Academic research « Independent Indian: Work & Life of Dr Subroto Roy

My battle as a Professor against corruption at an “Institution of National Importance” in India helps to yield a result

January 19, 2012 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook 19 January 2012

Subroto Roy finds his eight year battle in the High Court as a professor against financial and other crookedness at an “Institution of National Importance” and its Government Ministry has helped to yield a result…

[Transparent accounting system must from 2013</

All government higher educational institutions will have to mandatorily follow a standardised accounting system from the 2013 academic session to bring in more transparency, accountability and good governance.

All central institutions, universities under the University Grants Commission, institutions recognised by the All-India Council for Technical Education and the National Council for Teacher Education and schools affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education will have to follow the new accounting system, Human Resource Development Minister Kapil Sibal said here on Wednesday.

Negotiations with private institutions

The government would hold negotiations with private institutions before making the system mandatory for them also.

“We would like all schools in the country to follow the new accounting system for which we will take the matter to the Central Advisory Board of Education to arrive at consensus.”

It has been recommended by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, which was asked by the Ministry last year to suggest a transparent accounting system.

Helpful format

The new format will be helpful in presenting general purpose financial statements to ensure accountability, financial discipline and end-use of funds and to meet stakeholders' needs. It will define transparently the revenue earned through various sources — tuition fee and other charges, income from consultancy or from intellectual property owned by the institution. It will also identify costs and revenue separately for undergraduate and postgraduate programmes and for research and teaching activities.

It will help to define relevant financial ratios derived from accounts for comparison on research to total expenditure, income from fees to total income, and salary expenditure to total expenditure."]

Posted in Academic fraud, Academic freedom, Academic research, Accounting and audit, India's corporate governance, India's corruption, India's education, India's Government Expenditure, India's higher education. 1 Comment »

Pakistan’s Point of View (Or Points of View) on Kashmir: My As Yet Undelivered Lahore Lecture–Part I

November 22, 2011 — drsubrotoroy

Preface: Exactly a year ago, in late October-November 2010, I received a very kind invitation from the Lahore Oxford and Cambridge Society to speak there on this subject. Mid March 2011 was a tentative date for this lecture from which the text below is dated. The lecture has yet to take place for various reasons but as there is demand for its content, I am releasing the part which was due to be released in any case to my Pakistani hosts ahead of time — after all, it would have been presumptuous of me to seek to speak in Lahore on Pakistan’s viewpoint on Kashmir, hence I instead planned to release my understanding of that point of view ahead of time and open it to the criticism of my hosts. The structure of the remainder of the talk may be surmised too from the Contents. The text and argument are mine entirely, the subject of more than 25 years of research and reflection, and are under consideration of publication as a book by Continuum of London and New York. If you would like to comment, please feel free to do so, if you would like to refer to it in an online publication, please give this link, if you would like to refer to it in a paper-publication, please email me. Like other material at my site, it is open to the Fair Use rule of normal scholarship.

On the Alternative Theories of Pakistan and India about Jammu & Kashmir (And the One and Only Way These May Be Peacefully Reconciled): An Exercise in Economics, Politics, Moral Philosophy & Jurisprudence

Subroto (Suby) Roy

Lecture to the Oxford and Cambridge Society of Lahore

March 14, 2011 (tentative)

“What is the use of studying philosophy if all that does for you is to enable you to talk with some plausibility about some abstruse questions of logic, etc., & if it does not improve your thinking about the important questions of everyday life?”

Wittgenstein, letter to Malcolm, 1944

“India is the greatest Muslim country in the world.”

Sir Muhammad Iqbal, 1930, Presidential Address to the Muslim League, Allahabad

“Where be these enemies?… See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate,… all are punish’d.” Shakespeare

Dr Roy’s published works include Philosophy of Economics: On the Scope of Reason in Economic Inquiry (London & New York: Routledge, 1989, 1991); Pricing, Planning & Politics: A Study of Economic Distortions in India (London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1984); and, edited with WE James, Foundations of India’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s (Hawaii MS 1989, Sage 1992) & Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s (Hawaii MS 1989, Sage 1992, OUP Karachi 1993); and, edited with John Clarke, Margaret Thatcher’s Revolution: How it Happened and What it Meant (London & New York: Continuum 2005). He graduated in 1976 with a first from the London School of Economics in mathematical economics, and received the PhD in economics at Cambridge in 1982 under Professor Frank Hahn for the thesis “On liberty & economic growth: preface to a philosophy for India”. In the United States for 16 years he was privileged to count as friends Professors James Buchanan, Milton Friedman, TW Schultz, Max Black and Sidney Alexander. From September 18 1990 he was an adviser to Rajiv Gandhi and contributed to the origins of India’s 1991 economic reform. He blogs at www.independentindian.com.

CONTENTS

Introduction
Pakistan’s Point of View (or Points of View)

(a) 1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal

(b) 1933-1948 Chaudhury Rahmat Ali

(d) 1937-1947 Quad-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah

(e) 1940s et seq Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi

(f) 1947-1950 Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, 1966 President Ayub Khan, 2005 Govt of Pakistan, 2007 President Musharraf, 2008 FM Qureshi, 2011 Kashmir Day

India’s Point of View: British Negligence/Indifference during the Transfer of Power, A Case of Misgovernance in the Chaotic Aftermath of World War II

(a) Rhetoric: Whose Pakistan? Which Kashmir?

(b) Law: (i) Liaquat-Zafrullah-Abdullah-Nehru United in Error Over the Second Treaty of Amritsar! Dogra J&K subsists Mar 16 1846-Oct 22 1947. Aggression, Anarchy, Annexations: The LOC as De Facto Boundary by Military Decision Since Jan 1 1949. (ii) Legal Error & Confusion Generated by 12 May 1946 Memorandum. (iii) War: Dogra J&K attacked by Pakistan, defended by India: Invasion, Mutiny, Secession of “Azad Kashmir” & Gilgit, Rape of Baramulla, Siege of Skardu.

Politics: What is to be Done? Towards Truths, Normalisation, Peace in the 21^st Century

The Present Situation is Abnormal & Intolerable. There May Be One (and Only One) Peacable Solution that is Feasible: Revealing Individual Choices Privately with Full Information & Security: Indian “Green Cards”/PIO-OCI status for Hurriyat et al: A Choice of Nationality (India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran). Of Flags and Consulates in Srinagar & Gilgit etc: De Jure Recognition of the Boundary, Diplomatic Normalisation, Economic & Military Cooperation.

Appendices:

(a) History of Jammu & Kashmir until the Dogra Native State

(b) Pakistan’s Allies (including A Brief History of Gilgit)

(c) India’s Muslim Voices

(d) Pakistan’s Muslim Voices: An Excerpt from the Munir Report

1. Introduction

For a solution to Jammu & Kashmir to be universally acceptable it must be seen by all as being lawful and just. Political opinion across the subcontinent — in Pakistan, in India, among all people and parties in J&K, those loyal to India, those loyal to Pakistan, and any others — will have to agree that, all things considered, such is the right course of action for everyone today in the 21st Century, which means too that the solution must be consistent with the principal known facts of history as well as account reasonably for all moral considerations.

I claim to have found such a solution, indeed I shall even say it is the only such solution (in terms of theoretical economics, it is the unique solution) and plan with your permission to describe its main outlines at this distinguished gathering. I have not invented it overnight but it is something developed over a quarter century, milestones along the way being the books emerging from the University of Hawaii “perestroika” projects for India and Pakistan that I and the late WE James led 25 years ago, and a lecture I gave at Washington’s Heritage Foundation in June 1998, as well as sets of newspaper articles published between 2005 and 2008, one in Dawn of Karachi and others in The Statesman of New Delhi and Kolkata.

Before I start, allow me for a moment to remind just how complex and intractable the problem we face has been, and, therefore, quite how large my ambition is in claiming today to be able to resolve it.

“Kashmir is in the Supreme National Interest of Pakistan”, says Pakistan.

“Kashmir is an Integral Part of India”, says India.

“Kashmir is an Integral Part of Pakistan”, says Pakistan.

“Kashmir is in the Supreme National Interest of India”, says India.

And so it goes, in what over the decades has been all too often a Dialogue of the Deaf. How may such squarely opposed positions be reconciled without draining public resources even further through wasteful weaponry and confrontation of standing armies, or, what is worse, using these weapons and armies in war, plunging the subcontinent into an abyss of chaos and destruction for generations to come? How is it possible?

I shall suggest a road can be found only when we realize Pakistan, India and J&K each have been and are going to remain integral to one another — in their histories, their geographies, their economies and their societies. The only place they may need to differ, where we shall want them to differ, is their politics and political systems. We should not underestimate how much mutual hatred and mutual fear has arisen naturally on all sides over the decades as a result of bloodshed and suffering all around, and the fact must also be accounted for that people simply may not be in a calm-enough emotional state to want to be part of processes seeking resolution; at the same time, it bears to be remembered that although Pakistan and India have been at war more than once and war is always a very serious and awful thing, they have never actually declared war against the other nor have they ever broken diplomatic relations – in fact in some ways it has always seemed like some very long and protracted fraternal Civil War between us where we think we know one another so well and yet come to be surprised more by one another’s virtues than by one another’s vices.

Secondly, with any seemingly intractable problem, dialogue can stall or be aborted due to normal human failings of impatience or lack of good will or lack of good humour or lack of a scientific attitude towards finding facts, or plain mutual miscomprehension of one another’s points of view through ignorance or laziness or negligence. In case of Pakistan and India over J&K, there has been the further critical complication that we of this generation did not cause this problem — it has been something inherited by us from not even our fathers but our grandfathers! It is two generations old. Each side must respect the words and deeds of its forebears but also may have to frankly examine in a scientific spirit where errors of fact or judgment may have occurred back then. The antagonistic positions have changed only slightly over two generations, and one reason dialogue stalls or gets aborted today is because positions have become frozen for more than half a century and merely get repeated endlessly. On top of such frozen positions have been piled pile upon pile of further vast mortal complications: the 1965 War, the 1971 secession of East Pakistan, the 1999 Kargil War, the 2008 Mumbai massacres. Only cacophony results if we talk about everything at once, leaving the status quo of a dangerous expensive confrontation to continue.

I propose instead to focus as specifically and precisely as possible on how Jammu & Kashmir became a problem at all during those crucial decades alongside the processes of Indian Independence, World War II, the Pakistan Movement and creation of Pakistan, accompanied by the traumas and bloodshed of Partition.

Having addressed that — and it is only fair to forewarn this eminent Lahore audience that such a survey of words, deeds and events between the 1930s and 1950s tends to emerge in India’s favour — I propose to “fast-forward” to current times, where certain new facts on the ground appear much more adverse to India, and finally seek to ask what can and ought to be done, all things considered, today in the circumstances of the 21st Century. There are four central facts, let me for now call them Fact A, Fact B, Fact C and Fact D, which have to be accepted by both countries in good faith and a scientific spirit. Facts A and B are historical in nature; Pakistan has refused to accept them. Facts C and D are contemporary in nature; official political India and much of the Indian media too often have appeared wilfully blind to them. The moment all four facts come to be accepted by all, the way forward becomes clear. We have inherited this grave mortal problem which has so badly affected the ordinary people of J&K in the most terrible and unacceptable manner, but if we fail to understand and resolve it, our children and grandchildren will surely fail even worse — we may even leave them to cope with the waste and destruction of further needless war or confrontation, indeed with the end of the subcontinent as we have received and known it in our time.

2. Pakistan’s Point of View (Or Points of View)

1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal

This audience will need no explanation why I start with Sir Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938), the poetic and spiritual genius who in the 20^th Century inspired the notion of a Muslim polity in NorthWestern India, whose seminal 1930 presidential speech to the Muslim League in Allahabad lay the foundation stone of the new country that was yet to be. He did not live to see Pakistan’s creation yet what may be called the “Pakistan Principle” was captured in his words:

“I would like to see the Punjab, Northwest Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims at least of Northwest India… India is the greatest Muslim country in the world. The life of Islam as a cultural force in this living country very largely depends on its centralization in a specified territory”.

He did not see such a consolidated Muslim state being theocratic and certainly not one filled with bigotry or “Hate-Hindu” campaigns:

“A community which is inspired by feelings of ill-will towards other communities is low and ignoble. I entertain the highest respect for the customs, laws, religious and social institutions of other communities… Yet I love the communal group which is the source of my life and my behaviour… Nor should the Hindus fear that the creation of autonomous Muslim states will mean the introduction of a kind of religious rule in such states…. I therefore demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best interests of India and Islam. For India it means security and peace resulting from an internal balance of power, for Islam an opportunity to rid itself of the stamp that Arabian Imperialism was forced to give it, to mobilise its law, its education, its culture, and to bring them into closer contact with its own original spirit and the spirit of modern times.”[1]

Though Kashmiri himself, in fact a founding member of the “All-India Jammu & Kashmir Muslim Conference of Lahore and Simla”, and a hero and role model for the young Sheikh Abdullah (1905-1982), Allama Iqbal was explicitly silent about J&K being part of the new political entity he had come to imagine. I do not say he would not have wished it to be had he lived longer; what I am saying is that his original vision of the consolidated Muslim state which constitutes Pakistan today (after a Partitioned Punjab) did not include Jammu & Kashmir. Rather, it was focused on the politics of British India and did not mention the politics of Kashmir or any other of the so-called “Princely States” or “Native States” of “Indian India” who constituted some 1/3^rd of the land mass and 1/4^th of the population of the subcontinent. Twenty years ago I called this “The Paradox of Kashmir”, namely, that prior to 1947 J&K hardly seemed to appear in any discussion at all for a century, yet it has consumed almost all discussion and resources ever since.

Secondly, this audience will see better than I can the significance of Dr Iqbal’s saying the Muslim political state of his conception needed

“an opportunity to rid itself of the stamp that Arabian Imperialism was forced to give it”

and instead seek to

“mobilise its law, its education, its culture, and to bring them into closer contact with its own original spirit and the spirit of modern times”.

Dr Iqbal’s Pakistan Principle appears here the polar opposite of Pakistan’s 18^th & 19^th Century pre-history represented by Shah Waliullah (1703-1762)[2] saying

“We are an Arab people whose fathers have fallen in exile in the country of Hindustan, and Arabic genealogy and Arabic language are our pride”

or Sayyid Ahmed Barelwi (1786-1831) saying

“We must repudiate all those Indian, Persian and Roman customs which are contrary to the Prophet’s teaching”.[3]

Some 25 years after the Allahabad address, the Munir Report in 1954 echoed Dr Iqbal’s thought when it observed about medieval military conquests

“It is this brilliant achievement of the Arabian nomads …that makes the Musalman of today live in the past and yearn for the return of the glory that was Islam… Little does he understand that the forces which are pitted against him are entirely different from those against which early Islam had to fight… Nothing but a bold reorientation of Islam to separate the vital from the lifeless can preserve it as a World Idea and convert the Musalman into a citizen of the present and the future world from the archaic incongruity that he is today…” [4]

1933-1947 Chaudhury Rahmat Ali

Dr Iqbal’s young follower, the radical Cambridge pamphleteer Chaudhury Rahmat Ali (1895-1951) drew a picture not of Muslim tolerance and coexistence with Hindus in a peaceful India but of aggression towards Hindus and domination by Muslims over the subcontinent and Asia itself. Rahmat Ali had been inspired by Dr Iqbal’s call for a Muslim state in Northwest India but found it vague and was disappointed Iqbal had not pressed it at the Third Round Table Conference. In 1933, reportedly on the upper floor of a London omnibus, he invented for the then-imagined political entity the name “PAKSTAN”, P for his native Punjab, A for Afghania, K for Kashmir, S for Sind, and STAN for Balochistan. He sought a meeting with Mr Jinnah in London — “Jinnah disliked Rahmat Ali’s ideas and avoided meeting him”[5] but did meet him. There is a thesis yet to be written on how Europe’s inter-War ideologies affected political thinking on the subcontinent. Rahmat Ali’s vituperative views about Hindus were akin to others about Jews (and Muslims too) at the time, all models or counterfoils for one another in the fringes of Nazism. He referred to the Indian nationalist movement as a “British-Banya alliance”, declined to admit India had ever existed and personally renamed the subcontinent “Dinia” and the seas around it the “Pakian Sea”, the “Osmanian Sea” etc. He urged Sikhs to rise up in a “Sikhistan” and urged all non-Hindus to rise up in war against Hindus. Given the obscurity of his life before his arrival at Cambridge’s Emmanuel College, what experiences may have led him to such views are not known.

All this was anathema to Mr Jinnah, the secular constitutionalist embarrassed by a reactionary Muslim imperialism in that rapidly modernising era that was the middle of the 20^th Century. When Rahmat Ali pressed the ‘Pakstan’ acronym, Mr Jinnah said Bengal was not in it and Muslim minority regions were absent. At this Chaudhury-Sahib produced a general scheme of Muslim domination all over the subcontinent: there would be “Pakstan” in the northwest including Kashmir, Delhi and Agra; “Bangistan” in Bengal; “Osmanistan” in Hyderabad; “Siddiquistan” in Bundelhand and Malwa; “Faruqistan” in Bihar and Orissa; “Haideristan” in UP; “Muinistan” in Rajasthan; “Maplistan” in Kerala; even “Safiistan” in “Western Ceylon” and “Nasaristan” in “Eastern Ceylon”, etc. In 1934 he published and widely circulated such a diagram among Muslims in Britain at the time. He was not invited to the Lahore Resolution which did not refer to Pakistan though came to be called the Pakistan Resolution. When he landed in the new Pakistan, he was apparently arrested and deported back and was never granted a Pakistan passport. From England, he turned his wrath upon the new government, condemning Mr Jinnah as treacherous and newly re-interpreting his acronym to refer to Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Iran, Sindh, Tukharistan (sic), Afghanistan, and Balochistan. The word “pak” coincidentally meant pure, so he began to speak of Muslims as “the Pak” i.e. “the pure” people, and of how the national destiny of the new Pakistan was to liberate “Pak” people everywhere, including the new India, and create a “Pak Commonwealth of Nations” stretching from Arabia to the Indies. The map he now drew placed the word “Punjab” over J&K, and saw an Asia dominated by this “Pak” empire. Shunned by officialdom of the new Pakistan, Chaudhury-Sahib was a tragic figure who died in poverty and obscurity during an influenza epidemic in 1951; the Master of Emmanuel College paid for his funeral and was apparently later reimbursed for this by the Government of Pakistan. In recent years he has undergone a restoration, and his grave at Cambridge has become a site of pilgrimage for ideologues, while his diagrams and writings have been reprinted in Pakistan’s newspapers as recently as February 2005.

1937-1941 Sir Sikander Hayat Khan

Chaudhary Rahmat Ali’s harshest critic at the time was the eminent statesman and Premier of Punjab Sir Sikander Hayat Khan (1892-1942), partner of the 1937 Sikander-Jinnah Pact, and an author of the Lahore Resolution. His statement of 11 March 1941 in the Punjab Legislative Assembly Debates is a classic:

“No Pakistan scheme was passed at Lahore… As for Pakistan schemes, Maulana Jamal-ud-Din’s is the earliest…Then there is the scheme which is attributed to the late Allama Iqbal of revered memory. He, however, never formulated any definite scheme but his writings and poems have given some people ground to think that Allama Iqbal desired the establishment of some sort of Pakistan. But it is not difficult to explode this theory and to prove conclusively that his conception of Islamic solidarity and universal brotherhood is not in conflict with Indian patriotism and is in fact quite different from the ideology now sought to be attributed to him by some enthusiasts… Then there is Chaudhuri Rahmat Ali’s scheme (*laughter*)…it was widely circulated in this country and… it was also given wide publicity at the time in a section of the British press. But there is another scheme…it was published in one of the British journals, I think Round Table, and was conceived by an Englishman…..the word Pakistan was not used at the League meeting and this term was not applied to (the League’s Lahore) resolution by anybody until the Hindu press had a brain-wave and dubbed it Pakistan…. The ignorant masses have now adopted the slogan provided by the short-sighted bigotry of the Hindu and Sikh press…they overlooked the fact that the word Pakistan might have an appeal – a strong appeal – for the Muslim masses. It is a catching phrase and it has caught popular imagination and has thus made confusion worse confounded…. So far as we in the Punjab are concerned, let me assure you that we will not countenance or accept any proposal that does not secure freedom for all (*cheers*). We do not desire that Muslims should domineer here, just as we do not want the Hindus to domineer where Muslims are in a minority. Now would we allow anybody or section to thwart us because Muslims happen to be in a majority in this province. We do not ask for freedom that there may be a Muslim Raj here and Hindu Raj elsewhere. If that is what Pakistan means I will have nothing to do with it. If Pakistan means unalloyed Muslim Raj in the Punjab then I will have nothing to do with it (*hear, hear*)…. If you want real freedom for the Punjab, that is to say a Punjab in which every community will have its due share in the economic and administrative fields as partners in a common concern, then that Punjab will not be Pakistan but just Punjab, land of the five rivers; Punjab is Punjab and will always remain Punjab whatever anybody may say (*cheers*). This, then, briefly is the future which I visualize for my province and for my country under any new constitution.

Intervention (Malik Barkat Ali): The Lahore resolution says the same thing.

Premier: Exactly; then why misinterpret it and try to mislead the masses?…”

1937-1947 Quad-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah

During the Third Round Table Conference, Dr Iqbal persuaded Mr Jinnah (1876-1948) to return to India; Mr Jinnah, from being settled again in his London law practice, did so in 1934. But following the 1935 Govt of India Act, the Muslim League failed badly when British India held its first elections in 1937 not only in Bengal and UP but in Punjab (one seat), NWFP and Sind.

World War II, like World War I a couple of brief decades earlier, then changed the political landscape completely. Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. The next day, India’s British Viceroy (Linlithgow) granted Mr Jinnah the political parity with Congress that he had sought.[6] Professor Francis Robinson suggests that until 4 September 1939 the British

“had had little time for Jinnah and his League. The Government’s declaration of war on Germany on 3 September, however, transformed the situation. A large part of the army was Muslim, much of the war effort was likely to rest on the two Muslim majority provinces of Punjab and Bengal. The following day, the Viceroy invited Jinnah for talks on an equal footing with Gandhi…. As the Congress began to demand immediate independence, the Viceroy took to reassuring Jinnah that Muslim interests would be safeguarded in any constitutional change. Within a few months, he was urging the League to declare a constructive policy for the future, which was of course presented in the Lahore Resolution[7]…. In their August 1940 offer, the British confirmed for the benefit of Muslims that power would not be transferred against the will of any significant element in Indian life. And much the same confirmation was given in the Cripps offer nearly two years later…. Throughout the years 1940 to 1945, the British made no attempt to tease out the contradictions between the League’s two-nation theory, which asserted that Hindus and Muslims came from two different civilisations and therefore were two different nations, and the Lahore Resolution, which demanded that ‘Independent States’ should be constituted from the Muslim majority provinces of the NE and NW, thereby suggesting that Indian Muslims formed not just one nation but two. When in 1944 the governors of Punjab and Bengal urged such a move on the Viceroy, Wavell ignored them, pressing ahead instead with his own plan for an all-India conference at Simla. The result was to confirm, as never before in the eyes of leading Muslims in the majority provinces, the standing of Jinnah and the League. Thus, because the British found it convenient to take the League seriously, everyone had to as well—Congressmen, Unionists, Bengalis, and so on…”[8]

Mr Jinnah was himself amazed by the new British attitude towards him:

“(S)uddenly there was a change in the attitude towards me. I was treated on the same basis as Mr Gandhi. I was wonderstruck why all of a sudden I was promoted and given a place side by side with Mr Gandhi.”

Britain, threatened for its survival, faced an obdurate Indian leadership and even British socialists sympathetic to Indian aspirations grew cold (Gandhi dismissing the 1942 Cripps offer as a “post-dated cheque on a failing bank”). Official Britain’s loyalties had been consistently with those who had been loyal to them, and it was unsurprising there would be a tilt to empower Mr Jinnah soon making credible the real possibility of Pakistan.[9] By 1946, Britain was exhausted, pre-occupied with rationing, Berlin, refugee resettlement and countless other post-War problems — Britain had not been beaten in war but British imperialism was finished because of the War. Muslim opinion in British India had changed decisively in the League’s favour. But the subcontinent’s political processes were drastically spinning out of everyone’s control towards anarchy and blood-letting. Implementing a lofty vision of a cultured progressive consolidated Muslim state in India’s NorthWest descended into “Direct Action” with urban mobs shouting Larke lenge Pakistan; Marke lenge Pakistan; Khun se lenge Pakistan; Dena hoga Pakistan.[10]

We shall return to Mr Jinnah’s view on the legal position of the “Native Princes” of “Indian India” during this critical time, specifically J&K; here it is essential before proceeding only to record his own vision for the new Pakistan as recorded by the profoundly judicious report of Justice Munir and Justice Kayani a mere half dozen years later:

“Before the Partition, the first public picture of Pakistan that the Quaid-i-Azam gave to the world was in the course of an interview in New Delhi with Mr. Doon Campbell, Reuter’s Correspondent. The Quaid-i-Azam said that the new State would be a modern democratic State, with sovereignty resting in the people and the members of the new nation having equal rights of citizenship regardless of their religion, caste or creed. When Pakistan formally appeared on the map, the Quaid-i-Azam in his memorable speech of 11^th August 1947 to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, while stating the principle on which the new State was to be founded, said:—‘All the same, in this division it was impossible to avoid the question of minorities being in one Dominion or the other. Now that was unavoidable. There is no other solution. Now what shall we do? Now, if we want to make this great State of Pakistan happy and prosperous we should wholly and solely concentrate on the well-being of the people, and specially of the masses and the poor. If you will work in co-operation, forgetting the past, burying the hatchet, you are bound to succeed. If you change your past and work together in a spirit that every one of you, no matter to what community he belongs, no matter what relations he had with you in the past, no matter what is his colour, caste or creed, is first, second and last a citizen of this State with equal rights, privileges and obligations., there will be no end to the progress you will make. “I cannot emphasise it too much. We should begin to work in that spirit and in course of time all these angularities of the majority and minority communities—the Hindu community and the Muslim community— because even as regards Muslims you have Pathana, Punjabis, Shias, Sunnis and so on and among the Hindus you have Brahmins, Vashnavas, Khatris, also Bengalis, Madrasis and so on—will vanish. Indeed if you ask me this has been the biggest hindrance in the way of India to attain its freedom and independence and but for this we would have been free peoples long long ago. No power can hold another nation, and specially a nation of 400 million souls in subjection; nobody could have conquered you, and even if it had happened, nobody could have continued its hold on you for any length of time but for this (Applause). Therefore, we must learn a lesson from this. You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other places of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed— that has nothing to do with the business of the State (Hear, hear). As you know, history shows that in England conditions sometime ago were much worse than those prevailing in India today. The Roman Catholics and the Protestants persecuted each other. Even now there are some States in existence where there are discriminations made and bars imposed against a particular class. Thank God we are not starting in those days. We are starting in the days when there is no discrimination, no distinction between one community and another, no discrimination between one caste or creed and another. We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State (Loud applause). The people of England in course of time had to face the realities of the situation and had to discharge the responsibilities and burdens placed upon them by the Government of their country and they went through that fire step by step. Today you might say with justice that Roman Catholics and Protestants do not exist: what exists now is that every man is a citizen, an equal citizen, of Great Britain and they are all members of the nation. “Now, I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State’. The Quaid-i-Azam was the founder of Pakistan and the occasion on which he thus spoke was the first landmark in the history of Pakistan. The speech was intended both for his own people including non-Muslims and the world, and its object was to define as clearly as possible the ideal to the attainment of which the new State was to devote all its energies. There are repeated references in this speech to the bitterness of the past and an appeal to forget and change the past and to bury the hatchet. The future subject of the State is to be a citizen with equal rights, privileges and obligations, irrespective of colour, caste, creed or community. The word ‘nation’ is used more than once and religion is stated to have nothing to do with the business of the State and to be merely a matter of personal faith for the individual.”

1940s et seq Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi, Amir Jama’at-i-Islami

The eminent theologian Maulana Abul Ala Maudoodi (1903-1979), founder of the Jama’at-i-Islami, had been opposed to the Pakistan Principle but once Pakistan was created he became the most eminent votary of an Islamic State, declaring:

“That the sovereignty in Pakistan belongs to God Almighty alone and that the Government of Pakistan shall administer the country as His agent”.

In such a view, Islam becomes

“the very antithesis of secular Western democracy. The philosophical foundation of Western democracy is the sovereignty of the people. Lawmaking is their prerogative and legislation must correspond to the mood and temper of their opinion… Islam… altogether repudiates the philosophy of popular sovereignty and rears its polity on the foundations of the sovereignty of God and the viceregency (Khilafat) of man.”

Maulana Maudoodi was asked by Justice Munir and Justice Kayani:

“Q.—Is a country on the border of dar-ul-Islam always qua an Islamic State in the position of dar-ul-harb ?

A.—No. In the absence of an agreement to the contrary, the Islamic State will be potentially at war with the non-Muslim neighbouring country. The non-Muslim country acquires the status of dar-ul-harb only after the Islamic State declares a formal war against it”.

“Q.—Is there a law of war in Islam?

A.—Yes.

Q.—Does it differ fundamentally from the modern International Law of war?

A.—These two systems are based on a fundamental difference.

Q.—What rights have non-Muslims who are taken prisoners of war in a jihad?

A.—The Islamic law on the point is that if the country of which these prisoners are nationals pays ransom, they will be released. An exchange of prisoners is also permitted. If neither of these alternatives is possible, the prisoners will be converted into slaves for ever. If any such person makes an offer to pay his ransom out of his own earnings, he will be permitted to collect the money necessary for the fidya (ransom).

Q.—Are you of the view that unless a Government assumes the form of an Islamic Government, any war declared by it is not a jihad?

A.—No. A war may be declared to be a jihad if it is declared by a national Government of Muslims in the legitimate interests of the State. I never expressed the opinion attributed to me in Ex. D. E. 12:— (translation)‘The question remains whether, even if the Government of Pakistan, in its present form and structure, terminates her treaties with the Indian Union and declares war against her, this war would fall under the definition of jihad? The opinion expressed by him in this behalf is quite correct. Until such time as the Government becomes Islamic by adopting the Islamic form of Government, to call any of its wars a jihad would be tantamount to describing the enlistment and fighting of a non-Muslim on the side of the Azad Kashmir forces jihad and his death martyrdom. What the Maulana means is that, in the presence of treaties, it is against Shari’at, if the Government or its people participate in such a war. If the Government terminates the treaties and declares war, even then the war started by Government would not be termed jihad unless the Government becomes Islamic’.

….

“Q.—If we have this form of Islamic Government in Pakistan, will you permit Hindus to base their Constitution on the basis of their own religion?

A—Certainly. I should have no objection even if the Muslims of India are treated in that form of Government as shudras and malishes and Manu’s laws are applied to them, depriving them of all share in the Government and the rights of a citizen. In fact such a state of affairs already exists in India.”

.…

“Q.—What will be the duty of the Muslims in India in case of war between India and Pakistan?

A.—Their duty is obvious, and that is not to fight against Pakistan or to do anything injurious to the safety of Pakistan.”

1947-1950 PM Liaquat Ali Khan, 1966 Gen Ayub Khan, 2005 Govt of Pakistan et seq

In contrast to Maulana Maudoodi saying Islam was “the very antithesis of secular Western democracy”, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan (1895-1951)[11] during his first official visit in 1950 to North America was to say the new Pakistan, because it was Muslim, held Asia’s greatest democratic potential:

“At present there is no democracy in Asia which is more free and more unified than Pakistan; none so free from moral doubts and from strains between the various sections of the people.”

