asian Christian theological engagement with religious pluralism: its challenges for pentecostalism in India   Geomon Kizhakkemalayil GEORGE
2005   MPhil   Birmingham   Sikhism and violence   P GILL
2005   PhD   Cambridge, Gonville    Inverted metamorphism in the Sikkim-Darjeeling Himalay: structural, metamorphic and numerical studies   S GOSWAMI   Prof M J Bickle
2005   MPhil   West of England   A study of “enabling conditions” in primary schools in Negombo Education Zone in Sri Lanka with special reference to effective leadership and physical and material resources   Egodawatte Arachchige Don GUNAWARDENA
2005   DPhil   Oxford, St Cross   Discourses of religion and development: agency, empowerment and choices or Muslim women in Gujerat, India   Laila N HALANI   Dr M J Banks
2005   PhD   Reading   Farmers’ decision-making in rice pest management: implications for farmer field school approaches in Bangladesh   Mohammad Abdul HAMID   Dr D D Shepherd
2005   PhD   Manchester   A fire of tongues: narrative patterning in the Sanskrit Mahabharata   James Marcel HEGARTY
2005   PhD   London, Queen Mary   Intellectual property law and e-commerce in Sri Lanka: towards a jurisprudence based on consitution, Roman-Dutch law and Buddhist principles   T S K HEMARATNE
2005   PhD   Edinburgh   Rights based development: formal and process approaches in Pakistan   Shiona Mary HOOD
2005   PhD   Cambridge, Fitzwilliam   Ecology, economy and society in the eastern Bengal delta, c.1840-1943   Khondker Iftekhar IQBAL   Prof C A Bayley
2005   PhD   Plymouth   International freight transport multimodal development in developing countries: the case of Bangladesh   Dewan Mohammad Zahurul ISLAM   Dr R Gray
2005   DPhil   Sussex   Women, employment and the family: poor informal sector women workers in Dhaka city   Farzana ISLAM   Dr H Standing
2005   PhD   London, LSE   Assessing the impact of Gujerat’s resettlement and rehabilitation policy on the livelihoods of women and their empowerment post-displacement   Anupma JAIN
2005   PhD   Open   Volcanic architecture of the Deccan Traps, western Maharashtra, India: an integrated chemostratigraphic and paleomagnetic study   Anne E JAY
2005   PhD   Cambridge, Darwin   Cross cultural perspectives in contemporary Sri Lankan writing in English   Sharanya JAYAWICKRAMA   Dr P Gopal
2005   DPhil   Oxford, St Antony’s   India divided: state and society in the aftermath of partitition: the case of Uttar Pradesh, 1946-1952   Yasmin KHAN   Prof J M Brown; Prof I A Talbot
2005   PhD   London, LSE   Soldiers’ experience of war, Burma 1942-1945   Tatjana Genoveva Ursula KRALJIC   Prof M Knox
2005   MPhil   West of England   An investigation of primary teachers’ professional attitudes in Sri Lanka with special reference to Negombo Educational Zone   Nihil Tissa Kumara LOKULIYANA
2005   DPhil   Oxford   Implications of displacement and resettlement for the Gonds of central India   Preeti MANN   Dr D Chatty; Dr M J Banks
2005   PhD   Queen’s, Belfast   Women’s human rights in Islam and international human rights regime: the case of Pakistan   N MIAN
2005   PhD   London, SOAS   Merchants, markets and the monopoly of the East India Company: the salt trade in Bengal under colonial control c. 1790-1836   Sayako MIKI   Prof P G Robb
2005   PhD   London, SOAS   The transmission and performance for khyai composition in the Gwalior gharana of India vocal music   A D MORRIS
2005   PhD   Essex   A case of interest maximisation? Military-civil bureaucratic behaviour and political outcomes in Bangladesh (1975-1990)   Khairuzzaman MOZUMDER
2005   EdD   Birmingham   Exploring the potential for educational change through participatory and democratic approaches in Pakistan   N MUHAMMAD
2005   PhD   Nottingham   United Nations charter and treaty-based international human rights monitoring in relation to the prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment: a study of two states, the United Kingdom and the Republic of India   A MUKHERJEE
2005   DPhil   Sussex   Knowledge, identity, place and (cyber)space: growing up male and middle class in Bangalore   N C NISBETT
2005   PhD   Edinburgh   Case study of a health-oriented NGO in Pakistan   Madeline PATTERSON
2005   PhD   Edinburgh   From medical relief to community health care: a case study of non-governmental organisation (Frontier Primary Health Care) in North Western Province, Pakistan   Margaret Madeline PATTERSON
2005   dpHIL   Oxford, Balliol   Through district eyes: local raj and the myth of the Punjab tradition in British India, 1858-1907   Dara Milnes PRICE   Dr D A Washbrook
2005   PhD   London, SOAS   The sant traditioin and community formation in the works of Guru Nanak and Dadu Dayal   Susan Elizabeth PRILL   Dr C Shackle
2005   PhD   King’s, London   Gender disadvantage as a risk factor for common mental disorder in women residing in Rawalpindi/Islamabad   F QADIR
2005   EdD   Durham   Nurse education, foreign aid and development: a case study from Bangladesh   Patricia ROBSON
2005   DPhil   Sussex   Tamil youth: the performance of hierarchical masculinities: an anthropological study of youth groups in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India   M C ROGERS
2005   PhD   London, Insti Comm   Socio-economic rights as constitutional human rights: Canada, South Africa and India compared   Desa ROSEN   Dr M Craven (SOAS); Dr P Gready
2005   PhD   London, SOAS   Early photography in India, 1850s-1870s   Stephanie S ROY
2005   PhD   Cambridge, Trinity   Sentimental imperialism: British literature and India, 1770-1830   Andrew John RUDD   Dr N J Leask
2005   PhD   Edinburgh   Conversion and communication: Christian communication and indigenous agency in conversion among the Kui people of Orissa, India, 1835-1970   Jagat Ranjan SANTRA
2005   PhD   London, SOAS   The formation of Islamic community identity in medieval north India   Nilanjan SARKAR   Dr D Ali
2005   PhD   London, SOAS   The political identity of the Delhi Sultanate, 1200-1400: a study of Zia ud-din Barani’s Fatawa-i-Jahandari   Nilanjan SARKAR   Dr D Ali
2005   PhD   London, SOAS   Globalization and identity: Sikh nationalism, diaspora and international relations   Giorgiandrea SHANI
2005   PhD   Sheffield   Structure and composition of India’s exports with speial reference to India’s post- liberalisation period   Abhijit SHARMA
2005   PhD   De Montfort   Colonial intervention and urban transformation: a case studyof Shahjahanabad, Old Delhi   J P SHARMA
2005   PhD   London, SOAS   A study of the Amaravati stupa: the chronology and social contexts of an early historic Buddhist site in the Lower Krishna Valley   Akira SHIMADA   Dr D Ali
2005   DPhil   Oxford, Green   The business of schooling:the school choice processes, markets and institutions governing low-fee provate schooling for disadvantaged groups in India   Prachi SRIVASTAVA   Dr M Birbili; Prof G Walford
2005   DPhil   Oxford   The experience of four famines in NWP & O (1837-1838, 1860- 1861; 1868-1869; 1896-1897): the gainers and the losers   Seema SRIVASTAVA
2005   MPhil   Nottingham   The effects of Asean on trade flows and assessing trade flows of the candidate country (case study: India)   Puttachat SUWANKIRI
2005   PhD   Edinburgh   Prime time and prayer time: television, religion and the practices of everyday life of Marthoma Christians in Kerala, India   Sham Padinjattethil THOMAS
2005   PhD   Strathclyde   Car dependency and traffic congestion: a case of a Malaysian city in Borneo   L TSESED KONG
2005   MPhil   Dundee   Motivation and incentives in government organisations: a study of the Income Tax Department in India   Mohanish VERMA
2005   PhD   Cambridge, Jesus   Seeking cultural safety: NGO responses to HIV/AIDS among South Asians in Delhi and London   Hannah Jill WESTON   Dr G Kearns
2005   MPhil   London, King’s   Sri Lankan perceptions of health and illness: quantitative and qualitative approaches   Yapa Mudiyanselage Charitha Gothami WIJERATNE
2005   PhD   Sunderland   Women’s ordination in Theravada Buddhism:ancient evidence and modern debates   L WILLIAMS
2005   PhD   London, SOAS   Literate networks and the production of Sgaw and Pwo Karen writing in Burma, c.1830-1930   William Burgess WOMACK   Dr M Charney Professor Ian Brown
2005   PhD   Nottingham   Predictors of language learning success in Bangladeshi secondary education institutions   Feroza YASMIN   Prof Z Dornyel
2006   PhD   London, LSHTM   Quality of care for reproductive tract morbidities by rural private practitioners in north India   Meenakshi GAUTHAM
2006   DPhil   Sussex   Poor women’s experiences of marriage and love in the city of New Delhi: every day stories of Sukh and Dukh   Shalini GROVER
2006   PhD   Newcastle   Valuation techniques of protected areas: a case study of Gir, Gujarat, India   Mohan Lal SHARMA
2006   PhD   London, Imperial   Contaminated irrigaton water and food safety in India   Kerry Vivienne SWANTON

Table 2: List of theses with incomplete data, listed alphabetically by the University and College followed by the AUTHOR (in capital letters) followed by the Supervisor(s) where available and the thesis Title. The Year and/or Degree were not available in the public database. If you are an author or supervisor or other academic representative, please write in with these details if possible.

Aberdeen   Sultan Ali ADIL       An economic analysis of energy use in irrigated agriculture of Punjab       PhD
Birmingham 0.365217391   S A KARUNANAYAKE       An evaluation of the present system of local government in Ceylon in the light of national needs for unity and economic and social development and proposals for appropriate changes       PhD
Birmingham 0.369264706   M G KANBUR       Spatial equilibrium analysis of trhe rice economy of South India   2000
BradfordCambridge, Trinity   Z KHAN       The development of overt nuclear weapon states in South Asia       PhD
Cambridge   Katherine Helen PRIOR       The British administration of Hinduism in India, 1780-1900       PhD
Cambridge   G CHAKRAVARTY       Imagining resistance: British historiography and popular fiction on the Indian Rebellion of 1857-1859       PhD
Cambridge 0.327375   Ajit Kumar GHOSE       Production organisation, markets and resource use in Indian agriculture       PhD
Cambridge 0.361285714   M J EGAN       A structural analysis of a Sinhalese healing ritual       PhD
Cambridge, King’s 0.301   J A LAIDLAW       The religion of Svetambar Jain merchants in Jaipur       PhD
Cambridge, Pembroke   H T FRY   Prof E E Rich   Alexander Dalrymple, cosmographer and servant of the East India Company       PhD
Cambridge, Trinity   Magnus Murray MARSDEN   Dr S B Bayly   Islamization and globalization in Chitral, Northern Pakistan
Cambridge, Trinity Hall   C J JEFFREY   Dr S E Corbridge   Reproducing difference: the accumulation strategies of richer Jat farmers in Western Uttar Pradesh, India   2002
Cambridge, Wolfson   Gethin REES   DrD K Chakrabarti   Buddhism and trade: rock cut caves of the Western Ghats       PhD
Cranfield, Silsoe   Ariyaratne DISSANAYAKE   J Morris   Research and development and extension for agricultural mechanisation in Sri Lanka
De Montfort   S JAIN       The havelis of Rajasthan: form and identity       PhD
Durham 0.401311475   M F A KHAN       The arid zone of West Pakistan       PhD
East Anglia   John HARISS       Technological change in agricultural and agrarian social structure in Northen Tamil Nadu, India       PhD
Edinburgh   N THIN       High spirits and heteroglossia: forest festivals of the Nilgiri Irulas       PhD
Edinburgh   AKSHAY KHANNA       Sexuality as a political object in civil society: active formations in India   2003
Edinburgh   Rebecca WALKER       Concepts of peace in conflict situations in Sri Lanka       PhD
Glasgow   Sana KHOKHAR   Dr F Noorbakhsh; Dr A Paloni   An evaluation of the structural adjustment and economic reform programme: a case study of Pakistan       MPhil
Lancaster   J A BURR       Cultural stereotypes and the diagnosis of depression: women from South Asian communities and their experience of mental distress   1980
Leeds   E K TARIN       Health sector reforms: factors influencing the policy process for government initiatives in the Punjab (Pakistan) health sector, 1993-2000       PhD
Leeds 0.35375   A P A FERNANDO       Agricultural development of Ceylon since independence (1948-1968)- an investigation into some aspects of agricultural development in Ceylon and an evaluation of major agricultural policies adopted in the peasant sector       PhD
Leeds 0.35375   M S KHAN       Policies and planning for agricultural development with a high population density: a case study of East Pakistan       PhD
London   F R M HASAN       Ecology and rural class relations in Bangladesh: a study with special reference to three villages       PhD
London   B GHOSH   Dr Anstey   The Indian salt industry, trade and taxation       PhD
London   R L HATFIELD       Management reform in a centralised environment: primary education administration in Balochistan, Pakistan, 1992-1997       MSc
London   GAYAS-UD-DIN       Medical library and information system for India       PhD
London   Sarmistha PAL       Choice of casual and regular labour contracts in Indian agriculture: a theoretical and empirical analysis   2000
London, SOAS   Pillarisetti SUDHIR   Mr Chaudhuri   British attitudes to Indian nationalism, 1922-1935   2001 (Apropos the author’s correction in the Comments section, this entry has been moved to the main list.)
London, External 0.357464789   A A KHATRI       Marriage and family relationships in Gujerati fiction       PhD
London, Imperial   Sinniah JEYALINGAWATHANI       Thr utilisation of indigenous and imported Bos indicus breeds in the dry zone of Sri Lanka   2002
London, LSE   A KUNDU   Prof Allen; Mr Booker   Statistical measures of five year plans in India   2003
London, LSE   Flora Elizabeth CORNISH   Dr C Campbell   Constructing an actionable environment: colelctive action for HIV prevention among Kolkata sex workers       MPhil
London, LSE 0.423157895   B P DUTIA       Economic aspects of production and marketing of cotton in India       PhD
London, LSHTM   Margaret J LEPPARD       Obstetric care in a Bangladeshi hospital: an organisational ethnography       PhD
London, LSHTM   Steven RUSSELL       Can households afford to be ill ? the role of the health system, maternal resources and social networks in Sri Lanka       PhD
London, LSHTM   Syed Mohd Akramuz ZAMAN       Cohort study of the effect of measles on childhood morbidity in urban Bangladesh       PhD
London, LSHTM   Mrigesh Roopchandra BHATIA       Economic evaluation od malaria control in Surat, India: bednets versus residual insecticide apray       PhD
London, SOAS   A B M MAHMOOD   Mr Harrison   The land revenue history of the Rajshahi zamindari, 1765-1793       PhD
London, SOAS   Oliver David SPRINGATE-BAGINSKY   Dr S I Jewitt   Sustainable development through particpatory forest management: an analysis of the long term role of the cooperative forest societies of Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh, India       PhD
London, SOAS   Isabella NARDI   Dr G Tillotson   The Citrasutras: the Indian theory of painting   1929?   MA
London, SOAS   Angela ATKINS   Dr R Snell   The Indian novel in English and Hindi       PhD
London, SOAS   Angela C EYRE       Land, language and literary identity: a thematic comparison of Indian novels in Hindi and English       MA
London, SOAS   Rajit Kumar MAZUMDER   Prof P G Robb   The making of Punjab: colonial power, the Indian army and recruited peasants, 1849-1939       MA
London, SOAS   Lalita Nath PANIGRAHI   Prof a l Basham   The practice of female infanticide in India and its suppression in the North Western Provinces       PhD
London, SOAS 0.318795181   Terumichi KAWAI       Freedom of religion in comparative constitutional law with special reference to the UK, US, India and Japan       MPhil
London, SOAS 0.3432   W P KINNEY   Dr M Caldwell; P C Ayre   Aspects of economic development in Malaya       MA
London, SOAS 0.35375   K D GAUR       Economic crimes relating to income tax in India: a critical analysis of tax evasion and tax avoidance       PhD
London, SOAS 0.35375   A GHAFFAR       Protection of personal liberty under the Pakistan constitution       BLitt
London, SOAS 0.35375   K P MISHRA   Dr J B Harrison   The administration and economy of the Banaras region, 1738-1795       BLitt
London, SOAS 0.382153846   K M KARIM       The provinces of Bihar and Bengal under Shabjahan   2003
Manchester   A BERADLEY   Prof Muir   Settlement of the Madras Presidency, 1765-1827       MA
Manchester   W A G HARRINGTON       The theory and practice of non-formal education in developing countries with case studies from India       PhD
Manchester   Jane HAGGIS       Professional ladies and working wives: female missionaries in the London Missionary Society and its South Travancoe District, South India, 1850-1900        MPhil
Manchester 0.401311475   S T G FERNANDO       A historical and analytical account of export taxation in Ceylon, 1802-1958       PhD
Manchester 0.411864407   R L KUMAR       India’s post-war balance of payments sincce 1945-1955       DPhil
Manchester 0.417413793   T S EPSTEIN       A comparative study of economic change and differentiation in two South Indian villages       PhD
Manchester Metropolitan   S PAREKH       Relationships between children with cerebral palsy and their siblings: an ethnography in Kolkata, India
Newcastle   Alice MALPASS   Dr P Phillimore   Hibred kala: the hybrid age of choice, dissent and imagination: contract faming and genetically modified cotton in Karnataka, South India       MSC
Newcastle 0.373432836   K K KHOSLA       Conditions of labour and labour legislation of industrial workers in India since 1947   2001
North London   Jasmin ARA   Ms R Glanville   Primary health care facilities in Bangladesh: a method of planning and design taking account of limited resources, local technology, future growth and change   2000
Oxford   W M KHAN       An economic evaluation of the alternative uses of land under state forests in Baluchistan   1999
Oxford, Campion Hall   P EKKE   Dr D F Brook   An ethnogaphic survey of the Oraons and the Mundas of Chota-Nagpur   1991
Oxford, Nuffield   Alistair McMILLAN   Dr N Gooptu; Prof A F Heath   Scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and party competition in India   1991
Oxford, St Hilda’s   H Vinita TSENG   Prof R F Gombrich   The Nidanavagga of the Saratthappakasini: the first two vaggas   1993
Oxford, Wolfson   Somadeva VASUDEVA   Prof A G J S Sanderson   The yoga of the Malinivijayottaratantra   1994
Reading 0.38671875   M A KAMAL       Balances and unbalanced growth as exemplified by a decade of planning experience in India   1994
Salford   S CHOWDHURY   Mr E K Grime   Housing in Bangladesh   1998
Sheffield   RITA SAIKIA   Prof M F Lynch   The utility of object-oriented domain specification in the context of a large organisation in India   1998
Southampton 0.369264706   Mohammad A MONDAL       A suggested approach to the solution of the profit measurement and asset valuation with reference to the developing economies of India and Pakisttan   1999
Strathclyde 0.37358209   T G GEHANI       A critical review of the work of Scottish Presbyterian missions in India, 1878-1914   1999
Sussex   R G HESELTINE       The development and impact of jute cultivation in Bengal, 1870-1930   2000
Wales   Animesh HALDER       Potential diversification in India’s export pattern   2000
Wales, Swansea   S S MUKHERJEE       Urban process in Calcutta: some planning implications   2004
Wales, Swansea   Julia CLEEVES       Gender and reproductive health: issues in hormonal contraception in India   2004
Wales, University College of Swansea 0.346621622   E A KUMARASINGHE       Information for health planning in Sri Lanka   1965

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The BBC gets its history and geography deliberately wrong again

February 21, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

Last September 27, I said here

“The BBC has unilaterally decided that Jammu & Kashmir has nothing to do with India. On its 1530 Indian Standard Time broadcast of purported “World News” today, it unilaterally lopped off all of J&K from the map of the Republic of India (shown attached to mention of a Delhi bomb-blast). Usually, the BBC at least makes pathetic reference to something it has invented called “Indian-Administered Kashmir”. There are senior BBC staff-members who are dual Pakistani/British nationals and who may be counted on to have been pushing such a line within the organisation, but lopping off all of J&K unilaterally may be a novelty. There are several “Indian-origin” staff-members too but perhaps they have renounced their Indian nationality, and apparently they have no ability to make any editorial protest. Does the Government of India have the sense, and the guts, to call in the local BBC and ask them for an explanation about their insult of history? For that matter, what is the BBC’s formal position on the J&K problem? The same as that of the UK Government? What is that of the UK Government for that matter? Has it remained constant since Clement Attlee in October 1947? BBC staff may like to refer to my articles “Solving Kashmir”, “Law, Justice and J&K”, “Pakistan’s Allies”, “History of Jammu & Kashmir”, etc for enlightenment.”

Then on December 4, I had to say again:

“Ill-informed Western observers, especially at purported “think tanks” and news-portals, frequently proclaim the Pakistan-India confrontation and Jammu & Kashmir conflict to represent some kind of savage irreconcilable division between Islamic and Hindu cultures. For example, the BBC, among its many prevarications on the matter (like lopping off J&K entirely from its recently broadcast maps of India, perhaps under influence of its Pakistani staffers), frequently speaks of “Hindu-majority India” and “Indian-administered Kashmir” being confronted by Muslim Pakistan….”

Well this morning, in its purported “World News from America” received in India in its 0530 IST broadcast (in a story about that dreadful British film Slumdog millionaire), the BBC has done it yet again, lopping off the whole of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh from its purported map of India. Clearly the powerful Pakistan lobby in Britain continues to affect British policy deeply, especially perhaps through the BBC’s dual-national Pakistani staffers.

I remain intrigued to know the official UK Government position on both J&K and the legality or otherwise of a UK public broadcaster distorting history and geography like this.

Specifically, I wonder if modern British foreign policy has, in a nutshell, taken a hardline, regardless of the facts of history, on the Israel-Arab dispute and a corresponding softline, regardless of the facts of history, with the Pakistani viewpoint on J&K. “Accept our position on Palestine and we will accept your views on Kashmir” might be the implicit trade that has been offered to the UK’s powerful Pakistani immigrant community.

Furthermore, in the event the UK Government and the European Union recognise Indian sovereignty de facto and de jure over J&K on the Indian side of the Line of Control with Pakistan and on the Indian side of the Line of Actual Control with China, does the BBC, as a public British broadcaster, have any legal business to be setting that aside and instead inventing its own history and geography as it pleases?

The Government of India really needs to formally ask the UK Government what its opinion is.

The organisation that presently goes by the name BBC seems to be only very distantly related to the organisation by the same name whose radio news-broadcasts used to be definitive in my childhood.

Subroto Roy

POSTSCRIPT: But see now “Progress! The BBC retracts its prevarication!”

How to solve Kashmir (2009)

January 7, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

see

https://independentindian.com/2015/03/03/pakistans-indias-illusions-of-power-psychosis-vs-vanity/

https://independentindian.com/2011/10/13/my-seventy-one-notes-at-facebook-etc-on-kashmir-pakistan-and-of-course-india-listed-thanks-to-jd/

Also

from Jan 2009
It is excellent news Omar Abdullah has become the constitutionally elected Head of Government of the great Indian state of Jammu & Kashmir after a historic vote. I had the privilege of meeting his esteemed father briefly once on 23 March 1991 at the residence of the late Rajiv Gandhi though it would be understandable if he did not recall it. Farooq Abdullah’s father Sheikh Abdullah was not merely a Lion of Kashmir but a genuine hero of Indian history, a true Bharat Ratna, someone whose commitment to constitutional principles of law and politics I admire more and more as I learn more of it…

The purpose of this open letter is to describe the broad path I believe to be the only just and lawful one available to the resolution of what has been known universally as the Kashmir problem.

Very briefly, it involves recognizing that the question of lawful territorial sovereignty in J&K is logically distinct from the question of the choice of nationality by individual inhabitants. The solution requires

(a) acknowledging that the original entity in the world system known as Jammu & Kashmir arising on March 16 1846 ceased to exist on or about October 22 1947, and that the military contest that commenced on the latter date has resulted in fact, given all particular circumstances of history, in the lawful and just outcome in international law;
(b) offering all who may be Indian nationals or stateless and who presently live under Article 370, a formal choice of nationality between the Republics of India, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan: citizen-by-citizen, without fear or favour, under conditions of full information, individual privacy and security; any persons who voluntarily choose to renounce Indian nationality in such private individual decisions would be nevertheless granted lawful permanent residence in the Indian Republic and J&K in particular.

In other words, the dismemberment of the original J&K State and annexation of its territories by the entities known today as the Republic of Pakistan and Republic of India that occurred since October 22 1947, as represented first by the 1949 Ceasefire Line and then by the 1972 Line of Control, is indeed the just and lawful outcome prevailing in respect of the question of territorial sovereignty and jurisdiction. The remaining democratic question has to do with free individual choice of nationality by inhabitants, under conditions of full information and privacy, citizen-by-citizen, with the grant of permanent residency rights by the Indian Republic to persons under its jurisdiction in J&K who might wish to choose, for deeply personal individual reasons, not to remain Indian nationals but become Afghan, Iranian or Pakistani nationals instead (or remain stateless). Pakistan has said frequently its sole concern has been the freedom of Muslims of J&K under Indian rule, and any such genuine concern shall have been thereby fully met by India. Indeed if Pakistan agreed to act similarly this entire complex mortal problem of decades shall have begun to be resolved most appropriately. Pakistan and India are both wracked by corruption, poverty and bad governance, and would be able to mutually draw down military forces pit against one another everywhere, so as to begin to repair the grave damage to their fiscal health caused over decades by the deleterious draining away of vast public resources.

The full reasoning underlying this solution, which I believe to be the only lawful, just, efficient and stable solution that exists, is thoroughly explained in the following five articles. The first four, “Solving Kashmir”, “Law, Justice & J&K”, “History of J&K”, and “Pakistan’s Allies”, were published in The Statesman in 2005-2006 and are marked ONE, TWO, THREE, and FOUR below, and are also available elsewhere here. The fifth “An Indian Reply to President Zardari”, marked FIVE, was published for the first time here following the Mumbai massacres. I believe careful reflection upon this entire body of reasoning may lead all reasonable men and women to a practically unanimous consensus about this as the appropriate course of action; if such a consensus happened to arise, the implementation of the solution shall only be a matter of relatively uncomplicated procedural detail.

Subroto Roy
January 7 2009

“ONE
SOLVING KASHMIR: ON AN APPLICATION OF REASON by Subroto Roy First published in three parts in The Statesman, Editorial Page Special Article, December 1,2,3 2005, http://www.thestatesman.net

(This article has its origins in a paper “Towards an Economic Solution for Kashmir” which circulated in Washington DC in 1992-1995, including at the Indian and Pakistani embassies and the Carnegie Endowment, and was given as an invited lecture at the Heritage Foundation on June 23 1998. It should be read along with other articles also republished here, especially “History of J&K”, “Law, Justice and J&K” , “Understanding Pakistan”, “Pakistan’s Allies” and “What to Tell Musharraf”. The Washington paper and lecture itself originated from my ideas in the Introduction to Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy, edited by WE James and myself in the University of Hawaii project on Pakistan 1986-1992.)