He told his audiences Pakistan was created because Hindus were people wedded to caste-differences where Pakistanis as Muslims had an egalitarian and democratic disposition:

“The Hindus, for example, believe in the caste system according to which some human beings are born superior to others and cannot have any social relations with those in the lower castes or with those who are not Hindus. They cannot marry them or eat with them or even touch them without being polluted. The Muslims abhor the caste system, as they are a democratic people and believe in the equality of men and equal opportunities for all, do not consider a priesthood necessary, and have economic laws and institutions which recognize the right of private ownership and yet are designed to promote the distribution of wealth and to put healthy checks on vast unearned accumulations… so the Hindus and the Muslims decided to part and divide British India into two independent sovereign states… Our demand for a country of our own had, as you see, a strong democratic urge behind it. The emergence of Pakistan itself was therefore the triumph of a democratic idea. It enabled at one stroke a democratic nation of eighty million people to find a place of its own in Asia, where now they can worship God in freedom and pursue their own way of life uninhibited by the domination or the influence of ways and beliefs that are alien or antagonistic to their genius.” [12]

President Ayub Khan would state in similar vein on 18 November 1966 at London’s Royal Institute of International Affairs:

“the root of the problem was the conflicting ideologies of India and Pakistan. Muslim Pakistan believed in common brotherhood and giving people equal opportunity. India and Hinduism are based on inequality and on colour and race. Their basic concept is the caste system… Hindus and Muslims could never live under one Government, although they might live side by side.”

Regarding J&K, Liaquat Ali Khan on November 4 1947 broadcast from here in Lahore that the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar was “infamous” in having caused an “immoral and illegal” ownership of Jammu & Kashmir. He, along with Mr Jinnah, had called Sheikh Abdullah a “goonda” and “hoodlum” and “Quisling” of India, and on February 4 1948 Pakistan formally challenged the sovereignty of the Dogra dynasty in the world system of nations. In 1950 during his North American visit though, the Prime Minister allowed that J&K was a “princely state” but said

“culturally, economically, geographically and strategically, Kashmir – 80 per cent of whose peoples like the majority of the people in Pakistan are Muslims – is in fact an integral part of Pakistan”;

“(the) bulk of the population (are) under Indian military occupation”.

Pakistan’s official self-image, portrayal of India, and position on J&K may have not changed greatly since her founding Prime Minister’s statements. For example, in June 2005 the website of the Government of Pakistan’s Permanent Mission at the UN stated:

“Q: How did Hindu Raja (sic) become the ruler of Muslim majority Kashmir?

A: Historically speaking Kashmir had been ruled by the Muslims from the 14th Century onwards. The Muslim rule continued till early 19th Century when the ruler of Punjab conquered Kashmir and gave Jammu to a Dogra Gulab Singh who purchased Kashmir from the British in 1846 for a sum of 7.5 million rupees.”

“India’s forcible occupation of the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947 is the main cause of the dispute. India claims to have ‘signed’ a controversial document, the Instrument of Accession, on 26 October 1947 with the Maharaja of Kashmir, in which the Maharaja obtained India’s military help against popular insurgency. The people of Kashmir and Pakistan do not accept the Indian claim. There are doubts about the very existence of the Instrument of Accession. The United Nations also does not consider Indian claim as legally valid: it recognises Kashmir as a disputed territory. Except India, the entire world community recognises Kashmir as a disputed territory. The fact is that all the principles on the basis of which the Indian subcontinent was partitioned by the British in 1947 justify Kashmir becoming a part of Pakistan: the State had majority Muslim population, and it not only enjoyed geographical proximity with Pakistan but also had essential economic linkages with the territories constituting Pakistan.”

India, a country dominated by the hated-Hindus, has forcibly denied Srinagar Valley’s Muslim majority over the years the freedom to become part of Muslim Pakistan – I stand here to be corrected but, in a nutshell, such has been and remains Pakistan’s official view and projection of the Kashmir problem over more than sixty years.[13]

[1] EIJ Rosenthal, Islam in the Modern National State, 1965, pp.196-197.

[2] A contemporary of Mohammad Ibn Abdal Wahhab of Nejd.

[3] Francis Robinson in WE James & Subroto Roy, Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s, 1993, p. 36. Indeed Barelwi had created a proto-Pakistan in NorthWest India one hundred years before the Pakistan Movement. “In the later 1820s the movement became militant, regarding jihad as one of the basic tenets of faith. Possibly encouraged by the British, with whom the movement did not feel powerful enough to come to grips at the outset, it chose as the venue of jihad the NW frontier of the subcontinent, where it was directed against the Sikhs. Barelwi temporarily succeeded in carving out a small theocratic principality which collapsed owing to the friction between his Pathan and North Indian followers; and he was finally defeated and slain by the Sikhs in 1831″ (Aziz Ahmed, in AL Basham (ed) A Cultural History of India 1976, p. 384). Professor Robinson answered a query of mine in an email of 8 August 2005: “the fullest description of this is in Mohiuddin Ahmad, Saiyid Ahmad Shahid (Lucknow, 1975), although practically everyone who deals with the period covers it in some way. Barelwi was the Amir al-Muminin of a jihadi community which based itself north of Peshawar and for a time controlled Peshawar. He called his fellowship the Tariqa-yi Muhammadiya. Barelwi corresponded with local rulers about him. After his death at the battle of Balakot, it survived in the region, at Sittana I think, down to World War One.”

[4] Rosenthal, ibid., p 235

[5] Germans

[6] Events remote from India’s history and geography, namely, the rise of Hitler and the Second World War, had contributed between 1937 and 1947 to the change of fortunes of the Muslim League and hence of all the people of the subcontinent. The British had long discovered that mutual antipathy between Muslims and Hindus could be utilised in fashioning their rule; specifically that organisation and mobilisation of Muslim communal opinion was a useful counterweight to any pan-Indian nationalism emerging to compete with British authority. As early as 1874, long before Allan Octavian Hume ICS conceived the Indian National Congress, John Strachey ICS observed “The existence side by side of these (Hindu and Muslim) hostile creeds is one of the strong points in our political position in India. The better classes of Mohammedans are a source of strength to us and not of weakness. They constitute a comparatively small but an energetic minority of the population whose political interests are identical with ours.” By 1906, when a deputation of Muslims headed by the Aga Khan first approached the British pleading for communal representation, Minto the Viceroy replied: “I am as firmly convinced as I believe you to be that any electoral representation in India would be doomed to mischievous failure which aimed at granting a personal enfranchisement, regardless of the beliefs and traditions of the communities composing the population of this Continent.” Minto’s wife wrote in her diary the effect was “nothing less than the pulling back of sixty two millions of (Muslims) from joining the ranks of the seditious opposition.” (The true significance of Maulana Azad may have been that he, precisely at the same time, did indeed feel within himself the nationalist’s desire for freedom strongly enough to want to join the ranks of that seditious opposition.)

[7] “That geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary, that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority, as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute Independent States in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign”.

[8] Robinson ibid, pp. 43-44.

[9] In the “Indian India” of the Native Princes, Hari Singh and others who sent troops to fight as part of British armies (and who were nominal members of Churchill’s War Cabinet) would have their vanities flattered, while Sheikh Abdullah’s rebellion against Dogra rule would be ignored. See seq. And in British India, Mr Jinnah the conservative Anglophile and his elitist Muslim League would be backed, while the radicalised masses of the Gandhi-Bose-Nehru Congress suppressed as a nuisance.

[10] An anthology about Lahore reports memories of a murderous mob arriving at a wealthy man’s home to be placated with words like “They are Parsis not Hindus, no need to kill them…”

[11] An exact contemporary of Chaudhury Rahmat Ali.

[12] Pakistan, Harvard University Press, 1950.

[13] It is not far from this to a certain body of sentiments frequently found, for example, as recently as February 5 2011: “To observe the Kashmir Solidarity Day, various programs, rallies and protests will be held on Saturday (today) across the city to support the people of Kashmir in their struggle against the Indian occupation of their land. Various religious, political, social and other organizations have arranged different programs to highlight the atrocities of Indian occupant army in held Jammu and Kashmir where about 800,000 Indian soldiers have been committing atrocities against innocent civilians; killing, wounding and maiming tens of thousands of people; raping thousands of women and setting houses, shops and crops on fire to break the Kashmiris’ will to fight for their freedom…Jamat-ud-Dawah…leaders warned that a ‘jihad’ would be launched if Kashmir was not liberated through civil agitation…the JuD leaders said first the former President, Pervez Musharraf, and now the current dispensation were extending the olive branch to New Delhi despite the atrocities on the Kashmiri people….the Pakistani nation would (never compromise on the issue of Kashmir and) would continue to provide political, moral and diplomatic support to the Kashmiri people.”

Posted in Academic economics, Academic research, Asia and the West, Britain, Britain in India, Britain's Parliament, Britain's monarchy, British foreign policy, British history, British imperialism, British military doctrine and traditions, Economic Theory, FCR Robinson, Gilgit and Baltistan, Governance, Government of India, Government of Pakistan, India in international law, India's Constitution, India's Diplomacy, India's Foreign Policy, India's History, India's independence, India's Muslims, India's Nationalism, India's Rule of Law, India's secularism, India-Pakistan cooperation against terrorism, India-Pakistan peace process, Indian subcontinent, International Law, Iqbal, Iran, Islam, Islamic State, Jammu & Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir in international law, Jurisprudence, Just war, Karakorum Pass, Kargil war 1999, Pakistan in international law, Pakistan's civil war, Pakistan's origins, Pakistan's constitutional politics, Pakistan's history, Pakistan's military, Pakistan's nuclear weapons, Pakistan's politics, Pakistan's Rule of Law, Pakistan's terrorist masterminds, Pakistan, Balochistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistani expansionism, Rational decisions, Reason, Regional cooperation, Secular governance, Secularism in practice, Srinagar, Statesmanship, Welfare Economics, World History. Leave a Comment »

My Seventy-One Notes at Facebook etc on Kashmir, Pakistan, and, of course, India

October 13, 2011 — drsubrotoroy

My Seventy-One Notes at Facebook etc on Kashmir, Pakistan, and, of course, India (listed thanks to JD)

(I am afraid you need a Facebook account to see most of these, though several are in the newspapers and/or at this site too. I will try in due course to have everything reproduced here too.)

1) Talking to my student and friend Amir Malik about Pakistan and its problems

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150297082781126

Tuesday, September 27, 2011

2) My thanks to Mr Singh for seeing the optimality of my Kashmir solution

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150271489571126

Sunday, September 4, 2011

3) Zafrullah, my father, and the three frigates: there was no massacre of the Hindu Sindhi refugees in Karachi in 1947

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150265008366126

Saturday, August 27, 2011

4) Conversation with Mr Birinder R Singh about my Kashmir solution

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150259831611126

Saturday, August 20, 2011

5) On the Hurriyat’s falsification of history

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150258949946126

Friday, August 19, 2011

6) Letter from a young Pashtun whose grandfathers were in the 1947 invasion of Kashmir (which the Hurriyat says never happened)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150258851821126

Friday, August 19, 2011

7) More on my solution

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150258100876126

Thursday, August 18, 2011

8 ) A Hurriyat/Taliban Islamist emirate in the Valley subject to an Indian blockade would likely face famine.

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150257700231126

Wednesday, August 17, 2011

9) There is no Kashmiri nationality and there never has been in the modern era of international law

http://www.facebook.com/subyroy?sk=notes&s=20

Monday, August 15, 2011

10) Of the Flag of Pakistan, and the Union Jack, and the Flag of India — August 14-15 1947

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150255301456126

Sunday, August 14, 2011

11) Talking about Kashmir in 1947 to Ralph Coti

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150254871116126

Saturday, August 13, 2011

12) Conversation with Prof. Bhim Singh about 1947

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150254495896126

Saturday, August 13, 2011

13) The LOC represents the division of ownerless, sovereignless territory won by military conquest by either side…

www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150245816611126

Monday, August 1, 2011

14) Talking to Mr Tauseef

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150245521131126

Monday, August 1, 2011

15) J&K had ceased to exist as an entity in international law by August 15 1947, at most by October 22 1947

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150244867021126

Sunday, July 31, 2011

16) Would someone be kind enough to tell me which freedoms Indian Kashmiris are being deprived of?

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150243323381126

Friday, July 29, 2011

17) Kunan Poshpora: I would say the evidence reported by the Verghese Committee itself was enough to indicate there had been rape 28 July 2011

18) Talking to Mr Rameez Makhdoomi about Kashmir

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150241973371126

Wednesday, July 27, 2011

19) And, as you well know, General Hasnain is both Muslim and Kashmiri, besides being the Commanding Officer of 15 Corps.

http://www.facebook.com/subyroy?sk=notes&s=40

Friday, July 22, 2011

20) Kashmir needs a Coroner’s Office!

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150238284741126

Friday, July 22, 2011

21) A slogan for Kashmir: No exaggerations, no hallucinations, no cover-ups please: Just the plain facts & accountability

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150238136556126

Friday, July 22, 2011

22) Towards a Spatial Model of Kashmir’s Political History

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150234599731126

Sunday, July 17, 2011

23) Why did Allama Iqbal say “India is the greatest Muslim country in the world…”?

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150233148866126

Friday, July 15, 2011

24) Conversation with Mr Arif

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150230793806126

Tuesday, July 12, 2011

25) Omar Qayoom Bhat: A Victim of State Repression in J&K

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150229389496126

Monday, July 11, 2011

26) Good and evil in Kashmir over more than a millennium…

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150217168656126

Sunday, June 26, 2011

27) Letter to Mr Zargar (Continued)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150212034496126

June 23, 2011

28) From the Official Indian Army website re Human Rights Violations

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150210741356126

Wednesday, June 22, 2011

29) A Facebook Discussion on Kashmir with the Lahore Oxford & Cambridge Society

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150208871201126

Sunday, June 19, 2011

30) Answering two central questions on the Kashmir Problem

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150202054326126

Friday, June 10, 2011

31) Some articles on Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan, Afghanistan

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150201498846126

Friday, June 10, 2011

32) Lar ke lenge Pakistan? Khun se lenge Pakistan?

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150195065706126

Thursday, June 2, 2011

33) On Pakistan & Questions of the Nature & Jurisprudence of Polities

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150165301016126

Saturday, April 30, 2011

34) On “state involvement” (January 2009)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?

on Friday, April 22, 2011

35) My four main 2005-06 articles on the existence of a unique, stable solution to Kashmir

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150155305266126

Sunday, April 17, 2011

36) On the present state of the Pakistan-India dialogue

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150140448906126

Thursday, March 31, 2011

37) Mixed messages (from a Dec 2008 post on Pakistan just after the Mumbai massacres)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150117696731126

Tuesday, March 29, 2011

38) New Foreign Policy? “Kiss Up, Kick Down”? (October 2006)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150098854806126

Friday, March 4, 2011

39) Conversations with Kashmiris: An Ongoing Facebook Note

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=489267761125

Saturday, January 22, 2011

40) On Pakistan and the Theory & Practice of the Islamic State, 1949, 1954

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=486039761125

Saturday, January 15, 2011

41) A Modern Military (2006)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=483556931125

Monday, January 10, 2011

42) India’s Muslim Voices: Sir Sikandar Hyat Khan (1892-1942), Punjab Prime Minister 1941

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=476020171125

Monday, December 27, 2010

43) Pre-Partition Indian Secularism Case-Study: Fuzlul Huq and Manindranath Roy

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=445015731125

Tuesday, October 26, 2010

44) A Brief Note on Bangladesh, Pakistan, India and the Pashtuns 1971-2010

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=414500306125

Wednesday, July 28, 2010

45) On the Existence of a Unique and Stable Solution to the Jammu & Kashmir Problem that is Lawful, Just and Economically Efficient

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=407478886125

Monday, July 5, 2010

46) Seventy Years Today (Sep 4 2009) Since the British Govt Politically Empowered MA Jinnah

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=407310716125

Monday, July 5, 2010

47) Justice & Afzal (Oct 14 2006)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=393914236125

Tuesday, May 18, 2010

48) My (armchair) experience of the 1999 Kargil war (Or, How the Kargil effort got a little help from a desktop)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=388161476125

Thursday, April 29, 2010

49) A Brief History of Gilgit

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=336081356125

Monday, March 1, 2010

50) India-USA interests: Elements of a serious Indian foreign policy (2007)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=299902341125

Wednesday, February 10, 2010

51) Ambassador Holbrooke’s error of historical fact

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=259713446125

Sunday, January 17, 2010

52) Of a new New Delhi myth & the success of the Univ of Hawaii 1986-1992 Pakistan project (Nov 15 2008)

https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=247284116125

Sunday, 10 January 2010

53) Was Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah (1905-1982), Lion of Kashmir, the greatest Muslim political leader of the 20th Century?

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=244956301125

Friday, January 8, 2010

54) On Indian Nationhood: From Tamils To Kashmiris & Assamese & Mizos To Sikhs & Goans (2007)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=222511821125

Friday, December 25, 2009

55) India has never, not once, initiated hostilities against Pakistan (2009)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=194400926125

Wednesday, December 2, 2009

56) RAND’s study of the Mumbai attacks (Jan 25 2009)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=189261716125

Wednesday, November 25, 2009

57) Memo to the Hon’ble Attorneys General of Pakistan & India (January 16 2009)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=189251816125

Wednesday, November 25, 2009

58) On Hindus and Muslims (2005)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=172649451125

Tuesday, November 3, 2009

59) Iqbal & Jinnah vs Rahmat Ali in Pakistan’s creation (2005)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=171039831125

Saturday, October 31, 2009

60) Have “mixed messages” caused a “double-bind” in the US-Pakistan relationship?

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=164051251125

Wednesday, October 21, 2009

61) Pakistan’s Kashmir obsession: Sheikh Abdullah Relied In Politics On The French Constitution, Not Islam (Feb 16 2008)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=154064436125

Thursday, October 8, 2009

62) Two cheers for Pakistan! (April 7 2008)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=154062896125

Thursday, October 8, 2009

63) What to tell Musharraf: Peace Is Impossible Without Non-Aggressive Pakistani Intentions (Dec 15 2006)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=153985256125

Wednesday, October 7, 2009

64) India’s Muslim Voices (Dec 4 2008)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=153977181125

Wednesday, October 7, 2009

65) Saving Pakistan: A Physicist/Political Philosopher May Represent Iqbal’s “Spirit of Modern Times” (2007)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=153971996125

Wednesday, October 7, 2009

66) The Greatest Pashtun: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1890-1988)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=153812126125

Wednesday, October 7, 2009

67) Law, Justice and Jammu & Kashmir (2006)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=152464726125

Monday, October 5, 2009

68) Solving Kashmir: On an Application of Reason (2005)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=152462776125

Monday, October 5, 2009

69) Understanding Pakistan (2006)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=152348161125

Monday, October 5, 2009

70) Pakistan’s Allies (2006)

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=152345826125

Monday, October 5, 2009

71) History of Jammu & Kashmir

http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=152343836125

Monday, October 5, 2009

and of course, from 20 years ago,

https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=164040022284&set=a.136688412284.112038.632437284&type=3&theater

Posted in Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Academic research, Afghanistan, Air warfare, Aksai Chin, Asia and the West, BR Ambedkar, Britain in India, British imperialism, Comparative Government, Constitutional law, Constitutional Politics, Diplomacy, Diplomatic protocols, Diplomatic recognition, Dogras, Durand Line, Economic Theory, Gilgit and Baltistan, Government of Afghanistan, Government of India, Government of Pakistan, Gulab Singh, Himalayas, Hindu political traditions, Hindus and Muslims, Imperialism, India in international law, India's military doctrine, India's religions, India's Constitution, India's Foreign Policy, India's Military Defence, India's Muslims, India's Nationalism, India-Pakistan cooperation against terrorism, India-Tibet Border, Indian subcontinent, International diplomacy, International Law, International politics, Islamic State, Jammu & Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir in international law, Pakistan in international law, Pakistan's civil war, Pakistan's origins, Pakistan's psychology, Pakistan's constitutional politics, Pakistan's diplomacy, Pakistan's history, Pakistan's military, Pakistan's nuclear weapons, Pakistan's politics, Pakistan's Rule of Law, Pakistan's terrorist masterminds, Pakistan's terrorist training institutes, Pakistan, Balochistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistani expansionism, Political Economy, Politics, Sinkiang. Leave a Comment »

On the rot of institutions (and what an Academy might be like in the Facebook/Internet Age): Listening to the ladies….

August 31, 2011 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook Aug 31 2011:

Subroto Roy has really done what he can, just about, for his country, & has been rewarded by his country’s government and its “institution of national importance” with the most despicable evil. It is a toss-up between whether my personal experience of Indian corruption and vicious state-tyranny is worse than my personal experience of bribery and perjury in the federal court system in America.

Andrea Kent Your bitterness is understandable. Patriotism is rising above appropriate anger toward individuals and continuing to love and serve the nation, even if it is infected by wicked individuals.

Subroto Roy Yes it is indeed, you are right…

Andrea Kent The history of most great nations contains examples of individuals who, though later acknowledged as heroes, were treated shabbily by their respective homelands. It is sad that you are being treated badly, but surely it is just by one institution and its envious employees, rather than by the entire country? At least, I hope this is caused by a small number of wickedly envious people rather than by an established policy of the government.;

Subroto Roy Corruption is endemic in India… the matters I exposed some years ago had to do with (a) apparent siphoning off money in building (and purchase) contracts; and (b) apparently abusing the fiduciary interest of students by stealing from their fees to pay for round the world business-class travel, etc.. No, I am not bitter, either about India or about America but yes, as I have said it is a toss-up between whether my personal experience of Indian corruption and vicious state-tyranny is worse than my personal experience of bribery and perjury in the federal court system in America.

Aletha Kuschan Andrea is right, though, that you were affected by individual actions more, I think, than by the nation as a whole in both instances. I wish that your fine work was getting the lion’s share of attention and not causing you troubles at all. But ideas have their natural audiences and all too often that audience is located in the future — as Andrea noted. Keep the faith, Suby. Truth does win out in time. And that really does matter too. Listen to the ladies, Suby …

Subroto Roy Thanks Aletha, Andrea. Aletha, re “Andrea is right, though, that you were affected by individual actions”, Individualism is of course something I know much about since my Hayek days (Frank Hahn called me 26 years ago “probably the outstanding young Hayekian”) but my experience has been mixed.

I have had quite long associations with three academic institutions, two in America, one in India. At the first, my academic work was attacked by a gang of what I have called “inert game theorists”, game theory being the prevalent fashion at the time, there was an academic freedom issue and I let it be; but on top of that arose the open and blatant sexual harassment of a woman graduate student by the department head, and my helping her, in a very minimal but essential way, contributed to the conflict. I did not fight it more than a bit and left (for BYU, where the Mormons gave me refuge and allowed me to complete my book, almost).

The second case, also in America, was one of outrageous collective targeting of my work as an academic and an economist by my national origin, even my purported race and religion, and when I did battle that, having immense faith in the American system, my adversary responded by demonstrated perjury, buying out my attorney (and getting caught doing it), and compromising the federal judge. Not good. Certainly my faith in the American system was shaken but *not* in America herself — why? because two of the greatest 20th C American economists, Milton Friedman and TW Schultz — gladly stood for me, and their testimony (ignored by the compromised judge) was far more important than anything else to me. I.e., it was these two American *individuals* (as well as several others less eminent but equally heroic) who allowed my faith in America to continue unshaken even though the personal experience of the institutions had been ghastly.

The Indian case is wholly different as it is a wholly different political culture for the most part. The issues are cheap and pathetic — fraudulent academic credentials, stealing money from the government, stealing money from students, stealing others’ property wherever possible in the knowledge you can get away with it, etc.

There is hardly anything of deep significance involved except it gives the lie to all the government and elite propaganda about how well India is doing — and in that context becomes relevant too what I did in America which came to Rajiv Gandhi through my advice to him in his last months:

Aletha Kuschan meanwhile, it was Abigail Adams’s sage advice to “remember the ladies”

Subroto Roy Indeed I do, and follow it; my best buddy, an old lady almost 86, is usually full of sage wisdom these days.

Subroto Roy What is the solution? It is, in my case. what I have said here: “A friend has been kind enough to call me an Academician, which I probably am, though one who really needs his own Academy because the incompetence, greed and mendacity encountered too often in the modern professoriat is dispiriting.”

Subroto Roy And what does such an Academy consist of in the Internet/Facebook Age? Big buildings? Naaaa…

Aletha Kuschan What would Socrates do???? WWSD — for short

Subroto Roy Quite so, what would Socrates do? His Academy today would be his Facebook profile and his blog.

Aletha Kuschan I get to be Plato — called it first!!

Subroto Roy LOL… Platoletha has a nice ancient ring about it…

Andrea Kent I think Aletha would be Πλάτωνίσ, and I would then be Ἀριστοτέλά, your devoted acolytes.

Subroto Roy LOL… I actually was given the Roman name Subius Maximus myself by my buddy Bobbus Fluhartius, aka Bob Fluharty in Charleston WVa..

Theft of my academic books, papers, notes, student-theses etc from my professorial office at an “Institution of National Importance” in India?

August 10, 2011 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook August 11 2011

Subroto Roy is glad to hear on the telephone from the Registrar of the “Institution of National Importance” where my professorial office was left in-tact on August 23 2003 that he now agrees my “personal belongings” there are not “Institute property” and he is making efforts to trace their location.

Arrow and Hahn, General Competitive Analysis, 1971
Bliss, Capital Theory and the Distribution of Income, 1975
Arrow, Collected Works
Burrows and Hitiris, Macroeconomic theory
Allen, Macroeconomics
Henderson and Quandt, Microeconomics
Varian, Microeconomics
Takayama, Mathematical economics
Markowitz, Mean Variance analysis
Bernstein, How futures markets work
Akehurst, Modern introduction to international law
Dumont, Homo heirarchicus
AEA Surveys of economic growth, two volumes
Amartya Sen, Collective Choice and Social Welfare
Amartya Sen, On Economic Inequality
Amartya Sen (ed) Growth Economics
Townsend (ed) Price Theory
Clower (ed) Monetary Theory
Lecture notes in statistics
Lecture notes in econometrics
Lecture notes in mathematical economics
IMF working papers, research monographs
About 16 masters level student theses
About 4 undergraduate BTech level theses…
Etc etc, a partial reconstruction from memory…

From Facebook August 10 2011:

Subroto Roy fears that many of his academic books, papers, lecture notes, student theses, mostly invaluable, even his Cambridge gown, may have been stolen, yes stolen, from his professorial office by a conscious deliberate decision of the administrative authorities of a major academic institution in India, deemed an “Institution of National Importance”….

Sully Augustine Outrageous!

Subroto Roy Indeed. I have managed eight years without them and now there is a High Court order for them to be returned to me, but the Registrar of the place tells me on the phone he thinks it became “Institute property”…

Frank Cowell ‎!

Subroto Roy Battling corruption in academia is a painful and exhausting business.

Subroto Roy fears that his precious priceless 1977 copy of the 1971 edition of Arrow and Hahn has been stolen, yes stolen, by a major academic institution in India, deemed an “Institution of National Importance”….

Posted in Academic economics, Academic freedom, Academic research, India's higher education. Leave a Comment »

“Sidney Alexander & I are really the only ones who showed the basic logical contradictions caused by positivism having penetrated economics in the middle of the 20th Century”

July 24, 2011 — drsubrotoroy

Subroto Roy hears from Mr Scott Peterson,

“Dear Professor Roy, I have been reading your book *Philosophy of Economics* and happened to stumble on the following paper:’Public Finance Texts Cannot Justify Government Taxation’ Walter E. Block (Loyola University New Orleans, Joseph A. Butt, S.J. College of Business) has posted Public Finance Texts Cannot Justify Government Taxation: A Critique on SSRN. Here is the abstract: ‘In virtually all economic sub-disciplines, practitioners of the dismal science are exceedingly desirous of avoiding normative concerns, at least in principle. These are seen, and rightly so, as extremely treacherous. Being only human, they do sometimes stray off the path of positive analysis; but when they fall off the wagon in this manner, if at all, it is done relatively cautiously, and infrequently. There is one blatant exception to this general rule, however, and that is the field of public finance. Here, in sharp contrast to the usual practice, not only is normative economics embraced, it is done so with alacrity, and without apology. That is, most textbooks on the subject start off with one or several chapters which attempt to justify taxation on moral, efficiency, and other grounds. This occurs in no other field.’

When I read this I immediately thought of your discussion of the normative vs positive approaches in economics. Perhaps the exception economists make regarding public finance is that most economists’ paychecks come from the public sector.

Regards,

Scott Peterson

Dear Mr Peterson, Yes indeed. Thanks for the observation. Sidney Alexander and I are really the only ones who showed the basic logical contradictions caused by positivism having penetrated economics in the middle of the 20th Century. Are you at Facebook? Feel free to join me. Cordial regards, Suby Roy

“….Meanwhile, my main work within economic theory, the “Principia Economica” manuscript, was being read by the University of Chicago Press’s five or six anonymous referees. One of them pointed out my argument had been anticipated years earlier in the work of MIT’s Sidney Stuart Alexander. I had no idea of this and was surprised; of course I knew Professor Alexander’s work in balance of payments theory but not in this field. I went to visit Professor Alexander in Boston…. Professor Alexander was extremely gracious, and immediately declared with great generosity that it was clear to him my arguments in “Principia Economica” had been developed entirely independently of his work. He had come at the problem from an American philosophical tradition of Dewey, I had done so from a British tradition of Wittgenstein. (CS Peirce was probably the bridge between the two.) He and I had arrived at some similar conclusions but we had done so completely independently.”

Professor Alexander, contemporary of PA Samuelson, tutor of RM Solow and many others, deserves far greater attention, and I will do what I can towards that. He introduced me briefly to his MIT colleague Lester Thurow and I sent an email some time ago to Professor Thurow suggesting MIT should try to remember him better.

Maynard Keynes on How to Be a Good Economist

April 11, 2011 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook, April 11, 2011

Since the name of Keynes is back to being used somewhat in vain around the world, it may be appropriate to recall Maynard Keynes’s description of his own role-model as an economist, his master Alfred Marshall.

“The study of economics does not seem to require any specialised gifts of an unusually high order. Is it not, intellectually regarded, a very easy subject compared with the higher branches of philosophy and pure science? Yet good, or even competent, economists are the rarest of birds. An easy subject , at which very few excel! The paradox finds its explanation, perhaps, in that the master-economist must possess a rare *combination* of gifts. He must reach a high standard in several different directions and must combine talents not often found together. He must be mathematician, historian, statesman and philosopher — in some degree. He must understand symbols and speak in words. He must contemplate the particular in terms of the general, and touch abstract and concrete in the same flight of thought. He must study the present in the light of the past for the purposes of the future. No part of man’s nature or his institutions must lie entirely outside his regard. He must be purposeful and disinterested in a simultaneous mood: as aloof and incorruptible as an artist, yet sometimes as near the earth as a politician.”

JM Keynes “Alfred Marshall, 1842-1924″ in Memorials of Alfred Marshal, edited by AC Pigou, 1925, p. 12.

Keynes himself was trained as and always thought like a mathematician, though he invariably spoke in words about practical realities. Marshall was his master, and so too, to a lesser extent, was his father, Neville Keynes.

Posted in Academic economics, Academic research, Alfred Marshall, Cambridge Univ Economics, Economic Policy, Economic Theory, John Maynard Keynes, John Neville Keynes, Microeconomic foundations of macroeconomics, Philosophy of Economics, Political Economy. Leave a Comment »

Two Different Models for India’s Political Economy: Mine & Dr Manmohan Singh’s (Updated Feb 24 2011)

January 11, 2011 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook

February 24 2011

Subroto Roy does not know if he just heard Manmohan Singh say “inflation will soon come down” — excuse me Dr Singh, but how was it you and all your acolytes uniformly said back in July 2010 that inflation would be down to 6% by Dec 2010? 6%?! 16% more likely! I said. Until he explains his previous error, we may suppose he will repeat it.