I. Give Indian `Green Cards’ to the Hurriyat et al
India, being a liberal democracy in its constitutional law, cannot do in Jammu & Kashmir what Czechoslovakia did to the “Sudeten Germans” after World War II. On June 18 1945 the new Czechoslovakia announced those Germans and Magyars within their borders who could not prove they had been actively anti-fascist before or during the War would be expelled — the burden of proof was placed on the individual, not the State. Czechoslovakia “transferring” this population was approved by the Heads of the USA, UK and USSR Governments at Potsdam on August 2 1945. By the end of 1946, upto two million Sudeten Germans were forced to flee their homes; thousands may have died by massacre or otherwise; 165,000 remained who were absorbed as Czechoslovak citizens. Among those expelled were doubtless many who had supported Germany and many others who had not — the latter to this day seek justice or even an apology in vain. Czechoslovakia punished none of its nationals for atrocities, saying it had been revenge for Hitler’s evil (”badla” in Bollywood terms) and the post Cold War Czech Government too has declined to render an apology. Revenge is a wild kind of justice (while justice may be a civilised kind of revenge).

India cannot follow this savage precedent in international law. Yet we must recognise there are several hundred and up to several hundred thousand persons on our side of the boundary in the State of Jammu & Kashmir who do not wish to be Indian nationals. These people are presently our nationals ius soli, having been born in territory of the Indian Republic, and/or ius sanguinis, having been born of parents who are Indian nationals; or they may be “stateless” whom we must treat in accordance with the 1954 Convention on Stateless Persons. The fact is they may not wish to carry Indian passports or be Indian nationals.

In this respect their juridical persons resemble the few million “elite” Indians who have in the last few decades freely placed their hands on their hearts and solemnly renounced their Indian nationality, declaring instead their individual fidelity to other nation-states — becoming American, Canadian or Australian citizens, or British subjects or nationals of other countries. Such people include tens of thousands of the adult children of India’s metropolitan “elite”, who are annually visited abroad in the hot summer months by their Indian parents and relatives. They are daughters and sons of New Delhi’s Government and Opposition, of retired generals, air marshals, admirals, ambassadors, cabinet secretaries, public sector bureaucrats, private sector businessmen, university professors, journalists, doctors and many others. India’s most popular film-actress exemplified this “elite” capital-flight when, after a tireless search, she chose a foreign husband and moved to California.

The difference in Jammu & Kashmir would be that those wishing to renounce Indian nationality do not wish to move to any other place but to stay as and where they are, which is in Kashmir Valley or Jammu. Furthermore, they may wish, for whatever reason, to adopt, if they are eligible to do so, the nationality of e.g. the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan or the Islamic Republic of Iran or the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

They may believe themselves descended from Ahmad Shah Abdali whose Afghans ruled or mis-ruled Kashmir Valley before being defeated by Ranjit Singh’s Sikhs in 1819. Or they may believe themselves of Iranian descent as, for example, are the Kashmiri cousins of the late Ayatollah Khomeini. Or they may simply have wished to be, or are descended from persons who had wished to be on October 26 1947, citizens of the then-new British Dominion of Pakistan — but who came to be prevented from properly expressing such a desire because of the war-like conditions that have prevailed ever since between India and Pakistan. There may be even a few persons in Laddakh who are today Indian nationals but who wish to be considered Tibetans instead; there is, however, no Tibetan Republic and it does not appear there is going to be one.

India, being a free and self-confident country, should allow, in a systematic lawful manner, all such persons to fulfil their desires, and furthermore, should ensure they are not penalised for having expressed such “anti-national” desires or for having acted upon them. Sir Mark Tully, the British journalist, is an example of someone who has been a foreign national who has chosen to reside permanently in the Republic of India — indeed he has been an exemplary permanent resident of our country. There are many others like him. There is no logical reason why all those persons in Jammu & Kashmir who do wish not to be Indians by nationality cannot receive the same legal status from the Indian Republic as has been granted to Sir Mark Tully. There are already thousands of Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi and Nepalese nationals who are lawful permanent residents in the Indian Republic, and who travel back and forth between India and their home countries. There is no logical reason why the same could not be extended to several hundred or numerous thousand people in Jammu & Kashmir who may wish to not accept or to renounce their Indian nationality (for whatever personal reason) and instead become nationals, if they are so eligible, of the Islamic Republics of Afghanistan, Iran or Pakistan, or, for that matter, to remain stateless. On the one hand, their renunciation of Indian nationality is logically equivalent to the renunciation of Indian nationality by the adult children of India’s “elite” settled in North America and Western Europe. On the other hand, their wish to adopt, if they are eligible, a foreign nationality, such as that of Afghanistan, Iran or Pakistan, and yet remain domiciled in Indian territory is logically equivalent to that of many foreign nationals domiciled in India already like Sir Mark Tully.

Now if you are a permanent resident of some country, you may legally have many, perhaps most, but certainly not all the rights and duties of nationals of that country. e.g., though you will have to pay all the same taxes, you may not be allowed to (or be required to) vote in national or provincial elections but you may in local municipal elections. At the same time, permanently residing foreign nationals are supposed to be equal under the law and have equal access to all processes of civil and criminal justice. (As may be expected though from human frailty, even the federal courts of the USA can be notorious in their injustice and racism towards “Green Card” holders relative to “full” American citizens.) Then again, as a permanently resident foreigner, while you will be free to work in any lawful trade or profession, you may not be allowed to work in some or perhaps any Government agencies, certainly not the armed forces or the police. Many Indians in the USA were engineering graduates, and because many engineering jobs or contracts in the USA are related to the US armed forces and require US citizens only, it is commonplace for Indian engineers to renounce their Indian nationality and become Americans because of this. Many Indian-American families have one member who is American, another Indian, a third maybe Canadian, a fourth Fijian or British etc.

The same can happen in the Indian State of Jammu & Kashmir if it evolves peacefully and correctly in the future. It is quite possible to imagine a productive family in a peaceful Kashmir Valley of the future where one brother is an officer in the Indian Armed Forces, another brother a civil servant and a sister a police officer of the J&K State Government, another sister being a Pakistani doctor, while cousins are Afghan or Iranian or “stateless” businessmen. Each family-member would have made his/her choice of nationality as an individual given the circumstances of his/her life, his/her personal comprehension of the facts of history, his/her personal political and/or religious persuasions, and similar deeply private considerations. All would have their children going to Indian schools and being Indian citizens ius soli and/or ius sanguinis. When the children grow up, they would be free to join, if they wished, the existing capital flight of other Indian adult children abroad and there renounce their Indian nationality as many have come to do.

II Revealing Choices Privately with Full Information
For India to implement such a proposal would be to provide an opportunity for all those domiciled in Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Laddakh to express freely and privately as individuals their deepest wishes about their own identities, in a confidential manner, citizen by citizen, case by case. This would thereby solve the fundamental democratic problem that has been faced ever since the Pakistani attack on the original State of Jammu & Kashmir commenced on October 22 1947, which came to be followed by the Rape of Baramulla — causing the formal accession of the State to the then-new Dominion of India on October 26 1947.

A period of, say, 30 months may be announced by the Government of India during which full information would be provided to all citizens affected by this change, i.e. all those presently governed by Article 370 of the Indian Constitution. The condition of full information may include, for example, easy access to Afghan, Iranian and Pakistani newspapers in addition to access to Indian media. Each such person wishing to either remain with Indian nationality (by explicitly requesting an Indian passport if he/she does not have one already — and such passports can be printed in Kashmiri and Urdu too), or to renounce Indian nationality and either remain stateless or adopt, if he/she is so eligible, the nationality of e.g. Afghanistan, Iran, or Pakistan, should be administratively assisted by the Government of India to make that choice.

In particular, he/she should be individually, confidentially, and without fear or favour assured and informed of his/her new rights and responsibilities. For example, a resident of Kashmir Valley who chooses to become a Pakistani citizen, such as Mr Geelani, would now enjoy the same rights and responsibilities in the Indian Republic that Mr Tully enjoys, and at the same time no longer require a visa to visit Pakistan just as Mr Tully needs no visa to enter Britain. In case individual participants in the Hurriyat choose to renounce Indian nationality and adopt some other, they would no longer be able to legally participate in Indian national elections or J&K’s State elections. That is something which they say they do not wish to do in any case. Those members of the Hurriyat who chose e.g. Pakistani nationality while still residing in Jammu & Kashmir, would be free to send postal ballots or cross the border and vote in Pakistan’s elections if and when these occur. There are many Canadians who live permanently in the USA who cross home to Canada in order to cast a ballot.

After the period of 30 months, every person presently under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution would have received a full and fair opportunity to privately and confidentially reveal his/her preference or choice under conditions of full information. “Partition”, “Plebiscite”, and “Military Decision” have been the three alternatives under discussion ever since the National Conference of Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah and his then-loyal Deputy, Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, helped the Indian Army and Air Force in 1947-1948 fight off the savage attack against Jammu & Kashmir State that had commenced from Pakistan on October 22 1947. When, during the Pakistani attack, the Sheikh and Bakshi agreed to the Muslim Conference’s demand for a plebiscite among the people, the Pakistanis balked — the Sheikh and Bakshi then withdrew their offer and decisively and irrevocably chose to accede to the Indian Union. The people of Jammu & Kashmir, like any other, are now bound by the sovereign political commitments made by their forebears. Even so, given the painful mortal facts of the several decades since, the solution here proposed if properly implemented would be an incomparably more thorough democratic exercise than any conceivable plebiscite could ever have been.

Furthermore, regardless of the outcome, it would not entail any further “Partition” or population “transfer” which inevitably would degenerate into a savage balkanization, and has been ruled out as an unacceptable “deal-breaker” by the Indian Republic. Instead, every individual person would have been required, in a private and confidential decision-making process, to have chosen a nationality or to remain stateless — resulting in a multitude of cosmopolitan families in Jammu & Kashmir. But that is something commonplace in the modern world. Properly understood and properly implemented, we shall have resolved the great mortal problem we have faced for more than half a century, and Jammu & Kashmir can finally settle into a period of peace and prosperity. The boundary between India and Pakistan would have been settled by the third alternative mentioned at the time, namely, “Military Decision”.

III. Of Flags and Consulates in Srinagar and Gilgit
Pakistan has demanded its flag fly in Srinagar. This too can happen though not in the way Pakistan has been wishing to see it happen. A Pakistan flag might fly in the Valley just as might an Afghan and Iranian flag as well. Pakistan has wished its flag to fly as the sovereign over Jammu & Kashmir. That is not possible. The best and most just outcome is for the Pakistani flag to fly over a recognised Pakistani consular or visa office in Srinagar, Jammu and Leh. In diplomatic exchange, the Indian tricolour would have to fly over a recognised Indian consular or visa office in Muzaffarabad, Gilgit and Skardu.

Pakistan also may have to act equivalently with respect to the original inhabitants of the territory of Jammu & Kashmir that it has been controlling — allowing those people to become Indian nationals if they so chose to do in free private decisions under conditions of full information. In other words, the “Military Decision” that defines the present boundary between sovereign states must be recognised by Pakistan sincerely and permanently in a Treaty relationship with India — and all of Pakistan’s official and unofficial protégés like the Hurriyat and the “United Jehad Council” would have to do the same. Without such a sovereign commitment from the Government of Pakistan, as shown by decisive actions of lack of aggressive intent (e.g. as came to be implemented between the USA and USSR), the Government of India has no need to involve the Government of Pakistan in implementing the solution of enhancing free individual choice of nationality with regard to all persons on our side of the boundary.

The “Military Decision” regarding the sovereign boundary in Jammu & Kashmir will be so recognised by all only if it is the universally just outcome in international law. And that in fact is what it is.

The original Jammu & Kashmir State began its existence as an entity in international law long before the present Republics of India and Pakistan ever did. Pakistan commences as an entity on August 14 1947; India commences as an entity of international law with its signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 20 1918. Jammu & Kashmir began as an entity on March 16 1846 — when the Treaty of Amritsar was signed between Gulab Singh Dogra and the British, one week after the Treaty of Lahore between the British and the defeated Sikh regency of the child Daleep Singh.

Liaquat Ali Khan and Zafrullah Khan both formally challenged on Pakistan’s behalf the legitimacy of Dogra rule in Jammu & Kashmir since the Treaty of Amritsar. The Pakistani Mission to the UN does so even today. The Pakistanis were following Sheikh Abdullah and Jawaharlal Nehru himself, who too had at one point challenged Dogra legitimacy in the past. But though the form of words of the Pakistan Government and the Nehru-Abdullah position were similar in their attacks on the Treaty of Amritsar, their underlying substantive reasons were as different as chalk from cheese. The Pakistanis attacked the Dogra dynasty for being Dogra — i.e. because they were Hindus and not Muslims governing a Muslim majority. Nehru and Abdullah denounced monarchic autocracy in favour of mass democracy, and so attacked the Dogra dynasty for being a dynasty. All were wrong to think the Treaty of Amritsar anything but a lawful treaty in international law.

Furthermore, in this sombre political game of great mortal consequence, there were also two other parties who were, or appeared to be, in favour of the dynasty: one because the dynasty was non-Muslim, the other, despite it being so. Non-Muslim minorities like many Hindus and Sikhs in the business and governmental classes, saw the Dogra dynasty as their protector against a feared communalist tyranny arising from the Sunni Muslim masses of Srinagar Valley, whom Abdullah’s rhetoric at Friday prayer-meetings had been inciting or at least awakening from slumber. At the same time, the communalists of the Muslim Conference who had broken away from Abdullah’s secular National Conference, sought political advantage over Abdullah by declaring themselves in favour of keeping the dynasty — even elevating it to become an international sovereign, thus flattering the already pretentious potentate that he would be called “His Majesty” instead of merely “His Highness”. The ancestry of today’s Hurriyat’s demands for an independent Jammu & Kashmir may be traced precisely to those May 21-22 1947 declarations of the Muslim Conference leader, Hamidullah Khan.

Into this game stumbled the British with all the mix of cunning, indifference, good will, impatience, arrogance and pomposity that marked their rule in India. At the behest of the so-called “Native Princes”, the 1929 Butler Commission had hinted that the relationship of “Indian India” to the British sovereign was conceptually different from that of “British India” to the British sovereign. This view was adopted in the Cabinet Mission’s 12 May 1946 Memorandum which in turn came to be applied by Attlee and Mountbatten in their unseemly rush to “Divide and Quit” India in the summer of 1947.

It created the pure legal illusion that there was such a thing as “Lapse of Paramountcy” at which Jammu & Kashmir or any other “Native State” of “Indian India” could conceivably, even for a moment, become a sovereign enjoying the comity of nations — contradicting Britain’s own position that only two Dominions, India and Pakistan, could ever be members of the British Commonwealth and hence members of the newly created UN. British pusillanimity towards Jammu & Kashmir’s Ruler had even extended to making him a nominal member of Churchill’s War Cabinet because he had sent troops to fight in Burma. But the legal illusion had come about because of a catastrophic misunderstanding on the part of the British of their own constitutional law.

The only legal scholar who saw this was B R Ambedkar in a lonely and brilliant technical analysis released to the press on June 17 1947. No “Lapse of Paramountcy” over the “Native Princes” of Indian India could occur in constitutional law. Paramountcy over Indian India would be automatically inherited by the successor state of British India at the Transfer of Power. That successor state was the new British Dominion of India as well as (when it came to be finalised by Partition from India) the new British Dominion of Pakistan (Postscript: the deleted words represent a mistake made in the original paper, corrected in “Law, Justice & J&K” in view of the fact the UN in 1947 deemed India alone the successor state of British India and Pakistan a new state in the world system). A former “Native Prince” could only choose to which Dominion he would go. No other alternative existed even for a single logical moment. Because the British had catastrophically failed to comprehend this aspect of their own constitutional law, they created a legal vacuum whereby between August 15 and October 22-26 1947, Jammu & Kashmir became a local and temporary sovereign recognised only by the Dominion of Pakistan (until October 22) and the Dominion of India (until October 26). But it was not a globally recognised sovereign and was never going to be such in international law. This was further proved by Attlee refusing to answer the J&K Prime Minister’s October 18 1947 telegram.

All ambiguity came to end with the Pakistani attack of October 22 1947, the Rape of Baramulla, the secession of an “Azad Kashmir”declared by Sardar Ibrahim, and the Pakistani coup détat in Gilgit on October 31 1947 followed by the massacre of Sikh soldiers of the J&K Army at Bunji. With those Pakistani actions, Gulab Singh’s Jammu & Kashmir State, founded on March 16 1846 by the Treaty of Amritsar, ceased to logically exist as an entity in international law and fell into a state of ownerless anarchy. The conflict between Ibrahim’s Muslim communalists backed by the new Dominion of Pakistan and Abdullah’s secularists backed by the new Dominion of India had become a civil war within a larger intra-Commonwealth war that itself was almost a civil war between forces of the same military.

Jammu & Kashmir territory had become ownerless. The Roman Law which is at the root of all municipal and international law in the world today would declare that in the ownership of such an ownerless entity, a “Military Decision” was indeed the just outcome. Sovereignty over the land, waters, forests and other actual and potential resources of the erstwhile State of Jammu & Kashmir has become divided by “Military Decision” between the modern Republics of India and Pakistan. By the proposal made herein, the people and their descendants shall have chosen their nationality and their domicile freely across the sovereign boundary that has come to result.

TWO
LAW, JUSTICE AND J&K by Subroto Roy First published in two parts in The Sunday Statesman, July 2 2006 and The Statesman July 3 2006 http://www.thestatesman.net Editorial Page Special Article

I.
For a solution to J&K to be universally acceptable it must be seen by all as being lawful and just. Political opinion in Pakistan and India as well as all people and parties in J&K ~ those loyal to India, those loyal to Pakistan, and any others ~ will have to agree that, all things considered, such is the right course of action for everyone today in the 21st Century, which means too that the solution must be consistent with the facts of history as well as account reasonably for all moral considerations.

On August 14, 1947, the legal entity known as “British India”, as one of its final acts, and based on a sovereign British decision made only two months earlier, created out of some of its territory a new State defined in international law as the “Dominion of Pakistan”. British India extinguished itself the very next day, and the newly independent “Dominion of India” succeeded to all its rights and obligations in international law. As the legal successor of the “India” which had signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and the San Francisco Declaration of 1945, the Dominion of India was already a member of the new UN as well as a signatory to many international treaties. By contrast, the Dominion of Pakistan had to apply afresh to sign treaties and become a member of international organisations. The theory put forward by Argentina that two new States, India and Pakistan, had been created ab initio, came to be rejected and was withdrawn by Argentina. Instead, Pakistan with the wholehearted backing of India was made a member of the UN, with all except Afghanistan voting in favour. (Afghanistan’s exceptional vote signalled presence of conflict over the Durand Line and idea of a Pashtunistan; Dr Khan Sahib and Abdul Ghaffar Khan were imprisoned by the Muslim League regime of NWFP which later supported the tribesmen who attacked J&K starting October 22, 1947; that conflict remains unresolved to this day, even after the American attack on the Taliban, the restart of a constitutional process in Afghanistan, and the purported mediation of US Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice.)

Zafrullah Khan, Pakistan’s distinguished first ambassador to the UN, claimed in September 1947: “Pakistan is not a new member of UNO but a successor to a member State which was one of the founders of the Organisation.” He noted that he himself had led India to the final session of the League of Nations in Geneva in 1939, and he wished to say that Pakistan had been present “as part of India… under the latter name” as a signatory to the Treaty of Versailles. This was, however, logically impossible. The Treaty of Versailles long predated (1) Mohammad Iqbal’s Allahabad Address which conceptualised for the first time in the 20th Century a Muslim State in Northwest India; (2) Rahmat Ali’s invention of the word “PAKSTAN” on the top floor of a London omnibus; (3) M. A. Jinnah and Fazlul Haq’s Lahore Resolution; and (4) the final British decision of June 3, 1947 to create by Partition out of “British India” a Dominion named Pakistan. Pakistan could not have acted in international law prior to having come into being or been created or even conceived itself. Zafrullah Khan would have been more accurate to say that the history of Pakistanis until August 14, 1947 had been one in common with that of their Indian cousins ~ or indeed their Indian brothers, since innumerable North Indian Muslim families came to be literally partitioned, with some brothers remaining Indians while other brothers became Pakistanis.

Pakistan was created at the behest of Jinnah’s Muslim League though with eventual agreement of the Indian National Congress (a distant ancestor of the political party going by the same name today). Pakistan arose not because Jinnah said Hindus and Muslims were “two nations” but because he and his League wished for a State where Muslims would find themselves ruled by fellow-Muslims and feel themselves part of a pan-Islamic culture. Yet Pakistan was intended to be a secular polity with Muslim-majority governance, not an Islamic theocracy. That Pakistan failed to become secular was exemplified most poignantly in the persecution Zafrullah himself later faced in his personal life as an Ahmadiya, even while he was Pakistan’s Foreign Minister. (The same happened later to Pakistan’s Nobel-winning physicist Abdus Salaam.) Pakistan was supposed to allow the genius of Indo-Muslim culture to flourish, transplanted from places like Lucknow and Aligarh which would never be part of it. In fact, the areas that are Pakistan today had in the 1937 provincial elections shown scant popular Muslim support for Jinnah’s League. The NWFP had a Congress Government in the 1946 elections, and its supporters boycotted the pro-Pakistan referendum in 1947. The imposition of Urdu culture as Pakistan’s dominant ethos might have come to be accepted later in West Punjab, Sindh and NWFP but it was not acceptable in East Bengal, and led inevitably to the Pakistani civil war and creation of Bangladesh by Sheikh Mujib in 1971.

In August 1947, the new Dominions of India and Pakistan were each supposed to protect their respective minority populations as their first political duty. Yet both palpably failed in this, and were reduced to making joint declarations pleading for peace and an end to communal killings and the abduction of women. The Karachi Government, lacking the wherewithal and administrative machinery of being a nation-state at all, and with only Liaquat and an ailing Jinnah as noted leaders, may have failed more conspicuously, and West Punjab, the Frontier and Sindh were soon emptied of almost all their many Sikhs and Hindus. Instead, the first act of the new Pakistan Government in the weeks after August 14, 1947 was to arrange for the speedy and safe transfer of the North Indian Muslim elite by air from Delhi using chartered British aeroplanes. The ordinary Muslim masses of UP, Delhi and East Punjab were left in danger from or were subjected to Sikh and Hindu mob attacks, especially as news and rumours spread of similar outrages against Pakistan’s departing minorities.

In this spiral of revenge attacks and counter-attacks, bloodshed inevitably spilled over from West and East Punjab into the northern Punjabi plains of Jammu, though Kashmir Valley remained conspicuously peaceful. Zafrullah and Liaquat would later claim it was this communal civil war which had caused thousands of newly decommissioned Mirpuri soldiers of the British Army, and thousands of Afridi and other Frontier tribesmen, to spontaneously act to “liberate” J&K’s Muslims from alleged tyranny under the Hindu Ruler or an allegedly illegal Indian occupation.

But the main attack on J&K State that began from Pakistan along the Manshera-Muzaffarabad road on October 22, 1947 was admittedly far too well-organised, well-armed, well-planned and well-executed to have been merely a spontaneous uprising of tribesmen and former soldiers. In all but name, it was an act of undeclared war of the new Dominion of Pakistan first upon the State of J&K and then upon the Indian Dominion. This became obvious to Field Marshall Auchinlek, who, as Supreme Commander of the armed forces of both India and Pakistan, promptly resigned and abolished the Supreme Command in face of the fact that two parts of his own forces were now at war with one another.

The invaders failed to take Srinagar solely because they lost their military purpose while indulging in the Rape of Baramula. Thousands of Kashmiri women of all communities ~ Muslim, Sikh and Hindu ~ were violated and transported back to be sold in markets in Peshawar and elsewhere. Such was standard practice in Central Asian tribal wars from long before the advent of Islam, and the invading tribesmen shared that culture. India’s Army and Air Force along with the militias of the secular democratic movement led by Sheikh Abdullah and those remaining loyal units of J&K forces, fought off the invasion, and liberated Baramula, Naushera, Uri, Poonch etc. Gilgit had a British-led coup détat against it bringing it under Pakistan’s control. Kargil was initially taken by the Pakistanis and then lost by them. Leh could have been but was not taken by Pakistani forces. But in seeking to protect Leh and to retake Kargil, the Indian Army lost the siege of Skardu ~ which ended reputedly with the infamous communication from the Pakistani commander to his HQ: “All Sikhs killed; all women raped.”

Legal theory
Now, in this grave mortal conflict, the legal theory to which both the Indian and Pakistani Governments have been wedded for sixty years is one that had been endorsed by the British Cabinet Mission in 1946 and originated with the Butler Commission of 1929. Namely, that “Lapse of Paramountcy” over the “Indian India” of the “Native States” could and did occur with the extinction of British India on August 15, 1947. By this theory, Hyderabad, J&K, Junagadh and the several other States which had not acceded to either Dominion were no longer subject to the Crown’s suzerainty as of that date. Both Dominions drew up “Instruments of Accession” for Rulers to sign upon the supposed “Lapse” of Paramountcy that was to occur with the end of British India.

Ever since, the Pakistan Government has argued that Junagadh’s Ruler acceded to Pakistan and Hyderabad’s had wished to do so but both were forcibly prevented by India. Pakistan has also argued the accession to India by J&K’s Ruler was “fraudulent” and unacceptable, and Sheikh Abdullah was a “Quisling” of India and it was not his National Conference but the Muslim Conference of Ibrahim, Abbas and the Mirwaiz (precursor of the Hurriyat) which represented J&K’s Muslims.

India argued that Junagadh’s accession to Pakistan or Hyderabad’s independence were legal and practical impossibilities contradicting the wills of their peoples, and that their integration into the Indian Dominion was carried out in an entirely legitimate manner in the circumstances prevailing.

On J&K, India has argued that not only had the Ruler requested Indian forces to fight off the Pakistani attack, and he acceded formally before Indian forces were sent, but also that democratic principles were fully adhered to in the unequivocal endorsement of the accession by Sheikh Abdullah and the National Conference and further by a duly called and elected J&K Constituent Assembly, as well as generations of Kashmiris since. In the Indian view, it is Pakistan which has been in illegal occupation of Indian territory from Mirpur, Muzaffarabad and Gilgit to Skardu all the way to the Khunjerab Pass, Siachen Glacier and K2, some of which it illegally ceded to its Communist Chinese ally, and furthermore that it has denied the peoples of these areas any democratic voice.