January 11 2011:

Subroto Roy can stop the Indian inflation and bring integrity to the currency over time, and Manmohan Singh and his advisers cannot (because they have the wrong economic models/theories/data etc and refuse to change), but then they would have to make me a Minister and I keep getting reminded of what Groucho Marx said about clubs that would have him.

Subroto Roy does not think Dr Manmohan Singh or his acolytes and advisers, or his Finance Minister and his acolytes and advisers, understand Indian inflation. If you do not understand something, you are not likely to change it.

March 6 2010:

Subroto Roy says the central difference between the Subroto Roy Model for India as described in 1990-1991 to Rajiv Gandhi in his last months, and the Manmohan Singh Model for India that has developed since Rajiv’s assassination, is that by my model, India’s money and public finances would have acquired integrity enough for the Indian Rupee to have become a hard currency of the world economy by now, allowing all one billion Indians access to foreign exchange and precious metals freely, whereas by the model of Dr Singh and his countless supporters, India’s money and public finance remain subject to government misuse and abuse, and access to foreign exchange remains available principally to politicians, bureaucrats, big business and its influential lobbyists, the military, as well as perhaps ten or twenty million nomenclatura in the metropolitan cities.

April 8 2010:

Subroto Roy notes a different way of stating his cardinal difference with the economics of Dr Manmohan Singh’s Govt: in their economics, foreign exchange is “made available” by the GoI for “business and personal uses”. That is different from my economics of aiming for all one billion Indians to have a money that has some integrity, i.e., a rupee that becomes a hard currency of the world economy. (Ditto incidentally with the PRC.)

Updates:

From Facebook:

Subroto Roy reads in *Newsweek* today (Aug 19) Manmohan Singh “engineered the transition from stagnant socialism to a spectacular takeoff”. This contradicts my experience with Rajiv Gandhi at 10 Janpath in 1990-91. Dr Singh had not returned to India from his years with Julius Nyerere in his final assignment before retiring from the bureaucracy when Rajiv and I first met on 18 September 1990.

“After (Rajiv Gandhi’s) assassination, the comprador business press credited Narasimha Rao and Manmohan Singh with having originated the 1991 economic reform. In May 2002, however, the Congress Party itself passed a resolution proposed by Digvijay Singh explicitly stating Rajiv and not either of them was to be so credited… There is no evidence Dr Singh or his acolytes were committed to any economic liberalism prior to 1991 and scant evidence they have originated liberal economic ideas for India afterwards. Precisely because they represented the decrepit old intellectual order of statist ”Ma-Bap Sarkari” policy-making, they were not asked in the mid-1980s to be part of a “perestroika-for-India” project done at a foreign university ~ the results of which were received…by Rajiv Gandhi in hand at 10 Janpath on 18 September 1990 and specifically sparked the change in the direction of his economic thinking…”

Subroto Roy notes that current Indian public policy discussion has thus far failed to realise that the rise in money prices of real goods and services is the same as the fall in the real value of money.

Subroto Roy is interested to hear Mr Jaitley say in Parliament today the credibility of Government economists is at stake. Of course it is. There has been far too much greed and mendacity all around, besides sheer ignorance. (When I taught for a year or so at the Delhi School of Economics as a 22 year old Visiting Assistant Professor in 1977-78, I was told Mr Jaitley was in the law school and a student leader of note. I though was more interested in teaching the usefulness of Roy Radner’s “information structures” in a course on “advanced economic theory”.)

July 31 2010

Subroto Roy reads in today’s pink business newspaper the GoI’s debt level at Rs 38 trillion & three large states (WB, MH, UP) is at Rs 6 trillion, add another 18 for all other large states together, another 5 for all small states & 3 for errors and omissions, making my One Minute Estimate of India’s Public Debt Stock Rs 70 trillion (70 lakh crores). Interest payments at, say, 9%, keep the banking system afloat, extracting oxygen from the public finances like a cyanide capsule.

July 28 2010

Subroto Roy observes Parliament to be discussing Indian inflation but expects a solution will not be found until the problem has been comprehended.

July 27 2010:

Subroto Roy continues to weep at New Delhi’s continual debauching of the rupee.

July 25 2010:

Subroto Roy has no idea why Dr Manmohan Singh has himself (along with all his acolytes and flatterers in the Government and media and big business), gone about predicting Indian inflation will fall to 6% by December. 16% may be a more likely figure given a public debt at Rs 40 trillion perhaps plus money supply growth above 20%! (Of course, the higher the figure the Government admits, the more it has to pay in dearness allowance to those poor unionized unfortunates known as Government employees, so perhaps the official misunderestimation (sic) of Indian inflation is a strategy of public finance!)

July 12 2010:

Subroto Roy is amused to read Dr Manmohan Singh’s Chief Acolyte say in today’s pink business newspaper how important accounting is in project-appraisal — does the sinner repent after almost single-handedly helping to ruin project-appraisal & government accounting & macroeconomic planning over decades? I rather doubt it. For myself, I am amused to see chastity now being suddenly preached from within you-know-where.

July 4 2010:

Subroto Roy does not think the Rs 90 billion (mostly in foreign exchange) spent by the Manmohan Singh Government on New Delhi’s “Indira Gandhi International Airport Terminal 3″ is conducive to the welfare of the common man (“aam admi”) who travels, if at all, mostly within India and by rail.

Subroto Roy hears Dr Manmohan Singh say yesterday “Global economic recession did not have much impact on us as it had on other countries”. Of course it didn’t. I had said India was hardly affected but for a collapse of exports & some fall in foreign investment. Why did he & his acolytes then waste vast public resources claiming they were rescuing India using a purported Keynesian fiscal “stimulus” (aka corporate/lobbyist pork)?

May 26 2010:

Subroto Roy would like to know how & when Dr Manmohan Singh will assess he has finished the task/assignment he thinks has been assigned to him & finally retire from his post-retirement career: when his Chief Acolyte declares on TV that 10% real GDP growth has been reached? (Excuse me, but is that per capita? And about those inequalities….?)

Posted in Academic economics, Academic research, Banking, Congress Party, Economic Policy, Economic Theory, Economic Theory of Growth, Economic Theory of Interest, Economic Theory of Value, Economics of exchange controls, Economics of Exchange Rates, Economics of Public Finance, Governance, Government Budget Constraint, Government of India, Growth rates (economic), India's Big Business, India's Cabinet Government, India's credit markets, India's Government economists, India's 1991 Economic Reform, India's Banking, India's Budget, India's bureaucracy, India's Capital Markets, India's corruption, India's currency history, India's Economic History, India's Economy, India's Foreign Exchange Reserves, India's Foreign Trade, India's Government Budget Constraint, India's Government Expenditure, India's inflation, India's Macroeconomics, India's Monetary & Fiscal Policy, India's Parliament, India's political lobbyists, India's pork-barrel politics, India's poverty, India's Public Finance, India's Reserve Bank, Interest group politics, Manmohan Singh, Rajiv Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, Sonia Gandhi. Leave a Comment »

On Applying Disraeli’s “Two Nations” of Victorian England to Modern India: Roy & James, Rajiv, Rahul & Manmohan

September 7, 2010 — drsubrotoroy

From Subroto Roy & WE James’s Introduction 1989-1990 to Foundations of India’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s edited by them, published by Sage 1992, received by Rajiv Gandhi on September 1990 in manuscript form.

“Finally, no discussion of the subcontinent’s political economy can ignore the fact of the monumental poverty of external goods on the part of a vast population, in contrast with a fairly large class of people with adequate livelihoods, in turn contrasting with small islands of indolence and conspicuous consumption. Benjamin Disraeli said of Victorian England that it consisted of two nations. The Indian subcontinent today consists in many respects of two nations living side by side, the real division being much less longitudinal on religious or communal lines (as intended by Muslim separatists at the time of Partition and Hindu imperialists today) as it is latitudinal on class lines between “bhadralok” and “janata”, middle class and working classes, bourgeoisie and masses, “nomenclatura” and proletariat. The sheer numbers can justify speaking of whole nations, the janata in India alone consisting of something like seven hundred million people, the bhadralok of one hundred and fifty million. The Indian bhadralok on their own constitute one of the largest nations on earth.

The bhadralok are not to be distinguished from the janata by any self-styled civility, nor is there any inevitable conflict which will lead to the victory of one and decimation of the other, nor is it that one derives its income from productive effort or enterprise and the other does not. A more effective criterion by which to distinguish the two nations of India may have to do not with work but with leisure, as well as with the kind of capital that comes to be inherited over time. The janata are the unleisured nation of India, people who mostly due to the meagreness of their initial resources come to possess little or no leisure in the course of their lifetimes. They are scattered and illiterate, without connections in high places, often too involved with the hardships of daily life to care for much else. They eat and sleep to maintain the minimum energy needed to survive, reproduce and send their children to school or work, travelling through life day by day and week by week. They may have some short time devoted to religion or entertainment, but life is too often too hard, not so much without happiness or culture as without much time for either. Expectations of what life has to offer may be unambitious and yet successful.

Inequality from an economic point of view may consist of the fact that the poor do not inherit any leisure from the past. They do not inherit the savings of their parents and ancestors because most did not have parents and ancestors who had any savings to leave behind. Capital and the income it generates, and the consumption which such income makes possible, are among the most subtle notions of political economy. As a rough approximation, if we distinguish between human capital, physical and financial capital, and social and political capital, it may be said that the inheritance of economic inequality in India may consist of the inheritance of economic inequality in India may consist of the inheritance by the janata of no form of capital except their own stock of human capital. There is little or no inheritance from parents of savings or any other form of capital. Hence the janata are also the “garib lok”, the masses are also the poor folk.

By contrast the bhadralok are also the leisured nation of the subcontinent, with the time and inclination to praise or decry the state of the culture or the economy or the prime minister, to visit or return from the outside world (“baahar”) to the subcontinent or vice versa, to take a walk in the morning or a nap in the afternoon, to express compassion for or embarrassment about the existence of the janata (especially in relation to the foreigner since the bhadralok have to explain both their privileged position relative to the janata and their often underprivileged position relative to the foreigner with whom they desire to consort), to study the janata or lead them in revolution or take measurements of them, and to read, write, edit or publish books such as this one. The bhadralok are the “respectable people” of the subcontinent, with names, family histories and reputations, literate and often highly educated, bilingual at least, with an inheritance of or illusions about acknowledged places in society. They inherit from their parents and save for their children physical and financial capital, invest in their human capital, and bestow to them as much social and political capital as they can. The mercantile and industrial bhadralok own and transfer to their children relatively more physical and financial capital, while the managerial, administrative and professional bhadralok may transfer relatively more social and political capital. At the apex of both groups is an elite amounting to a few million people, united perhaps by their membership or attempted membership of the post-British social clubs and centres of intellectualism, or foreign universities and the lower middle classes of Britain and North America.

What may be expected in the long run is mobility between the two nations and in both directions. Through indolence or bad luck, families can fall by a half or a third of a social class each generation, or move in the opposite direction through chance or cunning or enterprise and effort. It is an essential feature of mass economic development that there will be net mobility upwards in the long run, and an attendant breakdown of social barriers and the gradual assimilation of classes and castes into one another. Contrary to an assumption of the working classes being united in their despair and contempt for the middle class, and motivated in their desire to bloodily dispose of them, it may be more accurate to say that what unleisured people want most (after employment, food, shelter and clothing) is what they value most at the margin, namely, leisure. What the working classes desire most may be something like the kind of life as the bourgeoisie. Let aside there being a potential or open conflict arising from the janata against the bhadralok, the truth of the matter could be there is a desire of the janata to have at least some leisure like the bhadralok.

If this is an accurate assumption, the main source of conflict between the two nations of India or the subcontinent could be different from what is often supposed by many people. Instead of being revolutionary in nature and deriving from below, the source may be reactionary in nature and amount to resistance from the top. Like all cartels, the bhadralok may want to preserve their numbers and not look with favour at the prospect of large-scale mass economic development, entailing as this will greater competition on all fronts, the erosion of privilege, the breakdown of social barriers and the assimilation of classes into one another.

The Jacobin/Bolshevik/Maoist method of reducing inequalities was to expropriate physical and financial capital, and decimate social and political capital and all that stands in the way of such destruction. The upheaval and chaos of such blood-letting leaves a new order which is, or seems, for a moment, more egalitarian than the regime it replaces. But it also leaves a society without knowledge of its past, alternately enervated by its present and terrified of its future. Recovery from such a state of near social death has been long and hard and painful, where it has happened at all. Despite the wishes of a few, India does not seem likely to experience such social death on a national scale, although the temporary effects of terrorism and civil chaos in pockets of the country would seem to be similar.

A more far-sighted method would be by the creation of capital for the janata to increase their sources of income and consumption and thereby reduce the inequality of wealth and political power. It would mean investment in the only form of capital that the janata have: their own human capital. It would mean fundamentally a change of focus away from the theoretical and grandiose in the drawing-rooms and corridors of New Delhi (and Washington), and towards the simple and commonsensical: stopping the wastage of the tax-resources; making the currency sound at home and abroad; redirecting public investment towards public goods such as civil justice, roads, fresh water and sanitation; and fostering a civilized rural life, built around village schools with blackboards and chalk, with playgrounds and libraries and hot meals, with all-weather buildings and all-weather roads to their doors.

India today resembles a kind of gigantic closed city with high walls and few gates. Within the walls are concurrently represented many different ages in the history of man, from pre-historic and early Aryan, to medieval and Moghul, to Dickensian and American, the members of each age having some common and some individual sets of life-expectations, yet all being due to enter the next century together. Outside is the rest of human civilization, as well as the free circulation of gold and foreign exchange. Nearabouts the gates of the city, and with ability to travel in and out, are the few million of the elite. If the walls of the city are to be knocked down or at least if the gates opened and kept wide open, it will have to be the elite who do this or consent to have it done.

If it is done properly, after adequate preparation of the economic and political expectations of citizens, there may be many positive results, not only for the economy but also for the culture and civilization of the subcontinent as a whole. The free flow of ideas and opportunities across national borders; the freedom to travel in the world; the free movement of goods and capital; the freedom to save one’s tangible wealth, small as this may be, in whatever form or currency one considers best — these are fundamentally important freedoms which have been denied to most of the people of the subcontinent thus far and yet are taken for granted elsewhere in the world. There seems little reason to doubt that if such freedoms come to be gradually exercised by the janata there would be a permanent trend of increase in mass income and consumption.

Yet there are genuine questions of sovereignty which have to be anticipated as well. The consequences of a true opening are not fully or easily foreseeable. The prompt arrival of new East India Companies may be expected. Will there be enough competition between them? Or will the elite come to be further subverted, taking the first Indian Republic with it? After the long experience of foreign rule and nationalism and independent democracy, is the Indian polity mature enough to survive and gain from such an opening, or will it collapse once again as it did in the eighteenth century? The spectres of Plassey and Avadh must haunt every Indian nationalist, even as the hopes of a free economy and a progressive culture and an open civilization, beckon from the future. Is it a silent and implicit fear of this sort which constitutes the only possible rational barrier to greater freedom? Has the continued poverty been, in effect, the cost of nationalism? These are hard questions to which answers may not be found easily. It is hoped by the editors that the present volume may engage the citizens and friends of India to reflect upon them….”

From Facebook 7 Sep 2010:

Rajiv Gandhi received this book in manuscript form in hand from me on Sep 18 1990, and it contributed to the origins of India’s 1991 economic reform as has been described elsewhere. I am delighted to hear his son Rahul has in the last few days also been referring to India as “Two Nations”, rich and poor. Dr Manmohan Singh received the book itself in hand from me at the Indian Ambassador’s Residence in Washington in Sepember 1993; I am glad to see he too has yesterday mentioned the same “Two Nations” theory that I had applied from Disraeli’s book about Victorian England.

Posted in Academic economics, Academic research, Benjamin Disraeli, Capital and labour, Economic inequality, India's 1991 Economic Reform, India's Economic History, India's Economy, India's Polity, Manmohan Singh, Rahul Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, University of Hawaii, William E (Ted) James (1951-2010). Leave a Comment »

Fact vs Falsification & Flattery in New Delhi

June 26, 2010 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook June 26 2010:

Subroto Roy reads yet another of New Delhi’s economic bluff-masters say in today’s pink business newspaper: “The architect of reforms in 1991 was… Manmohan Singh”. Manmohan is on record himself that he had nothing to do with it, & all the bluff-masters know for a fact but cannot admit it happened due to my encounter with Rajiv Gandhi beginning Sep 18 1990 when I gave him the results of the UH Manoa project I had led since 1986.

(Subroto Roy notes that this particular bluff-master is yet another who calls himself a Dr but cannot recall or state where his PhD is from or what if anything his dissertation was about. The stench of intellectual fraud from purported economists in New Delhi continues to keep me as nauseated as a pregnant Johanna Van Beethoven.)

From Facebook:

Subroto Roy has great sympathy for the people who were made to officially disappear by Stalin – and suggests that even today old Stalinist habits die hard in countries where there has been no liberal revolution against them.

Subroto Roy is amused to read in the pink business papers this morning more self-serving fabrication emerge out of New Delhi’s vapid formerly Stalinist bureaucrats about what happened in 1990-91. And says he must dig out those old Stalinist photos which rubbed out Trotsky from standing beside Lenin! Hey Trotsky, I need some advice, man! Please channel…

Subroto Roy finally declares, on the basis of what Dr Manmohan Singh’s chief aide Chief Acolyte said yesterday as quoted in the pink business papers today, that there has been a systematic attempt at a Stalinist falsification of history in New Delhi as to what happened between September 18 1990 and March 23 1991 with respect to the prospective economic policy-making of the Congress Government following the 1991 election. The falsification has failed and is destined to fail further.

Subroto Roy needs to channel Trotsky: “Leon Trotsky was a close friend of Lenin, and shared his idealistic ideas about the communist state. In the following photographs he canbe seen together with Lenin. The next set of images are nearly identical,however Trotsky is removed from both photographs. The historical reason for this alteration is that Stalin eventually began to see Trotsky as a threat and labeled him an “enemy of the people”. After he was deported from the Soviet Union in 1929, Trotsky criticized Stalin’s leadership, arguing that the dictatorship Stalin exercised was based on his own interests, rather than those of the people. This contributed substantially to Trotsky’s removal from photographs and history.”

Sonia’s Lying Courtier (with Postscript) November 25, 2007

Two Sundays ago in an English-language Indian newspaper, an elderly man in his 80s, advertised as being “the Gandhi family’s favourite technocrat” published some deliberate falsehoods about events in Delhi 17 years ago surrounding Rajiv Gandhi’s last months. I wrote at once to the man, let me call him Mr C, asking him to correct the falsehoods since, after all, it was possible he had stated them inadvertently or thoughtlessly or through faulty memory. He did not do so. I then wrote to a friend of his, a Congress Party MP from his State, who should be expected to know the truth, and I suggested to him that he intercede with his friend to make the corrections, since I did not wish, if at all possible, to be compelled to call an elderly man a liar in public.

That did not happen either and hence I am, with sadness and regret, compelled to call Mr C a liar.

The newspaper article reported that Mr C’s “relationship with Rajiv (Gandhi) would become closer when (Rajiv) was out of power” and that Mr C “was part of a group that brainstormed with Rajiv every day on a different subject”. Mr C has reportedly said Rajiv’s “learning period came after he left his job” as PM, and “the others (in the group)” were Mr A, Mr B, Mr D, Mr E “*and Manmohan Singh*” (italics added).

In reality, Mr C was a retired pro-USSR bureaucrat aged in his late 60s in September 1990 when Rajiv Gandhi was Leader of the Opposition and Congress President. Manmohan Singh was an about-to-retire bureaucrat who in September 1990 was not physically present in India, having been working for Julius Nyerere of Tanzania for several years.

On 18 September 1990, upon recommendation of Siddhartha Shankar Ray, Rajiv Gandhi met me at 10 Janpath, where I handed him a copy of the unpublished results of an academic “perestroika-for-India” project I had led at the University if Hawaii since 1986. The story of that encounter has been told first on July 31-August 2 1991 in The Statesman, then in the October 2001 issue of Freedom First, then in January 6-8 2006, September 23-24 2007 in The Statesman, and most recently in The Statesman Festival Volume 2007. The last of these speaks most fully yet of my warnings against Rajiv’s vulnerability to assassination; this document in unpublished form was sent by me to Rajiv’s friend, Mr Suman Dubey in July 2005, who forwarded it with my permission to the family of Rajiv Gandhi.

It was at the 18 September 1990 meeting that I suggested to Rajiv that he should plan to have a modern election manifesto written. The next day, 19 September, I was asked by Rajiv’s assistant V George to stay in Delhi for a few days as Mr Gandhi wished me to meet some people. I was not told whom I was to meet but that there would be a meeting on Monday, 24th September. On Saturday, the Monday meeting was postponed to Tuesday 25th September because one of the persons had not been able to get a flight into Delhi. I pressed to know what was going on, and was told I would meet Mr A, Mr B, Mr C and Mr D. It turned out later Mr A was the person who could not fly in from Hyderabad.

The group (excluding Mr B who failed to turn up because his servant had failed to give him the right message) met Rajiv at 10 Janpath in the afternoon of 25th September. We were asked by Rajiv to draft technical aspects of a modern manifesto for an election that was to be expected in April 1991. The documents I had given Rajiv a week earlier were distributed to the group. The full story of what transpired has been told in my previous publications.

Mr C was ingratiating towards me after that first meeting with Rajiv and insisted on giving me a ride in his car which he told me was the very first Maruti ever manufactured. He flattered me needlessly by saying that my PhD (in economics from Cambridge University) was real whereas his own doctoral degree had been from a dubious management institute of the USSR. (Handling out such doctoral degrees was apparently a standard Soviet way of gaining influence.) Mr C has not stated in public how his claim to the title of “Dr” arises.

Following that 25 September 1990 meeting, Mr C did absolutely nothing for several months towards the purpose Rajiv had set us, stating he was very busy with private business in his home-state where he flew to immediately. Mr D went abroad and was later hit by severe illness. Mr B, Mr A and I met for luncheon at New Delhi’s Andhra Bhavan where the former explained how he had missed the initial meeting. Then Mr B said he was very busy with his house-construction, and Mr A said he was very busy with finishing a book for his publishers on Indian defence, and both begged off, like Mr C and Mr D, from any of the work that Rajiv had explicitly set our group. My work and meeting with Rajiv in October 1990 has been reported previously.

Mr C has not merely suppressed my name from the group in what he has published in the newspaper article two Sundays ago, he has stated he met Rajiv as part of such a group “every day on a different subject”, another falsehood. The next meeting of the group with Rajiv was in fact only in December 1990, when the Chandrashekhar Government was discussed. I was called by telephone in the USA by Rajiv’s assistant V George but I was unable to attend, and was briefed later about it by Mr A.

When new elections were finally announced in March 1991, Mr C brought in Mr E into the group in my absence (so he told me), perhaps in the hope I would remain absent. But I returned to Delhi and between March 18 1991 and March 22 1991, our group, including Mr E (who did have a genuine PhD), produced an agreed-upon document. That document was handed over by us together in a group to Rajiv Gandhi at 10 Janpath the next day, and also went to the official political manifesto committee of Narasimha Rao, Pranab Mukherjee and M. Solanki.

Our group, as appointed by Rajiv on 25 September 1990, came to an end with the submission of the desired document to Rajiv on 23 March 1991.

As for Manmohan Singh, contrary to Mr C’s falsehood, Manmohan Singh has himself truthfully said he was with the Nyerere project until November 1990, then joined Chandrashekhar’s PMO in December 1990 which he left in March 1991, that he had no meeting with Rajiv Gandhi prior to Rajiv’s assassination but rather did not in fact enter Indian politics at all until invited by Narasimha Rao several weeks later to be Finance Minister. In other words, Manmohan Singh himself is on record stating facts that demonstrate Mr C’s falsehood.

The economic policy sections of the document submitted to Rajiv on 23 March 1991 had been drafted largely by myself with support of Mr E and Mr D and Mr C as well. It was done over the objections of Mr B, who had challenged me by asking what Manmohan Singh would think of it. I had replied I had no idea what Manmohan Singh would think of it, saying I knew he had been out of the country on the Nyerere project for some years.

Mr C has deliberately excluded my name from the group and deliberately added Manmohan Singh’s instead. What explains this attempted falsification of facts – reminiscent of totalitarian practices in communist countries? Manmohan Singh was not involved by his own admission, and as Finance Minister told me so directly when he and I were introduced in Washington DC in September 1993 by Siddhartha Shankar Ray, then Indian Ambassador to the USA.

A possible explanation for Mr C’s mendacity is as follows: I have been recently publishing the fact that I repeatedly pleaded warnings that I (even as a layman on security issues) perceived Rajiv Gandhi to have been insecure and vulnerable to assassination. Mr C, Mr B and Mr A were among the main recipients of my warnings and my advice as to what we as a group, appointed by Rajiv, should have done towards protecting Rajiv better. They did nothing — though each of them was a senior man then aged in his late 60s at the time and fully familiar with Delhi’s workings while I was a 35 year old newcomer. After Rajiv was assassinated, I was disgusted with what I had seen of the Congress Party and Delhi, and did not return except to meet Rajiv’s widow once in December 1991 to give her a copy of a tape in which her late husband’s voice was recorded in conversations with me during the Gulf War.

Mr C has inveigled himself into Sonia Gandhi’s coterie – while Manmohan Singh went from being mentioned in our group by Mr B to becoming Narasimha Rao’s Finance Minister and Sonia Gandhi’s Prime Minister. If Rajiv had not been assassinated, Sonia Gandhi would have been merely a happy grandmother today and not India’s purported ruler. India would also have likely not have been the macroeconomic and political mess that the mendacious people around Sonia Gandhi like Mr C have now led it towards.

POSTSCRIPT: The Congress MP was kind enough to write in shortly afterwards; he confirmed he “recognize(d) that Rajivji did indeed consult you in 1990-1991 about the future direction of economic policy.” A truth is told and, furthermore, the set of genuine Rajivists in the present Congress Party is identified as non-null.

Subroto Roy… reads Manmohan Singh’s Media-Flatterer-in-Chief (as opposed to the Chief Acolyte) claim in the pink business newspaper today that a young Dr Singh in 1974-5 had “crafted” a “strategy” to reduce India’s “hyperinflation” and purportedly won Indira Gandhi’s praise & confidence. Sheer nonsense I am afraid. There was no “hyperinflation” at the time in India, only a massive readjustment of relative prices caused by the first oil shock & a lot of “repressed inflation” typical of controlled economies. People like LK Jha & PN Dhar (if memory serves rightly) were the key economic decision-makers, not Dr Singh. The “strategy” was one of “forced saving” and price-controls (i.e., almost no “strategy” at all). And the data show it did not work! Look up *Indian Economic Journal*, Special No in Monetary Economics Oct-Dec 1975, especially the keynote address by my great professor, Frank Hahn, titled “Money and General Equilibrium”, republished in *Money, Growth and Stability* (MIT 1984)…

Did the GoI’s MoF’s CEA certify India’s fiscal health yesterday? If so, it is a mistaken certificate

June 15, 2010 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook:

Subroto Roy reads that Dr Kaushik Basu, Chief Economic Adviser to the Finance Ministry of the Manmohan Singh Government, has “expressed great confidence in the fiscal health of the economy” and says to Kaushik:

You are unaware of that of which you wish to speak.

Posted in Academic research, Economic Policy, Economic quackery, Economic Theory, Government accounting, Government Budget Constraint, Government of India, India's Government economists, India's bureaucracy, India's Macroeconomics, India's Monetary & Fiscal Policy, India's Public Finance, Manmohan Singh, Microeconomic foundations of macroeconomics. 2 Comments »

(Yet Another) Memo to Dr Kaushik Basu

May 17, 2010 — drsubrotoroy

Dear Kaushik,

Apropos your reported predictions, I have had to say at Facebook:

Subroto Roy is appalled the GoI’s Chief Economic Adviser has declared (as the PM and the PM’s Chief Acolyte had declared in earlier months) that prices are trending downwards stochastically but amused that at least a stochastic (“fluctuating”) trend got mentioned.

Governor Subbarao has been set a small challenge the other day to release asap for public scrutiny the comprehensive macroeconomic model he says he believes the RBI has — which may be hard if no such model may exist at the RBI. Nor does your Ministry or anyone else in New Delhi have such a model. So what is the Government’s precise scientific basis for predicting a slowing of inflation? Nothing at all?

The Government needs to begin to try to understand that inflation does not slow down in circumstances where real public debt per capita and money supply have been growing exponentially for decades — to the contrary, inflation tends to rise to dangerous heights! Debauching of fiat money would hardly have been allowed if the rupee was a hard currency because we would have seen an honest exchange-rate crashing through the floor with this kind of inflationary finance the Government has given us over the decades. There is, sad to say, zero chance of the rupee becoming a hard currency that all one billion Indians may feel confident about so long as such inflationary finance continues unabated.

Cordially yours

Suby

A Small Challenge to the RBI’s Governor Subbarao

April 21, 2010 — drsubrotoroy

The Hon’ble Gov of the Reserve Bank of India Shri D Subbarao

Dear Governor Subbarao,

You said yesterday, April 20 2010, that the Reserve Bank of India has a macroeconomic model which it uses but which you had personally not seen.

I have given two lectures at your august offices, one by invitation of Governor Jalan and Deputy Governor Reddy on April 29 2000 to address the Conference of State Finance Secretaries, the other on May 5 2005 to address the Chief Economist’s Monetary Economics Seminar. On both occasions, I had inquired of the RBI’s own models by which I could contrast my own but came to understand there were none.

If since then the RBI has now constructed a macroeconomic model of India’s economy, it is splendid news.

May I request the model be released publicly on the Internet at once, so its specifications of endogenous and exogenous variables, assumed coefficients, and sources of time-series data all may be seen by everyone in the country and abroad? Scientific scrutiny and replication of results would thus come to be permitted.

I would be especially interested to know the demand for money function that you have used. I well remember my meeting with the late great Sukhamoy Chakravarty on July 14 1987 at his Planning Commission offices, when he signed and gifted me his last personal copy of the famous Reserve Bank report by the committee he had chaired and of which he told me personally Dr Rangarajan had been the key author – that report may have contained the first official discussion of the demand for money function in India.

With cordial regards

Subroto Roy

Posted in Academic economics, Academic research, Government of India, India's Government economists, India's Banking, India's bureaucracy, India's Economic History, India's Economy, India's Government Budget Constraint, India's Government Expenditure, India's inflation, India's Macroeconomics, India's Monetary & Fiscal Policy, India's Reserve Bank, Sukhamoy Chakravarty. Leave a Comment »

A New Drachma? Thinking further on the need for a new Greek domestic currency to revive trade: Is the Greek/German Eurozone problem the mathematical dual of Gresham’s Law?

March 24, 2010 — drsubrotoroy

Is the Greek/German Eurozone problem the mathematical dual of Gresham’s Law?
by Subroto Roy on Monday, 17 October 2011 at 16:13 ·

Money according to economic theory has two main functions, namely, being a medium of exchange and a store of value; I have been saying that I think the Euro has become too (implicitly) expensive for Greeks to be an effective medium of exchange, while the threat of a Greek default would make the Euro a risky store of value for Germans, Danes et al. If I am right, Greeks would have been hoarding Euros, reducing the velocity of circulation, and causing domestic trade to turnover more slowly and hence damaging national income; at the same time, the Germans, Danes et al would have been wondering about a flight to safety outside the Euro. Some young mathematical economist may take my idea and develop it it intelligently as the dual problem to Gresham’s law http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham%27s_law inasmuch as weak fiscal positions are causing, through a common money, stronger fiscal positions to weaken…

Addendum Oct 25 2011
My guess has been the Euro has become a de facto hard currency for Greeks, who will then hoard it and slow the velocity of circulation, damaging the turnover of normal domestic trade and hence damaging national income; i.e. it has become too expensive as a currency to properly fulfill the medium of exchange function of money in Greece; at the same time, Germans, Dutch and others in fiscally strong economies relatively have to account for the added risk of Greek infirmity and hence find the Euro less of a store of value than otherwise, causing incentives to flee to other denominations. Introducing a soft inconvertible domestic money in Greece would allow the medium of exchange function to be fulfilled and revive domestic trade and income; it would have to be accompanied by exchange and import controls, leaving the Euro as a hard currency for external transactions. The present route being followed of trying to improve Greece’s fiscal situation by compulsion may well worsen the situation without any new equilibrium path being anywhere near to be found.