Roman law
In June 1947, it was uniquely and brilliantly argued by BR Ambedkar in a statement to the Press that the British had made a catastrophic error in comprehending their own constitutional law, that no such thing as “Lapse” of Paramountcy existed, and that suzerainty over the “Native States” of “Indian India” would be automatically transferred in international law to the successor State of British India. It was a legal illusion to think any Native State could be sovereign even for a single logical moment. On this theory, if the Dominion of India was the sole successor State in international law while Pakistan was a new legal entity, then a Native State which acceded to Pakistan after August 15, 1947 would have had to do so with the consent of the suzerain power, namely, India, as may be said to have happened implicitly in case of Chitral and a few others. Equally, India’s behaviour in integrating (or annexing) Junagadh and Hyderabad, would become fully explicable ~ as would the statements of Mountbatten, Nehru and Patel before October 1947 that they would accept J&K going to Pakistan if that was what the Ruler and his people desired. Pakistan unilaterally and by surprise went to war against J&K on October 22, declared the accession to India “fraudulent”, and to this day has claimed the territory of the original State of J&K is “disputed”. Certainly, even if the Ambedkar doctrine is applied that no “Lapse” was possible under British law, Pakistan did not recognise India’s jurisdiction there as the suzerain power as of August 15, 1947. Altogether, Pakistan’s sovereign actions from October 22 onwards amounted to acting to annex J&K to itself by military force ~ acts which came to be militarily resisted (with partial success) by India allied with Sheikh Abdullah’s National Conference and the remaining forces of J&K. By these military actions, Pakistan revealed that it considered J&K territory to have descended into a legal state of anarchy as of October 22, 1947, and hence open to resolution by “Military Decision” ~ as is indeed the just outcome under Roman Law, the root of all municipal and international law today, when there is a contest between claimants over an ownerless entity.

Choice of nationality
Hence, the present author concluded (“Solving Kashmir”, The Statesman December 1-3, 2005) that the dismemberment of the original J&K State and annexation of its territories by India and Pakistan that has occurred since 1947, as represented first by the 1949 Ceasefire Line and then by the 1972 Line of Control, is indeed the just and lawful outcome prevailing in respect of the question of territorial sovereignty and jurisdiction. The remaining “democratic” question described has to do with free individual choice of nationality by the inhabitants, under conditions of full information and privacy, citizen-by-citizen, with the grant of permanent residency rights by the Indian Republic to persons under its jurisdiction in J&K who may choose not to remain Indian nationals but become Afghan, Iranian or Pakistani nationals instead. Pakistan has said frequently its sole concern has been the freedom of the Muslims of J&K under Indian rule, and any such genuine concern shall have been thereby fully met by India. Indeed, if Pakistan agreed to act similarly, this entire complex mortal problem of decades shall have begun to be peacefully resolved. Both countries are wracked by corruption, poverty and bad governance, and would be able to mutually draw down military forces pit against one another everywhere, so as to begin to repair the grave damage to their fiscal health caused by the deleterious draining away of vast public resources.

THREE
HISTORY OF JAMMU & KASHMIR by Subroto Roy First published in two parts in The Sunday Statesman, Oct 29 2006 and The Statesman Oct 30 2006, Editorial Page Special Article, http://www.thestatesman.net

At the advent of Islam in distant Arabia, India and Kashmir in particular were being visited by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims during Harsha’s reign. The great “Master of Law” Hiuen Tsiang visited between 629-645 and spent 631-633 in Kashmir (”Kia-chi-mi-lo”), describing it to include Punjab, Kabul and Kandahar. Over the next dozen centuries, Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and again Hindu monarchs came to rule the 85 mile long 40 mile wide territory on the River Jhelum’s upper course known as Srinagar Valley, as well as its adjoining Jammu in the upper plains of the Punjab and “Little Tibet” consisting of Laddakh, Baltistan and Gilgit.

In 1344, a Persian adventurer from Swat or Khorasan by name of Amir or Mirza, who had “found his way into the Valley and in time gained great influence at the Raja’s court”, proclaimed himself Sultan Shamsuddin after the death of the last Hindu monarchs of medieval Kashmir. Twelve of his descendants formed the Shamiri dynasty including the notorious Sikander and the just and tolerant Zainulabidin. Sikander who ruled 1386-1410 “submitted himself” to the Uzbek Taimur the Lame when he approached Kashmir in 1398 “and thus saved the country from invasion”. Otherwise, “Sikander was a gloomy ferocious bigot, and his zeal in destroying temples and idols was so intense that he is remembered as the Idol-Breaker. He freely used the sword to propagate Islam and succeeded in forcing the bulk of the population to conform outwardly to the Muslim religion. Most of the Brahmins refused to apostatise, and many of them paid with their lives the penalty for their steadfastness. Many others were exiled, and only a few conformed.”

Zainulabidin who ruled 1417-1467 “was a man of very different type”. “He adopted the policy of universal toleration, recalled the exiled Brahmins, repealed the jizya or poll-tax on Hindus, and even permitted new temples to be built. He abstained from eating flesh, prohibited the slaughter of kine, and was justly venerated as a saint. He encouraged literature, painting and music, and caused many translations to be made of works composed in Sanskrit, Arabic and other languages.” During his “long and prosperous reign”, he “constructed canals and built many mosques; he was just and tolerant”.

The Shamiri dynasty ended in 1541 when “some fugitive chiefs of the two local factions of the Makri and the Chakk invited Mirza Haidar Dughlat, a relation of Babar, to invade Kashmir. The country was conquered and the Mirza held it (nominally in name of Humayan) till 1551, when he was killed in a skirmish. The line… was restored for a few years, until in 1559 a Chakk leader, Ghazi Shah, usurped the throne; and in the possession of his descendants it remained for nearly thirty years.” This dynasty marks the origins of Shia Islam in Srinagar though Shia influence in Gilgit, Baltistan and Laddakh was of longer standing. Constant dissensions weakened the Chakks, and in 1586, Akbar, then at Attock on the Indus, sent an army under Raja Bhagwan Das into Srinagar Valley and easily made it part of his Empire.

Shivaism and Islam both flourished, and Hindu ascetics and Sufi saints were revered by all. Far from Muslims and Hindus forming distinct nations, here they were genetically related kinsmen living in proximity in a small isolated area for centuries. Indeed Zainulabidin may have had a vast unspoken influence on the history of all India insofar as Akbar sought to attempt in his empire what Zainulabidin achieved in the Valley. Like Zainulabidin, Akbar’s governance of India had as its “constant aim” “to conciliate the Hindus and to repress Muslim bigotry” which in modern political parlance may be seen as the principle of secular governance ~ of conciliating the powerless (whether majority or minority) and repressing the bigotry of the powerful (whether minority or majority). Akbar had made the Valley the summer residence of the Mughals, and it was Jahangir, seeing the Valley for the first time, who apparently said the words agar behest baushad, hamee in hast, hamee in hast, hamee in hast: “if Heaven exists, it is here, it is here, it is here”. Yet like other isolated paradises (such as the idyllic islands of the Pacific Ocean) an accursed mental ether can accompany the magnificent beauty of people’s surroundings. As the historian put it: “The Kashmiris remained secure in their inaccessible Valley; but they were given up to internal weakness and discord, their political importance was gone…”

After the Mughals collapsed, Iran’s Turkish ruler Nadir Shah sacked Delhi in 1739 but the Iranian court fell in disarray upon his death. In 1747 a jirga of Pashtun tribes at Kandahar “broke normal tradition” and asked an old Punjabi holy man and shrine-keeper to choose between two leaders; this man placed young wheat in the hand of the 25 year old Ahmed Shah Saddozai of the Abdali tribe, and titled him “Durrani”. Five years later, Durrani took Kashmir and for the next 67 years the Valley was under Pashtun rule, a time of “unmitigated brutality and widespread distress”. Durrani himself “was wise, prudent and simple”, never declared himself king and wore no crown, instead keeping a stick of young wheat in his turban. Leaving India, he famously recited: “The Delhi throne is beautiful indeed, but does it compare with the mountains of Kandahar?”

Kashmir’s modern history begins with Ranjit Singh of the Sikhs who became a soldier at 12, and in 1799 at age 19 was made Lahore’s Governor by Kabul’s Zaman Shah. Three years later “he made himself master of Amritsar”, and in 1806 crossed the River Sutlej and took Ludhiana. He created a fine Sikh infantry and cavalry under former officers of Napoleon, and with 80,000 trained men and 500 guns took Multan and Peshawar, defeated the Pashtuns and overran Kashmir in 1819. The “cruel rule” of the Pashtuns ended “to the great relief of Kashmir’s inhabitants”.

The British Governor-General Minto (ancestor of the later Viceroy), seeing advantage in the Sikhs staying north of the Sutlej, sent Charles Metcalfe, “a clever young civilian”, to persuade the Khalsa; in 1809, Ranjit Singh and the British in the first Treaty of Amritsar agreed to establish “perpetual amity”: the British would “have no concern” north of the Sutlej and Ranjit Singh would keep only minor personnel south of it. In 1834 and 1838 Ranjit Singh was struck by paralysis and died in 1839, leaving no competent heir. The Sikh polity collapsed, “their power exploded, disappearing in fierce but fast flames”. It was “a period of storm and anarchy in which assassination was the rule” and the legitimate line of his son and grandson, Kharak Singh and Nao Nihal Singh was quickly extinguished. In 1845 the Queen Regent, mother of the five-year old Dalip Singh, agreed to the Khalsa ending the 1809 Treaty. After bitter battles that might have gone either way, the Khalsa lost at Sobraon on 10 February 1846, and accepted terms of surrender in the 9 March 1846 Treaty of Lahore. The kingdom had not long survived its founder: “created by the military and administrative genius of one man, it crumbled into powder when the spirit which gave it life was withdrawn; and the inheritance of the Khalsa passed into the hands of the English.”

Ranjit Singh’s influence on modern J&K was even greater through his having mentored the Rajput Gulab Singh Dogra (1792-1857) and his brothers Dhyan Singh and Suchet Singh. Jammu had been ruled by Ranjit Deo until 1780 when the Sikhs made it tributary to the Lahore Court. Gulab Singh, a great grand nephew of Ranjit Deo, had left home at age 17 in search of a soldierly fortune, and ended up in 1809 in Ranjit Singh’s army, just when Ranjit Singh had acquired for himself a free hand to expand his domains north of the River Sutlej.

Gulab Singh, an intrepid soldier, by 1820 had Jammu conferred upon him by Ranjit Singh with the title of Raja, while Bhimber, Chibal, Poonch and Ramnagar went to his brothers. Gulab Singh, “often unscrupulous and cruel, was a man of considerable ability and efficiency”; he “found his small kingdom a troublesome charge but after ten years of constant struggles he and his two brothers became masters of most of the country between Kashmir and the Punjab”, though Srinagar Valley itself remained under a separate Governor appointed by the Lahore Court. Gulab Singh extended Jammu’s rule from Rawalpindi, Bhimber, Rajouri, Bhadarwah and Kishtwar, across Laddakh and into Tibet. His General Zorawar Singh led six expeditions into Laddakh between 1834 and 1841 through Kishtwar, Padar and Zanskar. In May 1841, Zorawar left Leh with an army of 5000 Dogras and Laddakhis and advanced on Tibet. Defeating the Tibetans at Rudok and Tashigong, he reached Minsar near Lake Mansarovar from where he advanced to Taklakot (Purang), 15 miles from the borders of Nepal and Kumaon, and built a fort stopping for the winter. Lhasa sent large re-inforcements to meet him. Zorawar, deciding to take the offensive, was killed in the Battle of Toyu, on 11-12 December 1841 at 16,000 feet.

A Laddakhi rebellion resulted against Jammu, aided now by the advancing Tibetans. A new army was sent under Hari Chand suppressing the rebellion and throwing back the Tibetans, leading to a peace treaty between Lhasa and Jammu signed on 17 September 1842: “We have agreed that we have no ill-feelings because of the past war. The two kings will henceforth remain friends forever. The relationship between Maharajah Gulab Singh of Kashmir and the Lama Guru of Lhasa (Dalai Lama) is now established. The Maharajah Sahib, with God (Kunchok) as his witness, promises to recognise ancient boundaries, which should be looked after by each side without resorting to warfare. When the descendants of the early kings, who fled from Laddakh to Tibet, now return they will not be stopped by Shri Maharajah. Trade between Laddakh and Tibet will continue as usual. Tibetan government traders coming into Laddakh will receive free transport and accommodations as before, and the Laddakhi envoy will, in turn, receive the same facilities in Lhasa. The Laddakhis take an oath before God (Kunchok) that they will not intrigue or create new troubles in Tibetan territory. We have agreed, with God as witness, that Shri Maharajah Sahib and the Lama Guru of Lhasa will live together as members of the same household.” The traditional boundary between Laddakh and Tibet “as recognised by both sides since olden times” was accepted by the envoys of Gulab Singh and the Dalai Lama.

An earlier 1684 treaty between Laddakh and Lhasa had said that while Laddakh would send tribute to Lhasa every three years, “the king of Laddakh reserves to himself the village of Minsar in Ngarees-khor-sum, that he may be independent there; and he sets aside its revenue for the purpose of meeting the expense involved in keeping up the sacrificial lights at Kangree (Kailas), and the Holy Lakes of Mansarovar and Rakas Tal”. The area around Minsar village near Lake Mansarovar, held by the rulers of Laddakh since 1583, was retained by Jammu in the 1842 peace-treaty, and its revenue was received by J&K State until 1948.

After Ranjit Singh’s death in 1839, Gulab Singh was alienated from the Lahore Court where the rise of his brothers and a nephew aroused enough Khalsa jealousy to see them assassinated in palace intrigues. While the Sikhs imploded, Gulab Singh had expanded his own dominion from Rawalpindi to Minsar ~ everywhere except Srinagar Valley itself. He had apparently advised the Sikhs not to attack the British in breach of the 1809 Treaty, and when they did so he had not joined them, though had he done so British power in North India might have been broken. The British were grateful for his neutrality and also his help in their first misbegotten adventure in Afghanistan. It was Gulab Singh who was now encouraged by both the British and the Sikhs to mediate between them, indeed “to take a leading part in arranging conditions of peace”, and he formally represented the Sikh regency in the negotiations. The 9 March 1846 Treaty of Lahore “set forth that the British Government having demanded in addition to a certain assignment of territory, a payment of a crore and a half of rupees, and the Sikh Government being unable to pay the whole”, Dalip Singh “should cede as equivalent to one crore the hill country belonging to the Punjab between the Beas and the Indus including Kashmir and the Hazara”.

For the British to occupy the whole of this mountainous territory was judged unwise on economic and military grounds; it was not feasible to occupy from a military standpoint and the area “with the exception of the small Valley of Kashmir” was “for the most part unproductive”. “On the other hand, the ceded tracts comprised the whole of the hereditary possessions of Gulab Singh, who, being eager to obtain an indefeasible title to them, came forward and offered to pay the war indemnity on condition that he was made the independent ruler of Jammu & Kashmir.

A separate treaty embodying this arrangement was thus concluded between the British and Gulab Singh at Amritsar on 16 March 1846.” Gulab Singh acknowledged the British Government’s supremacy, and in token of it agreed to present annually to the British Government “one horse, twelve shawl goats of approved breed and three pairs of Kashmir shawls. This arrangement was later altered; the annual presentation made by the Kashmir State was confined to two Kashmir shawls and three romals (handkerchiefs).” The Treaty of Amritsar “put Gulab Singh, as Maharaja, in possession of all the hill country between the Indus and the Ravi, including Kashmir, Jammu, Laddakh and Gilgit; but excluding Lahoul, Kulu and some areas including Chamba which for strategic purposes, it was considered advisable (by the British) to retain and for which a remission of Rs 25 lakhs was made from the crore demanded, leaving Rs 75 lakhs as the final amount to be paid by Gulab Singh.” The British retained Hazara which in 1918 was included into NWFP. Through an intrigue emanating from Prime Minister Lal Singh in Lahore, Imamuddin, the last Sikh-appointed Governor of Kashmir, sought to prevent Gulab Singh taking possession of the Valley in accordance with the Treaty’s terms. By December 1846 Gulab Singh had done so, though only with help of a British force which included 17,000 Sikh troops “who had been fighting in the campaign just concluded”. (Contemporary British opinion even predicted Sikhism like Buddhism “would become extinct in a short time if it were not kept alive by the esprit de corps of the Sikh regiments”.)

The British in 1846 may have been glad enough to allow Gulab Singh take independent charge of the new entity that came to be now known as the “State of Jammu & Kashmir”. Later, however. they and their American allies would grow keen to control or influence the region vis-à-vis their new interests against the Russian and Soviet Empires.

FOUR
PAKISTAN’S ALLIES by Subroto Roy First published in two parts in The Sunday Statesman, June 4 2006, The Statesman June 5 2006, Editorial Page Special Article, http://www.thestatesman.net

From the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar creating the State of Jammu & Kashmir until the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Britain and later the USA became increasingly interested in the subcontinent’s Northwest. The British came to India by sea to trade. Barren, splendid, landlocked Afghanistan held no interest except as a home of fierce tribes; but it was the source of invasions into the Indian plains and prompted a British misadventure to install Shah Shuja in place of Dost Mohammad Khan leading to ignominious defeat. Later, Afghanistan was seen as the underbelly of the Russian and Soviet empires, and hence a location of interest to British and American strategic causes.

In November 1954, US President Dwight Eisenhower authorized 30 U-2 spy aircraft to be produced for deployment against America’s perceived enemies, especially to investigate Soviet nuclear missiles which could reach the USA. Reconnaissance balloons had been unsuccessful, and numerous Western pilots had been shot down taking photographs from ordinary military aircraft. By June 1956, U-2 were making clandestine flights over the USSR and China. But on May 1 1960, one was shot or forced down over Sverdlovsk, 1,000 miles within Soviet territory. The Americans prevaricated that it had taken off from Turkey on a weather-mission, and been lost due to oxygen problems. Nikita Kruschev then produced the pilot, Francis Gary Powers, who was convicted of spying, though was exchanged later for a Soviet spy. Powers had been headed towards Norway, his task to photograph Soviet missiles from 70,000 ft, his point of origin had been an American base 20 miles from Peshawar.

America needed clandestine “forward bases” from which to fly U-2 aircraft, and Pakistan’s ingratiating military and diplomatic establishment was more than willing to offer such cooperation, fervently wishing to be seen as a “frontline state” against the USSR. “We will help you defeat the USSR and we are hopeful you will help us defeat India” became their constant refrain. By 1986, the Americans had been permitted to build air-bases in Balochistan and also use Mauripur air-base near Karachi.

Jammu & Kashmir and especially Gilgit-Baltistan adjoins the Pashtun regions whose capital has been Peshawar. In August-November 1947, a British coup d’etat against J&K State secured Gilgit-Baltistan for the new British Dominion of Pakistan.

The Treaty of Amritsar had nowhere required Gulab Singh’s dynasty to accept British political control in J&K as came to be exercised by British “Residents” in all other Indian “Native States”. Despite this, Delhi throughout the late 19th Century relentlessly pressed Gulab Singh’s successors Ranbir Singh and Partab Singh to accept political control. The Dogras acquiesced eventually. Delhi’s desire for control had less to do with the welfare of J&K’s people than with protection of increasing British interests in the area, like European migration to Srinagar Valley and guarding against Russian or German moves in Afghanistan. “Sargin” or “Sargin Gilit”, later corrupted by the Sikhs and Dogras into “Gilgit”, had an ancient people who spoke an archaic Dardic language “intermediate between the Iranian and the Sanskritic”. “The Dards were located by Ptolemy with surprising accuracy on the West of the Upper Indus, beyond the headwaters of the Swat River (Greek: Soastus) and north of the Gandarae (i.e. Kandahar), who occupied Peshawar and the country north of it. This region was traversed by two Chinese pilgrims, Fa-Hsien, coming from the north about AD 400 and Hsuan Tsiang, ascending from Swat in AD 629, and both left records of their journeys.”

Gilgit had been historically ruled by a Hindu dynasty called Trakane; when they became extinct, Gilgit Valley “was desolated by successive invasions of neighbouring rulers, and in the 20 or 30 years ending with 1842 there had been five dynastic revolutions. The Sikhs entered Gilgit about 1842 and kept a garrison there.” When J&K came under Gulab Singh, “the Gilgit claims were transferred with it, and a boundary commission was sent” by the British. In 1852 the Dogras were driven out with 2,000 dead. In 1860 under Ranbir Singh, the Dogras “returned to Gilgit and took Yasin twice, but did not hold it. They also in 1866 invaded Darel, one of the most secluded Dard states, to the south of the Gilgit basin but withdrew again.”

The British appointed a Political Agent in Gilgit in 1877 but he was withdrawn in 1881. “In 1889, in order to guard against the advance of Russia, the British Government, acting as the suzerain power of Kashmir, established the Gilgit Agency”. The Agency was re-established under control of the British Resident in Jammu & Kashmir. “It comprised the Gilgit Wazarat; the State of Hunza and Nagar; the Punial Jagir; the Governorships of Yasin, Kuh-Ghizr and Ishkoman, and Chilas”. In 1935, the British demanded J&K lease to them for 60 years Gilgit town plus most of the Gilgit Agency and the hill-states Hunza, Nagar, Yasin and Ishkuman. Hari Singh had no choice but to acquiesce. The leased region was then treated as part of British India, administered by a Political Agent at Gilgit responsible to Delhi, first through the Resident in J& K and later a British Agent in Peshawar. J& K State no longer kept troops in Gilgit and a mercenary force, the Gilgit Scouts, was recruited with British officers and paid for by Delhi. In April 1947, Delhi decided to formally retrocede the leased areas to Hari Singh’s J& K State as of 15 August 1947. The transfer was to formally take place on 1 August.

On 31 July, Hari Singh’s Governor arrived to find “all the officers of the British Government had opted for service in Pakistan”. The Gilgit Scouts’ commander, a Major William Brown aged 25, and his adjutant, a Captain Mathieson, planned openly to engineer a coup détat against Hari Singh’s Government. Between August and October, Gilgit was in uneasy calm. At midnight on 31 October 1947, the Governor was surrounded by the Scouts and the next day he was “arrested” and a provisional government declared.

Hari Singh’s nearest forces were at Bunji, 34 miles from Gilgit, a few miles downstream from where the Indus is joined by Gilgit River. The 6th J& K Infantry Battalion there was a mixed Sikh-Muslim unit, typical of the State’s Army, commanded by a Lt Col. Majid Khan. Bunji controlled the road to Srinagar. Further upstream was Skardu, capital of Baltistan, part of Laddakh District where there was a small garrison. Following Brown’s coup in Gilgit, Muslim soldiers of the 6th Infantry massacred their Sikh brothers-at-arms at Bunji. The few Sikhs who survived escaped to the hills and from there found their way to the garrison at Skardu.

On 4 November 1947, Brown raised the new Pakistani flag in the Scouts’ lines, and by the third week of November a Political Agent from Pakistan had established himself at Gilgit. Brown had engineered Gilgit and its adjoining states to first secede from J&K, and, after some talk of being independent, had promptly acceded to Pakistan. His commander in Peshawar, a Col. Bacon, as well as Col. Iskander Mirza, Defence Secretary in the new Pakistan and later to lead the first military coup détat and become President of Pakistan, were pleased enough. In July 1948, Brown was awarded an MBE (Military) and the British Governor of the NWFP got him a civilian job with ICI~ which however sent him to Calcutta, where he came to be attacked and left for dead on the streets by Sikhs avenging the Bunji massacre. Brown survived, returned to England, started a riding school, and died in 1984. In March 1994, Pakistan awarded his widow the Sitara-I-Pakistan in recognition of his coup détat.

Gilgit’s ordinary people had not participated in Brown’s coup which carried their fortunes into the new Pakistan, and to this day appear to remain without legislative representation. It was merely assumed that since they were mostly Muslim in number they would wish to be part of Pakistan ~ which also became Liaquat Ali Khan’s assumption about J&K State as a whole in his 1950 statements in North America. What the Gilgit case demonstrates is that J&K State’s descent into a legal condition of ownerless anarchy open to “Military Decision” had begun even before the Pakistani invasion of 22 October 1947 (viz. “Solving Kashmir”, The Statesman, 1-3 December 2005). Also, whatever else the British said or did with respect to J & K, they were closely allied to the new Pakistan on the matter of Gilgit.

The peak of Pakistan’s Anglo-American alliance came with the enormous support in the 1980s to guerrilla forces created and headquartered in Peshawar, to battle the USSR and Afghan communists directly across the Durand Line. It was this guerrilla war which became a proximate cause of the collapse of the USSR as a political entity in 1991. President Ronald Reagan’s CIA chief William J. Casey sent vast sums in 1985-1988 to supply and train these guerrillas. The Washington Post and New Yorker reported the CIA training guerrillas “in the use of mortars, rocket grenades, ground-to-air missiles”. 200 hand-held Stinger missiles were supplied for the first time in 1986 and the New Yorker reported Gulbudin Hikmatyar’s “Hizbe Islami” guerrillas being trained to bring down Soviet aircraft. “Mujahideen had been promised two Stingers for every Soviet aircraft brought down. Operators who failed to aim correctly were given additional training… By 1986, the United States was so deeply involved in the Afghan war that Soviet aircraft were being brought down under the supervision of American experts”. (Raja Anwar, The Tragedy of Afghanistan, 1988, p. 234).

The budding US-China détente brokered by Pakistan came into full bloom here. NBC News on 7 January 1980 said “for the first time in history (a senior State Department official) publicly admitted the possibility of concluding a military alliance between the United States and China”. London’s Daily Telegraph reported on 5 January 1980 “China is flying large supplies of arms and ammunition to the insurgents in Afghanistan. According to diplomatic reports, supplies have arrived in Pakistan from China via the Karakoram Highway…. A major build-up of Chinese involvement is underway ~ in the past few days. Scores of Chinese instructors have arrived at the Shola-e-Javed camps.”

Afghan reports in 1983-1985 said “there were eight training camps near the Afghan border operated by the Chinese in Sinkiang province” and that China had supplied the guerrillas “with a variety of weapons including 40,000 RPG-7 and 20,000 RPG-II anti tank rocket launchers.” Like Pakistan, “China did not publicly admit its involvement in the Afghan conflict: in 1985 the Chinese Mission at the UN distributed a letter denying that China was extending any kind of help to the Afghan rebels” (Anwar, ibid. p. 234). Support extended deep and wide across the Arab world. “The Saudi and Gulf rulers … became the financial patrons of the Afghan rebels from the very start of the conflict”. Anwar Sadat, having won the Nobel Peace Prize, was “keen to claim credit for his role in Afghanistan…. by joining the Afghanistan jihad, Sadat could re-establish his Islamic credentials, or so he believed. He could thus not only please the Muslim nations but also place the USA and Israel in his debt.” Sadat’s Defence Minister said in January 1980: “Army camps have been opened for the training of Afghan rebels; they are being supplied with weapons from Egypt” and Sadat told NBC News on 22 September 1981 “that for the last twenty-one months, the USA had been buying arms from Egypt for the Afghan rebels. He said he had been approached by the USA in December 1979 and he had decided to `open my stores’. He further disclosed that these arms were being flown to Pakistan from Egypt by American aircraft. Egypt had vast supplies of SAM-7 and RPG-7 anti-aircraft and anti-tank weapons which Sadat agreed to supply to Afghanistan in exchange for new American arms. The Soviet weapons, being light, were ideally suited to guerrilla warfare. … the Mujahideen could easily claim to have captured them from Soviet and Afghan troops in battle.… Khomeini’s Iran got embroiled in war (against Iraq) otherwise Kabul would also have had to contend with the full might of the Islamic revolutionaries.” (Anwar ibid. p. 235).