Thinking further on the need for a new Greek domestic currency to revive trade
by Subroto Roy on Friday, 16 September 2011 at 07:35 ·

Subroto Roy: Re “it is still not clear what will actually happen”, what will happen is there will be an inevitable recognition that the introduction of the Euro was premature, probably irreversible, and likely to be catastrophic as it unwinds.

Edward Hugh Yes, well…. and apart from that little detail Suby, what else do you forsee. I absolutely agree, by the way, that these madmen (and women) have taken the global economy to the brink of disaster through their inability to listen.

Maria Tadd When words like catastrophic are used, they obviously send fear into the hearts of many. Suby and Ed, how do you envision the fall out to look like?

Subroto Roy There has to be a clear way out for a currency to exit; that has never been thought out beforehand; creating a monetary union is the final step from a free trade area to a customs union to an economic union to a monetary union. A purported monetary union, or rather a superficial monetary union was created, when there were wildly different underlying fiscal histories and fiscal propensities and preferences. Now Greece needs, as I have said over two years, an inexpensive inconvertible domestic money which allows domestic trade and savings to take place normally; the Euro would have to become a hard currency for external use.

Edward Hugh Do you mean like what has been happening in Croatia Suby?
Subroto Roy I am afraid I have to admit ignorance of Europe’s facts, what I am working on is my (quite sound) knowledge of monetary economics acquired from Hahn, Friedman, Walters, ACL Day, Griffths, Hicks via Miller, etc. Thinking about Greece overnight: if the Euro has become a de facto hard currency there, its velocity of circulation will fall as people tend to hoard it, causing domestic transactions & trade and hence national income to fall too; hence further the need for an inexpensive domestic currency (under capital controls) for domestic trade and transactions to be revived.

(Capital controls imply import restrictions and the rationing of foreign exchange so Greeks will not be big tourists in the rest of the world for a while but what the heck they have so much to see in their own country.)

From Facebook Oct 3 2011:
Subroto Roy:

“What I have said for two years now is that Greece needs to introduce a soft inconvertible domestic money to facilitate domestic trade and revive growth; it would have to be accompanied by import controls and forex rationing with the Euro becoming a hard currency in Greece for external transactions. Why? Because the Euro has probably become a de facto hard currency for Greeks who would then tend to hoard it, slowing velocity of circulation and causing domestic transactions to be reduced. (At the same time, Germans, Danes and others have an incentive to leave the Euro for the safety of some other hard currency in view of a possible Greek default.) Money has two main functions, being a store of value and a medium of exchange. In present circumstances, the Euro is becoming a dubious store of value for the Germans et al while becoming too scarce to be a proper medium of exchange for the Greeks. All this is good standard monetary economics, which no one in the ECB, IMF, financial journalism etc somehow seems to be able to recall. Instead they have made a fetish of the fiscal side, and that is destined to neither address the root problem nor to bring civil peace….”

A New Drachma?
From Facebook:
April 29 2010:
Subroto Roy thinks a New Drachma is inevitable sooner or later but remains deeply puzzled at the possible ways it may get reintroduced. The examples of such monetary reforms are all long gone from memory, in the immediate aftermath of WWII. It seems clear the Euro will become an increasingly scarce currency not suitable for fulfilling the normal medium of exchange function in domestic Greek transactions and will become a rationed hard currency under capital controls for external transactions only. It may already be hard or impossible to restrain a capital flight, perhaps underway. How will the actual transition be made? Perhaps by allowing Greek government debt denominated in a new local money, call it the New Drachma, to become tradeable? I said in my Reverse Euro model for India lecture in June 1998 at London’s IEA that the Eurozone could end up looking less like America’s monetary union than India’s.

April 8 2010:
Subroto Roy, reading “It is hard to know how to interpret this large decline in deposits”, says “Not really. The Euro is becoming a scarce hard currency in Greece, i.e., it is becoming too expensive to use Euros to satisfy Greece’s transactions demand for money, the medium of exchange function, hence Greece has an increasing need for a new local currency which will satisfy that function while the Euro is retained for use in Greece’s international transactions”.

Subroto Roy thinks the only sustainable long-term solution may be the reintroduction of a New Drachma, which will need time to stabilize behind a period of foreign exchange controls and rationing. The DM/FFr-based Euro would become a hard currency relative to a New Drachma.

March 24 2010:
Subroto Roy expects the US, Britain, ANZ and everyone else in the IMF who is not in the Eurozone may legitimately ask why the effective subsidy of Greece by its Eurozone partners should be transferred to the rest of the world.
Subroto Roy thinks the Europeans have enough clout in the IMF to, say, insist some of their own IMF-directed resources be directed towards Greece specifically, which would spell the unravelling of the IMF if it became a general habit.

Subroto Roy says “I had a very productive few months in 1993 as a high-level consultant working for Hubert Neiss at the IMF (consultants are, or at least were, very rare at the IMF unlike at the World Bank etc) when I came to understand a little of how the place works (leaving aside all the theory). The French Managing Director is a politician and not an economist or even a central banker, and I am sure France and Germany can swing some IMF money towards Greece. But of course, the IMF can by definition give no monetary or exchange-rate advice to Greece because there is no sovereign monetary authority in Greece any more. Hence all it can do is add the same fiscal (and political) advice and conditions as the rest of the Eurozone countries have done plus make the piggy bank larger with some IMF money. It may work once, but if France and Germany then say, right, Portugal, Spain, Italy are next in line, that is the end of the IMF, because its European members may as well be asked to pull out altogether. On the other hand, my radical advice to the IMF might have been to propose to help Greece to reintroduce the drachma and re-establish a sovereign monetary authority of its own, which would take IMF advice and expertise as a New Drachma would take time to stabilize and there would be a period of capital controls on foreign exchange transactions.”

Subroto Roy gave a Jun ’98 lecture at London’s IEA on why India should have a Reverse-Euro model: eg 16 major states have their own (domestic) monies with a national rupee coexisting too & free currency markets everywhere. I said I feared a Eurozone may end up looking like India rather than the US in this. India has papered over wild fiscal mismanagement by the States by even wilder fiscal mismanagement by the Union!

Subroto Roy says Europe could have been a confederation & an economic union for practical purposes without individual monetary sovereignties being lost. E.g., the drachma or peso or escudo or punt or lira could each have chosen to appropriately link to some combination of the DM, FFR, sterling etc. And a Europe-wide Euro from an ECB could have coexisted as well.

Subroto Roy finds Mr Constanzo mention Gresham’s Law, and says, “Certainly there might have been currency competition in Europe, and some of the smaller currencies may have chosen to go to that Euro — but DM would not have done, and would have been an alternative to it.”

Subroto Roy thought imposing a single newly invented money on different economies a bit like imposing a single newly invented language (like Esperanto) on different peoples.

Subroto Roy says India has papered over the wild fiscal mismanagement by the States by even wilder fiscal mismanagement by the Union!

Subroto Roy thinks the effective subsidy French farmers et al were getting from Germany in pre-Euro days all came to be subsumed within Euro-economics; an alternative would have been to leave DM as it was, & perhaps FFR too, & to have introduced a Euro for smaller economies to use (presumably to save transactions costs);that Euro could have been linked to the DM etc. The Germans would have been happy & the problems avoided.

Subroto Roy says German unification hit the Germans badly enough and they seem hardly in any mood to keep on playing Sugar-Daddy to everyone else while still having to defer to the putative victors of WWII (France and Britain) for political leadership.

Memo to Dr Kaushik Basu

February 28, 2010 — drsubrotoroy

Dr Kaushik Basu, Chief Economic Adviser, Ministry of Finance

Hello Kaushik,

Long time no see. Happy Holi 2010.

I was glad to see the phrase “the relatively neglected subject of the micro-foundations of macroeconomic policy” mentioned in Chapter 2 of your document for the GoI a few days ago.

But I am unable to see what you could mean by it because your chapter seems devoid of any reference or allusion to the vast discussion over decades of the subject known as the “microeconomic foundations of macroeconomics”. Namely, the attempt to integrate the theory of value (microeconomics) with the theory of money (macroeconomics); or alternatively, the attempt to comprehend aggregate variables like Consumption, Savings, Investment, the Demand for & Supply of Money etc in conceptual terms rooted in theories of constrained optimization by masses of individual people.

It is not an easy task. Keynes made no explicit attempt at it (recall Joan Robinson’s famous quip) and probably did not have time or patience to try. Hicks and Patinkin failed, though after valiant efforts. The modern period on this work began with Clower and Leijonhufvud, followed by the French (like Grandmont), and especially Frank Hahn. Hahn’s 1976 IMSSS paper “Keynesian Economics and General Equilibrium Theory” is the survey to read, viz., Equilibrium and Macroeconomics and Money, Stability and Growth as well as of course Arrow & Hahn’s General Competitive Analysis. You may agree that the general theory of value culminated in an important sense in the Arrow-Debreu model of the 1950s – yet that is something in which no money, and hence no macroeconomics, needs to or can really appear. The hard part is to develop macroeconomic models for policy-discussion which allow for money and public finance while still making some pretence of being rooted in a theory of constrained optimization by individuals, i.e., in microeconomic behaviour. (E Roy Weintraub wrote a textbook with “Microfoundations” in its title.)

In the Indian case, I tried to do a little in my Cambridge PhD thesis thirty years ago: “a full frontal assault from the point of view of microeconomic theory on the ‘development planning’ to which everyone routinely declared their fidelity, from New Delhi’s bureaucrats and Oxford’s ‘development’ school to McNamara’s World Bank with its Indian staffers”. Frank Hahn was very kind to say he thought my “critique of Development Economics was powerful not only on methodological but also on economic theory grounds”. Some of the results appeared in my December 1982 talk to the AEA’s NYC meetings “Economic Theory & Development Economics” (World Development 1983), and in my 1984 monograph with London’s IEA. Dr Manmohan Singh received a copy of the latter work in 1986, as well as, in 1993, a published copy of a work presented to Rajiv Gandhi in 1990, Foundations of India’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s.

I am glad to see from your Chapter 2 that the GoI now seems to agree with what I had said in 1984 of the need for systems that “locally include direct subsidies to those (whether in rural or urban areas) who are unable to provide any income for themselves…” Your material on the “enabling State” would also find much support in what I said there about the functions of civil government and the need for better, not necessarily more, government. On the other hand, your reliance on the very expensive (Rs.19 billion this year!) Nandan Nilekani Numbering idea is odd as there seem to me to be insurmountable “incentive-compatibility” problems with that project no matter how much gets spent on it.

Returning to possible “microfoundations of macroeconomics” relevant to the Indian case, you may find of interest

“India’s Macroeconomics” (2007)

“Fiscal Instability” (2007)

“Fallacious Finance” (2007)

“Monetary Integrity and the Rupee” (2008)

“Growth and Government Delusion” (2008)

“India in World Trade & Payments” (2007)

“Our Policy Process” (2007)

“Indian Money and Credit” (2006)

“Indian Money and Banking” (2006)

“Indian Inflation” (2008)

“Growth of Real Income, Money & Prices in India 1869-2004” (2005)

“How to Budget” (2008)

“The Dream Team: A Critique” (2006)

“Against Quackery” (2007)

“Mistaken Macroeconomics” (2009)

These together outline an idea that the link between macroeconomic policy in India and individual microeconomic budgets of our one billion citizens arises via the “Government Budget Constraint”. More specifically, the continual deficit-finance indulged in by the GoI for decades has been paid for by invisible taxation of nominal assets, causing the general money-price of real goods and services to rise. I.e., the GoI’s wild deficit spending over the decades has been paid for by debauching money through inflation.

(The unrecorded untaxed “black economy” needs a separate chapter altogether, and it seems to me possible it provides enough real income and transactions to be absorbing some of the wilder money supply growth into its hoards.)

India cannot be a major economy of the world until and unless the Rupee some day becomes a hard currency — for the first time in many decades, indeed perhaps for the first time since the start of fiat money. It is going to take much more than the GoI inventing a trading symbol for the Rupee! The appalling state of our government accounting, public finance and monetary policy, caused by the GoI over decades, disallows this from happening any time soon as domestic bank assets (mostly GoI debt, and mostly held by government banks) would inevitably be re-evaluated at world prices foreshadowing a monetary crisis. Perhaps you will help slow the rot — I trust you will not add to it.

Cordially yours

Suby Roy

Postscript March 1 2010: I recalled it as Joan Robinson’s quip, had forgotten it was in fact her quoting Gerald Shove’s quip: “Keynes was not interested in the theory of relative prices. Gerald Shove used to say that Maynard had never spent the twenty minutes necessary to understand the theory of value.” (1963)

Climate Change Alarmism: The real battle is against corruption, pollution, deforestation, energy waste etc

December 18, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

Last year I wrote but happened not to publish this brief article which may be relevant today.

Climate Change Alarmism: The real battle is against corruption, pollution, deforestation, energy waste etc

Subroto Roy
May 28 2008

Like the AIDS epidemic that never was, “climate change” is on its way to becoming the new myth sold by paternalist governments and their bureaucrat/scientist busybodies to ordinary people coping with their normal lives. E.g., someone says, without any trace of irony: “Everyone in the world should have the same emissions quota. Since Trotsky’s permanent revolution is unfortunately on hold at the moment, and the world still happens to be partitioned into nations, once the per capita quotas are determined they would have to be grouped on a nationwide basis”.

Trotskyism will have to be made of sterner stuff. Canada’s Lorne Gunter (*National Post* 20 May 2008) reports that Noel Keenlyside, the principal scientist who suggested that man-made global warming exists, has now led a team from the Leibniz Institute of Marine Science and Max Planck Institute of Meteorology which “for the first time entered verifiable data on ocean circulation cycles into one of the UN’s climate supercomputers, and the machine spit out a projection that there will be no more warming for the foreseeable future.…” Oops! So much for impending catastrophe. Rajendra Pachauri himself has in January “reluctantly admitted to Reuters… that there has been no warming so far in the 21st Century”.

Mr Pachauri had earlier gone on Indian television comparing himself to CV Raman and Mother Theresa as an Indian Nobel Prize winner — in fact, Al Gore and the 2500 member “UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change” chaired by Mr Pachauri shared the Nobel Peace Prize last year. Now the prediction from that UN “Panel” of “a 0.3 deg C rise in temperature in the coming decade” has been contradicted by Noel Keenlyside’s own scientific results. Gunter reports further that 2007 “saw a drop in the global average temperature of nearly 0.7 deg C (the largest single-year movement up or down since global temperature averages have been calculated). Despite advanced predictions that 2007 would be the warmest year on record, made by such UN associates as Britain’s Hadley Centre, a government climate research agency, 2007 was the coolest year since at least 1993. According to the U. S. National Climatic Data Centre, the average temperature of the global land surface in January 2008 was below the 20th-Century mean for the first time since 1982. Also in January, Southern Hemisphere sea ice coverage was at its greatest summer level (January is summer in the Southern Hemisphere) in the past 30 years. Neither the 3,000 temperature buoys that float throughout the world’s oceans nor the eight NASA satellites that float above our atmosphere have recorded appreciable warming in the past six to eight years. Climate alarmists the world over were quick to add that they had known all along there would be periods when the Earth’s climate would cool even as the overall trend was toward dangerous climate change.”

Honest government doctors know that the myth that HIV/AIDS can spread at Western rates in a society as conservative and sexless as India’s has diverted vast public resources away from India’s numerous real killer diseases: filariasis, dysentery, leprosy, influenza, malaria, gastroenteritis, TB, whooping cough, enteric fever, infectious hepatitis, gonococcal infection, syphilis, measles, tetanus, chicken-pox, cholera, rabies, diptheria, meningococcal infection, poliomelitis, dengue and haemmorrhagic fever and encephalitis. Candid environmentalists similarly know that obsessing about climate change distracts from what is significant and within our power to do, namely, the prevention or at least regulation of the pollution of our air and water and prevention of the waste of energy using policies appropriate for a myriad of local communities and neighbourhoods.

The pollution of India’s atmosphere, rivers, lakes, roads and public property is an unending disgrace. Pollution and corruption are mirror images of each other: corruption is to steal something valuable that belongs to the public; pollution is to dispose private waste into the public domain. Both occur conspicuously where property rights between public and private domains are vague or fuzzy, where pricing of public and private goods and services is distorted, and where judicial and legal processes enforcing contracts are for whatever reason weak or inoperable.

Walk into any government office in India and lights, fans, ACs may be found working at top speed whether or not any living being can be seen. A few rare individual bureaucrats may be concerned but India’s Government as a whole cares not a hoot if public electricity or for that matter any public funds and resources are being wasted, stolen or abused.
At the same time, private motorists face little disincentive from pouring untaxed “black money” into imported gas-guzzling heavy automobiles regardless of India’s narrow roads and congestion. There are no incentives whatsoever for anyone who does not have to do so to want to bicycle or walk to work. The “nuclear deal” involves importing “six to eight lightwater reactors” on a turnkey basis; like the Enron-Dabhol deal a decade ago, it makes no financial sense at all and will make even less if the rupee depreciates anytime in future. Our government policy is in general invented and carried out regardless of technical or financial feasibility; the waste of energy and pollution of the environment are merely examples of the waste of resources and abuse of public property in general.

Someone says “The North”, mainly the USA, “is primarily responsible for climate change”. He may mean Western countries have contributed relatively more pollutants and effluents into the world’s waters and air which is probably a good guess since the West has also contributed more to the world’s scientific, industrial and agricultural progress in general over the centuries.

But to think human beings today understand the complexities of climate and its changes adequately enough to be able to control it is a fatal conceit. Philip Stott, emeritus professor of biogeography at the University of London, is among many scientists who have challenged “the key contradiction at the heart of the Kyoto Protocol, the global climate agreement – that climate is one of the most complex systems known, yet that we can manage it by trying to control a small set of factors, namely greenhouse gas emissions. Scientifically, this is not mere uncertainty: it is a lie…The problem with a chaotic coupled non-linear system as complex as climate is that you can no more predict successfully the outcome of doing something as of not doing something. Kyoto will not halt climate change. Full stop.” (BBC 25 February 2002). For Indian foreign or economic policy to waffle on about climate change is as ineffectual and irrelevant as for the Indian Finance Minister to waffle on about AIDS.

Is this the core of the Bhagavad Gita?

December 14, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook:

Subroto Roy thinks the core of the *Bhagavad Gita* is captured in Grigori Perelman’s statement declining the Fields Medal after proving Poincaré’s conjecture: “[The prize] was completely irrelevant for me. Everybody understood that if the proof is correct then no other recognition is needed.”

Posted in Academic freedom, Academic research, Bhagavad Gita, Gregori Perelman, Hinduism, Mathematics, Pure Mathematics. Leave a Comment »

On the blissful innocence of the RBI

December 11, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook:

Subroto Roy can only sigh at the fact that while he has had to struggle for 35 years trying to grasp and then apply serious monetary economics to India’s circumstances, the RBI Governor & his four Deputy Governors appear blissfully innocent of all Hicks, Tobin, Friedman, Cagan et al yet exude confidence enough to “Waffle Away!”

Posted in Academic economics, Academic research, Banking, Deposit multiplication, Economic Policy, Economic quackery, Economic Theory, Economic Theory of Growth, Economic Theory of Interest, Economic Theory of Value, Foreign exchange controls, General equilbrium theory, Government of India, India's Government economists, India's interest rates, India's savings rate, India's stock and debt markets, India's Banking, India's Capital Markets, India's Foreign Exchange Reserves, India's Government Budget Constraint, India's Government Expenditure, India's inflation, India's Macroeconomics, India's Monetary & Fiscal Policy, India's Reserve Bank, India's State Finances, India's Union-State relations, Inflation, Inflation targeting, Interest rates, Macroeconomics, Monetary Theory, Money and banking, Paper money and deposits, Power-elites and nomenclatura, Public Choice/Public Finance, Public property waste fraud, Redeposits, Unorganised capital markets. Leave a Comment »

Wage inflation among agricultural workers in India

November 30, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook

Subroto Roy finds from Gopa’s data that wage inflation among unskilled agricultural workers in rural India has been at about 6.35% per annum over the last 7 years or so.

Posted in Academic economics, Academic research, India's agriculture, India's Economy, India's farmers, India's inflation, India's Labour Markets. Leave a Comment »

Finance Minister Mukherjee deserves a cheer for connecting with economics (though half a cheer gets subtracted)

November 15, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook today

Independent India’s Finance Ministers have never in 62 years referred to economic theory or the history of economic thought until Mr Mukherjee delivered the 4th Kadirgamar Memorial Lecture in Colombo yesterday, making the following academic claim:
“As students of economics would understand, economic theory is an evolutionary process and undergoes change with every major crisis. The classical theory gave way to Keynesian economics after the Great Depression of 1930s. Thereafter, there were post-Keynesian and monetarist approaches to economic problems during 1960s to 90s. The present crisis, which has also been called Great Recession, would be another watershed in the evolution of economics and is expected to bring about radical retooling of the theory. The crisis has, in the first place, conclusively established that the pursuit of individual goals do not necessarily lead to public good. Adam Smith’s ‘invisible hand’ cannot guarantee allocation of resources efficiently.”

I might rather count this as intellectual progress to the extent that it at least allows the Government of India’s economists the possibility of moving away from politically-induced dissimulation and instead begin to connect with where I was 25 years ago in my May 1984 monograph published by London’s Institute of Economic Affairs (leave aside my 1976-82 doctoral thesis under Professor Frank Hahn at Cambridge “On liberty and economic growth: preface to a philosophy for India”). As for the Finance Minister saying “The Indian economy has shown remarkable resilience to the crisis because the financial system had no exposure to the toxic assets”, I am afraid he has left unsaid that this is because (a) the rupee is not a hard currency; and (b) India’s banks hold plenty of domestic assets that are “toxic”.

Subroto Roy

Posted in Academic economics, Academic research, America's mortgage crisis, Economic Policy, Economic Theory, India's Government economists, India's 1991 Economic Reform, India's Banking, India's currency history, India's Economic History, India's Economy, India's Macroeconomics, India's Monetary & Fiscal Policy, India's Public Finance, Institute of Economic Affairs, Macroeconomics, Monetary Theory, Money and banking. Leave a Comment »

Life’s paradoxes: On watching the fall of the Berlin Wall in Honolulu, November 1989

November 8, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook:

Subroto Roy recalls how, twenty years ago in Honolulu, he called his three-year old to the television to watch the fall of the Berlin Wall with him as a historic event — even while he had to battle as an individual against the most vicious tyranny unleashed against him by the Government of one of the fifty States (a battle that has continued).

Posted in Academic economics, Academic freedom, Academic research, American academia, Fraud on the Court, Freedom, Good and Evil, Law, Lying, Mendacity, Perjury & Bribery in US Federal Court, Roy vs University of Hawaii. Leave a Comment »

Memo to Mr Chidambaram: On the Existence of a Unique and Stable Solution to the Jammu & Kashmir Problem that is Lawful, Just and Economically Efficient

October 15, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

The Honourable P. Chidambaram
Home Minister of India

Respected Sir,

You may recall our brief interaction at the residence of the late Shri Rajiv Gandhi in September-October 1990, and also my visit to you in July 1995 when you were a member of the late Shri Narasimha Rao’s Government.

I am delighted to read in today’s paper that you believe a “unique solution” exists to the grave mortal problem of Jammu & Kashmir. I write to say that almost four years ago, I published in The Statesman my discovery of the existence of precisely such a unique solution in the three-part article “Solving Kashmir”.

This came to be followed by “Law, Justice and J&K”, “History of Jammu & Kashmir”, “Pakistan’s Allies”, “What to tell Musharraf” and a few others. The purpose of this open letter is to describe that solution which provides, I believe, the only just and lawful path available to the resolution of what has been known universally as the Kashmir problem.

Very briefly, it involves recognizing that the question of lawful territorial sovereignty in J&K is logically distinct from the question of the choice of nationality by individual inhabitants. The solution requires

(a) acknowledging that the original legal entity in the world system of nations known as Jammu & Kashmir arose on March 16 1846 and ceased to exist on or about October 22 1947; that the military contest that commenced on the latter date has in fact resulted, given all particular circumstances of history, in the lawful and just outcome in international law;

(b) offering all who may be Indian nationals or stateless and who presently live under Article 370, a formal choice of nationality between the Republics of India, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan: citizen-by-citizen, without fear or favour, under conditions of full information, individual privacy and security; any persons who voluntarily choose to renounce Indian nationality in such private individual decisions would be nevertheless granted lawful permanent residence in the Indian Republic and J&K in particular.

In other words, the dismemberment of the original J&K State and annexation of its territories by the entities known today as the Republic of Pakistan and Republic of India that occurred since October 22 1947, as represented first by the 1949 Ceasefire Line and then by the 1972 Line of Control, is indeed the just and lawful outcome prevailing in respect of the question of territorial sovereignty and jurisdiction. The remaining democratic question has to do with free individual choice of nationality by inhabitants, under conditions of full information and privacy, citizen-by-citizen, with the grant of permanent residency rights by the Indian Republic to persons under its jurisdiction in J&K who might wish to choose, for deeply personal individual reasons, not to remain Indian nationals but become Afghan, Iranian or Pakistani nationals instead (or remain stateless). Pakistan has said frequently its sole concern has been the freedom of Muslims of J&K under Indian rule, and any such genuine concern shall have been thereby fully met by India. Indeed if Pakistan agreed to act similarly this entire complex mortal problem of decades shall have begun to be resolved most appropriately. Pakistan and India are both wracked by corruption, poverty and bad governance, and would be able to mutually draw down military forces pit against one another everywhere, so as to begin to repair the grave damage to their fiscal health caused over decades by the deleterious draining away of vast public resources.

The full reasoning underlying this, which I believe to be the only lawful, just, efficient and stable solution that exists, is thoroughly explained in the following six articles. The first five, “Solving Kashmir”, “Law, Justice & J&K”, “History of J&K”, and “Pakistan’s Allies”, “What to Tell Musharraf” were published in The Statesman in 2005-2006 and are marked ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR and FIVE below, and are also available elsewhere here. The sixth “An Indian Reply to President Zardari”, marked SIX, was published for the first time here following the Mumbai massacres.

I believe careful reflection upon this entire body of reasoning may lead all reasonable men and women to a practically unanimous consensus about this as the appropriate course of action; if such a consensus happened to arise, the implementation of the solution shall only be a matter of (relatively) uncomplicated procedural detail.

Cordially yours

Subroto Roy, PhD (Cantab.), BScEcon (London)
Kolkata, October 15 2009

“ONE
SOLVING KASHMIR: ON AN APPLICATION OF REASON by Subroto Roy First published in three parts in The Statesman, Editorial Page Special Article, December 1,2,3 2005, www.thestatesman.net

(This article has its origins in a paper “Towards an Economic Solution for Kashmir” which circulated in Washington DC in 1992-1995, including at the Indian and Pakistani embassies and the Carnegie Endowment, and was given as an invited lecture at the Heritage Foundation on June 23 1998. It should be read along with other articles also republished here, especially “History of J&K”, “Law, Justice and J&K” , “Understanding Pakistan”, “Pakistan’s Allies” and “What to Tell Musharraf”. The Washington paper and lecture itself originated from my ideas in the Introduction to Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy, edited by WE James and myself in the University of Hawaii project on Pakistan 1986-1992.)

I. Give Indian `Green Cards’ to the Hurriyat et al

India, being a liberal democracy in its constitutional law, cannot do in Jammu & Kashmir what Czechoslovakia did to the “Sudeten Germans” after World War II. On June 18 1945 the new Czechoslovakia announced those Germans and Magyars within their borders who could not prove they had been actively anti-fascist before or during the War would be expelled — the burden of proof was placed on the individual, not the State. Czechoslovakia “transferring” this population was approved by the Heads of the USA, UK and USSR Governments at Potsdam on August 2 1945. By the end of 1946, upto two million Sudeten Germans were forced to flee their homes; thousands may have died by massacre or otherwise; 165,000 remained who were absorbed as Czechoslovak citizens. Among those expelled were doubtless many who had supported Germany and many others who had not — the latter to this day seek justice or even an apology in vain. Czechoslovakia punished none of its nationals for atrocities, saying it had been revenge for Hitler’s evil (”badla” in Bollywood terms) and the post Cold War Czech Government too has declined to render an apology. Revenge is a wild kind of justice (while justice may be a civilised kind of revenge).

India cannot follow this savage precedent in international law. Yet we must recognise there are several hundred and up to several hundred thousand persons on our side of the boundary in the State of Jammu & Kashmir who do not wish to be Indian nationals. These people are presently our nationals ius soli, having been born in territory of the Indian Republic, and/or ius sanguinis, having been born of parents who are Indian nationals; or they may be “stateless” whom we must treat in accordance with the 1954 Convention on Stateless Persons. The fact is they may not wish to carry Indian passports or be Indian nationals.

In this respect their juridical persons resemble the few million “elite” Indians who have in the last few decades freely placed their hands on their hearts and solemnly renounced their Indian nationality, declaring instead their individual fidelity to other nation-states — becoming American, Canadian or Australian citizens, or British subjects or nationals of other countries. Such people include tens of thousands of the adult children of India’s metropolitan “elite”, who are annually visited abroad in the hot summer months by their Indian parents and relatives. They are daughters and sons of New Delhi’s Government and Opposition, of retired generals, air marshals, admirals, ambassadors, cabinet secretaries, public sector bureaucrats, private sector businessmen, university professors, journalists, doctors and many others. India’s most popular film-actress exemplified this “elite” capital-flight when, after a tireless search, she chose a foreign husband and moved to California.

The difference in Jammu & Kashmir would be that those wishing to renounce Indian nationality do not wish to move to any other place but to stay as and where they are, which is in Kashmir Valley or Jammu. Furthermore, they may wish, for whatever reason, to adopt, if they are eligible to do so, the nationality of e.g. the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan or the Islamic Republic of Iran or the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

They may believe themselves descended from Ahmad Shah Abdali whose Afghans ruled or mis-ruled Kashmir Valley before being defeated by Ranjit Singh’s Sikhs in 1819. Or they may believe themselves of Iranian descent as, for example, are the Kashmiri cousins of the late Ayatollah Khomeini. Or they may simply have wished to be, or are descended from persons who had wished to be on October 26 1947, citizens of the then-new British Dominion of Pakistan — but who came to be prevented from properly expressing such a desire because of the war-like conditions that have prevailed ever since between India and Pakistan. There may be even a few persons in Laddakh who are today Indian nationals but who wish to be considered Tibetans instead; there is, however, no Tibetan Republic and it does not appear there is going to be one.

India, being a free and self-confident country, should allow, in a systematic lawful manner, all such persons to fulfil their desires, and furthermore, should ensure they are not penalised for having expressed such “anti-national” desires or for having acted upon them. Sir Mark Tully, the British journalist, is an example of someone who has been a foreign national who has chosen to reside permanently in the Republic of India — indeed he has been an exemplary permanent resident of our country. There are many others like him. There is no logical reason why all those persons in Jammu & Kashmir who do wish not to be Indians by nationality cannot receive the same legal status from the Indian Republic as has been granted to Sir Mark Tully. There are already thousands of Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi and Nepalese nationals who are lawful permanent residents in the Indian Republic, and who travel back and forth between India and their home countries. There is no logical reason why the same could not be extended to several hundred or numerous thousand people in Jammu & Kashmir who may wish to not accept or to renounce their Indian nationality (for whatever personal reason) and instead become nationals, if they are so eligible, of the Islamic Republics of Afghanistan, Iran or Pakistan, or, for that matter, to remain stateless. On the one hand, their renunciation of Indian nationality is logically equivalent to the renunciation of Indian nationality by the adult children of India’s “elite” settled in North America and Western Europe. On the other hand, their wish to adopt, if they are eligible, a foreign nationality, such as that of Afghanistan, Iran or Pakistan, and yet remain domiciled in Indian territory is logically equivalent to that of many foreign nationals domiciled in India already like Sir Mark Tully.