Afghanistan had been occupied on 26-27 December 1979 by Soviet forces sent by the decrepit Leonid Brezhnev and Yuri Andropov to carry out a putsch replacing one communist, Hafizullah Amin, with a rival communist and Soviet protégé, Babrak Karmal. By 1985 Brezhnev and Andropov were dead and Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev had begun his attempts to reform the Soviet system, usher in openness, end the Cold War and in particular withdraw from Afghanistan, which by 1986 he had termed “a bleeding wound”. Gorbachev replaced Karmal with a new protégé Najibullah Khan, who was assigned the impossible task of bringing about national reconciliation with the Pakistan-based guerrillas and form a national government. Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan in February 1989 having lost 14,500 dead, while more than a million Afghans had been killed since the invasion a decade earlier.

Not long after Russia’s Bolshevik Revolution, Gregory Zinoviev had said that international communism “turns today to the peoples of the East and says to them, `Brothers, we summon you to a Holy War first of all against British imperialism!’ At this there were cries of Jehad! Jehad! And much brandishing of picturesque Oriental weapons.” (Treadgold, Twentieth Century Russia, 1990, p. 213). Now instead, the Afghan misadventure had contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Empire itself, the USSR ceasing to be a political entity by 1991, and even Gorbachev being displaced by Boris Yeltsin and later Vladimir Putin in a new Russia.

What resulted for the people of the USA and Britain and the West in general was that they no longer had to live under threat of hostile Soviet tanks and missiles, while the people of Russia, Ukraine and the other erstwhile Soviet republics as well as Eastern Europe were able to throw off the yoke of communism that had oppressed them since the Bolshevik Revolution and instead to breathe the air of freedom.

What happened to the people of Afghanistan, however, was that they were plunged into further ghastly civil war for more than ten years. And what happened to the people of Pakistan was that their country was left resembling a gigantic Islamist military camp, awash with airfields, arms, ammunition and trained guerrillas, as well as a military establishment enlivened as always by perpetual hope that these supplies, provisions and personnel of war might find alternative use in attacks against India over J& K. “We helped you when you wished to see the Soviet Union defeated and withdrawing in Afghanistan”, Pakistan’s generals and diplomats pleaded with the Americans and British, “now you must help us in our wish to see India defeated and withdrawing in Kashmir”. Pakistan’s leaders even believed that just as the Soviet Union had disintegrated afterwards, the Indian Union perhaps might be made to do the same. Not only were the two cases as different as chalk from cheese, Palmerstone’s dictum there are no permanent allies in the politics of nations could not have found more apt use than in what actually came to take place next.

Pakistan’s generals and diplomats felt betrayed by the loss of Anglo-American paternalism towards them after 1989.

Modern Pakistanis had never felt they subscribed to the Indian nationalist movement culminating in independence in August 1947. The Pakistani state now finally declared its independence in the world by exploding bombs in a nuclear arsenal secretly created with help purchased from China and North Korea. Pakistan’s leaders thus came to feel in some control of Pakistan’s destiny as a nation-state for the first time, more than fifty years after Pakistan’s formal creation in 1947. If nothing else, at least they had the Bomb.

Secondly, America and its allies would not be safe for long since the civil war they had left behind in Afghanistan while trying to defeat the USSR now became a brew from which arose a new threat of violent Islamism. Osama bin Laden and the Taliban, whom Pakistan’s military and the USA had promoted, now encouraged unprecedented attacks on the American mainland on September 11 2001 ~ causing physical and psychological damage which no Soviet, Chinese or Cuban missiles ever had been allowed to do. In response, America attacked and removed the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, once again receiving the cooperative use of Pakistani manpower and real estate ~ except now there was no longer any truck with the Pakistani establishment’s wish for a quid pro quo of Anglo-American support against India on J&K. Pakistan’s generals and diplomats soon realised their Anglo-American alliance of more than a half-century ended on September 11 2001. Their new cooperation was in killing or arresting and handing over fellow-Muslims and necessarily lacked their earlier feelings of subservience and ingratiation towards the Americans and British, and came to be done instead under at least some duress. No benefit could be reaped any more in the fight against India over Jammu & Kashmir. An era had ended in the subcontinent.

FIVE

“AN INDIAN REPLY TO PRESIDENT ZARDARI: REWARDING PAKISTAN FOR BAD BEHAVIOUR LEADS TO SCHIZOPHRENIC RELATIONSHIPS” by Subroto Roy, December 17 2008

Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari’s recent argument in the New York Times resembles closely the well-known publications of his ambassador to the United States, Mr Husain Haqqani. Unfortunately, this Zardari-Haqqani thesis about Pakistan’s current predicament in the world and the world’s predicament with Pakistan is shot through with clear factual and logical errors. These need to be aired because true or useful conclusions cannot be reached from mistaken premises or faulty reasoning.

1. Origins of Pakistan, India, J&K, and their mutual problems

Mr Zardari makes the following seemingly innocuous statement:

“…. the two great nations of Pakistan and India, born together from the same revolution and mandate in 1947, must continue to move forward with the peace process.”

Now as a matter of simple historical fact, the current entities in the world system known as India and Pakistan were not “born together from the same revolution and mandate in 1947”. It is palpably false to suppose they were and Pakistanis indulge in wishful thinking and self-deception about their own political history if they suppose this.

India’s Republic arose out of the British Dominion known as “India” which was the legal successor of the entity known previously in international law as “British India”. British India had had secular governance and so has had the Indian Republic.

By contrast, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan arose out of a newly created state in international law known as the British Dominion of Pakistan, consisting of designated territory carved out of British India by a British decision and coming into existence one day before British India extinguished itself. (Another new state, Bangladesh, later seceded from Pakistan.)

The British decision to create territory designated “Pakistan” had nothing to do with any anti-British “revolution” or “mandate” supported by any Pakistani nationalism because there was none. (Rahmat Ali’s anti-Hindu pamphleteering in London could be hardly considered Pakistani nationalism against British rule. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan’s Pashtun patriots saw themselves as Indian, not Pakistani.)

To the contrary, the British decision had to do with a small number of elite Pakistanis — MA Jinnah foremost among them — demanding not to be part of the general Indian nationalist movement that had been demanding a British departure from power in the subcontinent. Jinnah’s separatist party, the Muslim League, was trounced in the 1937 provincial elections in all the Muslim-majority areas of British India that would eventually become Pakistan. Despite this, in September 1939, Britain, at war with Nazi Germany, chose to elevate the political power of Jinnah and his League to parity with the general Indian nationalist movement led by MK Gandhi. (See, Francis Robinson, in William James and Subroto Roy (eds), Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s.) Britain needed India’s mostly Muslim infantry-divisions — the progenitors of the present-day Pakistan Army — and if that meant tilting towards a risky political idea of “Pakistan” in due course, so it would be. The thesis that Pakistan arose from any kind of “revolution” or “mandate” in 1947 is fantasy — the Muslim super-elite that invented and endorsed the Pakistan idea flew from Delhi to Karachi in chartered BOAC Dakotas, caring not a hoot about the vulnerability of ordinary Muslim masses to Sikh and Hindu majority wrath and retaliation on the ground.

Modern India succeeded to the rights and obligations of British India in international law, and has had a recognized existence as a state since at least the signing of the Armistice and Treaty of Versailles in 1918-1919. India was a founding member of the United Nations, being a signatory of the 1945 San Francisco Declaration, and an original member of the Bretton Woods institutions. An idea put forward by Argentina that as of 1947 India and Pakistan were both successor states of British India was rejected by the UN (Argentina withdrew its own suggestion), and it was universally acknowledged India was already a member of the UN while Pakistan would have to (and did) apply afresh for membership as a newly created state in the UN. Pakistan’s entry into the UN had the enthusiastic backing of India and was opposed by only one existing UN member, Afghanistan, due to a conflict that continues to this day over the legitimacy of the Durand Line that bifurcated the Pashtun areas.

Such a review of elementary historical facts and the position in law of Pakistan and India is far from being of merely pedantic interest today. Rather, it goes directly to the logical roots of the conflict over the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) — a state that itself originated as an entity in the world system a full century before Pakistan was to do so and more than half a century before British India did, but which would collapse into anarchy and civil war in 1947-1949.

Britain (or England) had been a major nation-state in the world system recognized since Grotius first outlined modern international law. On March 16 1846, Britain entered into a treaty, the Treaty of Amritsar, with one Gulab Singh, and the “State of Jammu & Kashmir” came to arise as a recognizable entity in international law for the first time. (See my “History of Jammu and Kashmir” published in The Statesman, Oct 29-30 2006, available elsewhere here.)

Jammu & Kashmir continued in orderly existence as a state until it crashed into legal and political anarchy and civil war a century later. The new Pakistan had entered into a “Standstill Agreement” with the State of Jammu & Kashmir as of August 15 1947. On or about October 22 1947, Pakistan unilaterally ended that Standstill Agreement and instead caused military forces from its territory to attack the State of Jammu & Kashmir along the Mansehra Road towards Baramula and Srinagar, coinciding too with an Anglo-Pakistani coup d’etat in Gilgit and Baltistan (see my “Solving Kashmir”; “Law, Justice & J&K”; “Pakistan’s Allies”, all published in The Statesman in 2005-2006 and available elsewhere here).

The new Pakistan had chosen, in all deliberation, to forswear law, politics and diplomacy and to resort to force of arms instead in trying to acquire J&K for itself via a military decision. It succeeded only partially. Its forces took and then lost both Baramula and Kargil; they may have threatened Leh but did not attempt to take it; they did take and retain Muzaffarabad and Skardu; they were never near taking the summer capital, Srinagar, though might have threatened the winter capital, Jammu.

All in all, a Ceasefire Line came to be demarcated on the military positions as of February 1 1949. After a war in 1971 that accompanied the secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan, that Ceasefire Line came to be renamed the “Line of Control” between Pakistan and India. An ownerless entity may be acquired by force of arms — the erstwhile State of Jammu & Kashmir in 1947-1949 had become an ownerless entity that had been dismembered and divided according to military decision following an armed conflict between Pakistan and India. The entity in the world system known as the “State of Jammu & Kashmir” created on March 16 1846 by Gulab Singh’s treaty with the British ceased to exist as of October 22 1947. Pakistan had started the fight over J&K but there is a general rule of conflicts that he who starts a fight does not get to finish it.

Such is the simplest and most practical statement of the history of the current problem. The British, through their own compulsions and imperial pretensions, raised all the talk about a “Lapse of Paramountcy” of the British Crown over the “Native Princes” of “Indian India”, and of how, the “Native Princes” were required to “accede” to either India or Pakistan. This ignored Britain’s own constitutional law. BR Ambedkar pointed out with unsurpassed clarity that no “Lapse of Paramountcy” was possible even for a single logical moment since “Paramountcy” over any “Native Princes” who had not joined India or Pakistan as of August 15 1947, automatically passed from British India to its legal successor, namely, the Dominion of India. It followed that India’s acquiescence was required for any subsequent accession to Pakistan – an acquiescence granted in case of Chitral and denied in case of Junagadh.

What the Republic of India means by saying today that boundaries cannot be redrawn nor any populations forcibly transferred is quite simply that the division of erstwhile J&K territory is permanent, and that sovereignty over it is indivisible. What Pakistan has claimed is that India has been an occupier and that there are many people inhabiting the Indian area who may not wish to be Indian nationals and who are being compelled against their will to remain so ~ forgetting to add that precisely the same could be said likewise of the Pakistani-held area. The lawful solution I proposed in “Solving Kashmir, “Law, Justice and J&K” and other works has been that the Republic of India invite every person covered under its Article 370, citizen-by-citizen, under a condition of full information, to privately and without fear decide, if he/she has not done so already, between possible Indian, Iranian, Afghan or Pakistani nationalities ~ granting rights and obligations of permanent residents to any of those persons who may choose for whatever private reason not to remain Indian nationals. If Pakistan acted likewise, the problem of J&K would indeed come to be resolved. The Americans, as self-appointed mediators, have said they wish “the people of the region to have a voice” in a solution: there can be no better expression of such voice than allowing individuals to privately choose their own nationalities and their rights and responsibilities accordingly. The issue of territorial sovereignty is logically distinct from that of the choice of nationality by individual inhabitants.

2. Benazir’s assassination falsely compared to the Mumbai massacres
Secondly, President Zardari draws a mistaken comparison between the assassination last year of his wife, Benazir Bhutto, and the Mumbai massacres a few weeks ago. Ms Bhutto’s assassination may resemble more closely the assassinations in India of Indira Gandhi in 1984 and Rajiv Gandhi in 1991.

Indira Gandhi died in “blowback” from the unrest she and her younger son and others in their party had opportunistically fomented among Sikh fundamentalists and sectarians since the late 1970s. Rajiv Gandhi died in “blowback” from an erroneous imperialistic foreign policy that he, as Prime Minister, had been induced to make by jingoistic Indian diplomats, a move that got India’s military needlessly involved in the then-nascent Sri Lankan civil war. Benazir Bhutto similarly may be seen to have died in “blowback” from her own political activity as prime minister and opposition leader since the late 1980s, including her own encouragement of Muslim fundamentalist forces. Certainly in all three cases, as in all assassinations, there were lapses of security too and imprudent political judgments made that contributed to the tragic outcomes.

Ms Bhutto’s assassination has next to nothing to do with the Mumbai massacres, besides the fact the perpetrators in both cases were Pakistani terrorists. President Zardari saying he himself has lost his wife to terrorism is true but not relevant to the proper diagnosis of the Mumbai massacres or to Pakistan-India relations in general. Rather, it serves to deflect criticism and condemnation of the Pakistani state’s pampered handing of Pakistan’s terrorist masterminds, as well as the gross irresponsibility of Pakistan’s military scientists (not AQ Khan) who have been recently advocating a nuclear first strike against India in the event of war.

3. Can any religious nation-state be viable in the modern world?

President Zardari’s article says:

“The world worked to exploit religion against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan by empowering the most fanatic extremists as an instrument of destruction of a superpower. The strategy worked, but its legacy was the creation of an extremist militia with its own dynamic.”

This may be overly simplistic. As pointed out in my article “Pakistan’s Allies”, Gregory Zinoviev himself after the Bolshevik Revolution had declared that international communism “turns today to the peoples of the East and says to them, ‘Brothers, we summon you to a Holy War first of all against British imperialism!’ At this there were cries of Jehad! Jehad! And much brandishing of picturesque Oriental weapons.” (Treadgold, Twentieth Century Russia, 1990, p. 213). For more than half of the 20th century, orthodox Muslims had been used by Soviet communists against British imperialism, then by the British and Americans (through Pakistan) against Soviet communism. Touché! Blowback and counter-blowback! The real question that arises from this today may be why orthodox Muslims have allowed themselves to be used either way by outside forces and have failed in developing a modern nation-state and political culture of their own. Europe and America only settled down politically after their religious wars were over. Perhaps no religious nation-state is viable in the modern world.

4. Pakistan’s behaviour leads to schizophrenia in international relations

President Zardari pleads for, or perhaps demands, resources from the world:

“the best response to the Mumbai carnage is to coordinate in counteracting the scourge of terrorism. The world must act to strengthen Pakistan’s economy and democracy, help us build civil society and provide us with the law enforcement and counterterrorism capacities that will enable us to fight the terrorists effectively.”

Six million pounds from Mr Gordon Brown, so much from here or there etc – President Zardari has apparently demanded 100 billion dollars from America and that is the price being talked about for Pakistan to dismantle its nuclear weapons and be brought under an American “nuclear umbrella” instead.

I have pointed out elsewhere that what Pakistan seems to have been doing in international relations for decades is send out “mixed messages” – i.e. contradictory signals, whether in thought, word or deed. Clinical psychologists following the work of Gregory Bateson would say this leads to confusion among Pakistan’s interlocutors (a “double bind”) and the symptoms arise of what may be found in schizophrenic relationships. (See my article “Do President-elect Obama’s Pakistan specialists believe…”; on the “double bind” theory, an article I chanced to publish in the Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1986, may be of interest).

Here are a typical set of “mixed messages” emanating from Pakistan’s government and opinion-makers:

“We have nuclear weapons
“We keep our nuclear weapons safe from any misuse or unauthorized use
“We are willing to use nuclear weapons in a first strike against India
“We do not comprehend the lessons of Hiroshima-Nagasaki
“We do not comprehend the destruction India will visit upon us if we strike them
“We are dangerous so we must not be threatened in any way
“We are peace-loving and want to live in peace with India and Afghanistan
“We love to play cricket with India and watch Bollywood movies
“We love our Pakistan Army as it is one public institution that works
“We know the Pakistan Army has backed armed militias against India in the past
“We know these militias have caused terrorist attacks
“We are not responsible for any terrorist attacks
“We do not harbour any terrorists
“We believe the world should pay us to not use or sell our nuclear weapons
“We believe the world should pay us to not encourage the terrorists in our country
“We believe the world should pay us to prevent terrorists from using our nuclear weapons
“We hate India and do not want to become like India
“We love India and want to become like India
“We are India and we are not India…”

Etc.

A mature rational responsible and self-confident Pakistan would have said instead:

“We apologise to India and other countries for the outrageous murders our nationals have committed in Mumbai and elsewhere
“We ask the world to watch how our professional army is deployed to disarm civilian and all “non-state” actors of unauthorized firearms and explosives
“We do not need and will not demand or accept a dollar in any sort of foreign aid, military or civilian, to solve our problems
“We realize our economic and political institutions are a mess and we must clean them up
“We will strive to build a society imbued with what Iqbal described as the spirit of modern times..”

As someone who created at great personal cost at an American university twenty years ago the book Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s, I have a special interest in hoping that Pakistan shall find the path of wisdom.”

Posted in Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Afghanistan, Akbar, anarchy and governance, Anglo-Russian Treaty 1907, Asia and the West, Balochistan, Bolsheviks, Britain, Britain in India, Britain's monarchy, British history, China-India Relations, China-Tibet problem, Constitutional law, Constitutional Politics, Diplomacy, Diplomatic recognition, Freedom, Gilgit and Baltistan, Himalayas, India in international law, India's Army, India's constitutional politics, India's Democracy, India's Diplomacy, India's History, India's independence, India's Land, India's Military Defence, India's Muslims, India's Nationalism, India's Partition, India's Polity, India's Rule of Law, India's secularism, India's Union-State relations, India-China relations, India-Pakistan cooperation against terrorism, India-Pakistan peace process, India-Tibet Border, International diplomacy, International Law, International politics, Iqbal, Iran, Islam, Jahangir, Jammu & Kashmir, Karakorum Pass, Laddakh, Land and political economy, Laws of war, Laws of war applied to international terrorists, Life and death, MA Jinnah, Mumbai massacres, Muslim and Hindu communalism, Natural Justice, Nobel Prizes, Pakistan in international law, Pakistan's diplomacy, Pakistan's nuclear weapons, Pakistan's politics, Pakistan's terrorist masterminds, Pakistan, Balochistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Pashtuns, Persia, Political Philosophy, Rajiv Gandhi, Regional cooperation, Roman Law, Russia, Schizophrenia in international relations, Secular governance, Secularism in practice, Sheikh Abdullah, Sinkiang, Sino-Indian Border, Srinagar, Sunnis and Shias, Tibet, US Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Espionage, US Pakistan policy, USA, United States, USSR, War, World History, Zafrullah Khan. 4 Comments »

An Indian Reply to President Zardari: Rewarding Pakistan for bad behaviour leads to schizophrenic relationships

December 19, 2008 — drsubrotoroy

An Indian Reply to President Zardari:

Rewarding Pakistan for bad behaviour leads to schizophrenic relationships

by

Subroto Roy

Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari’s recent argument in the New York Times resembles closely the well-known publications of his ambassador to the United States, Mr Husain Haqqani. Unfortunately, this Zardari-Haqqani thesis about Pakistan’s current predicament in the world and the world’s predicament with Pakistan is shot through with clear factual and logical errors. These need to be aired because true or useful conclusions cannot be reached from mistaken premises or faulty reasoning.

1. Origins of Pakistan, India, J&K, and their mutual problems

Mr Zardari makes the following seemingly innocuous statement:

“…. the two great nations of Pakistan and India, born together from the same revolution and mandate in 1947, must continue to move forward with the peace process.”

Now as a matter of simple historical fact, the current entities in the world system known as India and Pakistan were not “born together from the same revolution and mandate in 1947”. It is palpably false to suppose they were and Pakistanis indulge in wishful thinking and self-deception about their own political history if they suppose this.

India’s Republic arose out of the British Dominion known as “India” which was the legal successor of the entity known previously in international law as “British India”. British India had had secular governance and so has had the Indian Republic.

By contrast, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan arose out of a newly created state in international law known as the British Dominion of Pakistan, consisting of designated territory carved out of British India by a British decision and coming into existence one day before British India extinguished itself. (Another new state, Bangladesh, later seceded from Pakistan.)

The British decision to create territory designated “Pakistan” had nothing to do with any anti-British “revolution” or “mandate” supported by any Pakistani nationalism because there was none. (Rahmat Ali’s anti-Hindu pamphleteering in London could be hardly considered Pakistani nationalism against British rule. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan’s Pashtun patriots saw themselves as Indian, not Pakistani.)

To the contrary, the British decision had to do with a small number of elite Pakistanis — MA Jinnah foremost among them — demanding not to be part of the general Indian nationalist movement that had been demanding a British departure from power in the subcontinent. Jinnah’s separatist party, the Muslim League, was trounced in the 1937 provincial elections in all the Muslim-majority areas of British India that would eventually become Pakistan. Despite this, in September 1939, Britain, at war with Nazi Germany, chose to elevate the political power of Jinnah and his League to parity with the general Indian nationalist movement led by MK Gandhi. (See, Francis Robinson, in William James and Subroto Roy (eds), Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s.) Britain needed India’s mostly Muslim infantry-divisions — the progenitors of the present-day Pakistan Army — and if that meant tilting towards a risky political idea of “Pakistan” in due course, so it would be. The thesis that Pakistan arose from any kind of “revolution” or “mandate” in 1947 is fantasy — the Muslim super-elite that invented and endorsed the Pakistan idea flew from Delhi to Karachi in chartered BOAC Dakotas, caring not a hoot about the vulnerability of ordinary Muslim masses to Sikh and Hindu majority wrath and retaliation on the ground.

Modern India succeeded to the rights and obligations of British India in international law, and has had a recognized existence as a state since at least the signing of the Armistice and Treaty of Versailles in 1918-1919. India was a founding member of the United Nations, being a signatory of the 1945 San Francisco Declaration, and an original member of the Bretton Woods institutions. An idea put forward by Argentina that as of 1947 India and Pakistan were both successor states of British India was rejected by the UN (Argentina withdrew its own suggestion), and it was universally acknowledged India was already a member of the UN while Pakistan would have to (and did) apply afresh for membership as a newly created state in the UN. Pakistan’s entry into the UN had the enthusiastic backing of India and was opposed by only one existing UN member, Afghanistan, due to a conflict that continues to this day over the legitimacy of the Durand Line that bifurcated the Pashtun areas.

Such a review of elementary historical facts and the position in law of Pakistan and India is far from being of merely pedantic interest today. Rather, it goes directly to the logical roots of the conflict over the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) — a state that itself originated as an entity in the world system a full century before Pakistan was to do so and more than half a century before British India did, but which would collapse into anarchy and civil war in 1947-1949.

Britain (or England) had been a major nation-state in the world system recognized since Grotius first outlined modern international law. On March 16 1846, Britain entered into a treaty, the Treaty of Amritsar, with one Gulab Singh, and the “State of Jammu & Kashmir” came to arise as a recognizable entity in international law for the first time. (See my “History of Jammu and Kashmir” published in The Statesman, Oct 29-30 2006, available elsewhere here.)

Jammu & Kashmir continued in orderly existence as a state until it crashed into legal and political anarchy and civil war a century later. The new Pakistan had entered into a “Standstill Agreement” with the State of Jammu & Kashmir as of August 15 1947. On or about October 22 1947, Pakistan unilaterally ended that Standstill Agreement and instead caused military forces from its territory to attack the State of Jammu & Kashmir along the Mansehra Road towards Baramula and Srinagar, coinciding too with an Anglo-Pakistani coup d’etat in Gilgit and Baltistan (see my “Solving Kashmir”; “Law, Justice & J&K”; “Pakistan’s Allies”, all published in The Statesman in 2005-2006 and available elsewhere here).

The new Pakistan had chosen, in all deliberation, to forswear law, politics and diplomacy and to resort to force of arms instead in trying to acquire J&K for itself via a military decision. It succeeded only partially. Its forces took and then lost both Baramula and Kargil; they may have threatened Leh but did not attempt to take it; they did take and retain Muzaffarabad and Skardu; they were never near taking the summer capital, Srinagar, though might have threatened the winter capital, Jammu.

All in all, a Ceasefire Line came to be demarcated on the military positions as of February 1 1949. After a war in 1971 that accompanied the secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan, that Ceasefire Line came to be renamed the “Line of Control” between Pakistan and India. An ownerless entity may be acquired by force of arms — the erstwhile State of Jammu & Kashmir in 1947-1949 had become an ownerless entity that had been dismembered and divided according to military decision following an armed conflict between Pakistan and India. The entity in the world system known as the “State of Jammu & Kashmir” created on March 16 1846 by Gulab Singh’s treaty with the British ceased to exist as of October 22 1947. Pakistan had started the fight over J&K but there is a general rule of conflicts that he who starts a fight does not get to finish it.

Such is the simplest and most practical statement of the history of the current problem. The British, through their own compulsions and imperial pretensions, raised all the talk about a “Lapse of Paramountcy” of the British Crown over the “Native Princes” of “Indian India”, and of how, the “Native Princes” were required to “accede” to either India or Pakistan. This ignored Britain’s own constitutional law. BR Ambedkar pointed out with unsurpassed clarity that no “Lapse of Paramountcy” was possible even for a single logical moment since “Paramountcy” over any “Native Princes” who had not joined India or Pakistan as of August 15 1947, automatically passed from British India to its legal successor, namely, the Dominion of India. It followed that India’s acquiescence was required for any subsequent accession to Pakistan – an acquiescence granted in case of Chitral and denied in case of Junagadh.

What the Republic of India means by saying today that boundaries cannot be redrawn nor any populations forcibly transferred is quite simply that the division of erstwhile J&K territory is permanent, and that sovereignty over it is indivisible. What Pakistan has claimed is that India has been an occupier and that there are many people inhabiting the Indian area who may not wish to be Indian nationals and who are being compelled against their will to remain so ~ forgetting to add that precisely the same could be said likewise of the Pakistani-held area. The lawful solution I proposed in “Solving Kashmir, “Law, Justice and J&K” and other works has been that the Republic of India invite every person covered under its Article 370, citizen-by-citizen, under a condition of full information, to privately and without fear decide, if he/she has not done so already, between possible Indian, Iranian, Afghan or Pakistani nationalities ~ granting rights and obligations of permanent residents to any of those persons who may choose for whatever private reason not to remain Indian nationals. If Pakistan acted likewise, the problem of J&K would indeed come to be resolved. The Americans, as self-appointed mediators, have said they wish “the people of the region to have a voice” in a solution: there can be no better expression of such voice than allowing individuals to privately choose their own nationalities and their rights and responsibilities accordingly. The issue of territorial sovereignty is logically distinct from that of the choice of nationality by individual inhabitants.

2. Benazir’s assassination falsely compared to the Mumbai massacres

Secondly, President Zardari draws a mistaken comparison between the assassination last year of his wife, Benazir Bhutto, and the Mumbai massacres a few weeks ago. Ms Bhutto’s assassination may resemble more closely the assassinations in India of Indira Gandhi in 1984 and Rajiv Gandhi in 1991.

Indira Gandhi died in “blowback” from the unrest she and her younger son and others in their party had opportunistically fomented among Sikh fundamentalists and sectarians since the late 1970s. Rajiv Gandhi died in “blowback” from an erroneous imperialistic foreign policy that he, as Prime Minister, had been induced to make by jingoistic Indian diplomats, a move that got India’s military needlessly involved in the then-nascent Sri Lankan civil war. Benazir Bhutto similarly may be seen to have died in “blowback” from her own political activity as prime minister and opposition leader since the late 1980s, including her own encouragement of Muslim fundamentalist forces. Certainly in all three cases, as in all assassinations, there were lapses of security too and imprudent political judgments made that contributed to the tragic outcomes.

Ms Bhutto’s assassination has next to nothing to do with the Mumbai massacres, besides the fact the perpetrators in both cases were Pakistani terrorists. President Zardari saying he himself has lost his wife to terrorism is true but not relevant to the proper diagnosis of the Mumbai massacres or to Pakistan-India relations in general. Rather, it serves to deflect criticism and condemnation of the Pakistani state’s pampered handing of Pakistan’s terrorist masterminds, as well as the gross irresponsibility of Pakistan’s military scientists (not AQ Khan) who have been recently advocating a nuclear first strike against India in the event of war.

3. Can any religious nation-state be viable in the modern world?

President Zardari’s article says:

“The world worked to exploit religion against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan by empowering the most fanatic extremists as an instrument of destruction of a superpower. The strategy worked, but its legacy was the creation of an extremist militia with its own dynamic.”

This may be overly simplistic. As pointed out in my article “Pakistan’s Allies”, Gregory Zinoviev himself after the Bolshevik Revolution had declared that international communism “turns today to the peoples of the East and says to them, ‘Brothers, we summon you to a Holy War first of all against British imperialism!’ At this there were cries of Jehad! Jehad! And much brandishing of picturesque Oriental weapons.” (Treadgold, Twentieth Century Russia, 1990, p. 213). For more than half of the 20th century, orthodox Muslims had been used by Soviet communists against British imperialism, then by the British and Americans (through Pakistan) against Soviet communism. Touché! Blowback and counter-blowback! The real question that arises from this today may be why orthodox Muslims have allowed themselves to be used either way by outside forces and have failed in developing a modern nation-state and political culture of their own. Europe and America only settled down politically after their religious wars were over. Perhaps no religious nation-state is viable in the modern world.

4. Pakistan’s behaviour leads to schizophrenia in international relations

President Zardari pleads for, or perhaps demands, resources from the world:

“the best response to the Mumbai carnage is to coordinate in counteracting the scourge of terrorism. The world must act to strengthen Pakistan’s economy and democracy, help us build civil society and provide us with the law enforcement and counterterrorism capacities that will enable us to fight the terrorists effectively.”

Six million pounds from Mr Gordon Brown, so much from here or there etc — President Zardari has apparently demanded 100 billion dollars from America and that is the price being talked about for Pakistan to dismantle its nuclear weapons and be brought under an American “nuclear umbrella” instead.

I have pointed out elsewhere that what Pakistan seems to have been doing in international relations for decades is send out “mixed messages” – i.e. contradictory signals, whether in thought, word or deed. Clinical psychologists following the work of Gregory Bateson would say this leads to confusion among Pakistan’s interlocutors (a “double bind”) and the symptoms arise of what may be found in schizophrenic relationships. (See my article “Do President-elect Obama’s Pakistan specialists believe…”; on the “double bind” theory, an article I chanced to publish in the Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1986, may be of interest).

Here are a typical set of “mixed messages” emanating from Pakistan’s government and opinion-makers:

“We have nuclear weapons
“We keep our nuclear weapons safe from any misuse or unauthorized use
“We are willing to use nuclear weapons in a first strike against India
“We do not comprehend the lessons of Hiroshima-Nagasaki
“We do not comprehend the destruction India will visit upon us if we strike them
“We are dangerous so we must not be threatened in any way
“We are peace-loving and want to live in peace with India and Afghanistan
“We love to play cricket with India and watch Bollywood movies
“We love our Pakistan Army as it is one public institution that works
“We know the Pakistan Army has backed armed militias against India in the past
“We know these militias have caused terrorist attacks
“We are not responsible for any terrorist attacks
“We do not harbour any terrorists
“We believe the world should pay us to not use or sell our nuclear weapons
“We believe the world should pay us to not encourage the terrorists in our country
“We believe the world should pay us to prevent terrorists from using our nuclear weapons
“We hate India and do not want to become like India
“We love India and want to become like India
“We are India and we are not India…”

Etc.

A mature rational responsible and self-confident Pakistan would have said instead:

“We apologise to India and other countries for the outrageous murders our nationals have committed in Mumbai and elsewhere
“We ask the world to watch how our professional army is deployed to disarm civilian and all “non-state” actors of unauthorized firearms and explosives
“We do not need and will not demand or accept a dollar in any sort of foreign aid, military or civilian, to solve our problems
“We realize our economic and political institutions are a mess and we must clean them up
“We will strive to build a society imbued with what Iqbal described as the spirit of modern times..”

As someone who created at great personal cost at an American university twenty years ago the book Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s, I have a special interest in hoping that Pakistan shall find the path of wisdom.

Posted in Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Afghanistan, anarchy and governance, Asia and the West, Bangladesh, Benazir Bhutto, Bolsheviks, BR Ambedkar, Britain, Britain in India, Britain's monarchy, British history, Constitutional law, Double bind, Gilgit and Baltistan, Gregory Bateson, Gulab Singh, Hindus and Muslims, India in international law, India's Bangladesh liberation war, India's Diplomacy, India's History, India's independence, India's Military Defence, India's Muslims, India's Partition, India's secularism, India-Pakistan peace process, Indira Gandhi, Indira Gandhi's assassination, International Law, International politics, Jammu & Kashmir, MA Jinnah, Mumbai massacres, Mumbai terrorist Kasab, Mumbai/Bombay, Pakistan in international law, Pakistan's diplomacy, Pakistan's history, Pakistan's nuclear weapons, Pakistan's politics, Pakistan's terrorist masterminds, Pakistan, Balochistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Pashtuns, Psychology, Rajiv Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, Religion, Schizophrenia in international relations, Secular governance, September 11 attacks, Sheikh Abdullah, Sikhs, Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka's civil war, US Military Doctrine, US Pakistan policy, War. Leave a Comment »

India’s Muslim Voices (Or, Let us be clear the Pakistan-India or Kashmir conflicts have not been Muslim-Hindu conflicts so much as intra-Muslim conflicts about Muslim identity and self-knowledge on the Indian subcontinent)

December 4, 2008 — drsubrotoroy

India’s Muslim Voices

(Or, Let us be clear the Pakistan-India or Kashmir conflicts have not been Muslim-Hindu conflicts so much as intra-Muslim conflicts about Muslim identity and self-knowledge on the Indian subcontinent)

by

Subroto Roy

Ill-informed Western observers, especially at purported “think tanks” and news-portals, frequently proclaim the Pakistan-India confrontation and Jammu & Kashmir conflict to represent some kind of savage irreconcilable division between Islamic and Hindu cultures.

For example, the BBC, among its many prevarications on the matter (like lopping off J&K entirely from its recently broadcasted maps of India, perhaps under influence of its Pakistani staffers), frequently speaks of “Hindu-majority India” and “Indian-administered Kashmir” being confronted by Muslim Pakistan.

And two days ago from California’s Bay Area arose into the Internet Cloud the following profundity: “What we’re dealing with now, in the Pakistani-Indian rivalry, is a true war of civilizations, pitting Muslims against Hindus…. the unfathomable depths of the Muslim-Hindu divide….”.

Even President-elect Obama’s top Pakistan-specialists have fallen for the line of Washington’s extremely strong Pakistan lobby: “Pakistan… sees itself as the political home for the subcontinent’s Muslim population and believes India’s continued control over the Muslim-majority Kashmir valley and denial of a plebiscite for its inhabitants represent a lingering desire on India’s part to undo the legacy of partition, which divided the British Indian Empire into India and Pakistan.”

The truth on record is completely different and really rather simple: for more than a century and a half, Muslims qua Muslims on the Indian subcontinent have struggled with the question of their most appropriate cultural and political identity.

The starkest contrast may be found in their trying to come to terms with their partly Arabic and partly Hindu or Indian parentage (the words Hindu, Sindhu, Indus, Indian, Sindhi, Hindi etc all clearly have the same Hellenistic root).

For example, there was Wali Allah (1703-1762) declaring “We are an Arab people whose fathers have fallen in exile in the country of Hindustan, and Arabic genealogy and Arabic language are our pride”.

But here has been Mohammad Iqbal (1877-1938), in his 1930 Allahabad speech to the Muslim League, conceiving today’s Pakistan as a wish to become free of precisely that Arab influence: “I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state… The life of Islam as a cultural force in this living country very largely depends on its centralisation in a specified territory… For India it means security and peace resulting from an internal balance of power, for Islam an opportunity to rid itself of the stamp that Arabian Imperialism was forced to give it, to mobilise its law, its education, its culture, and to bring them into closer contact with its own original spirit and the spirit of modern times.”

In an article “Saving Pakistan” published last year in The Statesman and available elsewhere here, it was suggested Iqbal’s “spirit of modern times” may be represented most prominently today by the physicist/political philosopher Pervez Hoodbhoy: in a December 2006 speech Hoodbhoy suggested a new alternative to MA Jinnah’s “Faith, Unity, Discipline” slogan: “First, I wish for minds that can deal with the complex nature of truth…. My second wish is for many more Pakistanis who accept diversity as a virtue… My third, and last, wish is that Pakistanis learn to value and nurture creativity.” He has spoken too of bringing “economic justice to Pakistan”, of the “fight to give Pakistan’s women the freedom which is their birthright”, and of people to “wake up” and engage politically. But Pakistan’s Iqbalian liberals like Hoodbhoy still have to square off with those of their compatriots who sent the youthful squad into Mumbai last week with assault rifles, grenades and heroic Arabic code-names, as well as orders to attack civilians with the ferocity of the original Muslims attacking caravans and settlements in ancient Arabia.

What the extremely strong Pakistan lobbies within the British and American political systems have suppressed in order to paint a picture of eternal Muslim-Hindu conflict is the voice of India’s nationalist Muslims, who historically have had no wish to have any truck with any idea of a “Pakistan” at all.

Most eminent among them was undoubtedly Jinnah’s fiercest critic: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad whose classic 1946 statement on Pakistan is available in his India Wins Freedom, the final version published only in 1988.

“I have considered from every possible point of view the scheme of Pakistan as formulated by the Muslim League. As an Indian, I have examined its implications for the future of India as a whole. As a Muslim, I have examined its likely effects upon the fortunes of Muslims of India. Considering the scheme in all its aspects, I have come to the conclusion that it is harmful not only for India as a whole but for Muslims in particular. And in fact it creates more problems than it solves. I must confess that the very term Pakistan goes against my grain. It suggests that some portions of the world are pure while others are impure. Such a division of territories into pure and impure is un-Islamic and is more in keeping with orthodox Brahmanism which divides men and countries into holy and unholy — a division which is a repudiation of the very spirit of Islam. Islam recognizes no such division and the prophet says “God made the whole world a mosque for me”.

Further, it seems that the scheme of Pakistan is a symbol of defeatism, and has been built on the analogy of the Jewish demand for a national home. It is a confession that Indian Muslims cannot hold their own in India as a whole, and would be content to withdraw to a corner specially reserved for them.

One can sympathise with the aspiration of the Jews for such a national home, as they are scattered all over the world and cannot in any region have any effective voice in the administration.. The conditions of Indian Muslims is quite otherwise. Over 90 million in number, they are in quantity and quality a sufficiently important element in Indian life to influence decisively all questions of administration and policy. Nature has further helped them by concentrating them in certain areas.

In such a context, the demand for Pakistan loses all force. As a Muslim, I for one am not prepared for a moment to give up my right to treat the whole of India as my domain and to shape in the shaping of its political and economic life. To me it seems a sure sign of cowardice to give up what is my patrimony and content myself with a mere fragment of it.

As is well known, Mr. Jinnah’s Pakistan scheme is based on his two nation theory. His thesis is that India contains many nationalities based on religious differences, Of them the two major nations, the Hindus and Muslims, must as separate nations have separate States, When Dr Edward Thompson once pointed out to Mr. Jinnah that Hindus and Muslims live side by side in thousands of Indian towns, villages and hamlets, Mr. Jinnah replied that this is no way affected their separate nationality. Two nations, according to M Jinnah, confront one another in every hamlet, village and town, and he, therefore, desires that they should be separated into two States.

I am prepared to overlook all other aspects of the problem and judge it from the point of view of Muslim interest alone. I shall go still further and say that if it can be shown that the scheme of Pakistan can in any way benefit Muslims I would be prepared to accept it myself and also to work for its acceptance by others. But the truth is that even if I examine the scheme from the point of view of the communal interests of the Muslims themselves, I am forced to the conclusion that it can in no way benefit them or allay their legitimate fears.

Let us consider dispassionately the consequences which will follow if we give effect to the Pakistan scheme. India will be divided into two States, one with a majority of Muslims and the other of Hindus. In the Hindustan State there will remain 35 million Muslims scattered in small minorities all over the land. With 17 per cent in UP, 12 percent in Bihar and 9 percent in Madras, they will be weaker than they are today in the Hindu majority provinces. They have had their homelands in these regions for almost a thousand years and built up well known centres of Muslim culture and civilization there.

They will awaken overnight and discover that they have become alien and foreigners. Backward industrially, educationally and economically, they will be left to the mercies to what would become an unadulterated Hindu raj.

On the other hand, their position within the Pakistan State will be vulnerable and weak. Nowhere in Pakistan will their majority be comparable to the Hindu majority in the Hindustan States. ( NB Azad could hardly imagine even at this point the actual British Partition of Punjab and Bengal, let aside the later separation of Bangladesh from West Pakistan, SR. )

In fact, their majority will be so slight that will be offset by the economical, educational and political lead enjoyed by non-Muslims in these areas. Even if this were not so and Pakistan were overwhelmingly Muslim in population, it still could hardly solve the problem of Muslims in Hindustan. Two States confronting one another, offer no solution of the problem of one another’s minorities, but only lead to retribution and reprisals by introducing a system of mutual hostages. The scheme of Pakistan therefore solves no problems for the Muslims. It cannot safeguard their rights where they are in minority nor as citizens of Pakistan secure them a position in Indian or world affairs which they would enjoy as citizens of a major State like the Indian Union.

It may be argued that if Pakistan is so much against the interest if the Muslims themselves, then why should such a large section of Muslims be swept away by its lure? The answer is to be found in the attitude of certain communal extremists among the Hindus. When the Muslim League began to speak of Pakistan, they read into the scheme a sinister pan-Islamic conspiracy and began to oppose it out of fear that it foreshadowed a combination of Indian Muslim and trans-Indian Muslim States. The opposition acted as an incentive to the adherents of the League. With simple though untenable logic they argued that if Hindus were so opposed to Pakistan, surely it must be of benefit to Muslims. An atmosphere of emotional frenzy was created which made reasonable appraisement impossible and swept away especially the younger and more impressionable among the Muslims. I have, however, no doubt that when the present frenzy has died down and the question can be considered dispassionately, those who now support Pakistan will themselves repudiate it as harmful for Muslim interests.

The formula which I have succeeded in making the Congress accept secures whatever merits the Pakistan scheme contains while all its defects and drawbacks are avoided. The basis of Pakistan is the fear of interference by the Centre in Muslim majority areas as the Hindus will be in a majority in the Centre. The Congress meets this fear by granting full autonomy to the provincial units and vesting all residuary power in the provinces. It also has provided for two lists of Central subjects, one compulsory and one optional, so that if any provincial unit so wants, it can administer all subjects itself except a minimum delegated to the Centre. The Congress scheme threescore ensures that Muslim majority provinces are internally free to develop as they will, but can at the same time influence the Centre on all issues which affect India as a whole.

The situation in India is such that all attempts to establish a centralized and unitary government are bound to fail. Equally, doomed to failure is the attempt to divide India into two States. After considering all aspects of the question, I have come to the conclusion that the only solution can be on the lines embodied in the Congress formula which allows room for development both to the provinces and to India as a whole. The Congress formula meets the fear of the Muslim majority areas to allay which the scheme of Pakistan was formed. On the other hand, it avoids the defects of the Pakistan scheme which would bring the Muslims where they are in a minority under a purely Hindu government.

I am one of those who considers the present chapter of communal bitterness and differences as a transient phase in Indian life. I firmly hold that they will disappear when India assumes the responsibility of her own destiny. I am reminded of a saying of Mr. Gladstone that the best cure for a man’s fear of the water was to throw him into it. Similarly, India must assume responsibilities and administer her own affairs before fears and suspicious can be fully allayed.

When India attains her destiny, she will forget the chapter of communal suspicion and conflict and face the problems of modern life from a modern point of view. Differences will no doubt persist, but they will be economic, not communal. Opposition among political parties will continue, but it will based, not on religion, but on economic and political issues. Class and not community will be the basis oaf future alignments, and policies will be shaped accordingly. If it be argued that this is only a faith which events may not justify, I would say that in any case the 90 million Muslims constitute a factor which nobody can ignore and whatever the circumstances, they are strong enough to safeguard their own destiny.”

Next must be Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah’s classic February 1948 Speech to the UN Security Council, four months into the initial Pakistani attack on Kashmir:

“Aggression, not accession, is the issue: I have heard with patience, attention and respect the statements made by the representative of Pakistan and members of the Security Council, as well as the statements made on various occasions by the members of my own delegation. The Security Council will concede that I am probably the one man most concerned in the dispute because I happen to come from that land which has become the bone of contention between the two Dominions of India and Pakistan.

I have been quoted profusely on either side, and rightly so, because I have had the fortune-or, should I say, misfortune of leading my countrymen to freedom from 1931 onwards. In this task, I have suffered a great deal. I have been imprisoned not once or twice, but seven times, and the last imprisonment carried with it an aggregate sentence of nine years.

There are many troubles in Kashmir. I have heard patiently the debate in the Security Council, but I feel that I am rather confused. After all, what is the point in dispute? The point in dispute is not that the sovereignty of the Prince is in question, as the representative of Pakistan stated yesterday. After all, I have suffered the punishment of being sentenced to nine years imprisonment for saying what the representative of Pakistan said with regard to the Treaty of Amritsar of 1846. I am glad that he said in the Security Council, where he is immune from any punishment. Therefore, I am not disputing that point and that it is not the subject of the dispute before the Security Council.

The subject of the dispute before the Security Council is not the mal-administration of the Princely State of Kashmir. In order to set right that mal-administration, I think I have suffered the most, and today, when for the first time, I heard the representative of Pakistan supporting my case, it gave me great pleasure.

After all, what is the dispute between India and Pakistan? From what I have learned from the complaint brought before the Security Council by my own delegation, the dispute revolves around the fact that Kashmir acceded legally and constitutionally to the Dominion of India. There was some trouble about the demarcation of the Kashmir administration within the State, and the tribesmen from across the border have poured into my country. They have been helped and are being helped by the Pakistan Government, with the result that there is the possibility of a greater conflagration between India and Pakistan. India sought the help of Security Council so that Pakistan might be requested to desist from helping the tribesmen, and to desist from supporting the inside revolt, should I say, against the lawful authority.

I should have understood the position of the representative of Pakistan if he had come boldly before the Security Council and maintained: “Yes, we do support the tribesmen; we do support the rebels inside the State because we feel that Kashmir belongs to Pakistan and not to India, and because we feel that the accession of Kashmir to India was fraudulent.” Then we might have discussed the validity of the accession of the State of Kashmir to India. But that was not the position taken by the representative of Pakistan. He completely denied that any support was being given by the Government of Pakistan to either the tribesmen or those who are in revolt within the State against the constituted authority.

How am I to convince the Security Council that the denial is absolutely untrue? I am sitting before the Security Council at a distance of thousands of miles from my country. I have fought many battles, along with my own men, on the borders of Jammu and Kashmir. I have seen with my own eyes the support given by the Pakistan Government, not only in supplying buses but in providing arms, ammunition, direction and control of the tribesmen and I have even seen the Pakistan Army forces from across the border.

The denial has come so flatly that it becomes very difficult for me to disprove it here before the Security Council, unless the Security Council accedes to our request to send a commission to the spot and to find out first whether the allegations brought before the Security Council with regard to the aid given by the Government of Pakistan are correct or incorrect. If they are incorrect, the case falls; if they are correct, then the Security Council should take the necessary steps to advise the Government of Pakistan to desist from such support.

But then, this simple issue has been confused. On the one hand, the Pakistan Government says, “We are not a party to the trouble within the State. The trouble within the State exists because the people are fighting against the mal-administration of the Jammu and Kashmir Government.” Yes, we are fighting, we have been fighting against the mal-administration of that State since 1931. We have been demanding democratisation of the Government there. But how is it that today Pakistan has become the champion of our liberty? I know very well that in 1946, when I raised the cry “Quit Kashmir,” the leader of the Pakistan Government, who is the Governor-General now, Mr.Mohammed Ali Jinnah, opposed my Government, declaring that this movement was a movement of a few renegades and that Muslims as such had nothing to do with the movement.

The Muslim Conference, which has been talked about so much, opposed my movement and declared its loyalty to the Prince. The representative of Pakistan now says that Sheikh Abdullah, once the supporter of “Quit Kashmir”, has joined hands with the Maharaja of Kashmir, and that in one of my public speeches I declared that I wanted the Maharaja to be the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir-not the Maharaja of Jammu only, but the Maharaja of entire State.

I should like to correct the misreporting of my speech. I did deliver that speech in Jammu, which is the winter capital of our country, but it was in a different context. As the members of the Security Council have already heard from the head of my delegation, some massacres did occur in the Jammu Province. After the Kashmir Province was raided by the tribesmen, and after thousands of Hindus and Sikhs were uprooted from the villages and towns in the Kashmir Province and found their way into the Jammu Province, there was some very bad retaliation. I could not go to Jammu Province to control that situation because I was busy with the raiders in Kashmir Province. However, as soon as I had some time, I flew down to Jammu Province, addressed a gathering of 60,000 Hindus and Sikhs in Jammu city, and gave them some plain advice.

I told them clearly that this policy of retaliation would bring no good to them as Hindus and Sikhs and would bring no good to their leader, because while they could retaliate in one or two districts where they formed the majority, and could even wipe out the Muslim population in these one or two districts, the State happens to have a population which is 80 per cent Muslim, and it would be impossible for them to wipe out the entire Muslim population. The result would be that the Prince, whom they wanted to support, would remain the Prince of only two districts, and not of the entire State of Jammu and Kashmir. I told them that if they wanted him to be the Prince of Jammu and Kashmir, they would have to change their behaviour. That was the speech I delivered, and that was the context in which it was made.

However, I have already stated how this trouble started. It is probable that the representative of Pakistan would admit that when India was divided into two parts, my colleagues and I were all behind prison bars. The result of this division of India was to start massacre on either side. Where Muslims in the West Punjab formed the majority, the killing of Hindus and Sikhs started and this was retaliated in East Punjab. All along our border, massacres of Hindus and Sikhs, on the one hand, and Muslims on the other hand were a daily occurrence. But the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and its people, kept calm. The result was that thousands of refugees, both Muslims and Hindus, sought refuge in our State and we rendered every possible help to all of them.

Why was that so? It was because I and my organisation never believed in the formula that Muslims and Hindus form separate nations. We do not believe in the two-nation theory, nor in communal hatred or communalism itself. We believed that religion had no place in politics. Therefore, when we launched our movement of “Quit Kashmir”, it was not only Muslims who suffered, but our Hindu and Sikh comrades as well. That created a strong bond of unity between all the communities, and the result was that while Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims were fighting each other all along the border, the people of Jammu and Kashmir State — Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs alike-remained calm.

The situation was worsening day by day and the minority in our State was feeling very nervous. As a result, tremendous pressure was brought to bear upon the State administration to release me and my colleagues. The situation outside demanded the release of workers of the National Conference, along with its leader, and we were accordingly set free.

Immediately we were liberated from prison we were faced with the important question of whether Kashmir should accede to Pakistan, accede to India, or remain independent, because under the partition scheme these three choices were open us as, indeed, they were open to every Indian State. The problem was a very difficult one, but I advised the people of my country that although the question was very important to us, it was a secondary consideration. The all important matter for us was our own liberation from the autocratic rule of the Prince for which we were fighting and had been fighting for the past seventeen years. We had not achieved that goal, and therefore I told my people that we must do so first. Then, as free men we should have to decide where our interest lay. Being a frontier State, Kashmir has borders with both Pakistan and India, and there are advantages and disadvantages for the people of Kashmir attached to each of the three alternatives to which I have referred.

Naturally, as I have indicated, we could not decide this all important issue before achieving our own liberation, and our slogan became “Freedom before accession”. Some friends from Pakistan met mein Srinagar. I had a heart- to- heart discussion with them and explained my point of view. I told them in plain words that, whatever had been the attitude of Pakistan towards our freedom movement in the past, it would not influence us in our judgement. Neither the friendship of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru and of Congress, nor their support of our freedom movement, would have any influence upon our decision if we felt that the interests of four million Kashmiris lay in our accession to Pakistan.

I requested them not to precipitate this decision upon us but to allow us time, supporting our movement for the while. I added that once we were free they should allow us an interval to consider this all important issue. I pointed out that India had accepted this point of view and was not forcing us to decide. We had, in fact, entered into a standstill agreement with both Pakistan and India, but the leader of the Indian delegation has already explained to the Security Council what Pakistan did to us.

While I was engaged in these conversations and negotiations with friends from Pakistan, I sent one of my colleagues to Lahore, where he met the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Liaqat Ali Khan, and other high dignitaries of the West Punjab Government. He placed the same point of view before them and requested that they should allow us time to consider this vital question, first helping us to achieve our liberation instead of forcing us to declare our decision one way or the other. Then, one fine morning while these negotiations were proceeding, I received news that a full-fledged attack had been carried out by the raiders on Muzaffarabad, frontier town in the Kashmir Province.

The representative of Pakistan has stated that immediately upon my release I went down to Delhi to negotiate the accession of Kashmir to India. That is not a fact. He probably does not know that while in jail I was elected President of the All India States People’s Conference, and that immediately upon my release I had to take up my duties. Accordingly, I had called a meeting of the executive of that Conference in Delhi, a fact which I had conveyed to the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Indeed, I had told the Prime Minister of Pakistan that immediately upon my return from Delhi I should take the opportunity of meeting him personally to discuss my point of view with him. I did not go to Delhi to conclude any agreement on behalf of Kashmir because, although released, I was still considered a rebel.

I might inform the representative of Pakistan that although I am beyond doubt the head of the Administration of Kashmir State, I am not the Prime Minister. I am head of the Emergency Administration, and that not because the Maharaja of Kashmir wished it. In fact, I do not know whether the Maharaja wishes it even now. I hold the position because the people of my country wish me to be at the helm of affairs in Jammu and Kashmir State.