Now if you are a permanent resident of some country, you may legally have many, perhaps most, but certainly not all the rights and duties of nationals of that country. e.g., though you will have to pay all the same taxes, you may not be allowed to (or be required to) vote in national or provincial elections but you may in local municipal elections. At the same time, permanently residing foreign nationals are supposed to be equal under the law and have equal access to all processes of civil and criminal justice. (As may be expected though from human frailty, even the federal courts of the USA can be notorious in their injustice and racism towards “Green Card” holders relative to “full” American citizens.) Then again, as a permanently resident foreigner, while you will be free to work in any lawful trade or profession, you may not be allowed to work in some or perhaps any Government agencies, certainly not the armed forces or the police. Many Indians in the USA were engineering graduates, and because many engineering jobs or contracts in the USA are related to the US armed forces and require US citizens only, it is commonplace for Indian engineers to renounce their Indian nationality and become Americans because of this. Many Indian-American families have one member who is American, another Indian, a third maybe Canadian, a fourth Fijian or British etc.

The same can happen in the Indian State of Jammu & Kashmir if it evolves peacefully and correctly in the future. It is quite possible to imagine a productive family in a peaceful Kashmir Valley of the future where one brother is an officer in the Indian Armed Forces, another brother a civil servant and a sister a police officer of the J&K State Government, another sister being a Pakistani doctor, while cousins are Afghan or Iranian or “stateless” businessmen. Each family-member would have made his/her choice of nationality as an individual given the circumstances of his/her life, his/her personal comprehension of the facts of history, his/her personal political and/or religious persuasions, and similar deeply private considerations. All would have their children going to Indian schools and being Indian citizens ius soli and/or ius sanguinis. When the children grow up, they would be free to join, if they wished, the existing capital flight of other Indian adult children abroad and there renounce their Indian nationality as many have come to do.

II Revealing Choices Privately with Full Information
For India to implement such a proposal would be to provide an opportunity for all those domiciled in Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Laddakh to express freely and privately as individuals their deepest wishes about their own identities, in a confidential manner, citizen by citizen, case by case. This would thereby solve the fundamental democratic problem that has been faced ever since the Pakistani attack on the original State of Jammu & Kashmir commenced on October 22 1947, which came to be followed by the Rape of Baramulla — causing the formal accession of the State to the then-new Dominion of India on October 26 1947.

A period of, say, 30 months may be announced by the Government of India during which full information would be provided to all citizens affected by this change, i.e. all those presently governed by Article 370 of the Indian Constitution. The condition of full information may include, for example, easy access to Afghan, Iranian and Pakistani newspapers in addition to access to Indian media. Each such person wishing to either remain with Indian nationality (by explicitly requesting an Indian passport if he/she does not have one already — and such passports can be printed in Kashmiri and Urdu too), or to renounce Indian nationality and either remain stateless or adopt, if he/she is so eligible, the nationality of e.g. Afghanistan, Iran, or Pakistan, should be administratively assisted by the Government of India to make that choice.

In particular, he/she should be individually, confidentially, and without fear or favour assured and informed of his/her new rights and responsibilities. For example, a resident of Kashmir Valley who chooses to become a Pakistani citizen, such as Mr Geelani, would now enjoy the same rights and responsibilities in the Indian Republic that Mr Tully enjoys, and at the same time no longer require a visa to visit Pakistan just as Mr Tully needs no visa to enter Britain. In case individual participants in the Hurriyat choose to renounce Indian nationality and adopt some other, they would no longer be able to legally participate in Indian national elections or J&K’s State elections. That is something which they say they do not wish to do in any case. Those members of the Hurriyat who chose e.g. Pakistani nationality while still residing in Jammu & Kashmir, would be free to send postal ballots or cross the border and vote in Pakistan’s elections if and when these occur. There are many Canadians who live permanently in the USA who cross home to Canada in order to cast a ballot.

After the period of 30 months, every person presently under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution would have received a full and fair opportunity to privately and confidentially reveal his/her preference or choice under conditions of full information. “Partition”, “Plebiscite”, and “Military Decision” have been the three alternatives under discussion ever since the National Conference of Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah and his then-loyal Deputy, Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, helped the Indian Army and Air Force in 1947-1948 fight off the savage attack against Jammu & Kashmir State that had commenced from Pakistan on October 22 1947. When, during the Pakistani attack, the Sheikh and Bakshi agreed to the Muslim Conference’s demand for a plebiscite among the people, the Pakistanis balked — the Sheikh and Bakshi then withdrew their offer and decisively and irrevocably chose to accede to the Indian Union. The people of Jammu & Kashmir, like any other, are now bound by the sovereign political commitments made by their forebears. Even so, given the painful mortal facts of the several decades since, the solution here proposed if properly implemented would be an incomparably more thorough democratic exercise than any conceivable plebiscite could ever have been.

Furthermore, regardless of the outcome, it would not entail any further “Partition” or population “transfer” which inevitably would degenerate into a savage balkanization, and has been ruled out as an unacceptable “deal-breaker” by the Indian Republic. Instead, every individual person would have been required, in a private and confidential decision-making process, to have chosen a nationality or to remain stateless — resulting in a multitude of cosmopolitan families in Jammu & Kashmir. But that is something commonplace in the modern world. Properly understood and properly implemented, we shall have resolved the great mortal problem we have faced for more than half a century, and Jammu & Kashmir can finally settle into a period of peace and prosperity. The boundary between India and Pakistan would have been settled by the third alternative mentioned at the time, namely, “Military Decision”.

III. Of Flags and Consulates in Srinagar and Gilgit
Pakistan has demanded its flag fly in Srinagar. This too can happen though not in the way Pakistan has been wishing to see it happen. A Pakistan flag might fly in the Valley just as might an Afghan and Iranian flag as well. Pakistan has wished its flag to fly as the sovereign over Jammu & Kashmir. That is not possible. The best and most just outcome is for the Pakistani flag to fly over a recognised Pakistani consular or visa office in Srinagar, Jammu and Leh. In diplomatic exchange, the Indian tricolour would have to fly over a recognised Indian consular or visa office in Muzaffarabad, Gilgit and Skardu.

Pakistan also may have to act equivalently with respect to the original inhabitants of the territory of Jammu & Kashmir that it has been controlling — allowing those people to become Indian nationals if they so chose to do in free private decisions under conditions of full information. In other words, the “Military Decision” that defines the present boundary between sovereign states must be recognised by Pakistan sincerely and permanently in a Treaty relationship with India — and all of Pakistan’s official and unofficial protégés like the Hurriyat and the “United Jehad Council” would have to do the same. Without such a sovereign commitment from the Government of Pakistan, as shown by decisive actions of lack of aggressive intent (e.g. as came to be implemented between the USA and USSR), the Government of India has no need to involve the Government of Pakistan in implementing the solution of enhancing free individual choice of nationality with regard to all persons on our side of the boundary.

The “Military Decision” regarding the sovereign boundary in Jammu & Kashmir will be so recognised by all only if it is the universally just outcome in international law. And that in fact is what it is.

The original Jammu & Kashmir State began its existence as an entity in international law long before the present Republics of India and Pakistan ever did. Pakistan commences as an entity on August 14 1947; India commences as an entity of international law with its signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 20 1918. Jammu & Kashmir began as an entity on March 16 1846 — when the Treaty of Amritsar was signed between Gulab Singh Dogra and the British, one week after the Treaty of Lahore between the British and the defeated Sikh regency of the child Daleep Singh.

Liaquat Ali Khan and Zafrullah Khan both formally challenged on Pakistan’s behalf the legitimacy of Dogra rule in Jammu & Kashmir since the Treaty of Amritsar. The Pakistani Mission to the UN does so even today. The Pakistanis were following Sheikh Abdullah and Jawaharlal Nehru himself, who too had at one point challenged Dogra legitimacy in the past. But though the form of words of the Pakistan Government and the Nehru-Abdullah position were similar in their attacks on the Treaty of Amritsar, their underlying substantive reasons were as different as chalk from cheese. The Pakistanis attacked the Dogra dynasty for being Dogra — i.e. because they were Hindus and not Muslims governing a Muslim majority. Nehru and Abdullah denounced monarchic autocracy in favour of mass democracy, and so attacked the Dogra dynasty for being a dynasty. All were wrong to think the Treaty of Amritsar anything but a lawful treaty in international law.

Furthermore, in this sombre political game of great mortal consequence, there were also two other parties who were, or appeared to be, in favour of the dynasty: one because the dynasty was non-Muslim, the other, despite it being so. Non-Muslim minorities like many Hindus and Sikhs in the business and governmental classes, saw the Dogra dynasty as their protector against a feared communalist tyranny arising from the Sunni Muslim masses of Srinagar Valley, whom Abdullah’s rhetoric at Friday prayer-meetings had been inciting or at least awakening from slumber. At the same time, the communalists of the Muslim Conference who had broken away from Abdullah’s secular National Conference, sought political advantage over Abdullah by declaring themselves in favour of keeping the dynasty — even elevating it to become an international sovereign, thus flattering the already pretentious potentate that he would be called “His Majesty” instead of merely “His Highness”. The ancestry of today’s Hurriyat’s demands for an independent Jammu & Kashmir may be traced precisely to those May 21-22 1947 declarations of the Muslim Conference leader, Hamidullah Khan.

Into this game stumbled the British with all the mix of cunning, indifference, good will, impatience, arrogance and pomposity that marked their rule in India. At the behest of the so-called “Native Princes”, the 1929 Butler Commission had hinted that the relationship of “Indian India” to the British sovereign was conceptually different from that of “British India” to the British sovereign. This view was adopted in the Cabinet Mission’s 12 May 1946 Memorandum which in turn came to be applied by Attlee and Mountbatten in their unseemly rush to “Divide and Quit” India in the summer of 1947.

It created the pure legal illusion that there was such a thing as “Lapse of Paramountcy” at which Jammu & Kashmir or any other “Native State” of “Indian India” could conceivably, even for a moment, become a sovereign enjoying the comity of nations — contradicting Britain’s own position that only two Dominions, India and Pakistan, could ever be members of the British Commonwealth and hence members of the newly created UN. British pusillanimity towards Jammu & Kashmir’s Ruler had even extended to making him a nominal member of Churchill’s War Cabinet because he had sent troops to fight in Burma. But the legal illusion had come about because of a catastrophic misunderstanding on the part of the British of their own constitutional law.

The only legal scholar who saw this was B R Ambedkar in a lonely and brilliant technical analysis released to the press on June 17 1947. No “Lapse of Paramountcy” over the “Native Princes” of Indian India could occur in constitutional law. Paramountcy over Indian India would be automatically inherited by the successor state of British India at the Transfer of Power. That successor state was the new British Dominion of India as well as (when it came to be finalised by Partition from India) the new British Dominion of Pakistan (Postscript: the deleted words represent a mistake made in the original paper, corrected in “Law, Justice & J&K” in view of the fact the UN in 1947 deemed India alone the successor state of British India and Pakistan a new state in the world system). A former “Native Prince” could only choose to which Dominion he would go. No other alternative existed even for a single logical moment. Because the British had catastrophically failed to comprehend this aspect of their own constitutional law, they created a legal vacuum whereby between August 15 and October 22-26 1947, Jammu & Kashmir became a local and temporary sovereign recognised only by the Dominion of Pakistan (until October 22) and the Dominion of India (until October 26). But it was not a globally recognised sovereign and was never going to be such in international law. This was further proved by Attlee refusing to answer the J&K Prime Minister’s October 18 1947 telegram.

All ambiguity came to end with the Pakistani attack of October 22 1947, the Rape of Baramulla, the secession of an “Azad Kashmir”declared by Sardar Ibrahim, and the Pakistani coup détat in Gilgit on October 31 1947 followed by the massacre of Sikh soldiers of the J&K Army at Bunji. With those Pakistani actions, Gulab Singh’s Jammu & Kashmir State, founded on March 16 1846 by the Treaty of Amritsar, ceased to logically exist as an entity in international law and fell into a state of ownerless anarchy. The conflict between Ibrahim’s Muslim communalists backed by the new Dominion of Pakistan and Abdullah’s secularists backed by the new Dominion of India had become a civil war within a larger intra-Commonwealth war that itself was almost a civil war between forces of the same military.

Jammu & Kashmir territory had become ownerless. The Roman Law which is at the root of all municipal and international law in the world today would declare that in the ownership of such an ownerless entity, a “Military Decision” was indeed the just outcome. Sovereignty over the land, waters, forests and other actual and potential resources of the erstwhile State of Jammu & Kashmir has become divided by “Military Decision” between the modern Republics of India and Pakistan. By the proposal made herein, the people and their descendants shall have chosen their nationality and their domicile freely across the sovereign boundary that has come to result.

TWO
LAW, JUSTICE AND J&K by Subroto Roy First published in two parts in The Sunday Statesman, July 2 2006 and The Statesman July 3 2006 www.thestatesman.net Editorial Page Special Article

I.
For a solution to J&K to be universally acceptable it must be seen by all as being lawful and just. Political opinion in Pakistan and India as well as all people and parties in J&K ~ those loyal to India, those loyal to Pakistan, and any others ~ will have to agree that, all things considered, such is the right course of action for everyone today in the 21st Century, which means too that the solution must be consistent with the facts of history as well as account reasonably for all moral considerations.

On August 14, 1947, the legal entity known as “British India”, as one of its final acts, and based on a sovereign British decision made only two months earlier, created out of some of its territory a new State defined in international law as the “Dominion of Pakistan”. British India extinguished itself the very next day, and the newly independent “Dominion of India” succeeded to all its rights and obligations in international law. As the legal successor of the “India” which had signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and the San Francisco Declaration of 1945, the Dominion of India was already a member of the new UN as well as a signatory to many international treaties. By contrast, the Dominion of Pakistan had to apply afresh to sign treaties and become a member of international organisations. The theory put forward by Argentina that two new States, India and Pakistan, had been created ab initio, came to be rejected and was withdrawn by Argentina. Instead, Pakistan with the wholehearted backing of India was made a member of the UN, with all except Afghanistan voting in favour. (Afghanistan’s exceptional vote signalled presence of conflict over the Durand Line and idea of a Pashtunistan; Dr Khan Sahib and Abdul Ghaffar Khan were imprisoned by the Muslim League regime of NWFP which later supported the tribesmen who attacked J&K starting October 22, 1947; that conflict remains unresolved to this day, even after the American attack on the Taliban, the restart of a constitutional process in Afghanistan, and the purported mediation of US Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice.)

Zafrullah Khan, Pakistan’s distinguished first ambassador to the UN, claimed in September 1947: “Pakistan is not a new member of UNO but a successor to a member State which was one of the founders of the Organisation.” He noted that he himself had led India to the final session of the League of Nations in Geneva in 1939, and he wished to say that Pakistan had been present “as part of India… under the latter name” as a signatory to the Treaty of Versailles. This was, however, logically impossible. The Treaty of Versailles long predated (1) Mohammad Iqbal’s Allahabad Address which conceptualised for the first time in the 20th Century a Muslim State in Northwest India; (2) Rahmat Ali’s invention of the word “PAKSTAN” on the top floor of a London omnibus; (3) M. A. Jinnah and Fazlul Haq’s Lahore Resolution; and (4) the final British decision of June 3, 1947 to create by Partition out of “British India” a Dominion named Pakistan. Pakistan could not have acted in international law prior to having come into being or been created or even conceived itself. Zafrullah Khan would have been more accurate to say that the history of Pakistanis until August 14, 1947 had been one in common with that of their Indian cousins ~ or indeed their Indian brothers, since innumerable North Indian Muslim families came to be literally partitioned, with some brothers remaining Indians while other brothers became Pakistanis.

Pakistan was created at the behest of Jinnah’s Muslim League though with eventual agreement of the Indian National Congress (a distant ancestor of the political party going by the same name today). Pakistan arose not because Jinnah said Hindus and Muslims were “two nations” but because he and his League wished for a State where Muslims would find themselves ruled by fellow-Muslims and feel themselves part of a pan-Islamic culture. Yet Pakistan was intended to be a secular polity with Muslim-majority governance, not an Islamic theocracy. That Pakistan failed to become secular was exemplified most poignantly in the persecution Zafrullah himself later faced in his personal life as an Ahmadiya, even while he was Pakistan’s Foreign Minister. (The same happened later to Pakistan’s Nobel-winning physicist Abdus Salaam.) Pakistan was supposed to allow the genius of Indo-Muslim culture to flourish, transplanted from places like Lucknow and Aligarh which would never be part of it. In fact, the areas that are Pakistan today had in the 1937 provincial elections shown scant popular Muslim support for Jinnah’s League. The NWFP had a Congress Government in the 1946 elections, and its supporters boycotted the pro-Pakistan referendum in 1947. The imposition of Urdu culture as Pakistan’s dominant ethos might have come to be accepted later in West Punjab, Sindh and NWFP but it was not acceptable in East Bengal, and led inevitably to the Pakistani civil war and creation of Bangladesh by Sheikh Mujib in 1971.

In August 1947, the new Dominions of India and Pakistan were each supposed to protect their respective minority populations as their first political duty. Yet both palpably failed in this, and were reduced to making joint declarations pleading for peace and an end to communal killings and the abduction of women. The Karachi Government, lacking the wherewithal and administrative machinery of being a nation-state at all, and with only Liaquat and an ailing Jinnah as noted leaders, may have failed more conspicuously, and West Punjab, the Frontier and Sindh were soon emptied of almost all their many Sikhs and Hindus. Instead, the first act of the new Pakistan Government in the weeks after August 14, 1947 was to arrange for the speedy and safe transfer of the North Indian Muslim elite by air from Delhi using chartered British aeroplanes. The ordinary Muslim masses of UP, Delhi and East Punjab were left in danger from or were subjected to Sikh and Hindu mob attacks, especially as news and rumours spread of similar outrages against Pakistan’s departing minorities.

In this spiral of revenge attacks and counter-attacks, bloodshed inevitably spilled over from West and East Punjab into the northern Punjabi plains of Jammu, though Kashmir Valley remained conspicuously peaceful. Zafrullah and Liaquat would later claim it was this communal civil war which had caused thousands of newly decommissioned Mirpuri soldiers of the British Army, and thousands of Afridi and other Frontier tribesmen, to spontaneously act to “liberate” J&K’s Muslims from alleged tyranny under the Hindu Ruler or an allegedly illegal Indian occupation.

But the main attack on J&K State that began from Pakistan along the Manshera-Muzaffarabad road on October 22, 1947 was admittedly far too well-organised, well-armed, well-planned and well-executed to have been merely a spontaneous uprising of tribesmen and former soldiers. In all but name, it was an act of undeclared war of the new Dominion of Pakistan first upon the State of J&K and then upon the Indian Dominion. This became obvious to Field Marshall Auchinlek, who, as Supreme Commander of the armed forces of both India and Pakistan, promptly resigned and abolished the Supreme Command in face of the fact that two parts of his own forces were now at war with one another.

The invaders failed to take Srinagar solely because they lost their military purpose while indulging in the Rape of Baramula. Thousands of Kashmiri women of all communities ~ Muslim, Sikh and Hindu ~ were violated and transported back to be sold in markets in Peshawar and elsewhere. Such was standard practice in Central Asian tribal wars from long before the advent of Islam, and the invading tribesmen shared that culture. India’s Army and Air Force along with the militias of the secular democratic movement led by Sheikh Abdullah and those remaining loyal units of J&K forces, fought off the invasion, and liberated Baramula, Naushera, Uri, Poonch etc. Gilgit had a British-led coup détat against it bringing it under Pakistan’s control. Kargil was initially taken by the Pakistanis and then lost by them. Leh could have been but was not taken by Pakistani forces. But in seeking to protect Leh and to retake Kargil, the Indian Army lost the siege of Skardu ~ which ended reputedly with the infamous communication from the Pakistani commander to his HQ: “All Sikhs killed; all women raped.”

Legal theory
Now, in this grave mortal conflict, the legal theory to which both the Indian and Pakistani Governments have been wedded for sixty years is one that had been endorsed by the British Cabinet Mission in 1946 and originated with the Butler Commission of 1929. Namely, that “Lapse of Paramountcy” over the “Indian India” of the “Native States” could and did occur with the extinction of British India on August 15, 1947. By this theory, Hyderabad, J&K, Junagadh and the several other States which had not acceded to either Dominion were no longer subject to the Crown’s suzerainty as of that date. Both Dominions drew up “Instruments of Accession” for Rulers to sign upon the supposed “Lapse” of Paramountcy that was to occur with the end of British India.

Ever since, the Pakistan Government has argued that Junagadh’s Ruler acceded to Pakistan and Hyderabad’s had wished to do so but both were forcibly prevented by India. Pakistan has also argued the accession to India by J&K’s Ruler was “fraudulent” and unacceptable, and Sheikh Abdullah was a “Quisling” of India and it was not his National Conference but the Muslim Conference of Ibrahim, Abbas and the Mirwaiz (precursor of the Hurriyat) which represented J&K’s Muslims.

India argued that Junagadh’s accession to Pakistan or Hyderabad’s independence were legal and practical impossibilities contradicting the wills of their peoples, and that their integration into the Indian Dominion was carried out in an entirely legitimate manner in the circumstances prevailing.

On J&K, India has argued that not only had the Ruler requested Indian forces to fight off the Pakistani attack, and he acceded formally before Indian forces were sent, but also that democratic principles were fully adhered to in the unequivocal endorsement of the accession by Sheikh Abdullah and the National Conference and further by a duly called and elected J&K Constituent Assembly, as well as generations of Kashmiris since. In the Indian view, it is Pakistan which has been in illegal occupation of Indian territory from Mirpur, Muzaffarabad and Gilgit to Skardu all the way to the Khunjerab Pass, Siachen Glacier and K2, some of which it illegally ceded to its Communist Chinese ally, and furthermore that it has denied the peoples of these areas any democratic voice.

Roman law
In June 1947, it was uniquely and brilliantly argued by BR Ambedkar in a statement to the Press that the British had made a catastrophic error in comprehending their own constitutional law, that no such thing as “Lapse” of Paramountcy existed, and that suzerainty over the “Native States” of “Indian India” would be automatically transferred in international law to the successor State of British India. It was a legal illusion to think any Native State could be sovereign even for a single logical moment. On this theory, if the Dominion of India was the sole successor State in international law while Pakistan was a new legal entity, then a Native State which acceded to Pakistan after August 15, 1947 would have had to do so with the consent of the suzerain power, namely, India, as may be said to have happened implicitly in case of Chitral and a few others. Equally, India’s behaviour in integrating (or annexing) Junagadh and Hyderabad, would become fully explicable ~ as would the statements of Mountbatten, Nehru and Patel before October 1947 that they would accept J&K going to Pakistan if that was what the Ruler and his people desired. Pakistan unilaterally and by surprise went to war against J&K on October 22, declared the accession to India “fraudulent”, and to this day has claimed the territory of the original State of J&K is “disputed”. Certainly, even if the Ambedkar doctrine is applied that no “Lapse” was possible under British law, Pakistan did not recognise India’s jurisdiction there as the suzerain power as of August 15, 1947. Altogether, Pakistan’s sovereign actions from October 22 onwards amounted to acting to annex J&K to itself by military force ~ acts which came to be militarily resisted (with partial success) by India allied with Sheikh Abdullah’s National Conference and the remaining forces of J&K. By these military actions, Pakistan revealed that it considered J&K territory to have descended into a legal state of anarchy as of October 22, 1947, and hence open to resolution by “Military Decision” ~ as is indeed the just outcome under Roman Law, the root of all municipal and international law today, when there is a contest between claimants over an ownerless entity.

Choice of nationality
Hence, the present author concluded (“Solving Kashmir”, The Statesman December 1-3, 2005) that the dismemberment of the original J&K State and annexation of its territories by India and Pakistan that has occurred since 1947, as represented first by the 1949 Ceasefire Line and then by the 1972 Line of Control, is indeed the just and lawful outcome prevailing in respect of the question of territorial sovereignty and jurisdiction. The remaining “democratic” question described has to do with free individual choice of nationality by the inhabitants, under conditions of full information and privacy, citizen-by-citizen, with the grant of permanent residency rights by the Indian Republic to persons under its jurisdiction in J&K who may choose not to remain Indian nationals but become Afghan, Iranian or Pakistani nationals instead. Pakistan has said frequently its sole concern has been the freedom of the Muslims of J&K under Indian rule, and any such genuine concern shall have been thereby fully met by India. Indeed, if Pakistan agreed to act similarly, this entire complex mortal problem of decades shall have begun to be peacefully resolved. Both countries are wracked by corruption, poverty and bad governance, and would be able to mutually draw down military forces pit against one another everywhere, so as to begin to repair the grave damage to their fiscal health caused by the deleterious draining away of vast public resources.

THREE
HISTORY OF JAMMU & KASHMIR by Subroto Roy First published in two parts in The Sunday Statesman, Oct 29 2006 and The Statesman Oct 30 2006, Editorial Page Special Article, www.thestatesman.net

At the advent of Islam in distant Arabia, India and Kashmir in particular were being visited by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims during Harsha’s reign. The great “Master of Law” Hiuen Tsiang visited between 629-645 and spent 631-633 in Kashmir (”Kia-chi-mi-lo”), describing it to include Punjab, Kabul and Kandahar. Over the next dozen centuries, Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and again Hindu monarchs came to rule the 85 mile long 40 mile wide territory on the River Jhelum’s upper course known as Srinagar Valley, as well as its adjoining Jammu in the upper plains of the Punjab and “Little Tibet” consisting of Laddakh, Baltistan and Gilgit.

In 1344, a Persian adventurer from Swat or Khorasan by name of Amir or Mirza, who had “found his way into the Valley and in time gained great influence at the Raja’s court”, proclaimed himself Sultan Shamsuddin after the death of the last Hindu monarchs of medieval Kashmir. Twelve of his descendants formed the Shamiri dynasty including the notorious Sikander and the just and tolerant Zainulabidin. Sikander who ruled 1386-1410 “submitted himself” to the Uzbek Taimur the Lame when he approached Kashmir in 1398 “and thus saved the country from invasion”. Otherwise, “Sikander was a gloomy ferocious bigot, and his zeal in destroying temples and idols was so intense that he is remembered as the Idol-Breaker. He freely used the sword to propagate Islam and succeeded in forcing the bulk of the population to conform outwardly to the Muslim religion. Most of the Brahmins refused to apostatise, and many of them paid with their lives the penalty for their steadfastness. Many others were exiled, and only a few conformed.”

Zainulabidin who ruled 1417-1467 “was a man of very different type”. “He adopted the policy of universal toleration, recalled the exiled Brahmins, repealed the jizya or poll-tax on Hindus, and even permitted new temples to be built. He abstained from eating flesh, prohibited the slaughter of kine, and was justly venerated as a saint. He encouraged literature, painting and music, and caused many translations to be made of works composed in Sanskrit, Arabic and other languages.” During his “long and prosperous reign”, he “constructed canals and built many mosques; he was just and tolerant”.

The Shamiri dynasty ended in 1541 when “some fugitive chiefs of the two local factions of the Makri and the Chakk invited Mirza Haidar Dughlat, a relation of Babar, to invade Kashmir. The country was conquered and the Mirza held it (nominally in name of Humayan) till 1551, when he was killed in a skirmish. The line… was restored for a few years, until in 1559 a Chakk leader, Ghazi Shah, usurped the throne; and in the possession of his descendants it remained for nearly thirty years.” This dynasty marks the origins of Shia Islam in Srinagar though Shia influence in Gilgit, Baltistan and Laddakh was of longer standing. Constant dissensions weakened the Chakks, and in 1586, Akbar, then at Attock on the Indus, sent an army under Raja Bhagwan Das into Srinagar Valley and easily made it part of his Empire.

Shivaism and Islam both flourished, and Hindu ascetics and Sufi saints were revered by all. Far from Muslims and Hindus forming distinct nations, here they were genetically related kinsmen living in proximity in a small isolated area for centuries. Indeed Zainulabidin may have had a vast unspoken influence on the history of all India insofar as Akbar sought to attempt in his empire what Zainulabidin achieved in the Valley. Like Zainulabidin, Akbar’s governance of India had as its “constant aim” “to conciliate the Hindus and to repress Muslim bigotry” which in modern political parlance may be seen as the principle of secular governance ~ of conciliating the powerless (whether majority or minority) and repressing the bigotry of the powerful (whether minority or majority). Akbar had made the Valley the summer residence of the Mughals, and it was Jahangir, seeing the Valley for the first time, who apparently said the words agar behest baushad, hamee in hast, hamee in hast, hamee in hast: “if Heaven exists, it is here, it is here, it is here”. Yet like other isolated paradises (such as the idyllic islands of the Pacific Ocean) an accursed mental ether can accompany the magnificent beauty of people’s surroundings. As the historian put it: “The Kashmiris remained secure in their inaccessible Valley; but they were given up to internal weakness and discord, their political importance was gone…”

After the Mughals collapsed, Iran’s Turkish ruler Nadir Shah sacked Delhi in 1739 but the Iranian court fell in disarray upon his death. In 1747 a jirga of Pashtun tribes at Kandahar “broke normal tradition” and asked an old Punjabi holy man and shrine-keeper to choose between two leaders; this man placed young wheat in the hand of the 25 year old Ahmed Shah Saddozai of the Abdali tribe, and titled him “Durrani”. Five years later, Durrani took Kashmir and for the next 67 years the Valley was under Pashtun rule, a time of “unmitigated brutality and widespread distress”. Durrani himself “was wise, prudent and simple”, never declared himself king and wore no crown, instead keeping a stick of young wheat in his turban. Leaving India, he famously recited: “The Delhi throne is beautiful indeed, but does it compare with the mountains of Kandahar?”

Kashmir’s modern history begins with Ranjit Singh of the Sikhs who became a soldier at 12, and in 1799 at age 19 was made Lahore’s Governor by Kabul’s Zaman Shah. Three years later “he made himself master of Amritsar”, and in 1806 crossed the River Sutlej and took Ludhiana. He created a fine Sikh infantry and cavalry under former officers of Napoleon, and with 80,000 trained men and 500 guns took Multan and Peshawar, defeated the Pashtuns and overran Kashmir in 1819. The “cruel rule” of the Pashtuns ended “to the great relief of Kashmir’s inhabitants”.

The British Governor-General Minto (ancestor of the later Viceroy), seeing advantage in the Sikhs staying north of the Sutlej, sent Charles Metcalfe, “a clever young civilian”, to persuade the Khalsa; in 1809, Ranjit Singh and the British in the first Treaty of Amritsar agreed to establish “perpetual amity”: the British would “have no concern” north of the Sutlej and Ranjit Singh would keep only minor personnel south of it. In 1834 and 1838 Ranjit Singh was struck by paralysis and died in 1839, leaving no competent heir. The Sikh polity collapsed, “their power exploded, disappearing in fierce but fast flames”. It was “a period of storm and anarchy in which assassination was the rule” and the legitimate line of his son and grandson, Kharak Singh and Nao Nihal Singh was quickly extinguished. In 1845 the Queen Regent, mother of the five-year old Dalip Singh, agreed to the Khalsa ending the 1809 Treaty. After bitter battles that might have gone either way, the Khalsa lost at Sobraon on 10 February 1846, and accepted terms of surrender in the 9 March 1846 Treaty of Lahore. The kingdom had not long survived its founder: “created by the military and administrative genius of one man, it crumbled into powder when the spirit which gave it life was withdrawn; and the inheritance of the Khalsa passed into the hands of the English.”