When the raiders came to our land, massacred thousands of people—mostly Hindus and Sikhs, but Muslims, too—abducted thousands of girls, Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims alike, looted our property and almost reached the gates of our summer capital, Srinagar, the result was that the civil, military and police administrations failed. The Maharaja, in the dead of night, left the capital along with his courtiers, and the result was absolute panic. There was no one to take over control. In that hour of crisis, the National Conference came forward with its 10,000 volunteers and took over the administration of the country. They started guarding the banks, the offices and houses of every person in the capital. This is the manner in which the administration changed hands. We were de facto in charge of the administration. The Maharaja, later on, gave it a legal form.

It is said that Sheikh Abdullah is a friend of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru. Yes, I admit that. I feel honoured that such a great man claims me as his friend. And he happens to belong to my own country;he is also a Kashmiri, and blood is thicker than water. If JawaharLal Nehru gives me that honour, I cannot help it. He is my friend. But that does not mean that, because of his friendship, I am going to betray the millions of my people who have suffered along with me for the last seventeen years and sacrifice the interests of my country. I am not a man of that calibre.

I was explaining how the dispute arose—how Pakistan wanted to force this position of slavery upon us. Pakistan had no interest in our liberation or it would not also have opposed our freedom movement. Pakistan would have supported us when thousands of my countrymen were behind bars and hundreds were shot to death. The Pakistani leaders and Pakistani papers were heaping abuse upon the people of Kashmir who were suffering these tortures.

Then suddenly, Pakistan comes before the bar of the world as the champion of the liberty of the people of Jammu and Kashmir. The world may believe this, but it is very difficult for me to believe. When we refused the coercive tactics of Pakistan, it started full fledged aggression and encouraged the tribesmen in this activity. It is absolutely impossible for the tribesmen to enter our territory without encouragement from Pakistan, because it is necessary to pass through Pakistan territory to reach Jammu and Kashmir. Hundreds of trucks, thousands of gallons of petrol, thousands of rifles, ammunition, and all forms of help that an army requires, were supplied to them. We know this. After all, we belong to that country. What Pakistan could not achieve by the use of economic blockade it wanted to achieve by full-fledged aggression.

What do we request? We request nothing more than that the Security Council should send some members to this area to see for themselves what is happening there. If Pakistan comes forward and says, “We question the legality of accession”, I am prepared to discuss whether or not the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India was legal. However, now they say, “We want a plebiscite, we want to obtain the free and unfettered opinion of the people of Kashmir. There should be no pressure exerted on the people and they should make the free choice as to the State to which they wish to accede.”

Not only this the offer that was made by the people of Kashmir to Pakistan long, long ago, but it is the offer made by the Prime Minister of India at a time, I think, he had not the slightest need for making it, as Kashmir was in distress.

We realised that Pakistan would not allow us any time, that we had either to suffer the fate of our kith and kin of Muzaffarabad, Baramulla, Srinagar and other towns and villages, or to seek help from some outside authority.

Under these circumstances, both the Maharaja and the people of Kashmir requested the Government of India to accept our accession. The Government of India could have easily accepted the accession and could have said, “All right we accept your accession and we shall render this help.” There was no necessity for the Prime Minister of India to add the proviso, when accepting the accession, that India does not want to take advantage of the difficult situation in Kashmir. We will accept this accession, without Kashmir’s acceding to the Indian Dominion, we are not in a position to render any military help. But once the country is free from the raiders, marauders and looters, this accession will be subject to ratification by the people. That was the offer made by the Prime Minister of India.

That was the same offer which was made by the people of Kashmir to the Government of Pakistan, but it was refused because at that time Pakistan felt that it could, within a week, conquer the entire Jammu and Kashmir State and then place the fait accompli before the world, just as happened some time ago in Europe. The same tactics were used.

But having failed in these tactics, Pakistan now comes before the bar of the world, pleading, “We want nothing, we only want our people to be given a free hand in deciding their own fate. And in deciding their own fate, they must have a plebiscite.”

They then continue and say, “No, a plebiscite cannot be fair and impartial unless and until there is a neutral administration in the State of Jammu and Kashmir.” I have failed to understand this terminology with reference to a “neutral administration”. After all what does “neutral administration” mean?

The representative of Pakistan has stated that Sheikh Abdullah, because he is a friend of Jawahar Lal Nehru, because he has had sympathy for the Indian National Congress, because he has declared his point of view in favour of accession to India, and because he is head of the Emergency Administration, cannot remain impartial. Therefore, Sheikh Abdullah must depart.

Let us suppose that Sheikh Abdullah goes, who is to replace Sheikh Abdullah ? It will be someone amongst the 4 million people of the State of Jammu and Kashmir. But can we find anyone among these 4 million people whom we can call impartial? After all, we are not logs of wood, we are not dolls. We must have an opinion one way or the other. The people of Kashmir are either in favour of Pakistan or in favour of India.

Therefore, Pakistan’s position comes down to this that the 4 million people of that State should have no hand in running the administration of their own country. Someone else must come in for that purpose. Is that fair ? Is that just ? Do the members of the Security Council wish to oust the people of Kashmir from running their own administration and their own country ? Then, for argument’s sake, let us suppose that the 4 million people of the State of Jammu and Kashmir agree to have nothing to do with the administration of their country; some one else must be brought into the country for this purpose. From where do the members of the Security Council propose that such a neutral individual may be secured? From India? No, from Pakistan? No, from anywhere in the world? No, frankly speaking, even if the Security Council were to request Almighty God to administer the State of Jammu and Kashmir during this interim period, I do not feel that He could act impartially. After all, one must have sympathy either for this side or that side.

If elections were to be held in the United Kingdom sometime after tomorrow with the Labour Government in power, would anyone say to Mr Attlee: “The elections are now going on. Because you happen to belong to Labour Party, your sympathies will be in favour of the Labour vote. Therefore, you had better clear out. We must have a neutral man as Prime Minister until our elections are finished?

However, we have been told that Sheikh Abdullah must walk out because he has declared his point of view in favour of India. Therefore, he cannot be impartial. We must have some impartial man we must have some neutral man.

As I have submitted to the members of the Security Council, Sheikh Abdullah happens to be there because the people wish it. As long as the people wish it, I shall be there. There is no power on earth which can displace me from the position which I have there. As long as the people are behind me, I will remain there.

We have declared once for all, that there shall be freedom of voting and for that purpose we have said, “Let anyone come in, we have no objection. Let the Commission of the Security Council on India come into our State and advise us how we should take a vote, how we should organize it, and how it can be completely impartial. We have no objection.” My Government is ready to satisfy, to the last comma, the impartiality of the vote.

But to have an impartial vote is one thing; to have a say in the administration of the State is a different thing entirely. After all, with what are we concerned? We are concerned only with the fact that no influence shall be exercised over the voters, either in one way or in another. The people shall be free to vote according to their own interests. We are ready to accede to that.

It is then said: “You cannot have freedom of voting as long as the Indian Army remains in the State of Jammu and Kashmir.” It is probably very difficult for me to draw a full picture of what is going on in that country. There is absolute chaos in certain parts of the country, fighting is going on and thousands of tribesmen are there ready to take advantage of any weakness on the part of the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

Once we ask the Indian Army, which is the only protective force in Kashmir against these marauders, to clear out, we leave the country open to chaos. After all, one who has suffered for the last seventeen years, in attempting to secure the freedom and liberation of his own country, would not like an outside army to come in and to remain in the country.

However, what is the present situation? If I ask the Indian Army to clear out, how am I going to protect the people from the looting, arson, murder and abduction with which they have been faced all these long months? What is the alternative? here need be no fear since the Indian Army is there, that this army will interfere in the exercise of a free vote. After all, a Commission of the Security Council will be there in order to watch. The Indian Army does not have to go into every village. It will be stationed at certain strategic points, so that in the event of danger from any border, the Army will be there to protect that border. The army is there to curb disorders anywhere in the State; that is all. The army will not be in each and every village in order to watch each and every vote.

It is then said: “Can we not have a joint control ? Can we not have the armies of Pakistan and India inside the State in order to control the situation ?” This is an unusual idea. What Pakistan could not achieve through ordinary means, Pakistan wishes to achieve by entering through the back door, so that it may have its armies inside the State and then start the fight. That is not possible. After all, we have been discussing the situation in Kashmir. I should say that we have been playing the drama of Hamlet without the Prince of Denmark. The people of Kashmir are vitally interested in this question. Four million people in Kashmir are keenly interested in this entire affair. I have sympathies with the people of Poonch and Mirpur. The representative of Pakistan will probably concede that I have suffered greatly for the people of Poonch as well as for the people of Mirpur. There is no difference on this part of international democratisation of the administration between me, my party and the people of Poonch. We are one, we want our own liberty, we want our own freedom, we do not want autocratic rule. We desire that the 4 million people in Jammu and Kashmir—Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims— shall have the right to change their destiny, to control their country, and to administer it as best as they can. On that point there is absolutely no difference.

However, it is not a question of internal liberation. The Security Council should not confine the issue. The question is not that we want internal freedom, the question is not how the Maharaja got his State, or whether or not he is sovereign. These points are not before the Security Council. Whether Kashmir has lawfully acceded to India—complaints on that score have been brought before the Security Council on behalf of Pakistan—is not the point at issue. If that were the point at issue, then we should discuss that subject. We should prove before the Security Council that Kashmir and the people of Kashmir have lawfully and constitutionally acceded to the Dominion of India and Pakistan has no right to question that accession. However, that is not the discussion before the Security Council.

Indian and Kashmiri forces are ready to deal with tribesmen, to come to an understanding with the people of Kashmir and to establish ademocratic form of government inside the State. We shall do all that. We do not want Pakistan to lend us support to suppress an internal revolt or to drive out the tribesmen. We do not seek any support from Pakistan in that connection. Since Pakistan is a neighbouring country, we desire to remain on the friendliest possible terms with this sister Dominion. But we do ask that Pakistan shall have no hand, directly or indirectly, in this turmoil in Kashmir. The Government of Pakistan has said: “We have no hand in this turmoil.” The only course left to the Security Council is to send out the commission and to see whether or not Pakistan has any hand in this turmoil. If Pakistan has had any hand in this turmoil, then the Government of Pakistan should be asked to desist from such activity. If Pakistan has had no hand in this turmoil, then that can be proved.

This issue has been clouded by very many other issues and interests. I suggested at informal talks that according to my understanding there are two points at issue, first, how to have this neutral impartial administration; second, whether or not the Indian Army shall remain. It is not at all disputed that we must have a plebiscite and that the accession must be ratified by the people of Kashmir, freely and without any pressure on this or that side. That much is conceded, there is no dispute about that. The dispute arises when it is suggested that in order to have the free vote, the administration must be changed. To that suggestion we say, “No.”

I do not know what course future events will take. However, I may assure the Security Council that, if I am asked to conduct the administration of this State, it will be my duty to make the administration absolutely impartial. It will be my duty to request my brothers, who are in a different camp at this time, to come to lend me support. After all, they are my own kith and kin. We suffered together, we have no quarrel with them. I shall tell them: “Come on; it is my country; it is your country. I have been asked to administer the State. Are you prepared to lend me support? It is for me to make the administration successful; it is for me to make the administration look impartial.” It is not for Pakistan to say “No, we must have an impartial administration.” I refuse to accept Pakistan as a party in the affairs of the Jammu and Kashmir State. I refuse this point blank. Pakistan has no right to say that we must do this and we must do that. We have seen enough of Pakistan. The people of Kashmir have seen enough. Muzaffarabad and Baramulla and hundred of villages in Jammu and Kashmir depict the story of Pakistan to the people of Jammu and Kashmir. We want to have no more of this.

In concluding, I again request that in order to settle this issue of Kashmir, the Security Council should not confuse the point in dispute. The Security Council should not allow various other extraneous matters to be introduced. Very many extraneous matters have been introduced. The representative of Pakistan gave us the history of the Jammu and Kashmir State. He read to us some letters from Viceroys of India, asking the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir to behave, giving the Maharaja good advice, et cetera. However, we cannot forget that these States are the creation of British imperialism in India who has supported these states and this misrule for these 150 years? It is not going to convince me or the world for the representative of Pakistan to say: “These events have happened and these letters were written.” We know how the Princes have acted, how the states were brought into existence, and how the Princes were supported. This was all a game in the British imperialist policy. But this legacy has now fallen upon us. We are not here to discuss whether or not the Maharaja lawfully became the ruler of the State, whether or not there is moral administration in this State, whether or not the Maharaja is sovereign and whether or not Kashmir has legally acceded to India. These issues are not before the Security Council. The only issue before the Security Council is that Pakistan must observe its international obligations and must not support any outside raiders.

Pakistan should not encourage inside revolt. Pakistan has denied that it has in order to verify the statements made by the representatives of India and Pakistan, the Security Council must send a commission to the spot to see whether the complaint brought before the Security Council is valid or invalid. If the Security Council finds that the complaint brought before it by India is valid, then Pakistan should be asked to desist or India should be permitted to use its means to carry out the decision of the Security Council.

As far as I can speak on behalf of India, India does not want the help of the armies of Pakistan. What it wants from Pakistan is that Pakistan should not supply bases to the raiders on Pakistan territory across the border from Jammu and Kashmir State. All along the border on Pakistan territory, there are huge concentrations of these tribesmen who are Pakistani nationals. We request Pakistan not to allow its territory to be used by these raiders.

Pakistan should not provide ammunition, arms, direction and control to these tribesmen. It should stop the passage of these tribesmen through its territory. Pakistan should not supply arms and ammunition to the people who are fighting within the State because all these matters fall under an international obligation. Therefore, Pakistan should desist from that practice. That is all. We do not want any armed help from Pakistan. If Pakistan does what we have requested, the Indian Army, I am quite sure, will be capable of driving out the raiders and tribesmen. If Pakistan does not meddle in our affairs, we will be capable of solving all our own internal disputes with the Maharaja of Kashmir. However, as long as this unofficial war continues, it is very difficult for us to do any thing. Our hands are tied.

What is happening? The raiders are concentrated just across the border. They enter our State in large number—four or five thousand strong. They raid four or five villages, burn them, abduct women and loot property. When our army tries to capture them, they go across the border, and can not fire a single shot across the border, because if it does, there is the immediate danger of a greater conflagration. So our hands are tied.

We do not want to create this difficult situation without informing the Security Council and we felt honour-bound to inform it of the actual position. The Indian Army could easily have followed the raiders across the border and could have attacked the bases, which were all in Pakistan territory, but it desisted. We thought it would be better to inform the Security Council of the situation.

However, I did not have the slightest idea that when the case came before the Security Council, the representative of Pakistan would so boldly deny that Pakistan supplied all this help. Everybody knows that Pakistan is aiding these raiders and tribesmen and the people who are fighting with the State. However, Pakistan chose boldly to deny all these charges.

What is left for me to do? After all, I do not have any magic lamp so that I might bring the entire picture of Jammu and Kashmir State, along with the borders of Pakistan, before the eyes of the members of the Security Council so that they might see who is fighting and who is not fighting. Therefore, somebody must go to the spot. Then at that time it would be for us to prove that the charges we have brought before the Security Council are correct to the last word. That is the only help we want and no other help.”

Thirdly, though by no means lastly, may be placed the 14 August 1951 Memorandum of prominent Muslims led by Dr Zakir Hussain to the UN Representative Dr. Frank P. Graham:

“It is a remarkable fact that, while the Security Council and its various agencies have devoted so much time to the study of the Kashmir dispute and made various suggestions for its resolution, none of them has tried to ascertain the views of the Indian Muslims nor the possible effect of any hasty step in Kashmir, however well-intentioned, on the interests and well- being of the Indian Muslims. We are convinced that no lasting solution for the problem can be found unless the position of Muslims in Indian society is clearly understood.

Supporters of the idea of Pakistan, before this subcontinent was partitioned, discouraged any attempt to define Pakistan clearly and did little to anticipate the conflicting problems which were bound to arise as a result of the advocacy of the two-nation theory. The concept of Pakistan, therefore, became an emotional slogan with little rational content. It never occurred to the Muslim League or its leaders that if a minority was not prepared to live with a majority on the sub- continent, how could the majority be expected t o tolerate the minority.

It is, therefore, small wonder that the result of partition has been disastrous to Muslims. In undivided India, their strength lay about 100 million. Partition split up the Muslim people, confining them to the three isolated regions. Thus, Muslims number 25 million in Western Pakistan, 35 million to 40 million in India, and the rest in Eastern Pakistan. A single undivided community has been broken into three fragments, each faced with its own problems.

Pakistan was not created on a religious basis. If it had been, our fate as well as the fate of other minorities would have been settled at that time. Nor would the division of the sub- continent for reasons of religion have left large minorities in India or Pakistan.

This merely illustrates what we have said above, that the concept of Pakistan was vague, obscure, and never clearly defined, nor its likely consequences foreseen by the Muslim League, even when some of these should have been obvious.

When the partition took place, Muslims in India were left in the lurch by the Muslim League and its leaders. Most of them departed to Pakistan and a few who stayed behind stayed long enough to wind up their affairs and dispose of their property. Those who went over to Pakistan left a large number of relations and friends behind.

Having brought about a division of the country, Pakistan leaders proclaimed that they would convert Pakistan into a land where people would live a life according to the tenets of Islam. This created nervousness and alarm among the minorities living in Pakistan. Not satisfied with this, Pakistan went further and announced again and again their determination to protect and safeguard the interests of Muslims in India. This naturally aroused suspicion amongst the Hindus against us and our loyalty to India was questioned.

Pakistan had made our position weaker by driving out Hindus from Western Pakistan in utter disregard of the consequences of such a policy to us and our welfare. A similar process is in question in Eastern Pakistan from which Hindus are coming over to India in a large and large number.

If the Hindus are not welcome in Pakistan, how can we, in all fairness, expect Muslims to be welcomed in India ? Such a policy must inevitably, as the past has already shown, result in the uprooting of Muslims in this country and their migration to Pakistan where, as it became clear last year, they are no longer welcome, lest their influx should destroy Pakistan’s economy. Neither some of the Muslims who did migrate to Pakistan after partition, and following the widespread bloodshed and conflict on both sides of the Indo-Pakistan border in the north- west, have been able to find a happy asylum in what they had been told would be their homeland. Consequently some of them have had to return to India, e.g. Meos who are now being rehabilitated in their former areas.

If we are living honourably in India today, it is certainly not due to Pakistan which, if anything, has by her policy and action weakened our position. The credit goes to the broadminded leadership of India, to Mahatma Gandhi and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, to the traditions of tolerance in this country and to the Constitution which ensures equal rights to all citizens of India, irrespective of their religion caste, creed, colour or sex.

We, therefore, feel that, tragically as Muslims were misled by the Muslim League and subsequently by Pakistan and the unnecessary suffering which we and our Hindu brethren have to go through in Pakistan and in India since partition, we must be given an opportunity to settle down to a life of tolerance and understanding to the mutual benefit of Hindus and Muslims in our country – if only Pakistan would let us do it. To us it is a matter of no small consequence.

Despite continuous provocations, first from the Muslim League and since then from Pakistan, the Hindu majority in India has not thrown us or members of other minorities out of Civil Services, Armed Forces, the judiciary, trade, commerce, business and industry. There are Muslim Ministers in the Union and State cabinets, Muslim Governors, Muslim Ambassadors, representing India in foreign countries, fully enjoying the confidence of the Indian nation, Muslim members in Parliament and state legislatures, Muslim judges serving on the Supreme Court and High Courts, high-ranking officers in the Armed Forces and the Civil services, including the police.

Muslims have large landed estates, run big business and commercial houses in various parts of the country, notably in Bombay and Calcutta, have their shares in industrial production and enterprise in export and import trade. Our famous sacred shrines and places of cultural interest are mostly in India.

Not that our lot is certainly happy. We wish some of the state Governments showed a little greater sympathy to us in the field of education and employment. Nevertheless, we feel we have an honourable place in India. Under the law of the land, our religious and cultural life is protected and we shall share in the opportunities open to all citizens to ensure progress for the people of this country.

It is, therefore, clear that our interest and welfare do not coincide with Pakistan’s conception of the welfare and interests of Muslims in Pakistan.

This is clear from Pakistan’s attitude towards Kashmir. Pakistan claims Kashmir, first, on the ground of the majority of the State’s people being Muslims and, secondly, on the ground, of the state being essential to its economy and defence. To achieve its objective it has been threatening to launch “Jihad” against Kashmir in India. It is a strange commentary on political beliefs that the same Muslims of Pakistan who like the Muslims of Kashmir to join them invaded the state, in October 1947, killing and plundering Muslims in the state and dishonouring Muslim women, all in the interest of what they described as the liberation of Muslims of the State. In its oft-proclaimed anxiety to rescue the 3 million Muslims from what it describes as the tyranny of a handful of Hindus in the State, Pakistan evidently is prepared to sacrifice the interests of 40 million Muslims in India – a strange exhibition of concern for the welfare of fellow- Muslims. Our misguided brothers in Pakistan do not realise that if Muslims in Pakistan can wage a war against Hindus in Kashmir why should not Hindus, sooner or later, retaliate against Muslims in India.

Does Pakistan seriously think that it could give us any help if such an emergency arose or that we would deserve any help thanks to its own follies ? It is incapable of providing room and livelihood to the 40 million Muslims of India, should they migrate to Pakistan. Yet its policy and action, if not changed soon, may well produce the result which it dreads.

We are convinced that India will never attack our interests. First of all, it would be contrary to the spirit animating the political movement in this country. Secondly, it would be opposed to the Constitution and to the sincere leadership of the Prime Minister. Thirdly, India by committing such a folly would be playing straight into the hands of Pakistan.

We wish we were equally convinced of the soundness of Pakistan’s policy. So completely oblivious is it of our present problems and of our future that it is willing to sell us into slavery – if only it can secure Kashmir.

It ignores the fact that Muslims in Kashmir may also have a point of view of their own, that there is a democratic movement with a democratic leadership in the State, both inspired by the progress of a broad minded, secular, democratic movement in India and both naturally being in sympathy with India. Otherwise, the Muslim raiders should have been welcomed with open arms by the Muslims of the State when the invasion took place in 1947.

Persistent propaganda about “Jihad” is intended, among other things, to inflame religious passions in this country. For it would, of course, be in Pakistan’s interests to promote communal rioting in India to show to Kashmiri Muslims how they can find security only in Pakistan. Such a policy, however, can only bring untold misery and suffering to India and Pakistan generally and to Indian Muslims particularly. Pakistan never tires of asserting that it is determined to protect the interests of Muslims in Kashmir and India. Why does not Pakistan express the same concern for Pathans who are fighting for Pakhtoonistan, an independent homeland of their own ? The freedom-loving Pathans under the leadership of Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan and Dr. Khan Sahib, both nurtured in the traditions of democratic tolerance of the Indian National Congress, are being subjected to political repression of the worst possible kind by their Muslim brethren in power in Pakistan and in the NWFP. Contradictory as Pakistan’s policy generally is, it is no surprise to us that while it insists on a fair and impartial plebiscite in Kashmir, it denies a fair and impartial plebiscite to Pathans.

Pakistan’s policy in general and her attitude towards Kashmir is particular thus tend to create conditions in this country which in the long run can only bring to us Muslims widespread suffering and destruction. Its policy prevents us from settling down, from being honourable citizens of a State, free from suspicion of our fellow-countrymen and adapting ourselves to changing conditions to promote the interests and welfare of India. Its sabre-rattling interferes with its own economy and ours. It expects us to be loyal to it despite its impotence to give us any protection, believing at the same time that we can still claim all the rights of citizenship in a secular democracy.

In the event of a war, it is extremely doubtful whether it will be able to protect the Muslims of East Bengal who are completely cut off from Western Pakistan. Are the Muslims of India and Eastern Pakistan to sacrifice themselves completely to enable the 25 million Muslims in Western Pakistan to embark upon mad, self-destructive adventures?

We should, therefore, like to impress upon you with all the emphasis at our command that Pakistan’s policy towards Kashmir is fraught with the gravest peril to the 40 million Muslims of India. If the Security Council is really interested in peace, human brotherhood and international understanding, it should heed this warning while there is still time.

Dr. Zakir Hussain (Vice Chancellor Aligarh University); Sir Sultan Ahmed (Former Member of Governor General’s Executive Council); Sir Mohd. Ahmed Syed Khan(Nawab of Chhatari, former acting Governor of United Provinces and Prime Minister of Hyderabad); Sir Mohd. Usman (Former member of Governor General’s Executive council and acting Governor of Madras); Sir Iqbal Ahmed (Former Chief Justice of Allahabad High Court); Sir Fazal Rahimtoola (Former Sheriff of Bombay); Maulana Hafz-ur-Rehman M.P.; Col. B.H. Zaidi M.P.; Nawab Zain Yar Jung (Minister Gcvernment of Hyderabad); A.K. Kawaja (Former President of Muslim Majlis); T.M. Zarif (General Secretary West Bengal Bohra Community)”.

Such have been the most eminent voices of India’s Muslims in times past. Sadly, they have no equivalent today when India’s Muslims need them with greater urgency. (Bollywood or cricketing celebrities hardly substitute!) This fault in the intellectual history of the modern subcontinent has been a principal factor causing the misapprehensions and distortions of Pakistan’s and J&K’s political reality to continue worldwide.

Posted in Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Arabs, Asia and the West, Balochistan, Bangladesh, BBC, Britain in India, Britain's immigrant communities, Dr Zakir Hussain, Hindus and Muslims, India's History, India's independence, India's Land, India's Muslims, India's Nationalism, India's Partition, India's Politics, India's Polity, India-Pakistan cooperation against terrorism, India-Pakistan peace process, International Law, International politics, Iqbal, Islam, Israel, Jammu & Kashmir, Jews for and against Zionism, MA Jinnah, Maulana Azad, Mumbai massacres, Muslim and Hindu communalism, Pakistan in international law, Pakistan's history, Pakistan's politics, Pakistan's terrorist masterminds, Pakistan, Balochistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistani expansionism, Palestine, Pervez Hoodbhoy, Secular governance, Secularism in practice, Sheikh Abdullah, US Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Espionage, USA, United States polity, War, World History, Zionism. 4 Comments »

Of a new New Delhi myth and the success of the University of Hawaii 1986-1992 Pakistan project (with 2015 Postscript)

November 15, 2008 — drsubrotoroy

A leading Indian commentator says in this morning’s paper (November 15 2008) about Manmohan Singh:

“His formulation on Kashmir (“I have no mandate to change borders, but we can make borders irrelevant”), became the obvious solution once he articulated it.”

Such may be how modern New Delhi’s myths and self-delusions get born — since in fact there is no evidence that Manmohan Singh or any of his acolytes had anything to do with originating the Pakistan-India peace process in recent decades, just as there has not been that Manmohan Singh or any of his acolytes had anything to do with originating the Congress Party’s new economic thinking in 1990-1991.

(Lest I be misunderstood I should add at the outset that I have the highest personal regard for Dr Singh, he has been in decades past a friend of my father’s, he at my father’s request consented to discuss economics with me in Paris in 1973 when I was a callow lad of 18, he himself has not claimed the originality that has been frequently mis-attributed to him by others for whatever reason, etc.)

The origins of the idea about India-Pakistan and J&K expressed by Manmohan Singh’s words are to be found in the last paragraph of the Introduction by the Editors of a book which arose from the University of Hawaii’s 1986-1992 Pakistan project, which read:

“Kashmir… must be demilitarised and unified by both countries sooner or later, and it must be done without force. There has been enough needless bloodshed on the subcontinent… Modern Pakistanis and Indians are free peoples who can voluntarily agree in their own interests to alter the terms set hurriedly by Attlee or Mountbatten in the Indian Independence Act 1947. Nobody but we ourselves keeps us prisoners of superficial definitions of who we are or might be. The subcontinent could evolve its political identity over a period of time on the pattern of Western Europe, with open borders and (common) tariffs to the outside world, with the free movement of people, capital, ideas and culture. Large armed forces could be reduced and transformed in a manner that would enhance the security of each nation. The real and peaceful economic revolution of the masses of the subcontinent would then be able to begin.”

The University of Hawaii’s Pakistan project, involving Pakistani and other scholars, including one Indian, led to the volume Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s published in Karachi, New Delhi and elsewhere. The book reached Nawaz Sharif and the Islamabad elite, including the most hawkish of Islamabad’s hawks, and Pervez Musharraf’s 2006 proposal on J&K, endorsed warmly by the US State Department, may have grown from that paragraph. The Editors of the book, as economists themselves, decried the waste of resources involved in the Pakistan-India confrontation, saying it had

“greatly impoverished the general budgets of both Pakistan and India. If it has benefited important sections of the political and military elites of both countries, it has done so only at the expense of the general welfare of the masses.”

Such words were impossibly bold in the late 1980s-early 1990s. However, as stated in a special editorial article “What to tell Musharraf” in The Statesman of December 16 2006, they seemed in recent years incomplete and rather naïve even to their author, who was myself, the only Indian in that project and the one who had conceived it. Most significantly, the position in international law in the context of historical facts had been wholly neglected. So had been the manifest nature of the Pakistani state (as it had become prior to the splendid 2008 elections).

The Hawaii project had involved top Pakistani economists, political scientists and other commentators but had deliberately chosen to keep the military and the religious clergy out of its chapters. And it was the military and religious clergy who in fact came to dominate Pakistan’s agenda in the 1990s, at least until the 9/11 attacks in America indirectly altered the political direction of the country.

The peaceful and mundane economic agenda outlined for Pakistan in the Hawaii project has come into its own by way of relevance ever since. A few weeks ago, the first trucks filled with fruit, woolens and many other goods traversed across the “Line of Control” in J&K for the first time in sixty years. The Pakistan project that James and I led at the University of Hawaii in the late 1980s may be now declared a success. Among other things, our book explained to Indians that there does exist a Pakistani point of view and perhaps explained to Pakistanis that there does exist an Indian point of view. That is something that had not existed before our book.

Postscript 18 Nov 2015: I have made clear at Twitter that I find the K.M. Kasuri book promoted and publicized in India by MS Aiyar, S Kulkarni, B Dutt and others in Delhi and Mumbai is mendacious where it is not merely self-serving. Its clear intent is to get India to accept the (false) ISI/Hurriyat narratives about 1947, Kashmir, Bangladesh, terrorism etc. Its purported ideas of demilitarisation and a borderless Kashmir are essentially lifted from my earlier 1980s work in America cited above — which I myself have rejected as naive since the Pakistani aggression in Kargil in 1999. More anon.

Posted in Academic economics, Academic research, American academia, Asia and the West, Britain in India, British foreign policy, British history, British imperialism, Cold War, Congress Party, Diplomacy, Government of India, Government of Pakistan, India in international law, India's 1991 Economic Reform, India's Economy, India's History, India's independence, India's Polity, India-Pakistan peace process, Jammu & Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir in international law, Land and political economy, Manmohan Singh, Pakistan in international law, Pakistan's economy, Pakistan's history, Pakistan's politics, Pakistan's terrorist masterminds, Pakistan's terrorist training institutes, Pakistan, Balochistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistani expansionism, Politics, September 11 attacks, University of Hawaii, USA, United States, World History. 3 Comments »

Protected: Jawaharlal Nehru invites my father to the Mountbatten Farewell 20 June 1948

November 7, 2008 — drsubrotoroy

Posted in Asia and the West, Britain in India, Government of India, India's bureaucracy, India's Democracy, India's History, India's independence, India's Partition, India's Polity, Indira Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, New Delhi, Pakistan's history, Roys of Behala, Shyama Prosad Mukherjee, Sindhis. Tags: Mountbatten. Enter your password to view comments.

Origins of India’s Constitutional Politics: Bengal 1913

October 12, 2008 — drsubrotoroy

This is a 1913 photograph of the Indian members of the first Bengal Legislative Council elected (in 1912) after the 1909 Morley-Minto reforms; the members apparently were being greeted by gentlemen of the sub-urban areas south of Calcutta. The Englishman sitting at the centre seems to be Sir Henry Cotton (1845-1915), the 1904 President of the Indian National Congress and a great political friend of India. To his right sits Surendranath Roy, who may have been the Council’s first President.

Academic studies include notably those by JH Broomfield, “The Vote and the Transfer of Power: A Study of the Bengal Election 1912-1913” Journal of Asian Studies, Feb 1962, his book Elite Conflict in a Plural Society: 20th Century Bengal (Berkeley 1968); and Rajat Kanta Ray, Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal 1875-1927 (Oxford 1984). Professor Ray writes about the 1912 election: “Only a few candidates of the “Popular Party” — Surendranath Banerjea, Abul Kasim, Byomkesh Chakravarti and Surendranath Ray — scraped through…. (A) sympathetic moderate wrote in 1919: ‘The Popular Party is a bundle of disjoined units which cannot resist the slightest pressure from without.’ This charge was eventually disproved by the stand taken by (the Popular Party) in the Bengal Legislative Council. It showed no sign of wilting under the pressure exerted by the European group…”

Other studies of the period include John R McLane, Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress (Princeton 1977), Anil Seal, The Emergence of Indian Nationalism (Cambridge 1971), Gordon Johnson, Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism (Cambridge 1973) etc.

By way of incidental reference, the young Jawaharlal Nehru had returned from his studies in England in 1912; MK Gandhi was still in South Africa and would not be returning until 1915. The Tilak-Gokhale clash though had been in full swing since 1907.

Subroto Roy

Nota Bene: The text and photograph in this post may be considered in the public domain and may be freely used for purposes of a Wikipedia article or any other publication in the common interest.

Two cheers for Pakistan! (2008)

April 7, 2008 — drsubrotoroy

Two cheers for Pakistan!

by

Subroto Roy

First published in The Statesman Editorial Page Special Article

April 7, 2008

A century has passed since British rulers in India like Curzon and Minto became self-styled interlocutors between Muslims and Hindus of the subcontinent. Up through the 19th century there had been no significant national political conversation between India’s main communities. The “Chief Translator” of the High Court in Calcutta was highly prized for his knowledge of Sanskrit, Persian and English because at least three different sets of laws governed different people in the country. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad wrote of his experience in the Bankim-inspired revolutionary societies of Bengal who treated him with extreme suspicion because they could hardly believe a Muslim wanted to join them as an anti-British rebel.

Jinnah vs Azad

Then came MA Jinnah, Iqbal, Rahmat Ali and others, initial creators of Pakistan whether through greater or lesser motives. Azad, Zakir Hussain, Sheikh Abdullah and other Muslims were equally firm the Pakistan idea was not only bad for India in the world it was bad for Muslims in particular. The Azads condemned the Jinnahs as greedy megalomaniacs, the Jinnahs condemned the Azads as minions of the Hindus. Larke lenge Pakistan, marke lenge Pakistan, khoon se lenge Pakistan, dena hoga Pakistan was the mob-cry during the bloody Partition, while the British, weakened by war and economics and bereft of their imperial pretensions, made haste to leave “this beastly country” to its fate ~ rather hoping the bloodshed would be such someone might hire them to stay on.

Certainly, having used the Indian Army for imperial purposes in the War, Britain (represented locally by a series of smartly dressed blundering fools) behaved irresponsibly in not properly demobilizing that Army during a period of intense communal tension. There were no senior Indian officers ~ KM Cariappa became a Brigadier only in 1946, Ayub Khan was a Colonel under him. Then there were the fatuous “princes” the British had propped up in “Indian India”, few being more than cardboard creatures. Among them was J&K’s ruler who was a member of Churchill’s War Cabinet and had come to harbour illusions of international grandeur. Once J&K’s Muslim soldiers returned to their Mirpuri homes, Jammu and Punjab were in communal conflict, months before the decision that Pakistan would indeed be created out of designated areas of British India just before British India extinguished itself. Army-issued Bren guns came to be used by former soldiers in communal massacres of the convoys of refugees going in each direction.

Part of the problem over J&K since then has been that it seems a dialogue of the deaf. Pakistanis since Zafrullah Khan claimed it was communal violence against Muslims in Jammu and Punjab that prompted the Pashtun invasion of Srinagar Valley beginning 22 October 1947; Indians have always claimed the new (and partly British-officered) Pakistan Army organized and instigated the invasion, coinciding with the planned takeover of Gilgit.

As in all complex moral problems, there was truth on all sides though no one doubts the invasion was savage and that the Pashtuns carried off Kashmiri women, Hindu, Muslim and Sikh. J&K descended into civil war, Abdullah’s secularists backed by the new India, Ibrahim’s communalists by the new Pakistan. Field Marshall Auchinlek, who commanded both Indian and Pakistani armies, had the decency to resign when he realized his forces were at war with one another. That J&K could not be independent in international law was sealed when the 15 October 1947 telegram sent by Hari Singh’s regime went unanswered by Attlee. The tribal invasion from Pakistan caused the old State of J&K to become an ownerless entity in international law, whose territories were then carved up by force by the two new British Dominions (later republics) and the result has been the “LOC”.

ZA Bhutto was perhaps Pakistan’s only politician after that time. The years between the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan and the rise of Bhutto saw Pakistan’s military begin its liaison with the Americans ~ from the US Ambassador’s daughter marrying the Pakistan President’s son to the leasing of Peshawar’s airfields for U-2 flights over the USSR. Yet Bhutto’s deep flaws also contributed to the loss of Bangladesh and to brutality, supported by the Shah of Iran’s American helicopters, against the Baloch.

Bhutto’s daughter now may have succeeded in death where she could not in life. Like Indira Gandhi, there seemed a shrill almost self-sacrificial air about Benazir in her last days, and, like Indira, her assassination caused all her countrymen including her enemies to undergo an existential experience. Perhaps the public death of a woman in public life touches some chivalrous chord in everyone.

Benazir’s husband was transformed from seeming a rather dubious self-seeker to becoming a national leader of some sobriety. Her old adversary Nawaz Sharif, brought to power by one Army Chief and removed by another, is now a constitutional democrat – seemingly adamant that there be the Rule of Law and not of generals. Most of all, Benazir’s death seemed to completely shut up that most loquacious of Pakistanis: Pervez Musharraf. Musharraf seemed stunned and promised free, fair and transparent elections; though no one believed he would deliver, he somehow did. He would like now to be a senior statesman though it seems as likely his countrymen will not forgive his misdeeds and instead exile him to America.

Afghanistan

Pakistan’s main international problem is not and has never been J&K. It has been and remains its unsettled western border and identity vis-à-vis Afghanistan (as India’s problem has been the eastern border with China). Dr Khan Sahib and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan knew this but they were not allowed to speak by Pakistan’s Kashmir-obsessed elite. Zaheer Shah’s Afghanistan was the only country that voted against Pakistan joining the UN sixty years ago.

The present author has said before that Osama bin Laden may well be safely and comfortably in the deserts of North Africa while NATO and the Americans raise hell in Afghanistan and Waziristan pretending to look for him. It is not in India’s interest as it is not in Pakistan’s interest that Western militaries, who seem to have nothing better to do, brutalize Afghans of all descriptions in the name of nation-building or fighting “terrorism”. Afghan nation-building can only ultimately come from the Afghans themselves, no matter how many loya jirgas it takes. What Pakistan dislikes emerging from New Delhi is the sometimes rather supercilious and ignorant condescension that our officialdom is infamous for. Instead, with a new, seemingly clear-headed and well-intentioned Government in Pakistan elected for the first time ever, it may be time for all good people in the subcontinent to raise a glass of fruit juice and say “Two cheers for Pakistan!”

Posted in Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Academic research, Afghanistan, anarchy and governance, Asia and the West, Balochistan, Bangladesh, Benazir Bhutto, Blowback, Britain in India, British foreign policy, India's Diplomacy, India's Foreign Policy, India's History, India's independence, India-Pakistan peace process, International diplomacy, International politics, Iqbal, Jammu & Kashmir, Life and death, MA Jinnah, Maulana Azad, Men and women, Muslim and Hindu communalism, Nationalism, Nawaz Sharif, Osama bin Laden, Pakistan in international law, Pakistan's origins, Pakistan's psychology, Pakistan's constitutional politics, Pakistan's history, Pakistan's judiciary, Pakistan's military, Pakistan's nuclear weapons, Pakistan's politics, Pakistan's Rule of Law, Pakistan, Balochistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistani expansionism, Pashtuns, Pervez Musharraf, Politics, UN/League of Nations, US Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Espionage, US Military Doctrine, US Pakistan policy, War, World History. Leave a Comment »

On Indian Nationhood (2007)

May 25, 2007 — drsubrotoroy

On Indian Nationhood
From Tamils To Kashmiris And Assamese And Mizos To Sikhs And Goans

First published in The Statesman, Editorial Page

May 25 2007

By Subroto Roy

In the decades before 1947, imperialist critics of Indian nationalism accused the movement of being less about creating Indian nationhood than about supplanting British rule with local Indian oligarchies. Sydenham, for example, in the upper house of Britain’s Parliament in August 1918, gleefully quoted from the “Madras Dravidian Hindu Association” (forerunners of today’s DMK etc): “We shall fight to the last drop of our blood any attempt to transfer the seat of authority in this country from British hands to so-called high-caste Hindus, who have ill-treated us in the past and will do so again but for the protection of British laws.” Also quoted were “Namasudras of Bengal”, allegedly numbering “ten million men”, protesting “gross misrepresentation” by “so-called high-caste leaders” of the desirability of “Home Rule or self-government”. Besides caste and class there was always religion too by which India’s inhabitants could be classified and divided, and it must have delighted Sydenham to quote the “South Indian Islamic League” saying “Nothing should be done which will weaken British authority in any manner whatsoever, and hand over the destinies of the Moslem community to a class which has no regard for their interests and no respect for their sentiments”.

Home Rule League

Sydenham was attacking the Montagu-Chelmsford Report which had stated that India had “a core of earnest men who believe sincerely and strive for political progress; around them a ring of less educated people to whom a phrase or a sentiment appeals; and an outside fringe of those who have been described as attracted by curiosity to this new thing, or who find diversions in attacking a big and very solemn Government as urchins might take a perilous joy at casting toy darts at an elephant.”

Annie Besant, herself an Englishwoman, was, along with BG Tilak and MA Jinnah, a pioneer of Indian nationalism at the time and headed the new Indian Home Rule League on the Irish pattern. The League stated its membership at 52,000. Sydenham multiplied that by five and asked if a quarter million could purport to rule 244 millions in an Indian democracy. Where, he demanded, was the “voice that cannot yet be heard, the voice of the peoples of India”? The imperialist jibe was that the British Raj would be replaced at best by a “Vakil Raj” of “high-caste” Hindus and at worst by anarchy and bloodshed.

Thirty years later India’s was partitioned and independent under Attlee’s Labour Party. Churchill took over the imperialist mantle and found solace in the new India agreeing to remain in Britain’s “Commonwealth”, saying that India doing so as a Republic did not impair “the majesty of the Crown or the personal dignity of the King”.

The ghosts of Churchill and Sydenham today would heartily cheer our Republic’s current President APJ Abdul Kalam agreeing to receive the “King Charles II Medal” from the Royal Society, and our current PM Manmohan Singh accepting honorary British degrees also while in office. Britain’s Crown Prince has proposed a cricket match between India and Pakistan to mark the 60th anniversary of 1947, and what, after all, could be less inappropriate to mark the event in British eyes? All that Indian nationalism would have been firmly put in its place.

Now Pakistan mostly goes unmentioned in the history of Indian nationalism because the new Pakistanis as of 14 August 1947 hardly felt or even wished to be independent of the British. Instead they longed only to acquire control over any kind of Muslim-majority Government that they could, and as much of the resources and joint military assets of the old India they could get their hands on.

The Kashmir dispute and India-Pakistan conflict have not been ones between Hindus and Muslims, regardless of what the BBC, CNN etc make themselves believe. As much as for any other reason, Kashmir escalated out of control because of British irresponsibility during the process of disintegration of the old Indian Army between the two new Dominions. Newly demobilised Mirpuri soldiers who had formed loyal British battalions were drawn into the cycle of Partition-related communal violence and reprisals in Punjab, which inevitably spilt over into Jammu and culminated in the attack on J&K State that commenced from Pakistan’s NWFP in October 1947 ~ plunging J&K into civil war with Sheikh Abdullah and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad’s National Conference allied to the new secular India and Sardar Ibrahim’s Muslim Conference allied to the new and soon to be Islamic Pakistan. Field Marshal Auchinlek, the Supreme Commander of both Indian and Pakistani Armed Forces, had the decency to resign and abolish the so-called “Supreme Command” as soon as he realised his own forces were at war with one another.

It would not be too inaccurate to say Pakistan and Britain continued in a neo-colonial relationship throughout the 1950s and 1960s ~ all the way until Ayub Khan (who had been warmly entertained at Chequers during the Christine Keeler-Profumo matter), overplayed his hand by attacking India in 1965. That war followed by the East Pakistan cyclone in 1969 brought to a head the inherent political contradictions of the Pakistani state accumulated until that time, and soon led to Bangladesh’s creation in 1971. Britain has had no real interest in Bangladesh but as Pakistan had allowed dual nationality with Britain, Britain found itself with a lot of Bangladeshi immigrants whose “Indian” restaurants give modern Britons today something to look forward to every weekend.

Britain and its American ally continued to have deep interests in Pakistan, mostly because of the geopolitical importance of Pakistani real estate and the generally obsequious and compliant nature of the Pakistani military and diplomatic elite. All that began to change fundamentally when the real declaration of Pakistani independence occurred in the world with the AQ Khan nuclear bombs exploding in 1998 followed by the September 11 2001 attacks upon the USA.

Nationalism today

As for ourselves in India, we have developed some coherent and recognisable design of a modern political economy with a Union Government and more than two dozen State Governments, and we have abolished the imperialist lackeys known as the “princes”. Our Governments at Union and State levels change peacefully by periodic elections under the 1950 Constitution. This in itself would be seen as an astonishing democratic achievement relative to where we were one hundred years ago at the time of the Morley-Minto policies. Thanks to Jawaharlal Nehru, we have had universal franchise since 1952 (at a time when the USA still had its Jim Crow laws against black citizens) ~ yet the imperialist jibe of an infinitesimally small elite purporting to represent hundreds of millions of India’s people remains to be addressed.

It would be interesting to know how many descendants of the 52,000 members of Annie Besant’s Home Rule League remain in India and how many have emigrated to the USA, Britain, Australia etc. The children of our top military, bureaucratic, business, professional and academic elite have cheerfully led an exodus out of the country. E.g. the son of a former commanding general of the Indian Army’s Artillery Regiment is now a British businessman and member of Tony Blair’s new House of Lords. Indian Nationhood in the 21st Century no longer has to include Bangladeshis and Pakistanis who have ended up seeking to develop their own nationalisms, but it remains hard enough to try to include everyone else ~ from Tamils to Kashmiris and from Assamese and Mizos to Sikhs and Goans. Cleaning up our government accounting and sorting out our public finances nationwide so as to establish a sound money for everyone to use for the first time in sixty or seventy years, is among the first steps in defining our common goals as an independent nation.

(Postscript: The original text stated Independence and Paritition came “forty years” after the only date mentioned until that point in the text, which is of the 1918 Montagu-Chelmsford period. Unconsciously, I was counting from the Morley-Minto period of 1906-1908 which was the constitutional precedent to Montagu-Chelmsford.)

Posted in Annie Besant, Asia and the West, Attlee, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bangladesh, Bengal, Britain, Britain in India, Britain's immigrant communities, Britain's monarchy, British foreign policy, British history, Democracy, DMK, Government of India, Imperialism, India's Army, India's Caste/Ethnic Problems, India's Constitution, India's constitutional politics, India's Democracy, India's emigrants to the West, India's History, India's independence, India's Jurisprudence, India's Macroeconomics, India's Monetary & Fiscal Policy, India's Nationalism, India's nomenclatura, India's Parliament, India's Partition, India's Politics, India's Polity, India's Public Finance, India's State Finances, India-Pakistan peace process, Indian National Congress Origins, Indian subcontinent, Jammu & Kashmir, Jawaharlal Nehru, MA Jinnah, Manmohan Singh, Pakistan's diplomacy, Pakistan's history, Pakistan's nuclear weapons, Pakistan's politics, Pakistan, Balochistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Political Economy, Winston Churchill. Leave a Comment »

Milton Friedman on the Mahalanobis-Nehru “Second Plan”

November 22, 2006 — drsubrotoroy

Note by Dr Subroto Roy: Milton Friedman, who died last week (obituary: page 7) , gave me this document (dated 15 February 1956) in 1984. I did not publish it in Hawaii in May 1989 in Foundations of India’s Political Economy along with his November 1955 Memorandum to the Government of India because it was rather more candid and personal in tone. The Berlin Wall had not yet fallen, and I was at the time being attacked by prominent Indian and foreign economists and political scientists for wanting to publish the 1955 Memorandum at all. Today, we in India are well on our way to making more objective studies of our intellectual and political history than was possible two decades ago. Friedman’s candid observations, from the Cold War era of Krushchev’s denunciation of Stalin, seem as fascinating as the tales of travellers from courts of olden times.

Mahalanobis’s Plan
by Milton Friedman

First published in The Statesman front page http://www.thestatesman.net November 22 2006

“I met PC Mahalanobis in 1946 and again at a meeting of the International Statistical Institute in September 1947, and I know him well by reputation. He was absent during most of my stay in New Delhi, but I met him at a meeting of the Indian Planning Commission, of which he is one of the strongest and most able members.

Mahalanobis began as a mathematician and is a very able one. Able mathematicians are usually recognized for their ability at a relatively early age. Realizing their own ability as they do and working in a field of absolutes, tends, in my opinion, to make them dangerous when they apply themselves to economic planning. They produce specific and detailed plans in which they have confidence, without perhaps realizing that economic planning is not the absolute science that mathematics is. This general characteristic of mathematicians is true of Mahalanobis but in spite of the tendency he is willing to discuss a problem and listen to a different point of view. Once his decision is reached, however, he has great confidence in it.

Mahalanobis was unquestionably extremely influential in drafting the Indian five-year plan. There were four key steps in the plan. The first was the so-called “Plan Frame” drafted by Mahalanobis himself. The second was a tentative plan based on the “Plan Frame”. The third step was a report by a committee of economists on the first two steps, and the fourth was a minority report by BR Shenoy on the economists’ report. The economists had no intention of drafting a definitive proposal but merely meant to comment on certain aspects of the first two steps. Shenoy’s minority report, however, had the effect of making the economists’ report official.

The scheme of the Five Year Plan attributed to Mahalanobis faces two problems; one, that India needs heavy industry for economic development; and two, that development of heavy industry uses up large amounts of capital while providing only small employment.

Based on these facts, Mahalanobis proposed to concentrate on heavy industry development on the one hand and to subsidize the hand production cottage industries on the other. The latter course would discriminate against the smaller manufacturers. In my opinion, the plan wastes both capital and labour and the Indians get only the worst of both efforts. If left to their own devices under a free enterprise system I believe the Indians would gravitate naturally towards the production of such items as bicycles, sewing machines, and radios. This trend is already apparent without any subsidy.

The Indian cottage industry is already cloaked in the same popular sort of mist as is rural life in the US. There is an idea in both places that this life is typical and the backbone of their respective countries. Politically, the Indian cottage industry problem is akin to the American farm problem. Mohandas Gandhi was a proponent of strengthening the cottage industry as a weapon against the British. This reason is now gone but the emotions engendered by Gandhi remain. Any move to strengthen the cottage industry has great political appeal and thus, Mahalanobis’ plan and its pseudo-scientific support for the industry also has great political appeal. I found many supporters for the heavy industry phase of the Plan but almost no one (among the technical Civil Servants) who really believes in the cottage industry aspects, aside from their political appeal.

In its initial form, the plan was very large and ambitious with optimistic estimates. My impression is that there is a substantial trend away from this approach, however, and an attempt to cut down. The development of heavy industry has slowed except for steel and iron. I believe that the proposed development of a synthetic petroleum plant has been dropped and probably wisely so. In addition, I believe that the proposed five year plan may be extended to six years. Other than his work on the plan, I am uncertain of Mahalanobis’ influence. The gossip is that he has Nehru’s ear and potentially he could be very influential, simply because of his intellectual ability and powers of persuasion. The question that occurs to me is how much difference Mahalanobis’ plan makes. The plan does not seem the important thing to me. I believe that the new drive and enthusiasm of the Indian nation will surmount any plan, good or bad. Then too, I feel a wide diversity in what is said and what is done. I believe that much of Nehru’s socialistic talk is simply that, just talk. Nehru has been trying to undermine the Socialist Party by this means and apparently the Congress Party’s adoption of a socialistic idea for industry has been successful in this respect.

One gets the impression, depending on whom one talks with, either that the Government runs business, or that two or three large businesses run the government. All that appears publicly indicates that the first is true, but a case can also be made for the latter interpretation. Favour and harassment are counterparts in the Indian economic scheme. There is no significant impairment of the willingness of Indian capitalists to invest in their industries, except in the specific industries where nationalization has been announced, but they are not always willing to invest and take the risks inherent in the free enterprise system. They want the Government to support their investment and when it refuses they back out and cry “Socialism”.”

Separation of Powers: India, the USA, Pakistan

February 13, 2006 — drsubrotoroy

SEPARATION OF POWERS (2006)

Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws outlined a doctrine that applies to India, the USA and all constitutional democracies: there is no monopoly of political wisdom.

By SUBROTO ROY
First published in The Sunday Statesman, The Statesman Editorial Page,

Special Article Feb 12-13 2006

The Speaker’s noble office is that of the single member of the House, traditionally chosen by unanimity, whose task it is to self-effacingly maintain order in Parliamentary debate and proceedings, so that the House’s work gets done. C’est tout. Once chosen Speaker, he ipso facto retires from partisan politics for life. The Speaker neither contributes to the substance of Parliamentary debate (except in the rare case of a tie) nor has to feel personally responsible for Parliament’s conduct.

Our Parliament has tended to become so dysfunctional since Indira Gandhi and her sycophants destroyed its traditions 30 years ago, that supervising its normal work is an onerous enough task for even the finest of Speakers to handle.