Ranjit Singh’s influence on modern J&K was even greater through his having mentored the Rajput Gulab Singh Dogra (1792-1857) and his brothers Dhyan Singh and Suchet Singh. Jammu had been ruled by Ranjit Deo until 1780 when the Sikhs made it tributary to the Lahore Court. Gulab Singh, a great grand nephew of Ranjit Deo, had left home at age 17 in search of a soldierly fortune, and ended up in 1809 in Ranjit Singh’s army, just when Ranjit Singh had acquired for himself a free hand to expand his domains north of the River Sutlej.

Gulab Singh, an intrepid soldier, by 1820 had Jammu conferred upon him by Ranjit Singh with the title of Raja, while Bhimber, Chibal, Poonch and Ramnagar went to his brothers. Gulab Singh, “often unscrupulous and cruel, was a man of considerable ability and efficiency”; he “found his small kingdom a troublesome charge but after ten years of constant struggles he and his two brothers became masters of most of the country between Kashmir and the Punjab”, though Srinagar Valley itself remained under a separate Governor appointed by the Lahore Court. Gulab Singh extended Jammu’s rule from Rawalpindi, Bhimber, Rajouri, Bhadarwah and Kishtwar, across Laddakh and into Tibet. His General Zorawar Singh led six expeditions into Laddakh between 1834 and 1841 through Kishtwar, Padar and Zanskar. In May 1841, Zorawar left Leh with an army of 5000 Dogras and Laddakhis and advanced on Tibet. Defeating the Tibetans at Rudok and Tashigong, he reached Minsar near Lake Mansarovar from where he advanced to Taklakot (Purang), 15 miles from the borders of Nepal and Kumaon, and built a fort stopping for the winter. Lhasa sent large re-inforcements to meet him. Zorawar, deciding to take the offensive, was killed in the Battle of Toyu, on 11-12 December 1841 at 16,000 feet.

A Laddakhi rebellion resulted against Jammu, aided now by the advancing Tibetans. A new army was sent under Hari Chand suppressing the rebellion and throwing back the Tibetans, leading to a peace treaty between Lhasa and Jammu signed on 17 September 1842: “We have agreed that we have no ill-feelings because of the past war. The two kings will henceforth remain friends forever. The relationship between Maharajah Gulab Singh of Kashmir and the Lama Guru of Lhasa (Dalai Lama) is now established. The Maharajah Sahib, with God (Kunchok) as his witness, promises to recognise ancient boundaries, which should be looked after by each side without resorting to warfare. When the descendants of the early kings, who fled from Laddakh to Tibet, now return they will not be stopped by Shri Maharajah. Trade between Laddakh and Tibet will continue as usual. Tibetan government traders coming into Laddakh will receive free transport and accommodations as before, and the Laddakhi envoy will, in turn, receive the same facilities in Lhasa. The Laddakhis take an oath before God (Kunchok) that they will not intrigue or create new troubles in Tibetan territory. We have agreed, with God as witness, that Shri Maharajah Sahib and the Lama Guru of Lhasa will live together as members of the same household.” The traditional boundary between Laddakh and Tibet “as recognised by both sides since olden times” was accepted by the envoys of Gulab Singh and the Dalai Lama.

An earlier 1684 treaty between Laddakh and Lhasa had said that while Laddakh would send tribute to Lhasa every three years, “the king of Laddakh reserves to himself the village of Minsar in Ngarees-khor-sum, that he may be independent there; and he sets aside its revenue for the purpose of meeting the expense involved in keeping up the sacrificial lights at Kangree (Kailas), and the Holy Lakes of Mansarovar and Rakas Tal”. The area around Minsar village near Lake Mansarovar, held by the rulers of Laddakh since 1583, was retained by Jammu in the 1842 peace-treaty, and its revenue was received by J&K State until 1948.

After Ranjit Singh’s death in 1839, Gulab Singh was alienated from the Lahore Court where the rise of his brothers and a nephew aroused enough Khalsa jealousy to see them assassinated in palace intrigues. While the Sikhs imploded, Gulab Singh had expanded his own dominion from Rawalpindi to Minsar ~ everywhere except Srinagar Valley itself. He had apparently advised the Sikhs not to attack the British in breach of the 1809 Treaty, and when they did so he had not joined them, though had he done so British power in North India might have been broken. The British were grateful for his neutrality and also his help in their first misbegotten adventure in Afghanistan. It was Gulab Singh who was now encouraged by both the British and the Sikhs to mediate between them, indeed “to take a leading part in arranging conditions of peace”, and he formally represented the Sikh regency in the negotiations. The 9 March 1846 Treaty of Lahore “set forth that the British Government having demanded in addition to a certain assignment of territory, a payment of a crore and a half of rupees, and the Sikh Government being unable to pay the whole”, Dalip Singh “should cede as equivalent to one crore the hill country belonging to the Punjab between the Beas and the Indus including Kashmir and the Hazara”.

For the British to occupy the whole of this mountainous territory was judged unwise on economic and military grounds; it was not feasible to occupy from a military standpoint and the area “with the exception of the small Valley of Kashmir” was “for the most part unproductive”. “On the other hand, the ceded tracts comprised the whole of the hereditary possessions of Gulab Singh, who, being eager to obtain an indefeasible title to them, came forward and offered to pay the war indemnity on condition that he was made the independent ruler of Jammu & Kashmir.

A separate treaty embodying this arrangement was thus concluded between the British and Gulab Singh at Amritsar on 16 March 1846.” Gulab Singh acknowledged the British Government’s supremacy, and in token of it agreed to present annually to the British Government “one horse, twelve shawl goats of approved breed and three pairs of Kashmir shawls. This arrangement was later altered; the annual presentation made by the Kashmir State was confined to two Kashmir shawls and three romals (handkerchiefs).” The Treaty of Amritsar “put Gulab Singh, as Maharaja, in possession of all the hill country between the Indus and the Ravi, including Kashmir, Jammu, Laddakh and Gilgit; but excluding Lahoul, Kulu and some areas including Chamba which for strategic purposes, it was considered advisable (by the British) to retain and for which a remission of Rs 25 lakhs was made from the crore demanded, leaving Rs 75 lakhs as the final amount to be paid by Gulab Singh.” The British retained Hazara which in 1918 was included into NWFP. Through an intrigue emanating from Prime Minister Lal Singh in Lahore, Imamuddin, the last Sikh-appointed Governor of Kashmir, sought to prevent Gulab Singh taking possession of the Valley in accordance with the Treaty’s terms. By December 1846 Gulab Singh had done so, though only with help of a British force which included 17,000 Sikh troops “who had been fighting in the campaign just concluded”. (Contemporary British opinion even predicted Sikhism like Buddhism “would become extinct in a short time if it were not kept alive by the esprit de corps of the Sikh regiments”.)

The British in 1846 may have been glad enough to allow Gulab Singh take independent charge of the new entity that came to be now known as the “State of Jammu & Kashmir”. Later, however. they and their American allies would grow keen to control or influence the region vis-à-vis their new interests against the Russian and Soviet Empires.

FOUR
PAKISTAN’S ALLIES by Subroto Roy First published in two parts in The Sunday Statesman, June 4 2006, The Statesman June 5 2006, Editorial Page Special Article, www.thestatesman.net

From the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar creating the State of Jammu & Kashmir until the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Britain and later the USA became increasingly interested in the subcontinent’s Northwest. The British came to India by sea to trade. Barren, splendid, landlocked Afghanistan held no interest except as a home of fierce tribes; but it was the source of invasions into the Indian plains and prompted a British misadventure to install Shah Shuja in place of Dost Mohammad Khan leading to ignominious defeat. Later, Afghanistan was seen as the underbelly of the Russian and Soviet empires, and hence a location of interest to British and American strategic causes.

In November 1954, US President Dwight Eisenhower authorized 30 U-2 spy aircraft to be produced for deployment against America’s perceived enemies, especially to investigate Soviet nuclear missiles which could reach the USA. Reconnaissance balloons had been unsuccessful, and numerous Western pilots had been shot down taking photographs from ordinary military aircraft. By June 1956, U-2 were making clandestine flights over the USSR and China. But on May 1 1960, one was shot or forced down over Sverdlovsk, 1,000 miles within Soviet territory. The Americans prevaricated that it had taken off from Turkey on a weather-mission, and been lost due to oxygen problems. Nikita Kruschev then produced the pilot, Francis Gary Powers, who was convicted of spying, though was exchanged later for a Soviet spy. Powers had been headed towards Norway, his task to photograph Soviet missiles from 70,000 ft, his point of origin had been an American base 20 miles from Peshawar.

America needed clandestine “forward bases” from which to fly U-2 aircraft, and Pakistan’s ingratiating military and diplomatic establishment was more than willing to offer such cooperation, fervently wishing to be seen as a “frontline state” against the USSR. “We will help you defeat the USSR and we are hopeful you will help us defeat India” became their constant refrain. By 1986, the Americans had been permitted to build air-bases in Balochistan and also use Mauripur air-base near Karachi.

Jammu & Kashmir and especially Gilgit-Baltistan adjoins the Pashtun regions whose capital has been Peshawar. In August-November 1947, a British coup d’etat against J&K State secured Gilgit-Baltistan for the new British Dominion of Pakistan.

The Treaty of Amritsar had nowhere required Gulab Singh’s dynasty to accept British political control in J&K as came to be exercised by British “Residents” in all other Indian “Native States”. Despite this, Delhi throughout the late 19th Century relentlessly pressed Gulab Singh’s successors Ranbir Singh and Partab Singh to accept political control. The Dogras acquiesced eventually. Delhi’s desire for control had less to do with the welfare of J&K’s people than with protection of increasing British interests in the area, like European migration to Srinagar Valley and guarding against Russian or German moves in Afghanistan. “Sargin” or “Sargin Gilit”, later corrupted by the Sikhs and Dogras into “Gilgit”, had an ancient people who spoke an archaic Dardic language “intermediate between the Iranian and the Sanskritic”. “The Dards were located by Ptolemy with surprising accuracy on the West of the Upper Indus, beyond the headwaters of the Swat River (Greek: Soastus) and north of the Gandarae (i.e. Kandahar), who occupied Peshawar and the country north of it. This region was traversed by two Chinese pilgrims, Fa-Hsien, coming from the north about AD 400 and Hsuan Tsiang, ascending from Swat in AD 629, and both left records of their journeys.”

Gilgit had been historically ruled by a Hindu dynasty called Trakane; when they became extinct, Gilgit Valley “was desolated by successive invasions of neighbouring rulers, and in the 20 or 30 years ending with 1842 there had been five dynastic revolutions. The Sikhs entered Gilgit about 1842 and kept a garrison there.” When J&K came under Gulab Singh, “the Gilgit claims were transferred with it, and a boundary commission was sent” by the British. In 1852 the Dogras were driven out with 2,000 dead. In 1860 under Ranbir Singh, the Dogras “returned to Gilgit and took Yasin twice, but did not hold it. They also in 1866 invaded Darel, one of the most secluded Dard states, to the south of the Gilgit basin but withdrew again.”

The British appointed a Political Agent in Gilgit in 1877 but he was withdrawn in 1881. “In 1889, in order to guard against the advance of Russia, the British Government, acting as the suzerain power of Kashmir, established the Gilgit Agency”. The Agency was re-established under control of the British Resident in Jammu & Kashmir. “It comprised the Gilgit Wazarat; the State of Hunza and Nagar; the Punial Jagir; the Governorships of Yasin, Kuh-Ghizr and Ishkoman, and Chilas”. In 1935, the British demanded J&K lease to them for 60 years Gilgit town plus most of the Gilgit Agency and the hill-states Hunza, Nagar, Yasin and Ishkuman. Hari Singh had no choice but to acquiesce. The leased region was then treated as part of British India, administered by a Political Agent at Gilgit responsible to Delhi, first through the Resident in J& K and later a British Agent in Peshawar. J& K State no longer kept troops in Gilgit and a mercenary force, the Gilgit Scouts, was recruited with British officers and paid for by Delhi. In April 1947, Delhi decided to formally retrocede the leased areas to Hari Singh’s J& K State as of 15 August 1947. The transfer was to formally take place on 1 August.

On 31 July, Hari Singh’s Governor arrived to find “all the officers of the British Government had opted for service in Pakistan”. The Gilgit Scouts’ commander, a Major William Brown aged 25, and his adjutant, a Captain Mathieson, planned openly to engineer a coup détat against Hari Singh’s Government. Between August and October, Gilgit was in uneasy calm. At midnight on 31 October 1947, the Governor was surrounded by the Scouts and the next day he was “arrested” and a provisional government declared.

Hari Singh’s nearest forces were at Bunji, 34 miles from Gilgit, a few miles downstream from where the Indus is joined by Gilgit River. The 6th J& K Infantry Battalion there was a mixed Sikh-Muslim unit, typical of the State’s Army, commanded by a Lt Col. Majid Khan. Bunji controlled the road to Srinagar. Further upstream was Skardu, capital of Baltistan, part of Laddakh District where there was a small garrison. Following Brown’s coup in Gilgit, Muslim soldiers of the 6th Infantry massacred their Sikh brothers-at-arms at Bunji. The few Sikhs who survived escaped to the hills and from there found their way to the garrison at Skardu.

On 4 November 1947, Brown raised the new Pakistani flag in the Scouts’ lines, and by the third week of November a Political Agent from Pakistan had established himself at Gilgit. Brown had engineered Gilgit and its adjoining states to first secede from J&K, and, after some talk of being independent, had promptly acceded to Pakistan. His commander in Peshawar, a Col. Bacon, as well as Col. Iskander Mirza, Defence Secretary in the new Pakistan and later to lead the first military coup détat and become President of Pakistan, were pleased enough. In July 1948, Brown was awarded an MBE (Military) and the British Governor of the NWFP got him a civilian job with ICI~ which however sent him to Calcutta, where he came to be attacked and left for dead on the streets by Sikhs avenging the Bunji massacre. Brown survived, returned to England, started a riding school, and died in 1984. In March 1994, Pakistan awarded his widow the Sitara-I-Pakistan in recognition of his coup détat.

Gilgit’s ordinary people had not participated in Brown’s coup which carried their fortunes into the new Pakistan, and to this day appear to remain without legislative representation. It was merely assumed that since they were mostly Muslim in number they would wish to be part of Pakistan ~ which also became Liaquat Ali Khan’s assumption about J&K State as a whole in his 1950 statements in North America. What the Gilgit case demonstrates is that J&K State’s descent into a legal condition of ownerless anarchy open to “Military Decision” had begun even before the Pakistani invasion of 22 October 1947 (viz. “Solving Kashmir”, The Statesman, 1-3 December 2005). Also, whatever else the British said or did with respect to J & K, they were closely allied to the new Pakistan on the matter of Gilgit.

The peak of Pakistan’s Anglo-American alliance came with the enormous support in the 1980s to guerrilla forces created and headquartered in Peshawar, to battle the USSR and Afghan communists directly across the Durand Line. It was this guerrilla war which became a proximate cause of the collapse of the USSR as a political entity in 1991. President Ronald Reagan’s CIA chief William J. Casey sent vast sums in 1985-1988 to supply and train these guerrillas. The Washington Post and New Yorker reported the CIA training guerrillas “in the use of mortars, rocket grenades, ground-to-air missiles”. 200 hand-held Stinger missiles were supplied for the first time in 1986 and the New Yorker reported Gulbudin Hikmatyar’s “Hizbe Islami” guerrillas being trained to bring down Soviet aircraft. “Mujahideen had been promised two Stingers for every Soviet aircraft brought down. Operators who failed to aim correctly were given additional training… By 1986, the United States was so deeply involved in the Afghan war that Soviet aircraft were being brought down under the supervision of American experts”. (Raja Anwar, The Tragedy of Afghanistan, 1988, p. 234).

The budding US-China détente brokered by Pakistan came into full bloom here. NBC News on 7 January 1980 said “for the first time in history (a senior State Department official) publicly admitted the possibility of concluding a military alliance between the United States and China”. London’s Daily Telegraph reported on 5 January 1980 “China is flying large supplies of arms and ammunition to the insurgents in Afghanistan. According to diplomatic reports, supplies have arrived in Pakistan from China via the Karakoram Highway…. A major build-up of Chinese involvement is underway ~ in the past few days. Scores of Chinese instructors have arrived at the Shola-e-Javed camps.”

Afghan reports in 1983-1985 said “there were eight training camps near the Afghan border operated by the Chinese in Sinkiang province” and that China had supplied the guerrillas “with a variety of weapons including 40,000 RPG-7 and 20,000 RPG-II anti tank rocket launchers.” Like Pakistan, “China did not publicly admit its involvement in the Afghan conflict: in 1985 the Chinese Mission at the UN distributed a letter denying that China was extending any kind of help to the Afghan rebels” (Anwar, ibid. p. 234). Support extended deep and wide across the Arab world. “The Saudi and Gulf rulers … became the financial patrons of the Afghan rebels from the very start of the conflict”. Anwar Sadat, having won the Nobel Peace Prize, was “keen to claim credit for his role in Afghanistan…. by joining the Afghanistan jihad, Sadat could re-establish his Islamic credentials, or so he believed. He could thus not only please the Muslim nations but also place the USA and Israel in his debt.” Sadat’s Defence Minister said in January 1980: “Army camps have been opened for the training of Afghan rebels; they are being supplied with weapons from Egypt” and Sadat told NBC News on 22 September 1981 “that for the last twenty-one months, the USA had been buying arms from Egypt for the Afghan rebels. He said he had been approached by the USA in December 1979 and he had decided to `open my stores’. He further disclosed that these arms were being flown to Pakistan from Egypt by American aircraft. Egypt had vast supplies of SAM-7 and RPG-7 anti-aircraft and anti-tank weapons which Sadat agreed to supply to Afghanistan in exchange for new American arms. The Soviet weapons, being light, were ideally suited to guerrilla warfare. … the Mujahideen could easily claim to have captured them from Soviet and Afghan troops in battle.… Khomeini’s Iran got embroiled in war (against Iraq) otherwise Kabul would also have had to contend with the full might of the Islamic revolutionaries.” (Anwar ibid. p. 235).

Afghanistan had been occupied on 26-27 December 1979 by Soviet forces sent by the decrepit Leonid Brezhnev and Yuri Andropov to carry out a putsch replacing one communist, Hafizullah Amin, with a rival communist and Soviet protégé, Babrak Karmal. By 1985 Brezhnev and Andropov were dead and Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev had begun his attempts to reform the Soviet system, usher in openness, end the Cold War and in particular withdraw from Afghanistan, which by 1986 he had termed “a bleeding wound”. Gorbachev replaced Karmal with a new protégé Najibullah Khan, who was assigned the impossible task of bringing about national reconciliation with the Pakistan-based guerrillas and form a national government. Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan in February 1989 having lost 14,500 dead, while more than a million Afghans had been killed since the invasion a decade earlier.

Not long after Russia’s Bolshevik Revolution, Gregory Zinoviev had said that international communism “turns today to the peoples of the East and says to them, `Brothers, we summon you to a Holy War first of all against British imperialism!’ At this there were cries of Jehad! Jehad! And much brandishing of picturesque Oriental weapons.” (Treadgold, Twentieth Century Russia, 1990, p. 213). Now instead, the Afghan misadventure had contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Empire itself, the USSR ceasing to be a political entity by 1991, and even Gorbachev being displaced by Boris Yeltsin and later Vladimir Putin in a new Russia.

What resulted for the people of the USA and Britain and the West in general was that they no longer had to live under threat of hostile Soviet tanks and missiles, while the people of Russia, Ukraine and the other erstwhile Soviet republics as well as Eastern Europe were able to throw off the yoke of communism that had oppressed them since the Bolshevik Revolution and instead to breathe the air of freedom.

What happened to the people of Afghanistan, however, was that they were plunged into further ghastly civil war for more than ten years. And what happened to the people of Pakistan was that their country was left resembling a gigantic Islamist military camp, awash with airfields, arms, ammunition and trained guerrillas, as well as a military establishment enlivened as always by perpetual hope that these supplies, provisions and personnel of war might find alternative use in attacks against India over J& K. “We helped you when you wished to see the Soviet Union defeated and withdrawing in Afghanistan”, Pakistan’s generals and diplomats pleaded with the Americans and British, “now you must help us in our wish to see India defeated and withdrawing in Kashmir”. Pakistan’s leaders even believed that just as the Soviet Union had disintegrated afterwards, the Indian Union perhaps might be made to do the same. Not only were the two cases as different as chalk from cheese, Palmerstone’s dictum there are no permanent allies in the politics of nations could not have found more apt use than in what actually came to take place next.

Pakistan’s generals and diplomats felt betrayed by the loss of Anglo-American paternalism towards them after 1989.

Modern Pakistanis had never felt they subscribed to the Indian nationalist movement culminating in independence in August 1947. The Pakistani state now finally declared its independence in the world by exploding bombs in a nuclear arsenal secretly created with help purchased from China and North Korea. Pakistan’s leaders thus came to feel in some control of Pakistan’s destiny as a nation-state for the first time, more than fifty years after Pakistan’s formal creation in 1947. If nothing else, at least they had the Bomb.

Secondly, America and its allies would not be safe for long since the civil war they had left behind in Afghanistan while trying to defeat the USSR now became a brew from which arose a new threat of violent Islamism. Osama bin Laden and the Taliban, whom Pakistan’s military and the USA had promoted, now encouraged unprecedented attacks on the American mainland on September 11 2001 ~ causing physical and psychological damage which no Soviet, Chinese or Cuban missiles ever had been allowed to do. In response, America attacked and removed the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, once again receiving the cooperative use of Pakistani manpower and real estate ~ except now there was no longer any truck with the Pakistani establishment’s wish for a quid pro quo of Anglo-American support against India on J&K. Pakistan’s generals and diplomats soon realised their Anglo-American alliance of more than a half-century ended on September 11 2001. Their new cooperation was in killing or arresting and handing over fellow-Muslims and necessarily lacked their earlier feelings of subservience and ingratiation towards the Americans and British, and came to be done instead under at least some duress. No benefit could be reaped any more in the fight against India over Jammu & Kashmir. An era had ended in the subcontinent.

FIVE

WHAT TO TELL MUSHARRAF: PEACE IS IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT NON-AGGRESSIVE PAKISTANI INTENTIONS by Subroto Roy, First published in The Statesman December 15 2006 Editorial Page Special Article, www.thestatesman.net

In June 1989 a project at an American university involving Pakistani and other scholars, including one Indian, led to the book Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s published in Karachi, New Delhi and elsewhere. The book reached Nawaz Sharif and the Islamabad elite, and General Musharraf’s current proposal on J&K, endorsed warmly by the US State Department last week, derives from the last paragraph of its editorial introduction: “Kashmir… must be demilitarised and unified by both countries sooner or later, and it must be done without force. There has been enough needless bloodshed on the subcontinent… Modern Pakistanis and Indians are free peoples who can voluntarily agree in their own interests to alter the terms set hurriedly by Attlee or Mountbatten in the Indian Independence Act 1947. Nobody but we ourselves keeps us prisoners of superficial definitions of who we are or might be. The subcontinent could evolve its political identity over a period of time on the pattern of Western Europe, with open borders and (common) tariffs to the outside world, with the free movement of people, capital, ideas and culture. Large armed forces could be reduced and transformed in a manner that would enhance the security of each nation. The real and peaceful economic revolution of the masses of the subcontinent would then be able to begin.”

The editors as economists decried the waste of resources involved in the Pakistan-India confrontation, saying it had “greatly impoverished the general budgets of both Pakistan and India. If it has benefited important sections of the political and military elites of both countries, it has done so only at the expense of the general welfare of the masses.”

International law

Such words may have been bold in the early 1990s but today, a decade and a half later, they seem incomplete and rather naïve even to their author, who was myself, the only Indian in that project. Most significantly, the position in international law in the context of historical facts had been wholly neglected. So had been the manifest nature of the contemporary Pakistani state.

Jammu & Kashmir became an entity in international law when the Treaty of Amritsar was signed between Gulab Singh and the British on March 16 1846. British India itself became an entity in international law much later, possibly as late as June 1919 when it signed the Treaty of Versailles. As for Pakistan, it had no existence in world history or international law until August 14 1947, when the British created it as a new entity out of certain demarcated areas of British India and gave it the status of a Dominion. British India dissolved itself on August 15 1947 and the Dominion of India became its successor-state in international law on that date. As BR Ambedkar pointed out at the time, the new India automatically inherited British India’s suzerainty over any and all remaining “princely” states of so-called “Indian India”. In case of J&K in particular, there never was any question of it being recognised as an independent entity in global international law.

The new Pakistan, by entering a Standstill Agreement with J&K as of August 15 1947, did locally recognise J&K’s sovereignty over its decision whether to join Pakistan or India. But this Pakistani recognition lasted only until the attack on J&K that commenced from Pakistani territory as of October 22 1947, an attack in which Pakistani forces were complicit (something which, in different and mutating senses, has continued ever since). The Dominion of India had indicated it might have consented if J&K’s Ruler had decided to accede to Pakistan in the weeks following the dissolution of British India. But no such thing happened: what did happen was the descent of J&K into a condition of legal anarchy.

Beginning with the Pakistani attack on J&K as of October 22 upto and including the Rape of Baramulla and the British-led Pakistani coup détat in Gilgit on one side, and the arrival of Indian forces as well as mobilization by Sheikh Abdullah and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad of J&K’s civilians to repel the Pakistani invaders on the other side, the State of Jammu & Kashmir became an ownerless entity in international law. In Roman Law, from which all modern international and municipal law ultimately derives, the ownership of an ownerless entity is open to be determined by “military decision”. The January 1949 Ceasefire Line that came to be renamed the Line of Control after the 1971 Bangladesh War, demarcates the respective territories that the then-Dominions and later Republics of India and Pakistan acquired by “military decision” of the erstwhile State of J&K which had come to cease to exist.

What the Republic of India means by saying today that boundaries cannot be redrawn nor any populations forcibly transferred is quite simply that the division of erstwhile J&K territory is permanent, and that sovereignty over it is indivisible. It is only sheer ignorance on the part of General Musharraf’s Indian interviewer the other day which caused it to be said that Pakistan was willing to “give up” its claim on erstwhile J&K State territory which India has held: Pakistan has never had nor even made such a claim in international law. What Pakistan has claimed is that India has been an occupier and that there are many people inhabiting the Indian area who may not wish to be Indian nationals and who are being compelled against their will to remain so ~ forgetting to add that precisely the same could be said likewise of the Pakistani-held area.

Accordingly, the lawful solution proposed in these pages a year ago to resolve that matter, serious as it is, has been that the Republic of India invite every person covered under Article 370, citizen-by- citizen, under a condition of full information, to privately and without fear decide, if he/she has not done so already, between possible Indian, Iranian, Afghan or Pakistani nationalities ~ granting rights and obligations of permanent residents to any of those persons who may choose for whatever private reason not to remain Indian nationals. If Pakistan acted likewise, the problem of J&K would indeed come to be resolved. The Americans, as self- appointed mediators, have said they wish “the people of the region to have a voice” in a solution: there can be no better expression of such voice than allowing individuals to privately choose their own nationalities and their rights and responsibilities accordingly. The issue of territorial sovereignty is logically distinct from that of the choice of nationality by individual inhabitants.

Military de-escalation

Equally significant though in assessing whether General Musharraf’s proposal is an anachronism, is Pakistan’s history since 1947: through Ayub’s 1965 attack, the civil war and secession of Bangladesh, the Afghan war and growth of the ISI, the Kargil incursion, the 1999 coup détat, and, once or twice removed, the 9/11 attacks against America. It is not a history that allows any confidence to arise in Indians that we are not dealing with a country misgoverned by a tiny arrogant exploitative military elite who remain hell-bent on aggression against us. Like the USA and USSR twenty years ago, what we need to negotiate about, and negotiate hard about, is an overall mutual military drawdown and de-escalation appropriate to lack of aggressive intent on both sides. Is General Musharraf willing to discuss that? It would involve reciprocal verifiable assessment of one another’s reasonable military requirements on the assumption that each was not a threatening enemy of the other. That was how the USA-USSR drawdown and de-escalation occurred successfully. If General Musharraf is unwilling to enter such a discussion, there is hardly anything to talk about with him. We should wait for democracy to return.

SIX

“AN INDIAN REPLY TO PRESIDENT ZARDARI: REWARDING PAKISTAN FOR BAD BEHAVIOUR LEADS TO SCHIZOPHRENIC RELATIONSHIPS”

by Subroto Roy, December 17 2008

Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari’s recent argument in the New York Times resembles closely the well-known publications of his ambassador to the United States, Mr Husain Haqqani. Unfortunately, this Zardari-Haqqani thesis about Pakistan’s current predicament in the world and the world’s predicament with Pakistan is shot through with clear factual and logical errors. These need to be aired because true or useful conclusions cannot be reached from mistaken premises or faulty reasoning.

1. Origins of Pakistan, India, J&K, and their mutual problems

Mr Zardari makes the following seemingly innocuous statement:

“…. the two great nations of Pakistan and India, born together from the same revolution and mandate in 1947, must continue to move forward with the peace process.”

Now as a matter of simple historical fact, the current entities in the world system known as India and Pakistan were not “born together from the same revolution and mandate in 1947”. It is palpably false to suppose they were and Pakistanis indulge in wishful thinking and self-deception about their own political history if they suppose this.

India’s Republic arose out of the British Dominion known as “India” which was the legal successor of the entity known previously in international law as “British India”. British India had had secular governance and so has had the Indian Republic.

By contrast, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan arose out of a newly created state in international law known as the British Dominion of Pakistan, consisting of designated territory carved out of British India by a British decision and coming into existence one day before British India extinguished itself. (Another new state, Bangladesh, later seceded from Pakistan.)

The British decision to create territory designated “Pakistan” had nothing to do with any anti-British “revolution” or “mandate” supported by any Pakistani nationalism because there was none. (Rahmat Ali’s anti-Hindu pamphleteering in London could be hardly considered Pakistani nationalism against British rule. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan’s Pashtun patriots saw themselves as Indian, not Pakistani.)

To the contrary, the British decision had to do with a small number of elite Pakistanis — MA Jinnah foremost among them — demanding not to be part of the general Indian nationalist movement that had been demanding a British departure from power in the subcontinent. Jinnah’s separatist party, the Muslim League, was trounced in the 1937 provincial elections in all the Muslim-majority areas of British India that would eventually become Pakistan. Despite this, in September 1939, Britain, at war with Nazi Germany, chose to elevate the political power of Jinnah and his League to parity with the general Indian nationalist movement led by MK Gandhi. (See, Francis Robinson, in William James and Subroto Roy (eds), Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s.) Britain needed India’s mostly Muslim infantry-divisions — the progenitors of the present-day Pakistan Army — and if that meant tilting towards a risky political idea of “Pakistan” in due course, so it would be. The thesis that Pakistan arose from any kind of “revolution” or “mandate” in 1947 is fantasy — the Muslim super-elite that invented and endorsed the Pakistan idea flew from Delhi to Karachi in chartered BOAC Dakotas, caring not a hoot about the vulnerability of ordinary Muslim masses to Sikh and Hindu majority wrath and retaliation on the ground.

Modern India succeeded to the rights and obligations of British India in international law, and has had a recognized existence as a state since at least the signing of the Armistice and Treaty of Versailles in 1918-1919. India was a founding member of the United Nations, being a signatory of the 1945 San Francisco Declaration, and an original member of the Bretton Woods institutions. An idea put forward by Argentina that as of 1947 India and Pakistan were both successor states of British India was rejected by the UN (Argentina withdrew its own suggestion), and it was universally acknowledged India was already a member of the UN while Pakistan would have to (and did) apply afresh for membership as a newly created state in the UN. Pakistan’s entry into the UN had the enthusiastic backing of India and was opposed by only one existing UN member, Afghanistan, due to a conflict that continues to this day over the legitimacy of the Durand Line that bifurcated the Pashtun areas.