The Lok Sabha’s incumbent Speaker has tended to see himself as the champion of Parliament. He need not. He does not command a majority in the Lok Sabha; the Government Party does. We have had the oddest peculiarity unfolding in India at present where the person who does command the Lok Sabha’s majority, and therefore who would be normally defined as Prime Minister of India, has chosen to nominate someone who is not a member of the Lok Sabha to act as Prime Minister, i.e. to command the Lok Sabha’s majority. (The Rajya Sabha was and remains irrelevant to most things important to Indian democracy, regardless of its narcissism and vanity). Someone with access to 10 Janpath should have told Sonia Gandhi in May 2004 that if she did not wish to be PM and wanted to gift the job to someone else, she should do so to someone who, like herself, had been elected to the Lok Sabha, like Pranab Mukherjee (elected for the first time) or Kamal Nath or Priya Ranjan (both veterans).

Manmohan Singh, a former Lok Sabha candidate, may as Finance Minister have been able to progress much further with economic reforms. But sycophancy has ruled the roost in the Congress’s higher echelons, and nobody had the guts to tell her that. Indeed as early as December 2001, Congress leaders knew that in the unlikely event they won the polls, Manmohan Singh would likely be PM by Sonia Gandhi’s choice (though he was not expected to last long at the top), and yet he did not contest the Lok Sabha polls in 2004.

The Government of the day, not the Speaker, is Parliament’s champion in any discussion with the Supreme Court over constitutional rights and Separation of Powers. And the Government has in fact quietly and sensibly requested the Supreme Court to set up a Constitutional Bench for this purpose. Such a Constitutional Bench shall have cause to ask itself how far Kesavananda Bharati needs to be tweaked if at all to accommodate the contention that Parliament has a right to judge its own members. The Court may well likely say that of course Parliament has a right to judge its own members but even that right is not an absolute right, (nothing is). Even Parliament’s right to judge its own members must be in accordance with natural law, with principles of justice, with due and clearly defined processes. E.g. the established Privileges Committee and not the ad hoc Bansal Committee had to do the needful.

Imagine a hypothetical case of fantastic fiction where half a dozen independent MPs are elected to a future Lok Sabha, and then take it upon themselves to expose corruption and shenanigans of all major political parties. Our fantastic super-heroes become whistleblowers within Parliament itself while remaining totally incorruptible as individuals — like Eliot Ness’s team who jailed Al Capone and other gangsters, and came to be depicted in Hollywood’s The Untouchables. These Untouchables would come to be feared and despised by everyone from Communists on one side of the political spectrum to Fascists on the other. They would upset everybody precisely because they were so clean and were not purchasable. The Government and Opposition of the day might wellgang up to expel such troublemakers and even fabricate charges to do so. (Now there’s a script for a Bollywood movie!)

What our Supreme Court’s Constitutional Bench decides now in the matter at hand will determine the fate of our super-heroes in such a future fantasia. The present case is a polar opposite — where MPs have been caught on camera with their sordid fingers in the cookie-jar, and then made to walk the plank immediately by their peers. Yet natural law applies here as it will to our fantastic future fighters, and this is what the Bench would have to speak on.

Why the present situation continues to be disconcerting is because the whole country heard all the holier-than-thou protestations, yet everyone continues to take a very dim view of what they see of politicians’ behaviour. There remain strong suspicions that only a few very tiny tips of very large icebergs were or can be caught on camera. Large-scale deals and contracts involve payments into invisible bank accounts, not petty cash into pockets or even suitcases filled with cash sloshing around Delhi.

What we have desperately needed in the situation is modern prime ministerial leadership which could intelligently and boldly guide national debate in the right direction on the whole matter of probity in public life. Why a distinguished parliamentarian like the Speaker has found himself in the limelight is because neither the de jure nor de facto Prime Ministers of India are anywhere to be seen thinking on their feet on these central issues of constitutional procedure and practice. They tend to use prepared scripts and may be temperamentally disinclined to do what has been called for by these unscripted circumstances. (Indeed the much-maligned H. D. Deve Gowda could be alone among the bevy of recent PMs who has been able to think on his feet at all.)

Collapse Before Executive Power

In the meantime, the United States is going through its own Separation of Powers’ crisis. As explained in these columns previously, the American system is distinctly different from the British, and our own system is midway between them. Yet similar principles may be discerned to apply or fail to be applied in all.

Winston Churchill once perspicaciously observed:

“The rigid Constitution of the United States, the gigantic scale and strength of its party machinery, the fixed terms for which public officers and representatives are chosen, invest the President with a greater measure of autocratic power than was possessed before (the First World War) by the Head of any great State. The vast size of the country, the diverse types, interests and environments of its enormous population, the safety-valve function of the legislatures of fifty Sovereign States, make the focussing of national public opinion difficult, and confer upon the Federal Government exceptional independence of it except at fixed election times. Few modern Governments need to concern themselves so little with the opinion of the party they have beaten at the polls; none secures to its supreme executive officer, at once the Sovereign and the Party Leader, such direct personal authority.”

America’s Legislative Branch has, on paper, strong powers of advice and consent to control errors, excesses or abuse of power by the Executive President. But (with rare and courageous exceptions like Sen. Robert C. Byrd of West Virginia) the Legislature cravenly collapsed before the father-son Bush presidencies in regard to the Middle East wars of recent years. America’s once-revered federal judiciary has also tended to lose its independence of mind with overt politicisation of judicial appointments in recent decades.

Bush the First went to war against Saddam Hussein (a former American ally against Islamic Iran) at least partly with an eye to winning re-election in 1992 (which he would have done as a result but for a random shock known as Ross Perot; Bill Clinton became the beneficiary). Bush the Second obsessively wished to follow up on the same, to the point of misjudging the real threat to America from Bin Laden and fabricating a false threat from an emasculated Saddam.

America’s Legislature palpably failed to control her Presidents. Now, late in the day, after all the horses have bolted, the Senate Judiciary Committee began tepid hearings on February 5 2006 into whether the President authorized laws to be broken with impunity in regard to wire-tapping some 5,000 citizens (doubtless mostly non-white and Muslim) without judicial warrants. Republican Senator Arlen Specter, the Committee’s Chairman, has said he believes the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act has been “flatly” violated, and “strained and unrealistic” justifications are now being offered. Bush’s men, from his Vice President and Attorney General to political intelligence operatives, have brazenly placed in the dustbin the traditional principle fiat justitia pereat mundus — let justice be done even if the world perishes — saying that the Sovereign can do just as he pleases to save the realm from external enemies as he might perceive and define them to be.

What this kind of collapse in current American practice reveals is a new aspect unknown at the time of Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws. In the modern world, Separation of Powers involves not merely constitutional institutions like Executive, Legislature and Judiciary but also the normal civil institutions of a free and open society, especially academic institutions and the press. In America, it has been not merely the Legislature and Judiciary which have tended to collapse before Executive Power in regard to the recent Middle East wars, but the media and academia as well.

“Embedded reporters” and Fox TV set the tone for America’s official thought processes about Iraq and the Muslim world — until it has become too late for America’s mainstream media or academics to recover their own credibility on the subject. On the other hand, unofficial public opinion has, in America’s best traditions, demonstrated using vast numbers of Internet websites and weblogs, a spirited Yankee Doodle individuality against the jingoism and war-mongering of the official polity.

Neither the press nor academia had collapsed the same way during America’s last major foreign wars in Vietnam and Cambodia forty years ago, and it may be fairly said that America’s self-knowledge was rather better then than it is now, except of course there were no Internet websites and weblogs.

Our Pakistani Cousins
Across the border from us, our Pakistani cousins are, from a political and constitutional point of view, cut from the same cloth as ourselves, namely the 1935 Government of India Act, and the Montague-Chelmsford and Morley-Minto reforms earlier. However, ever since Jinnah’s death, they have refused to admit this and instead embarked haplessly on what can only be called an injudicious path of trying to write a Constitution for a new Caliphate. The primary demand of the main scholars influencing this process was “That the sovereignty in Pakistan belongs to God Almighty alone and that the Government of Pakistan shall administer the country as His agent”. By such a view, in the words of Rashid Rida and Maulana Maududi, Islam becomes “the very antithesis of secular Western democracy. The philosophical foundation of Western democracy is the sovereignty of the people. Lawmaking is their prerogative and legislation must correspond to the mood and temper of their opinion… Islam… altogether repudiates the philosophy of popular sovereignty and rears its polity on the foundations of the sovereignty of God and the viceregency (Khilafat) of man.” (Rosenthal, Islam & the Modern National State, Cambridge 1965.) Pakistan’s few modern constitutionalists have been ever since battling impossibly to overcome the ontological error made here of assuming that any mundane government can be in communication with God Almighty. In the meantime, all normal branches of Pakistan’s polity, like the electorate, press, political parties, Legislature and Judiciary, have remained at best in ill-formed inchoate states of being — while the Pakistan Armed Forces stepped in with their own large economic and political interests and agendas to effectively take over the country and the society as a whole, on pretext of protecting Pakistan from India or of gaining J&K for it. Pakistan’s political problems have the ontological error at their root. Pakistan’s political parties, academics and press, have with rare exceptions remained timid in face of the militaristic State — directing their anger and frustration at an easier target instead, namely ourselves in India. The Pakistan Government’s way of silencing its few political, academic or press dissidents has been to send them into comfortable exile abroad.

Sheikh Abdullah Contrasted
Pakistan’s perpetual constitutional confusion deserves to be contrasted with the clarity of Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah’s thinking, e.g. his 5 November 1951 speech to the Constituent Assembly of J&K: “You are the sovereign authority in this State of Jammu & Kashmir; what you decide has the irrevocable force of law. The basic democratic principle of sovereignty of the nation, embodied ably in the American and French Constitutions, is once again given shape in our midst. I shall quote the famous words of Article 3 of the French Constitution of 1791:- ‘The source of all sovereignty resides fundamentally in the nation. Sovereignty is one and indivisible, inalienable and imprescriptable. It belongs to the nation.’ We should be clear about the responsibilities that this power invests us with. In front of us lie decisions of the highest national importance which we shall be called upon to take. Upon the correctness of our decisions depends not only the happiness of our land and people now, but the fate as well of generations to come.”

Contrasting the Pakistani views of constitution-making with those of Sheikh Abdullah may help to explain a great deal about where we are today on the delicate and profound subject of J&K. (See “Solving Kashmir”, The Statesman, December 1—3, 2005)

India’s current debate about Separation of Powers needs to keep at a distance the clear negative examples of our American friends, who have brought upon themselves in recent times a craven collapse of Legislature, Judiciary, press and academia to the Executive President (as Churchill had seemed to predict), as well as of our Pakistani cousins who have continued with general political and civil collapse for half a century. Because our universities are all owned by the State, India’s academics, from Communist to Fascist, have tended to be servile towards it. In respect of the press, the power of independent newspapers has been dwindling, while the new TV anchors have created their own models of obsequiousness and chummery towards New Delhi’s ruling cliques of the day. It thus becomes India’s Supreme Court which remains the ultimate guardian of our Constitution and the safest haven of our very fragile freedoms — besides of course our own minds and hearts.

***The Sunday Statesman 12 February 2006***

Posted in America's impatience, America's military-industrial complex, American academia, American democracy, American history, American politics, Asia and the West, Comparative Government, Constitutional law, Constitutional Politics, Democracy, Expertise and democracy, Fiat justitia pereat mundus, France, Governance, Government of India, Government of Pakistan, India's Cabinet Government, India's protocols, India's Constitution, India's constitutional politics, India's corruption, India's Democracy, India's independence, India's Jurisprudence, India's Lok Sabha, India's Parliament, India's political lobbyists, India's political parties, India's Politics, India's Polity, India's Reserve Bank, India's Supreme Court, Indira Gandhi, Iraq war, Islam, Jammu & Kashmir, Jurisprudence, Manmohan Singh, Pakistan's history, Pakistan, Balochistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Parliamentary Backbenches, Parliamentary Government, Parliamentary law, Parliamentary Procedure, Politics, Sheikh Abdullah, Sonia Gandhi, Television, US Constitution, US Federal Law & Jurisprudence, US Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Espionage, USA, United States, USA, United States polity, Winston Churchill, World History. Leave a Comment »

On Hindus and Muslims

November 6, 2005 — drsubrotoroy

On Hindus and Muslims

by

Subroto Roy

**First published in The Statesman, Perspective Page, Nov 6 2005**

The one practical contribution made to India’s polity by the Hindu Mahasabha was to thwart the Sarat Bose/Suhrawardy idea in 1946-1947 of a “United Bengal”, which inevitably would have led to Kolkata andWest Bengal becoming part of Pakistan. The one practical contribution made to India’s polity by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh was to help defend against the Pakistani attack upon Jammu & Kashmir which commenced on 22 October 1947 and included the Rape of Baramulla a few days later. The RSS contribution may have been more than what Sheikh Abdullah and the National Conference or Jawaharlal Nehru and the Government of India cared to admit because it had had an offensive aspect as well; RSS attacks on Muslim civilians in the Mirpur-Pooncharea later formed the basis of Pakistan’s justification for the October 1947 attack and the origins of the “Azad Kashmir” idea. Practical contributions were also made by individuals like Shyama Prosad Mookerjee, who, for example, as a member of Nehru’s Cabinet, responded immediately to information received from a young Government of India officer in Karachi in September 1947, sending ships and Navy frigates from Bombay to retrieve thousands of Hindu refugees in danger of being massacred. The one theoretical contribution made by the Hindutvadi organisations in India has been to establish that it is not a matter of shame and can be a matter of pride to be a Hindu, or, more generally, to be an Indian in the modern world. This is important, even though most RSS and BJP members today may have altogether failed themselves to understand its nature and significance. Indeed, the small handful of Muslims who have been part of their organisations may have understood it rather better.

To be Muslim, a person has only to believe that God is One and Muhammad is the last of the prophets, i.e. to pronounce the Kalma. Nothing else is either necessary or sufficient. Praying daily, facing Mecca (or Jerusalem before it), going on pilgrimage, fasting during Ramzan, giving to the poor, circumcising boys, polygamy, inducing the modesty of women though seclusion or the veil, have all been part of Muslim practice for ever because they were aspects of the Prophet’s life. But if a Muslim did not pronounce the Kalma, everything else he/she might do is rendered meaningless. The Kalma is necessary and sufficient for Islamic belief. All else is incidental and logically superfluous.

The first half of the Kalma is a commitment to an austere monotheistic ontology; the second half is an oath of fidelity to the Prophet because he was the original exponent of this ontology (in Arabic). Muhammad (572-632 AD) was without a doubt among the greatest of men, as may be measured by his vast impact on human history. His total self-effacement and abhorrence of adulation was signified when at his death it was famously said “If you are worshippers of Muhammad, know that he is dead. If you are worshippers of God, know that God is living and does not die”.

Abul Kalam Azad understood well that there was no contradiction between being Muslim by faith and Indian by nationality. “My ancestors came to India from Herat in Babar’s time…” is how he began his autobiography. No one could think Azad anything but a proud Indian nationalist. No one ~ certainly not MA Jinnah ~ could think of Azad as anything but a Muslim and a scholar of Islam. Yet Azad’s respect and admiration (like that of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan) knew no bounds for the only reformer since Vivekananda that Hinduism has seen in the 20th century: a Congress politician by the name of MK Gandhi,who came to be murdered by Hindu fanatics. By contrast, Jinnah, the political founder of Pakistan, could see Congress only as a Hindu party and Gandhi the Hindu leader using Hindu symbols against whom he was juxtaposed in a struggle for power after the British left: “Congress leaders may shout as much as they like that the Congress is a national body. But …(the) Congress is nothing but a Hindu body,” he declared in 1938. Jinnah’s ambition, and that of the separatist Muslim elite, demanded that they rule themselves in isolation in corners of India.

Throughout the period of Hindu Westernisation in response to the opening to the world presented by the British Raj, the Muslim elite were instead chafing under the idea that an India free of British rule could possibly have Muslims living under governments composed of people who were not “People of the Book” mentioned in the Muslim scriptures. Even if British rule had been almost intolerable in Muslim eyes ~ rendering India’s territory dar-ul-harb at worst or dar-ul-aman at best ~ the British were at least “People of the Book”. After a British departure, rule over Muslims by a Hindu majority, supported by the much-feared Sikhs (“kaffirs with beards” in Muslim popular perception), was felt to be psychologically intolerable. Not only were Hindus, in Muslim eyes, polytheistic believers in idol-worship and practitioners of a caste-system, but everyone knew that the vast majority of India’s Muslims had been themselves converts from the same Hindu social and cultural origins, and there would be constant danger of relapse of Muslims into Hindu beliefs and practices if the country was governed by a Hindu majority. The slogan “Islam in danger” has always had substance in the sense that the faithful have constantly had to mind the dangers of yielding to temptations around them, including scepticism, syncretism and pantheism. Hence, insularity and communalism ~ a psychological circling of the wagons in terms of the American Wild West ~ was a natural political response of Muslims to the Hindu (and Parsee and Christian) modernisation of India in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Such were the implicit unspoken premises driving the Pakistan Movement which Iqbal and Jinnah came to lead in the 20th century. The origins lay in the thoughts and deeds of Shah Wali Allah (1703-1762) and his Arab contemporary in Nejd, Mohammad Ibn Abdal Wahhab, the founder of Wahhabism. It continued with men like Sayyid Ahmed Barelvi(1786-1831), and Titu Mir (1782-1831), until we reach the Islamic “moderniser” Sayyid Ahmed Khan who, while being the founder of Muslim higher education at Aligarh, was also the fountainhead of the separatism that led to the Muslim League’s creation in 1906. “We are an Arab people whose fathers have fallen in exile in the country of Hindustan, and Arabic genealogy and Arabic language are our pride,” Wali Allah had said. Barelvi after him declared: “We must repudiate all those Indian, Persian and Roman customs which are contrary to the Prophet’s teaching.” “In the later 1820s, (Barelvi’s) movement became militant, regarding jihad as one of the basic tenets of faith. Possibly encouraged by the British, with whom the movement did not feel powerful enough to come to grips at the outset, it chose as the venue of jihad the NW frontier of the subcontinent, where it was directed against the Sikhs. Barelvi temporarily succeeded in carving out a small theocratic principality which collapsed owing to the friction between his Pathan and North Indian followers; and he was finally defeated and slain by the Sikhs (at the battle of Balakot) in 1831,” points out Aziz Ahmed, in AL Basham’s A Cultural History of India. Barelvi’s jihadi proto-Pakistan state near Peshawar was named Tariqa-yi Muhammadiya; it may have survived at Sittana until the First World War. Leaving to one side Rahmat Ali’s lonely scheming from England and invention on the top floor of a London bus of the name “PAKSTAN”, such was the genesis of Iqbal and Jinnah’s Muslim state.

Azad, on behalf of scores of millions of Muslim Indians including Sheikh Abdullah and Zakir Hussain and Ghaffar Khan among the most prominent, candidly raised objections to this entire exercise: “I must confess that the very term Pakistan goes against my grain. It suggests that some portions of the world are pure while others are impure. Such a division of territories into pure and impure is un-Islamic and is more in keeping with orthodox Brahmanism which divides men and countries into holy and unholy – a division which is a repudiation of the very spirit of Islam. Islam recognises no such division and the Prophet says `God made the whole world a mosque for me’.”

Azad had seen that India is or can be dar-ul-Islam or at least dar-ul-aman and not dar-ul-harb, because the Muslim in this land of ours –bounded by the mountains and the seas, with the rivers in between them, all of which the Hindu finds sacred and imagines to be the home of the Hindu pantheon – is in fact able to practise his/her faith freely despite the majority culture superficially being or seeming to be one which is polytheistic and pantheistic. The majority culture in India has had no theoretical or practical difficulty with the recitation of the Kalma anywhere or anytime in the country. The handful of Muslims in the RSS and BJP today may have understood something of the same. Visiting Pakistanis today are amazed by two things in India: the presence of women in public life and the fact that Muslims are free to practise Islam. Muslims may privately believe their Hindu compatriots or cousins to be hopelessly ignorant of the truth, and vice-versa, but nothing in public life needs to hinge on such mutual beliefs people have about one another. That is what was meant when the present author said in the Introduction to Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy that Jinnah’s address to Pakistan’s Constituent Assembly was as secular as any that may be found.

Annie Besant (1847-1933)

December 25, 1970 — drsubrotoroy

“Never forget that life can only be nobly inspired and rightly lived if you take it bravely and gallantly, as a splendid adventure in which you are setting out into an unknown country, to meet many a joy, to find many a comrade, to win and lose many a battle.”

– Annie Besant (1847-1933)

From Facebook:

Subroto Roy has just read Courtland Milloy’s review in the Washington Post of James Cameron’s “Avatar” and declares that the original and real Jake Sully was an Irishwoman named Annie Besant (1847-1933), who defined and fought for Indian independence before and better than MK Gandhi himself, and whose conservative (English) political critics had (with schoolboyish hilarity) denounced her (infamously) as a woman of “deep penetration, quick conception and easy delivery”.

Posted in Annie Besant, Asia and the West, Britain in India, Britain's immigrant communities, British history, British imperialism, Congress Party, Freedom, Government of India, Imperialism, India's Constitution, India's constitutional politics, India's History, India's independence, India's Nationalism, India's Polity, Ireland, MK Gandhi. Leave a Comment »

Independent Indian: Work & Life of Professor Subroto Roy

Bibliography, Books, Public Lectures, Memoranda, Memoirs

Some Recent Work

My Recent Tweets

drsubrotoroy

Index of Names and Subjects

Pakistan’s Point of View (Or Points of View) on Kashmir: My As Yet Undelivered Lahore Lecture–Part I

Preface

27 April 2015 from Twitter: “My Pakistani hosts never managed to go thru w their 2010/11 invitation I speak in Lahore on Kashmir. After ‪#‎SabeenMahmud‬ s murder, I decline”

see too https://independentindian.com/2011/10/13/my-seventy-one-notes-at-facebook-etc-on-kashmir-pakistan-and-of-course-india-listed-thanks-to-jd/

On the Alternative Theories of Pakistan and India about Jammu & Kashmir (And the One and Only Way These May Be Peacefully Reconciled): An Exercise in Economics, Politics, Moral Philosophy & Jurisprudence

by

Subroto (Suby) Roy

Lecture to the Oxford and Cambridge Society of Lahore

March 14, 2011 (tentative)

“What is the use of studying philosophy if all that does for you is to enable you to talk with some plausibility about some abstruse questions of logic, etc., & if it does not improve your thinking about the important questions of everyday life?” Wittgenstein, letter to Malcolm, 1944

“India is the greatest Muslim country in the world.”

Sir Muhammad Iqbal, 1930, Presidential Address to the Muslim League, Allahabad

“Where be these enemies?… See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate,… all are punish’d.” Shakespeare

CONTENTS

Part I

Introduction

Pakistan’s Point of View (or Points of View)

(a) 1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal

(b) 1933-1948 Chaudhury Rahmat Ali

(c) 1937-1941 Sir Sikander Hayat Khan

(d) 1937-1947 Quad-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah

(e) 1940s et seq Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi

(f) 1947-1950 Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, 1966 President Ayub Khan, 2005 Govt of Pakistan, 2007 President Musharraf, 2008 FM Qureshi, 2011 Kashmir Day

Part II

India’s Point of View: British Negligence/Indifference during the Transfer of Power, A Case of Misgovernance in the Chaotic Aftermath of World War II

(a) Rhetoric: Whose Pakistan? Which Kashmir?

Politics: What is to be Done? Towards Truths, Normalisation, Peace in the 21st Century

Appendices:

(a) History of Jammu & Kashmir until the Dogra Native State

(b) Pakistan’s Allies (including A Brief History of Gilgit)

(c) India’s Muslim Voices

(d) Pakistan’s Muslim Voices: An Excerpt from the Munir Report

Part I

1. Introduction

Before I start, allow me for a moment to remind just how complex and intractable the problem we face has been, and, therefore, quite how large my ambition is in claiming today to be able to resolve it.

“Kashmir is in the Supreme National Interest of Pakistan”, says Pakistan.

“Kashmir is an Integral Part of India”, says India.

“Kashmir is an Integral Part of Pakistan”, says Pakistan.

“Kashmir is in the Supreme National Interest of India”, says India.

2. Pakistan’s Point of View (Or Points of View)

1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal

He did not see such a consolidated Muslim state being theocratic and certainly not one filled with bigotry or “Hate-Hindu” campaigns:

Secondly, this audience will see better than I can the significance of Dr Iqbal’s saying the Muslim political state of his conception needed

“an opportunity to rid itself of the stamp that Arabian Imperialism was forced to give it”

and instead seek to

“mobilise its law, its education, its culture, and to bring them into closer contact with its own original spirit and the spirit of modern times”.

Dr Iqbal’s Pakistan Principle appears here the polar opposite of Pakistan’s 18th & 19th Century pre-history represented by Shah Waliullah (1703-1762)[2] saying

“We are an Arab people whose fathers have fallen in exile in the country of Hindustan, and Arabic genealogy and Arabic language are our pride”

or Sayyid Ahmed Barelwi (1786-1831) saying

“We must repudiate all those Indian, Persian and Roman customs which are contrary to the Prophet’s teaching”.[3]

Some 25 years after the Allahabad address, the Munir Report in 1954 echoed Dr Iqbal’s thought when it observed about medieval military conquests

1933-1947 Chaudhury Rahmat Ali

1937-1941 Sir Sikander Hayat Khan

Intervention (Malik Barkat Ali): The Lahore resolution says the same thing.

Premier: Exactly; then why misinterpret it and try to mislead the masses?…”

1937-1947 Quad-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah

Mr Jinnah was himself amazed by the new British attitude towards him:

“(S)uddenly there was a change in the attitude towards me. I was treated on the same basis as Mr Gandhi. I was wonderstruck why all of a sudden I was promoted and given a place side by side with Mr Gandhi.”

1940s et seq Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi, Amir Jama’at-i-Islami

The eminent theologian Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi (1903-1979), founder of the Jama’at-i-Islami, had been opposed to the Pakistan Principle but once Pakistan was created he became the most eminent votary of an Islamic State, declaring:

“That the sovereignty in Pakistan belongs to God Almighty alone and that the Government of Pakistan shall administer the country as His agent”.

In such a view, Islam becomes

Maulana Maudoodi was asked by Justice Munir and Justice Kayani:

“Q.—Is a country on the border of dar-ul-Islam always qua an Islamic State in the position of dar-ul-harb ?

A.—No. In the absence of an agreement to the contrary, the Islamic State will be potentially at war with the non-Muslim neighbouring country. The non-Muslim country acquires the status of dar-ul-harb only after the Islamic State declares a formal war against it”.

“Q.—Is there a law of war in Islam?

A.—Yes.

Q.—Does it differ fundamentally from the modern International Law of war?

A.—These two systems are based on a fundamental difference.

Q.—What rights have non-Muslims who are taken prisoners of war in a jihad?

Q.—Are you of the view that unless a Government assumes the form of an Islamic Government, any war declared by it is not a jihad?

….

“Q.—If we have this form of Islamic Government in Pakistan, will you permit Hindus to base their Constitution on the basis of their own religion?

.…

Politics: What is to be Done? Towards Truths, Normalisation, Peace in the 21^st Century

Dr Iqbal’s Pakistan Principle appears here the polar opposite of Pakistan’s 18^th & 19^th Century pre-history represented by Shah Waliullah (1703-1762)[2] saying