Such a review of elementary historical facts and the position in law of Pakistan and India is far from being of merely pedantic interest today. Rather, it goes directly to the logical roots of the conflict over the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) — a state that itself originated as an entity in the world system a full century before Pakistan was to do so and more than half a century before British India did, but which would collapse into anarchy and civil war in 1947-1949.

Britain (or England) had been a major nation-state in the world system recognized since Grotius first outlined modern international law. On March 16 1846, Britain entered into a treaty, the Treaty of Amritsar, with one Gulab Singh, and the “State of Jammu & Kashmir” came to arise as a recognizable entity in international law for the first time. (See my “History of Jammu and Kashmir” published in The Statesman, Oct 29-30 2006, available elsewhere here.)

Jammu & Kashmir continued in orderly existence as a state until it crashed into legal and political anarchy and civil war a century later. The new Pakistan had entered into a “Standstill Agreement” with the State of Jammu & Kashmir as of August 15 1947. On or about October 22 1947, Pakistan unilaterally ended that Standstill Agreement and instead caused military forces from its territory to attack the State of Jammu & Kashmir along the Mansehra Road towards Baramula and Srinagar, coinciding too with an Anglo-Pakistani coup d’etat in Gilgit and Baltistan (see my “Solving Kashmir”; “Law, Justice & J&K”; “Pakistan’s Allies”, all published in The Statesman in 2005-2006 and available elsewhere here).

The new Pakistan had chosen, in all deliberation, to forswear law, politics and diplomacy and to resort to force of arms instead in trying to acquire J&K for itself via a military decision. It succeeded only partially. Its forces took and then lost both Baramula and Kargil; they may have threatened Leh but did not attempt to take it; they did take and retain Muzaffarabad and Skardu; they were never near taking the summer capital, Srinagar, though might have threatened the winter capital, Jammu.

All in all, a Ceasefire Line came to be demarcated on the military positions as of February 1 1949. After a war in 1971 that accompanied the secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan, that Ceasefire Line came to be renamed the “Line of Control” between Pakistan and India. An ownerless entity may be acquired by force of arms — the erstwhile State of Jammu & Kashmir in 1947-1949 had become an ownerless entity that had been dismembered and divided according to military decision following an armed conflict between Pakistan and India. The entity in the world system known as the “State of Jammu & Kashmir” created on March 16 1846 by Gulab Singh’s treaty with the British ceased to exist as of October 22 1947. Pakistan had started the fight over J&K but there is a general rule of conflicts that he who starts a fight does not get to finish it.

Such is the simplest and most practical statement of the history of the current problem. The British, through their own compulsions and imperial pretensions, raised all the talk about a “Lapse of Paramountcy” of the British Crown over the “Native Princes” of “Indian India”, and of how, the “Native Princes” were required to “accede” to either India or Pakistan. This ignored Britain’s own constitutional law. BR Ambedkar pointed out with unsurpassed clarity that no “Lapse of Paramountcy” was possible even for a single logical moment since “Paramountcy” over any “Native Princes” who had not joined India or Pakistan as of August 15 1947, automatically passed from British India to its legal successor, namely, the Dominion of India. It followed that India’s acquiescence was required for any subsequent accession to Pakistan – an acquiescence granted in case of Chitral and denied in case of Junagadh.

What the Republic of India means by saying today that boundaries cannot be redrawn nor any populations forcibly transferred is quite simply that the division of erstwhile J&K territory is permanent, and that sovereignty over it is indivisible. What Pakistan has claimed is that India has been an occupier and that there are many people inhabiting the Indian area who may not wish to be Indian nationals and who are being compelled against their will to remain so ~ forgetting to add that precisely the same could be said likewise of the Pakistani-held area. The lawful solution I proposed in “Solving Kashmir, “Law, Justice and J&K” and other works has been that the Republic of India invite every person covered under its Article 370, citizen-by-citizen, under a condition of full information, to privately and without fear decide, if he/she has not done so already, between possible Indian, Iranian, Afghan or Pakistani nationalities ~ granting rights and obligations of permanent residents to any of those persons who may choose for whatever private reason not to remain Indian nationals. If Pakistan acted likewise, the problem of J&K would indeed come to be resolved. The Americans, as self-appointed mediators, have said they wish “the people of the region to have a voice” in a solution: there can be no better expression of such voice than allowing individuals to privately choose their own nationalities and their rights and responsibilities accordingly. The issue of territorial sovereignty is logically distinct from that of the choice of nationality by individual inhabitants.

2. Benazir’s assassination falsely compared to the Mumbai massacres
Secondly, President Zardari draws a mistaken comparison between the assassination last year of his wife, Benazir Bhutto, and the Mumbai massacres a few weeks ago. Ms Bhutto’s assassination may resemble more closely the assassinations in India of Indira Gandhi in 1984 and Rajiv Gandhi in 1991.

Indira Gandhi died in “blowback” from the unrest she and her younger son and others in their party had opportunistically fomented among Sikh fundamentalists and sectarians since the late 1970s. Rajiv Gandhi died in “blowback” from an erroneous imperialistic foreign policy that he, as Prime Minister, had been induced to make by jingoistic Indian diplomats, a move that got India’s military needlessly involved in the then-nascent Sri Lankan civil war. Benazir Bhutto similarly may be seen to have died in “blowback” from her own political activity as prime minister and opposition leader since the late 1980s, including her own encouragement of Muslim fundamentalist forces. Certainly in all three cases, as in all assassinations, there were lapses of security too and imprudent political judgments made that contributed to the tragic outcomes.

Ms Bhutto’s assassination has next to nothing to do with the Mumbai massacres, besides the fact the perpetrators in both cases were Pakistani terrorists. President Zardari saying he himself has lost his wife to terrorism is true but not relevant to the proper diagnosis of the Mumbai massacres or to Pakistan-India relations in general. Rather, it serves to deflect criticism and condemnation of the Pakistani state’s pampered handing of Pakistan’s terrorist masterminds, as well as the gross irresponsibility of Pakistan’s military scientists (not AQ Khan) who have been recently advocating a nuclear first strike against India in the event of war.

3. Can any religious nation-state be viable in the modern world?

President Zardari’s article says:

“The world worked to exploit religion against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan by empowering the most fanatic extremists as an instrument of destruction of a superpower. The strategy worked, but its legacy was the creation of an extremist militia with its own dynamic.”

This may be overly simplistic. As pointed out in my article “Pakistan’s Allies”, Gregory Zinoviev himself after the Bolshevik Revolution had declared that international communism “turns today to the peoples of the East and says to them, ‘Brothers, we summon you to a Holy War first of all against British imperialism!’ At this there were cries of Jehad! Jehad! And much brandishing of picturesque Oriental weapons.” (Treadgold, Twentieth Century Russia, 1990, p. 213). For more than half of the 20th century, orthodox Muslims had been used by Soviet communists against British imperialism, then by the British and Americans (through Pakistan) against Soviet communism. Touché! Blowback and counter-blowback! The real question that arises from this today may be why orthodox Muslims have allowed themselves to be used either way by outside forces and have failed in developing a modern nation-state and political culture of their own. Europe and America only settled down politically after their religious wars were over. Perhaps no religious nation-state is viable in the modern world.

4. Pakistan’s behaviour leads to schizophrenia in international relations

President Zardari pleads for, or perhaps demands, resources from the world:

“the best response to the Mumbai carnage is to coordinate in counteracting the scourge of terrorism. The world must act to strengthen Pakistan’s economy and democracy, help us build civil society and provide us with the law enforcement and counterterrorism capacities that will enable us to fight the terrorists effectively.”

Six million pounds from Mr Gordon Brown, so much from here or there etc – President Zardari has apparently demanded 100 billion dollars from America and that is the price being talked about for Pakistan to dismantle its nuclear weapons and be brought under an American “nuclear umbrella” instead.

I have pointed out elsewhere that what Pakistan seems to have been doing in international relations for decades is send out “mixed messages” – i.e. contradictory signals, whether in thought, word or deed. Clinical psychologists following the work of Gregory Bateson would say this leads to confusion among Pakistan’s interlocutors (a “double bind”) and the symptoms arise of what may be found in schizophrenic relationships. (See my article “Do President-elect Obama’s Pakistan specialists believe…”; on the “double bind” theory, an article I chanced to publish in the Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1986, may be of interest).

Here are a typical set of “mixed messages” emanating from Pakistan’s government and opinion-makers:

“We have nuclear weapons
“We keep our nuclear weapons safe from any misuse or unauthorized use
“We are willing to use nuclear weapons in a first strike against India
“We do not comprehend the lessons of Hiroshima-Nagasaki
“We do not comprehend the destruction India will visit upon us if we strike them
“We are dangerous so we must not be threatened in any way
“We are peace-loving and want to live in peace with India and Afghanistan
“We love to play cricket with India and watch Bollywood movies
“We love our Pakistan Army as it is one public institution that works
“We know the Pakistan Army has backed armed militias against India in the past
“We know these militias have caused terrorist attacks
“We are not responsible for any terrorist attacks
“We do not harbour any terrorists
“We believe the world should pay us to not use or sell our nuclear weapons
“We believe the world should pay us to not encourage the terrorists in our country
“We believe the world should pay us to prevent terrorists from using our nuclear weapons
“We hate India and do not want to become like India
“We love India and want to become like India
“We are India and we are not India…”

Etc.

A mature rational responsible and self-confident Pakistan would have said instead:

“We apologise to India and other countries for the outrageous murders our nationals have committed in Mumbai and elsewhere
“We ask the world to watch how our professional army is deployed to disarm civilian and all “non-state” actors of unauthorized firearms and explosives
“We do not need and will not demand or accept a dollar in any sort of foreign aid, military or civilian, to solve our problems
“We realize our economic and political institutions are a mess and we must clean them up
“We will strive to build a society imbued with what Iqbal described as the spirit of modern times..”

As someone who created at great personal cost at an American university twenty years ago the book Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s, I have a special interest in hoping that Pakistan shall find the path of wisdom.”

Posted in Academic economics, Academic research, Asia and the West, asymmetric information, Britain in India, Dogras, Economic Theory, Freedom, Governance, Government of India, Government of Pakistan, Imperialism, India's Constitution, India's Democracy, India's Diplomacy, India's Jurisprudence, India's Muslims, India's Partition, India's Polity, India's Rule of Law, India's secularism, India's Union-State relations, India-Pakistan peace process, International diplomacy, International Law, Jammu & Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir in international law, Law, Liberalism/Libertarianism, Pakistan in international law, Pakistan's origins, Pakistan's psychology, Pakistan's military, Pakistan's terrorist masterminds, Pakistan, Balochistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistani expansionism, Pervez Musharraf, Political legitimacy, Political Philosophy, Political Science, Regional cooperation, Roman Law, Secular governance, Secularism in practice, Sheikh Abdullah, Sikhs, Sunnis and Shias, War, World History, Zafrullah Khan, Zainulabidin. Leave a Comment »

Two scientific Boses who should have but never won Nobels

October 10, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook:

Einstein’s young collaborator Satyendra Nath Bose (1894-1974) should have been a winner, and has the Boson particle and Bose-Einstein statistics named after him.

Much before him, Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858-1937) deserved to win in two fields: physics and medicine. Marconi and Braun shared the 1909 Physics Prize “for development of wireless telegraphy” – but this was an achievement in which Bose shared more than equally though he was deprived of due honour and recognition, his work coming to light only in the last decade. In Physiology/Medicine, Bose’s work was so far ahead of his time it seemed controversial to lesser men. He introduced new delicate instruments, one of which, the crescograph magnified small movements in plant growth 10 million times. Among his numerous other contributions were demonstration of a parallelism between plant and animal tissues. I should declare an interest as JC Bose was a friend of my great grandfather’s, and his visits to our home are still remembered by my father, now in his 90s. I said in 2007 about him “had Bose been less of a great scientific soul and even slightly more of a businessman than he was by temperament and character, he should have been a winner too”.

Subroto Roy

Posted in Academic research, Biology, India's scientists, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Nobel Prizes, Physics, Satyendranath Bose, Science, Surendranath Roy. 1 Comment »

New Media:Old Media, Parasite:Host? A Discussion Between Bruce Bartlett & Subroto Roy (Updated Sep 27)

September 25, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

From Facebook:

Bruce Bartlett: This is the best picture of the diminution of the formerly major media that I have seen.

Subroto Roy: The long run problem though is how does new media actually become profitable enough to supplant the old, not just supplement it as it does now.

BB: I think it’s a given that that will happen eventually. The problem is how to maintain quality control and accountability in the new media when editorial oversight has effectively disappeared.

SR: Editorial oversight is substituted for by mutual peer review and reputation protection (as well as a return perhaps to a pre-codification state of customary law). But still, small subscription or user charges for many millions of users may be the only long run way to sustain it, not old media advertising.

BB: I have doubts about peer review being a viable replacement for editorial control. It’s too easy to delete comments, links get broken, search engines only scan the surface etc. The virtue of traditional media is that they have systems in place that ensure a degree of responsibility at least in the hard news coverage. That simply diesn’t exist in the new media and probably won’t be created because such systems are costly and time-consuming.

SR: In that case new and old will coexist, with new continually lifting material for free from the old without recompense. (Arianna H. had a nice comparison/contrast some months ago.) The equilibrium outcome may be one of vertically integrated companies…. Come to think of it, where is Rupert Murdoch in the new media world?

BB: I am sympathetic to the idea of modifying the antitrust laws to allow newspapers to collude to create some sort of payment system that all papers could participate in. Congress created such an exemption for baseball and I think newspapers are at least as important.

SR: Well vertical would involve the Murdochs of the world buying up the Googles and the Facebooks (or perhaps being bought up by them instead).

BB: Murdoch tried that by buying MySpace, which hasn’t worked out so well.

SR: Vertical integration is not easy managerially but it may provide the only business model in the long run for new media to coexist parasitically with old media — old media does the basic research and earns the revenue, new media spreads the technology and earns the goodwill while living off the old.

BB: I don’t agree. I think some sort of horizonal integration among news providers may be viable. The new media are essentially parasitic, living off the reportage and infrastructure created by the old media. We all know that the old media need to charge for content. But they can’t without creating some sort of arrangement that would basically involve price fixing. This is where modification of the antitrust laws would help. The alternative, I fear, is government subsidies of some kind to preserve the basic news gathering function.

SR: Well there is agreement then that the parasite metaphor may be useful. Old media is the host where new media is the parasite. Good parasites tend to be in a symbiotic relationship with their host, feeding off it but also doing good to it. It would be a foolish parasite that kills off its host altogether. In case of media, someone (Publisher) pays someone else (Reporter) to witness/record Event A. That is Stage One. Then Publisher pays someone else again (Editor) to evaluate whether the report about A deserves or not to be published via the airwaves (radio, TV), cables (Internet) or dead trees (newsprint). That is Stage Two. Our new media parasite can do Stage Two well but relies on old media entirely for Stage One, and without Stage One there is no Stage Two. Vertical integration here would merely mean the host-parasite relationship becomes contractually acknowledged. I do think the dead-tree aspect will become reduced even further but radio and TV will survive.

BB: The biggest problem with my idea is the problem of leakage. One blogger like Drudge can subscribe to all the hard news web sites and just recycle their reportage for free. I don’t know what to do about that and it argues for your idea of vertical integration. But you have the same problem in that there is no way of controlling new entrants. It may be that the problem cannot be solved and we will have to muddle through somehow. In a column a while back I suggested that reporting will never pay for itself and will have to be subsidized through foundations, universities and the like.

SR: A point of yours on which I agree is this: consumers of the Internet are gaining a free good, namely the outcome of the parasitic process we discussed, and hence there is a prima facie argument for them to be taxed (by a license fee for example) and, say, newsprint or journalism schools subsidised with the earmarked proceeds.

BB: Insofar as news gathering is a public good there is a case for some sort of tax to subsize it. The problem is that I don’t see any practical way of taxing Internet access, which would be the logical tax base. Second, I don’t see any practical way of subsiding news gathering without the danger of government control. There are also first amendment problems. Perhaps there is some way that the major search engines like Google could finance a C-SPAN-type basic news gathering service.

SR: We simply do what the BBC did when it started 70+ years ago, namely, license fees for radio and then TV. So each Internet connection gets taxed or pays a one-time or annual license fee. It is the logical tax base for sure. Re. subsiding news gathering, that is why I said subsidise newsprint (expensive raw material common to all newspapers), and perhaps subsidise young journalists in training (left, right or centre). That’s about it. Yes the C-Span model is good too but will depend on largesse of very rich people.

BB: Per our discussion.

SR: Cool.

(That is where the conversation stands as of about Sep 27 2009. Feel free to join in or model better.)

Posted in Academic economics, Academic research, American society, Economics of information technology, Information Technology industry, Press and Media, Radio, Technological progress, Television. Leave a Comment »

My Ten Articles on China, Tibet, Xinjiang, Taiwan in relation to India

September 19, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

I have had a close interest in China ever since the “Peking Spring” more than thirty years ago but I had not published anything relating to China until 2007-2008 when I published the ten articles listed below:

“Understanding China”, The Statesman Oct 22 2007

“India-US interests: Elements of a serious Indian foreign policy”, The Statesman Oct 30 2007

“China’s India Aggression”, The Statesman, Nov 5 2007,

“Surrender or Fight? War is not a cricket match or Bollywood movie. Can India fight China if it must? “ The Statesman, Dec 4 2007

“China’s Commonwealth: Freedom is the Road to Resolving Taiwan, Tibet, Sinkiang” The Statesman, December 17, 2007

“Nixon & Mao vs India: How American foreign policy did a U-turn about Communist China’s India aggression”. The Statesman, January 7 2008.

“Lessons from the 1962 War: there are distinct Tibetan, Chinese and Indian points of view that need to be mutually comprehended,” The Statesman, January 15, 2008

“China’s India Example: Tibet, Xinjiang May Not Be Assimilated Like Inner Mongolia, Manchuria”, The Statesman, March 25, 2008

“China’s force and diplomacy: The need for realism in India”, The Statesman, May 31, 2008

“Transparency and history” (with Claude Arpi), Business Standard, Dec 31 2008

With new tensions on the Tibet-India border apparently being caused by the Chinese military, these may be helpful for India to determine a Plan B, or even a Plan A, in its dealings with Communist China.

Subroto Roy

Kolkata

Posted in Academic research, Asia and the West, Britain in India, British imperialism, British military doctrine and traditions, Chiang Kaishek, China, China's Commonwealth, China's dissidents, China's Economy, China's expansionism, China's History, China's military, China's nationalism, China's Politics, China's religions, China's wars, China-India Relations, China-Pakistan relations, China-Taiwan problem, China-Tibet problem, Chumbi Valley, Cold War, Communist China, Communists, Confucius, Dalai Lama, Democracy, Deng Xiaoping, Diplomacy, Diplomatic protocols, Diplomatic recognition, Dorjiev, East Turkestan, Gobi Desert, Government of India, Government of Pakistan, Himalayas, India in international law, India's military doctrine, India's communists, India's Foreign Policy, India's History, India's Land, India's Military Defence, India-China relations, India-USA interests, Indian subcontinent, International diplomacy, International Law, International politics, Jammu & Kashmir in international law, Jawaharlal Nehru, Kuomintang, Laddakh, Laws of war, Manchu and Mongol Tartars, Manmohan Singh, Mao Zedong, Military doctrine, Mongolia, Open and Closed Societies, Sikkim, Sinification, Sinkiang, Sino-Indian Border, Strategic thinking, Taiwan, Tibet, War, World History, Xinjiang, Zhou Enlai. Leave a Comment »

“Oh, Renford? He’s a genius!”: A post-War Cambridge story

September 7, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

“Oh, Renford? He’s a genius!” That is what the late Dharma Kumar (1928-2001) said to me in the summer of 1998 at her Delhi home in what would be our last meeting.

I was taken aback. She and I had met after a long decade. Discussing what I had been up to, I had mentioned my application of the work of Renford Bambrough to economic theory in my 1989 book Philosophy of Economics.

“Oh, Renford? He’s a genius!” – Dharma repeated blandly, seeming surprised that I did not get it.

“Oh, Renford? He’s a genius!” – she said a third time more slowly, and then, seeing my uncomprehending stare, explained to me that that was the common saying at Cambridge about the young Renford Bambrough back in the post-War years when she had herself arrived there as an undergraduate.

Now, finally, I got it. “Oh, Renford? He’s a genius!”

In “Conflict and the Scope of Reason”, Renford Bambrough recounted that he had, around 1948, crossed the great Bertrand Russell himself at a meeting of the Labour Club. Russell had made a proposal (which he apparently denied later ever having made) of preventive atomic war against the USSR. Sooner or later there would be conflict between the USSR and the West, the argument went, on balance it would be worse to live under pax Sovietica than pax Americana; therefore, Russell had argued, the West’s existing power should be used to ensure the Soviets never acquired the same. At question-time, young Renford, aged 22, asked Russell why, from a purely philosophical point of view, it mattered “if the human race did destroy itself rather than die of natural causes later”. There was laughter among the audience, and then Russell said he had enormously liked the question, and wished he could “achieve the degree of detachment here displayed by one so young. But I confess that I, for my part, have never been able to overcome my feelings of concern for the welfare of the species of which I am a member”. Russell had misunderstood the question or deftly avoided it, but even so he had noticed in his young interlocutor the calm detachment that would mark all his later thought.

John Renford Bambrough was born on April 29 1926 and died on January 17th 1999. I have written a little about him here and shall write more fully about him anon.

Subroto Roy

Kolkata

India in the 18th Century: A Political Map of Clive’s Time 1760

September 3, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

INDIA1~1

Posted in Academic research, Britain in India, British imperialism, Imperialism, India in international law, India's History. Leave a Comment »

India in the 18th Century: A 1923 Political Map by Shepherd

September 3, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

india_shepherd_1923

Posted in Academic research, Britain in India, Imperialism, India in international law, India's History. 1 Comment »

On the curious pre-9/11 quaintness of current criticism of India’s 1998 nuclear tests

August 28, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

I said towards the end of my June 4-5 2006 article in The Statesman “Pakistan’s Allies”

“…America and its allies would not be safe for long since the civil war they had left behind in Afghanistan while trying to defeat the USSR now became a brew from which arose a new threat of violent Islamism. Osama bin Laden and the Taliban, whom Pakistan’s military and the USA had promoted, now encouraged unprecedented attacks on the American mainland on September 11 2001 ~ causing physical and psychological damage which no Soviet, Chinese or Cuban missiles ever had been allowed to do….”

Earlier, in The Statesman of October 26 2005, I had outlined a series of recent US espionage failures

“There have been three or four enormous failures of American espionage (i.e. intelligence and counter-intelligence) in the last 20 years. The collapse of the Berlin Wall and the end of Soviet communism were salubrious events but they had not been foreseen by the United States which was caught unawares by the speed and nature of the developments that took place. Other failures have been catastrophic.

First, there was the failure to prevent the attack that took place on the American mainland on September 11 2001. It killed several thousand civilians and caused vast, perhaps irreparable, psychological and physical destruction to the United States. The attack was without precedent. The December 7 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour in Hawaii, though a surprise, was carried out by one military against another military and did not affect very many civilians (except that thousands of American civilians of Japanese ancestry came to be persecuted and placed in concentration camps for years by the US Government). And the last time the American mainland had been attacked before 2001 was in 1814 when British troops marched south from Canada and burnt down the Capitol and the US President’s house in Washington.

Secondly, there has been a failure to discover any reasonable justification for the American-led attack on Iraq and its invasion and occupation. Without any doubt, America has lost, at the very least, an incalculable amount of international goodwill as a result of this, let aside suffering two thousand young soldiers killed, fifteen thousand wounded, and an unending cost in terms of prestige and resources in return for the thinnest of tangible gains. India at great cost liberated East Pakistan from the brutal military tyranny of Yahya Khan and Tikka Khan in December 1971 but the average Bangladeshi today could hardly care less. Regardless of what form of government emerges in Iraq now, there is no doubt the mass of the Iraqi people will cheer the departure of the bulk of foreign troops and tanks from their country (even if a permanent set of a dozen hermetically sealed American bases remain there for ever, as appears to have been planned).

When things go wrong in any democracy, it is natural and healthy to set up a committee to investigate, and America has done that several times now. For such committees to have any use at all they must be as candid as possible and perhaps the most candid of the American committees has been the US Government’s 9/11 Commission. But it too has appeared no closer to finding out who was the mastermind of the 9/11 attacks or who financed it and who, precisely, executed it. Osama Bin Laden may have been the ideological head of a movement allied to the perpetrators, and Bin Laden undoubtedly expressed his glee afterwards, but it beggars the imagination that Bin Laden could have been executive president in charge of this operation while crawling around Sudan, Pakistan and Afghanistan. If not him, then whom? Mossad the Israeli spy agency was supposed to have pointed to a super-secret invisible Lebanese terrorist but nobody really knows. The biggest modern mass murder remains unsolved.

As for solutions, the American 9/11 Commission went into the same politically correct formulae that came to be followed in 2005 by British PM Tony Blair’s New Labour Cabinet, namely, that “moderate” peace-loving Muslims must be encouraged and bribed not to turn to terrorism (indeed to expose those among them who do), while “extremist” Muslims must be stamped out with brute force. This rests on a mistaken premise that an economic carrot-and-stick policy can work in creating a set of external incentives and disincentives for Muslims, when in fact believing Muslims, like many other religious believers, are people who feel the power of their religion deep within themselves and so are unlikely to be significantly affected by external incentives or disincentives offered by non-believers. Another committee has been the United States Senate’s Select Committee on Intelligence which reported in July 2004, and from whose findings have stemmed as an offshoot the current matter about whether high government officials broke the law that is being investigated by Special Prosecutor Patrick J. Fitzgerald.

Bertrand Russell said in his obituary of Ludwig Wittgenstein that he had once gone about looking under all the tables and chairs to prove to Wittgenstein that there was not a hippopotamus present in the room. In the present case, however, there is in fact a very large hippopotamus present in the room yet the entire American foreign policy establishment has seemed to refuse to wish to see it. Saddam Hussain and OBL are undoubtedly certifiable members of the international gallery of rogues – but the central fact remains they were rogues who were in alliance with America’s defined strategic interests in the 1980s. Saddam Hussain’s Iraq invaded Iran in 1980 and gassed the Kurds in 1986; an Iraqi Mirage on May 17 1987 fired two Exocet missiles at the USS Stark killing 37 American sailors and injuring 21. The Americans did nothing. The reason was that Saddam was still in favour at the time and had not yet become a demon in the political mythology of the American state, and it was expedient for nothing to be done. Indeed Saddam’s Iraq was explicitly removed in 1982 from the US Government’s list of states sponsoring terrorism because, according to the State Department’s Patterns of Global Terrorism, it had “moved closer to the policies of its moderate Arab neighbours”.

The very large hippopotamus that is present in the room at the moment is April Glaspie, the highly regarded professional career diplomat and American Ambassador to Iraq at the time of the 1990 Gulf War. Saddam Hussein as President had a famous meeting with her on July 25 1990, eight days before he invaded Kuwait. The place was the Presidential Palace in Baghdad and the Iraqis videotaped the meeting:

U.S. Ambassador Glaspie – “I have direct instructions from President (George Herbert Walker) Bush to improve our relations with Iraq. We have considerable sympathy for your quest for higher oil prices, the immediate cause of your confrontation with Kuwait. (pause) As you know, I lived here for years and admire your extraordinary efforts to rebuild your country. We know you need funds. We understand that, and our opinion is that you should have the opportunity to rebuild your country. (pause) We can see that you have deployed massive numbers of troops in the south. Normally that would be none of our business, but when this happens in the context of your threats against Kuwait, then it would be reasonable for us to be concerned. For this reason, I have received an instruction to ask you, in the spirit of friendship – not confrontation – regarding your intentions: Why are your troops massed so very close to Kuwait’s borders?

Saddam Hussein – As you know, for years now I have made every effort to reach a settlement on our dispute with Kuwait. There is to be a meeting in two days; I am prepared to give negotiations only this one more brief chance. (pause) When we (the Iraqis) meet (with the Kuwaitis) and we see there is hope, then nothing will happen. But if we are unable to find a solution, then it will be natural that Iraq will not accept death.

U. S. Ambassador Glaspie – What solutions would be acceptable?

Saddam Hussein – If we could keep the whole of the Shatt al Arab – our strategic goal in our war with Iran – we will make concessions (to the Kuwaitis). But, if we are forced to choose between keeping half of the Shatt and the whole of Iraq (i.e., in Saddam’ s view, including Kuwait ) then we will give up all of the Shatt to defend our claims on Kuwait to keep the whole of Iraq in the shape we wish it to be. (pause) What is the United States’ opinion on this?

U.S. Ambassador Glaspie – We have no opinion on your Arab – Arab conflicts, such as your dispute with Kuwait. Secretary (of State James) Baker has directed me to emphasize the instruction, first given to Iraq in the 1960’s, that the Kuwait issue is not associated with America. (Saddam smiles)

Saddam had seen himself fighting Islamic Iran on behalf of the Kuwaitis, Saudis and other Arabs, and Islamic Iran was of course the sworn adversary of the USA at least since Khomeini had deposed America’s ally, the Shah. Therefore Saddam could not be all bad in the eyes of the State Department. On August 2 1990, the Iraqi troops seen by American satellites amassed on the border, invaded and occupied Kuwait. On September 2 1990, the Iraqis released the videotape and transcript of the July 29 Saddam-Glaspie meeting and Glaspie was confronted by British journalists as she left the Embassy:

Journalist 1 – Are the transcripts (holding them up) correct, Madam Ambassador? (No answer from Glaspie)

Journalist 2 – You knew Saddam was going to invade (Kuwait ) but you didn’t warn him not to. You didn’t tell him America would defend Kuwait. You told him the opposite – that America was not associated with Kuwait.

Journalist 1 – You encouraged this aggression – his invasion. What were you thinking?

U.S. Ambassador Glaspie – Obviously, I didn’t think, and nobody else did, that the Iraqis were going to take all of Kuwait.

Journalist 1 – You thought he was just going to take some of it? But, how could you? Saddam told you that, if negotiations failed , he would give up his Iran(Shatt al Arab waterway) goal for the whole of Iraq, in the shape we wish it to be. You know that includes Kuwait, which the Iraqis have always viewed as a historic part of their country!

Journalist 1 – America green-lighted the invasion. At a minimum, you admit signalling Saddam that some aggression was okay – that the U.S. would not oppose a grab of the al-Rumeilah oil field, the disputed border strip and the Gulf Islands (including Bubiyan) – the territories claimed by Iraq?

Glaspie said nothing, the car door closed behind her, the car drove off. Nothing has been apparently heard from Glaspie ever since, and we may have to wait for her memoirs in 25 years when they are declassified to come to know what happened. It is astonishing, however, that the 521 page report of the US Senate’s Select Committee on espionage about Iraq before the 2003 war finds no cause whatsoever to mention Glaspie at all (at least in its public censored version). It is almost as if Glaspie has never existed and her conversation with Saddam never happened. Glaspie has disappeared down an Orwellian memory-hole. Yet her conversation with Saddam was the last official, recorded conversation between the Americans and Saddam while they were still on friendly terms.

There may be many causes explaining how such serious failures have come to occur in a country where billions of dollars have been annually spent on espionage. Among them must be that while America’s great strengths have included creation of the finest advanced scientific and technological base on earth, America’s great intellectual weaknesses in recent decades have included an impatience with historical and philosophical reflection of all sorts, and that includes reflection about her own as well as other cultures. This is exemplified too in the third palpable failure of intelligence of the last 20 years, which has been to have not foreseen or prevented atomic weapons from being developed by America and Britain’s Islamist ally and client-state, Pakistan, and thence to have failed to prevent the proliferation of such weapons in general. The consequences of that may yet turn out to be the most grave.”

Now as it happens, a couple of days ago, eleven years after the Government of India’s May 1998 underground nuclear tests at Pokhran, an Indian scientist who had something to do with them has engaged in a general discussion about the tests’ efficacy. Indian newspapers duly reported this as part of an ongoing domestic discussion about nuclear policy.

Oddly enough, there has been an instantaneous reaction from American critics of India’s nuclear activities – beginning with Dr Jeffrey Lewis:

“Yes, Virginia, India’s H-bomb fizzled. K Santhanam (who was director of test site preparations for India’s 1998 nuclear tests… has admitted what everyone else has known for a long time — that India’s 1998 test of a thermonuclear device was unsuccessful.…”

Followed by Mark Hibbs:

“Is this cool or what? I remember what happened when I wrote that article in the fall of 1998 saying in the headline that the US had concluded that the Indian “H-Bomb failed.” Almost overnight after the article was published I got a huge bundle of papers from BARC and DAE sent to me by diplomatic pouch from Mumbai informing me with all kinds of numbers that I was wrong. I gave the papers to laboratory geoscientists at several European countries and the US. One main CTBTO monitoring scientist told me explicitly: “Nope. The stuff in these papers is shitty science. They haven’t shown that you are wrong.” That having been said, please note however that, as PK Iyengar had made the case to me back a decade ago, once again this “news” is surfacing in India because their bomb makers want to keep testing. Some things in India are changing fast. Other things aren’t.”

Followed by Charles Mead:

“I got into a huge pissing match with the Indians on this issue as I was the principal author of Barker et. al. 1998 which had the yield estimates far below the Indian press releases. A number of Indian scientists tried to submit a comment to Science rebutting our analysis. We asked them to provide the in-country seismic data on which they based their analysis, but they refused. Luckily, in the end, their comment was rejected and never published. On a related note, I saw the other day that wikipedia has a glowing description of the Indian 1998 tests, citing the inflated yields and saying the tests were a huge technical accomplishment. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhran-II In the next day or so, I plan to submit a corrected analysis.”

Mark Hibbs:

“Charles, I recall one of your co-authors back then explained to me in nitty-gritty detail your frustration on this with these guys. Please do correct the record for posterity.”

Charles Meade:

“Their arguments at the time were quite remarkable. They said that our seismic data didn’t reflect the true yield because of a complex interference pattern caused by the simultaneous tests. Under these circumstances, they said that one could only obtain the correct yield from near field data. We said, “fine, show it to us”. They refused and that was the end of their paper.”

Yale Simkin:

“The Indian argument: ‘For us to have a nuclear deterrent we must weaponise. For this, we must have fusion weapons, because these are smaller, lighter, and more efficient than fission weapons.’ is a lot of hooey. They claim to be building a deterrent force, not a war-fighting arsenal with a counter-force capability. For the size and mass of their likely early-generation fusion designs, they can instead use basic fission bombs yielding in the multi-dekakiloton range – multiples of the hell weapons that incinerated Hiroshima and Nagasaki. That should be sufficient to deter any rational adversary. And if they aren’t rational, then you have no deterrent.”

Hmmm. The choice of terminology even within such a brief discussion might reveal a little of the mind-set: “shitty science”, “pissing match”, “a lot of hooey”…

Rather uncool, really.

Specifically:

“A number of Indian scientists tried to submit a comment to Science rebutting our analysis. We asked them to provide the in-country seismic data on which they based their analysis, but they refused. Luckily, in the end, their comment was rejected and never published…. Their arguments at the time were quite remarkable. They said that our seismic data didn’t reflect the true yield because of a complex interference pattern caused by the simultaneous tests. Under these circumstances, they said that one could only obtain the correct yield from near field data. We said, “fine, show it to us”. They refused and that was the end of their paper.

Hmmm — once more. The words that I have placed in bold above might be prima facie evidence of incorrect and hence unfair editorial procedures having been followed at Science (distinguished as its general reputation may be as a journal). Why were these here-unnamed “Indian scientists” not allowed to speak for themselves, rather than have their now-unknown statements be bowdlerised out of their critics’ memories a decade later (when these critics themselves had been the subject of the rebuttal)? Perhaps the rebuttal should not have been refused publication even if it came with an editorial caveat that all the data deemed necessary had not been provided (which may have been the case, for example, due to a Government gag-order). Readers today would have been able to judge for themselves.

I am happy to claim zero expertise in the field known rather sweetly as “Crater Morphology”; but post 9/11, post-Iraq war, it does seem to me a rather quaint form of prejudice to be using such words as those quoted above in discussing the precise tonnage of the Indian explosions and how, really, India’s scientists were not up to it. Perhaps, when matters of public policy or international diplomacy become involved, science everywhere is too important to be left to the scientists.

Are all the available data out there in the public domain on which to judge whether the Indian explosions in 1998 were or were not what was precisely claimed at the time? Apparently not.

Does it matter to anything today? Hardly. Not even to the credibility of the Government of India (something on which I have had a lot to say over decades).

Do Governments lie? Yes Virginia, they do.

Governments the world over, whether Indian, American, Russian, Chinese, British, French, Israeli, Arab, Pakistani or whatever, let aside inter-Governmental bodies constituted by these Governments, are prone to exaggeration, propaganda, self-delusion, self-deception as well as deliberate mendacity, perhaps routinely on a daily basis.

(For myself as an individual, I have had to battle the demonstrated and deliberate mendacity of the government of one of the fifty States in the US federal courts for two decades now, as told of elsewhere…)

An Age of Government Mendacity has seemed to descend upon the world — which makes the smugness expressed so quickly today by the critics of India’s 1998 explosions seem, as I have said, quaint.

Is the current Indian debate indicating something about keeping open the possibility of more tests and isn’t this related to the Indo-US civil nuclear deal? It may well be, I do not know. My position for what it is worth has been clear and described in several articles in The Statesman in recent years e.g.

1) Atoms for Peace (or War) (March 5 2006)

“Atoms for Peace” was Dwight D. Eisenhower’s 1953 speech to the UN (presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru’s sister) from which arose the IAEA. Eisenhower was the warrior par excellence, having led the Allies to victory over Hitler a few years earlier.

Yet he was the first to see “no sane member of the human race” can discover victory in the “desolation, degradation and destruction” of nuclear war. “Occasional pages of history do record the faces of the ‘great destroyers’, but the whole book of history reveals mankind’s never-ending quest for peace and mankind’s God-given capacity to build.” Speaking of the atomic capacity of America’s communist adversary at the time, he said: “We never have, and never will, propose or suggest that the Soviet Union surrender what rightly belongs to it. We will never say that the peoples of the USSR are an enemy with whom we have no desire ever to deal or mingle in friendly and fruitful relationship.” Rather, “if the fearful trend of atomic military build-up can be reversed, this greatest of destructive forces can be developed into a great boon, for the benefit of all mankind…. if the entire body of the world’s scientists and engineers had adequate amounts of fissionable material… this capability would rapidly be transformed into universal, efficient and economic usage”. Eisenhower’s IAEA would receive contributions from national “stockpiles of normal uranium and fissionable materials”, and also impound, store and protect these and devise “methods whereby this fissionable material would be allocated to serve the peaceful pursuits of mankind.…to provide abundant electrical energy in the power-starved areas of the world… to serve the needs rather than the fears of mankind.” When Eisenhower visited India he was greeted as the “Prince of Peace” and a vast multitude threw rose petals as he drove by in an open limousine.

Now, half a century later, Dr Manmohan Singh read a speech in Parliament on February 27 relating to our nuclear discussions with America. But it seems unclear even his speech-writers or technical advisers knew how far it was rhetoric and how far grounded in factual realities. There is also tremendous naivete among India’s media anchors and political leaders as to what exactly has been agreed by the Americans on March 2.

Churchill once asked what might have happened if Lloyd George and Clemenceau told Woodrow Wilson: “Is it not true that nothing but your fixed and expiring tenure of office prevents you from being thrown out of power?” The same holds for George W. Bush today. Wilson made many promises to the world that came to be hit for a six by US legislators. In December 2005, Edward Markey (Democrat) and Fred Upton (Republican) promised to scuttle Bush’s agreements with India, and once the pleasant memories of his India visit fade, Bush may quite easily forget most things about us. All the Americans have actually agreed to do is to keep talking.

It needs to be understood that submarine-launched ballistic missiles are the only ultimate military deterrent. Land and air forces are all vulnerable to a massive first-strike. Only submarines lurking silently for long periods in waters near their target, to launch nuclear warheads upon learning their homeland had been hit by the enemy, act as a deterrent preventing that same enemy from making his attack at all. Indeed, the problem becomes how a submarine commander will receive such information and his instructions during such a war. (For India to acquire an ICBM capability beyond the MRBM Agni rockets is to possess an expensive backward technology — as retrograde as the idea India should spend scarce resources sending manned moon missions half a century after it has already been done. The secret is to do something new and beneficial for mankind, not repeat what others did long ago merely to show we can now do it too.) A nuclear-armed submarine needs to be submerged for long periods and also voyage long distances at sea, and hence needs to be nuclear-powered with a miniature version of a civilian nuclear reactor aboard in which, e.g. rods of enriched uranium are bombarded to release enough energy to run hydroelectric turbines to generate power. Patently, no complete separation of the use of atomic power for peace and war may be practically possible. If India creates e.g. its own thorium reactors for civilian power (and we have vast thorium reserves, the nuclear fuel of the future), and then miniaturised these somehow to manufacture reactors for submarines, the use would be both civilian and military. In 1988 the old USSR leased India a nuclear-powered submarine for “training” purposes, and the Americans did not like it at all. In January 2002, Russia’s Naval Chief announced India was paying to build and then lease from 2004 until 2009 two nuclear-powered Akula-class attack submarines, and Jaswant Singh reportedly said we were paying $1 thousand crore ($10 bn) for such a defence package. Whether the transaction has happened is not known. Once we have nuclear submarines permanently, that would be more than enough of the minimum deterrent sought.

Indeed, India’s public has been barely informed of civilian nuclear energy policy as well, and an opportunity now exists for a mature national debate to take place — both on what and why the military planning has been and what it costs (and whether any bribes have been paid), and also on the cost, efficiency and safety of the plans for greater civilian use of nuclear energy. Government behaviour after the Bhopal gas tragedy does not inspire confidence about Indian responses to a Three Mile Island/Chernobyl kind of catastrophic meltdown.

That being said, the central question remains why India or anyone else needs to be nuclear-armed at all. With Britain, France or Russia, there is no war though all three are always keen to sell India weapons. Indeed it has been a perennial question why France and Britain need their own deterrents. They have not fought one another for more than 100 years and play rugby instead. If Russia was an enemy, could they not count on America? Or could America itself conceivably become an enemy of Britain and France? America owes her origins to both, and though the Americans did fight the British until the early 1800s, they have never fought the French and love the City of Paris too much ever to do so.

Between China and India, regardless of what happened half a century ago, nuclear or any war other than border skirmishes in sparse barren lands is unlikely. Ever since Sun Yat-sen, China has been going through a complex process of self-discovery and self-definition. An ancient nation where Maoism despoiled the traditional culture and destroyed Tibet, China causes others to fear it because of its inscrutability. But it has not been aggressive in recent decades except with Taiwan. It has threatened nuclear war on America if the Americans stand up for Taiwan, but that is not a quarrel in which India has a cogent role. China (for seemingly commercial reasons) did join hands with Pakistan against India, but there is every indication the Chinese are quite bored with what Pakistan has become. With Pakistan, our situation is well-known, and there has been an implicit equilibrium since Pokhran II finally flushed out their capacity. Had India ever any ambition of using conventional war to knock out and occupy Pakistan as a country? Of course not. We are barely able to govern ourselves, let aside try to rule an ideologically hostile Muslim colony in the NorthWest. Pakistan’s purported reasons for acquiring nuclear bombs are spurious, and cruelly so in view of the abject failures of Pakistan’s domestic political economy. Could Pakistan’s Government use its bombs against India arising from its own self-delusions over J&K? Gohar Ayub Khan in 1998-1999 threatened to do so when he said the next war would be over in two hours with an Indian surrender. He thereby became the exception to Eisenhower’s rule requiring sanity. An India-Pakistan nuclear exchange is, unfortunately, not impossible, leaving J&K as Hell where Jahangir had once described it as Heaven on Earth.

America needs to end her recent jingoism and instead rediscover the legacy of Eisenhower. America can lead everyone in the world today including Russia, China, Israel, Iran and North Korea. But she can do so only by example. America can decommission many of her own nuclear weapons and then lead everyone else to the conference table to do at least some of the same. Like the UN, the IAEA (and its NPT) needs urgent reform itself. It is the right time for serious and new world parleys towards the safe use of atoms for peace and their abolition in war. But are there any Eisenhowers or Churchills to lead them?

2) Our energy interests ( Aug 27-28 2006)

Americans are shrewd and practical people in commercial matters, and expect the same of people they do business with. Caveat emptor, “let the buyer beware”, is the motto they expect those on the other side of the table to be using. Let us not think they are doing us favours in the nuclear deal ~ they are grown-ups looking after their interests and naturally expect we shall look after our own and not expect charity while doing business. Equally, let us not blame the Americans if we find in later years (long after Manmohan Singh and Montek Ahluwalia have exited from India’s stage) that the deal has been implemented in a bad way for our masses of ordinary people.

That said, there is a remarkable disjoint between India’s national energy interests (nuclear interests in particular), and the manner in which the nuclear deal is being perceived and taken to implementation by the two sides. There may be a fundamental gap between the genuine positive benefits the Government of India says the deal contains, and the motivations American businessmen and through them Indian businessmen have had for lobbying American and Indian politicians to support it. An atmosphere of being at cross-purposes has been created, where for example Manmohan Singh is giving answers to questions different from the questions we may want to be asking Montek Ahluwalia. The fundamental gap between what is being said by our Government and what may be intended by the businessmen is something anyone can grasp, though first we shall need some elementary facts.

In 2004, the International Energy Agency estimated the new energy capacity required by rising economic growth in 2020 will derive 1400 GW from burning coal (half of it in China and India), 470 GW from burning oil, 430GW from hydro, and 400 GW from renewable sources like solar or wind power. Because gas prices are expected to remain low worldwide, construction of new nuclear reactors for electricity will be unprofitable. By 2030, new energy expected to be required worldwide is 4700GW, of which only 150GW is expected from new nuclear plants, which will be in any case replacing existing plants due to be retired. Rational choice between different energy sources depends on costs determined by history and geography. Out of some 441 civilian reactors worldwide, France has 59 and these generate 78 per cent of its electricity, the rest coming from hydro. Japan has 54 reactors, generating 34% of its electricity from them. The USA has 104 reactors but generates only 20 per cent of its electricity from them, given its vast alternative sources of power like hydro. In India as of 2003, installed power generating capacity was 107,533.3MW, of which 71 per cent came from burning fuels. Among India’s energy sources, the largest growth-potential is hydroelectric, which does not involve burning fuels ~ gravity moves water from the mountains to the oceans, and this force is harnessed for generation. Our hydro potential, mostly in the North and North-East, is some 150,000MW but our total installed hydro capacity with utilities was only 26,910MW (about 18 per cent of potential). Our 14 civilian nuclear reactors produced merely 4 per cent or less of the electricity being consumed in the country. Those 14 plants will come under “international safeguards” by 2014 under the nuclear deal.

It is extremely likely the international restrictions our existing nuclear plants have been under since the 1970s have hindered if not crippled their functioning and efficiency. At the same time, the restrictions may have caused us to be innovative too. Nuclear power arises from fission of radioactive uranium, plutonium or thorium. India has some 8 million tonnes of monazite deposits along the seacoast of which half may be mined, to yield 225,000 tonnes of thorium metal; we have one innovatively designed thorium reactor under construction. Almost all nuclear energy worldwide today arises from uranium of which there are practically unlimited reserves. Fission of a uranium atom produces 10 million times the energy produced by combustion of an atom of carbon from coal. Gas and fossil fuels may be cheap and in plentiful supply worldwide for generations to come but potential for cheap nuclear energy seems practically infinite. The uranium in seawater can satisfy mankind’s total electricity needs for 7 million years. There is more energy in the uranium impurity present in coal than can arise from actually burning the coal. There is plenty of uranium in granite. None of these become profitable for centuries because there is so much cheap uranium extractable from conventional ores. Design improvements in reactors will also improve productivity; e.g. “fast breeder” reactors “breed” more fissile material than they use, and may get 100 times as much energy from a kilogram of uranium as existing reactors do. India has about 95,000 tonnes of uranium metal that may be mined to yield about 61,000 tonnes net for power generation. Natural uranium is 99.3 per cent of the U-238 isotope and 0.7 per cent of the radioactive U-235 isotope. Nuclear power generation requires “enriched uranium” or “yellow cake” to be created in which U-235 has been increased from 0.7 per cent to 4 to 5 percent. (Nuclear bombs require highly enriched uranium with more than 90 per cent of U-235.) Yellow cake is broken into small pieces, put in metal rods placed in bundles, which are then bombarded by neutrons causing fission. In a reactor, the energy released turns water into steam, which moves turbines generating electricity. While there is no carbon dioxide “waste” as in burning fossil fuels, the “spent” rods of nuclear fuel and other products constitute grave radioactive waste, almost impossible to dispose of.

The plausible part of the Government of India’s official line on the Indo-US nuclear deal is that removing the international restrictions will ~ through importation of new technologies, inputs, fuel etc ~ improve functioning of our 14 existing civilian plants. That is a good thing. Essentially, the price being paid for that improvement is our willingness to commit that those 14 plants will not be used for military purposes. Fair enough: even if we might become less innovative as a result, the overall efficiency gains as a result of the deal will add something to India’s productivity. However, those purchasing decisions involved in enhancing India’s efficiency gains must be made by the Government’s nuclear scientists on technical grounds of improving the working of our existing nuclear infrastructure.

It is a different animal altogether to be purchasing new nuclear reactors on a turn-key basis from American or any other foreign businessmen in a purported attempt to improve India’s “energy security”. (Lalu Yadav has requested a new reactor for Bihar, plus of course Delhi will want one, etc.) The central question over such massive foreign purchases would no longer be the technical one of using the Indo-US deal to improve efficiency or productivity of our existing nuclear infrastructure. Instead it would become a question of calculating social costs and benefits of our investing in nuclear power relative to other sources like hydroelectric power. Even if all other sources of electricity remained constant, and our civilian nuclear capacity alone was made to grow by 100 per cent under the Manmohan-Montek deal-making, that would mean less than 8% of total Indian electricity produced.

This is where the oddities arise and a disjoint becomes apparent between what the Government of India is saying and what American and Indian businessmen have been doing. A “US-India Business Council” has existed for thirty years in Washington as “the premier business advocacy organization promoting US commercial interests in India.… the voice of the American private sector investing in India”. Before the nuclear or any other deals could be contemplated with American business, the USIBC insisted we pay up for Dabhol contracted by a previous Congress Government. The Maharashtra State Electricity Board ~ or rather, its sovereign guarantor the Government of India ~ duly paid out at least $140-$160 million each to General Electric and Bechtel Corporations in “an amicable settlement” of the Dabhol affair. Afterwards, General Electric’s CEO for India was kind enough to say “India is an important country to GE’s global growth. We look forward to working with our partners, customers, and State and Central Governments in helping India continue to develop into a leading world economy”.

Also, a new “US-India CEO Forum” then came about. For two Governments to sponsor private business via such a Forum was “unprecedented”, as noted by Washington’s press during Manmohan Singh’s visit in July 2005. America’s foreign ministry announced it saying: “Both our governments have agreed that we should create a high-level private sector forum to exchange business community views on key economic priorities…” The American side includes heads of AES Corporation, Cargill Inc., Citigroup, JP Morgan Chase, Honeywell, McGraw-Hill, Parsons Brinckerhoff Ltd, PepsiCo, Visa International and Xerox Corporation. The Indian side includes heads of Tata Group, Apollo Hospitals Group, Bharat Forge Ltd, Biocon India Group, HDFC, ICICI One Source, Infosys, ITC Ltd, Max India Group and Reliance Industries. Presiding over the Indian side has been Montek Ahluwalia, Manmohan’s trusted aide ~ and let it be remembered too that the Ahluwalias were Manmohan’s strongest backers in his failed South Delhi Lok Sabha bid. (Indeed it is not clear if the Ahluwalias have been US or Indian residents in recent years, and if it is the former, the onus is on them to clear any perception of conflict of interest arising in regard to roles regarding the nuclear deal or any other official Indo-US business.)

Also, before the Manmohan visit, the Confederation of Indian Industry registered as an official lobbyist in Washington, and went about spending half a million dollars lobbying American politicians for the nuclear deal. After the Manmohan visit, the US Foreign Commercial Service reportedly said American engineering firms, equipment suppliers and contractors faced a $1,000 billion (1 bn =100 crore) opportunity in India. Before President Bush’s visit to India in March 2006, Manmohan Singh signed vast purchases of commercial aircraft from Boeing and Airbus, as well as large weapons’ deals with France and Russia. After the Bush visit, the US Chamber of Commerce said the nuclear deal can cause $100 billion worth of new American business in India’s energy-sector alone. What is going on?

Finally, the main aspect of Manmohan Singh’s address to America’s legislature had to do with agreeing with President Bush “to enhance Indo-US cooperation in the field of civilian nuclear technology”. What precisely does this mean? If it means the Indo-US nuclear deal will help India improve or maintain its existing nuclear infrastructure, well and good. There may be legitimate business for American and other foreign companies in that cause, which also helps India make the efficiency and productivity gains mentioned. Or has the real motivation for the American businessmen driving the deal (with the help of the “CEO Forum” etc) been to sell India nuclear reactors on a turn-key basis (in collaboration with private Indian businessmen) at a time when building new nuclear reactors is unprofitable elsewhere in the world because of low gas prices? India’s citizens may demand to know from the Government whether the Manmohan-Montek deal-making is going to cause importation of new nuclear reactors, and if so, why such an expensive alternative is being considered (relative to e.g. India’s abundant hydroelectric potential) when it will have scant effect in satisfying the country’s energy needs and lead merely to a worsening of our macroeconomic problems. Both Manmohan Singh and Montek Ahluwalia have been already among those to preside over the growth of India’s macroeconomic problems through the 1980s and 1990s.

Lastly, an irrelevant distraction should be gotten out of the way. Are we a “nuclear weapons” state? Of course we are, but does it matter to anything but our vanity? Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev had control over vastly more nuclear weapons and they declared together twenty years ago: “A nuclear war cannot be won and must not be fought”, which is how the Cold War started to come to an end. We need to remind ourselves that India and Pakistan are large, populous countries with hundreds of millions of materially poor, ill-informed citizens, weak tax-bases, humongous internal and external public debts (i.e. debt owed by the Government to domestic and foreign creditors), non-investment grade credit- ratings in world financial markets, massive annual fiscal deficits, inconvertible currencies, nationalized banks, and runaway printing of paper-money. Discussing nuclear or other weapon-systems to attack one other with is mostly a pastime of our cowardly, irresponsible and yes, corrupt, elites.

3) Need for Clarity A poorly drafted treaty driven by business motives is a recipe for international misunderstanding (August 19 2007)

Confusion prevails over the Indo-US Nuclear Deal. Businessmen, bureaucrats, politicians, diplomats, scientists and now the public at large have all joined in the cacophony in the last two years. On Wednesday August 15, America’s foreign ministry made the clearest most unequivocal statement possible as to the official American Government interpretation of the Indo-US nuclear deal: “The proposed 123 agreement has provisions in it that in an event of a nuclear test by India, then all nuclear co-operation is terminated, as well as there is provision for return of all materials, including reprocessed material covered by the agreement” (Sean McCormack). Yet our Prime Minister had told Parliament two days earlier: “The agreement does not in any way affect India’s right to undertake future nuclear tests, if it is necessary”. What is going on? Our politics are in uproar, and it has been suggested in these pages that the country go to a General Election to allow the people to speak on the matter. Clearly, we need some clarity.

Let us start at the beginning. How did it all originate? The private US nuclear industry prevailed upon India’s government bureaucrats and businessmen over several years that nuclear power is the way forward to solving India’s “infrastructure” problems. They would sell us, in words of the Manmohan-Montek Planning Commission’s energy adviser, “six to eight lightwater reactors” (especially as they may not be able to sell these anywhere else). Our usual prominent self-seeking retired bureaucrats started their waffling about the importance of “infrastructure”.

Then Manmohan Singh felt his foreign travels as PM could be hardly complete without a fife-and-drum visit to the White House. But before he could do so, Dabhol would have to be cleared up since American business in India was on a self-moratorium until GE and Bechtel were paid settlements of some $140-160 million each by the Governments of India and Maharashtra. GE’s CEO for India kindly said afterwards “India is an important country to GE’s global growth. We look forward to working with our partners, customers, and State and Central Governments in helping India continue to develop into a leading world economy”.

Also, before Manmohan’s USA trip, the Confederation of Indian Industry registered as an official Washington lobbyist and spent half a million dollars lobbying American politicians for the deal. (”Why?” would be a good question.)

So Dr Singh was able to make his White House visit, accompanied by US business lobbies saying the nuclear deal can generate $100 billion worth of new American business in India’s energy-sector alone. It is only when business has lubricated politics in America that so much agreement about the India-deal could arise. The “bottom-line” is that six to eight reactors must be sold to India, whatever politics and diplomacy it takes.

Now Dr Singh is not a PM who is a Member of the Lower House of Parliament commanding its confidence. He says his Government constitutes the Executive and can sign treaties on India’s behalf. This is unwise. If he signs a treaty and then the Congress Party loses the next General Election, a new Executive Government can use his same words to rescind the same treaty. What is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. One reason we are so confused is that India has not signed very many bilateral treaties, and there is barely a noted specialist in international law anywhere in the country. Dr Singh’s original mentor, PN Haksar, had gone about getting a treaty signed with the USSR back in 1971 which tided us over a war, though the USSR itself collapsed before that treaty ended.

Signing a treaty is much more than signing an international MOU. It requires a national consensus or a least a wide and deep understanding on the part of the public and the political class as to what necessitates the treaty. That plainly does not exist at present. Most people in India do not even know how nuclear power is generated, nor how small and insignificant nuclear power has been in India.

Natural uranium is 99.3 per cent of the U-238 isotope and 0.7 per cent the radioactive U-235 isotope. Nuclear power generation requires “enriched uranium” or “yellow cake” to be created in which U-235 has been increased from 0.7 per cent to 4 to 5 percent. (Nuclear bombs require “highly enriched” uranium with more than 90 per cent of U-235.) Yellow cake is broken into small pieces, put in metal rods placed in bundles, which are then bombarded by neutrons causing fission. In a reactor, the energy released turns water into steam, which moves turbines generating electricity. While there is no carbon dioxide “waste” as in burning fossil fuels, the “spent” rods of nuclear fuel and other products constitute grave radioactive waste, almost impossible to dispose of.

India’s 14 “civilian” nuclear reactors presently produce less than 4% of our total power. 70% of our power arises from burning fossil fuels, mainly coal. Much of the rest arises from hydro. We have vast hydroelectric potential in the North and Northeast but it would take a lot of serious political, administrative and civil engineering effort to organise all that, and there would not be any nice visits to Washington or Paris involved for politicians and bureaucrats.

Simple arithmetic says that even if all our principal energy sources stayed constant and only our tiny nuclear power sector grew by 100%, that would still hardly increase by very much our energy output overall. Placing a couple of expensive modern lightwater reactors around Delhi, a couple around Mumbai and a few other metros will, however, butter already buttered bread quite nicely and keep all those lifts and ACs running.

The agreed text of the “treaty” looks, from a legal standpoint, quite sloppily and hurriedly written ~ almost as if each side has cut and paste its own preferred terms in different places with a nod to the other side. For example, there is mention of “WMD” initially which is repeated as “weapons of mass destruction” just a little later. There is solemn mention of the “Government of India” and “Government of the United States of America” as the “Parties”, but this suddenly becomes merely “United States” and “India” in the middle and then reverts again to the formal usage.

Through the sloppiness comes scope for different interpretations. The Americans have said: try not to test, you don’t need to, we don’t test any more, and you have to know that if you do test, this deal is over, in fact it gets reversed. We have said, okay, we won’t test, and if we do test we know it is over with you but that does not mean it is over with others. Given such sloppy diplomacy and treaty-making, the scope for mutual misunderstanding, even war, remains immense long after all the public Indian moneys have found their way into private pockets worldwide. Will a future President Jeb Bush or Chelsea Clinton send F-22 bombers to bomb India’s nuclear facilities because India has carried out a test yet declined to return American equipment? Riding a tiger is not something generally to be recommended.

The answer to our present conundrum must be patience and the fullest transparency. What is the rush? If it is good or bad for us to buy six or eight new American reactors now, it will remain good or bad to do so a year or two from now after everyone has had a thorough think about everything that is involved. What the Manmohan-Montek Planning Commission needed to do first of all was a thorough cost-benefit analysis of India’s energy requirements but such elementary professionalism has been sorely lacking among our economists for decades.”

Subroto Roy, Kolkata

Excuse me, but statistically the number of deaths and infections in India from swine-flu is, hmmm, zero: Time for rationality please!

August 13, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

Why are the government and media spreading panic in India about swine-flu? There is almost none of it.

The population of India as of August 2009 is near 1,163,698,689.

Something between 19,782,878 and 115,206,170 people among this population may be suffering some kind of ailment or other at any given time (don’t forget headaches, runny noses, upset tummies, sore backs etc). The lesser figure comes by taking the minimum rate of morbidity across regions, 17/1000, the greater figure comes by taking a supposed national average morbidity rate of 99/1000. I shall be happy to yield to more accurate figures from any source.

Of these millions, some 1,200 (twelve hundred) are said to have been isolated due to and are being treated for swine-flu as of today. That is, statistically speaking, zero.

As for deaths, India experiences something between 20,405 and 26,398 deaths per day from all causes, depending on whether you use 6.40/1000 or 8.28/1000 as the mortality rate.

The number of deaths in India attributed to swine-flu since August 3 is twenty — or about 2 per day on average. That again is, statistically speaking, zero.

Of course governments at Union and State levels and the public health authorities and medical authorities need to follow their protocols and procedures – for swine-flu and every other disease that afflicts us. But, please, closing down cities and towns or holding so many ministerial meetings due to a purported swine-flu epidemic in the country is quite simply a nonsensical waste of resources. Time for a little rationality please.

Subroto Roy

Kolkata

Protected: The point is not about a PhD but deception about it

August 12, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

Protected: Why the Governing Body of India’s National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) Must Resign In Toto And A Fresh Board Constituted: A Letter to Shri Bimal Jalan, MP, Rajya Sabha, et al

August 8, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

Posted in Academic economics, Academic fraud, Academic research, Corporate fraud, Corporate Governance, Fraud, India's NCAER, India's corruption, India's higher education, India's nomenclatura, India's political lobbyists, India's Rajya Sabha, India's Reserve Bank, India's Rule of Law, Political cynicism, Power-elites and nomenclatura, Professional ethics. Enter your password to view comments.

Protected: The Case of the Missing Princeton PhD Thesis

August 7, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

Posted in Academic economics, Academic fraud, Academic freedom, Academic research, American academia, Fraud, India's NCAER, India's Monetary & Fiscal Policy, India's Reserve Bank, Mendacity, Monetary Theory, Money and banking, Power-elites and nomenclatura, Princeton University, Princeton University Economics Department, Professional ethics. Enter your password to view comments.

Thoughts, words, deeds: My work 1973-2010

August 3, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

Thoughts, words, deeds

My work 1973-2010

Subroto Roy

This is an incomplete bibliography of my writings, public lectures etc 1973-2010 including citations, reviews, comments. I have been mostly an academic economist who by choice or circumstance over 36 years has had to venture also into science, philosophy, public policy, law, jurisprudence, practical politics, history, international relations, military strategy, financial theory, accounting, management, journalism, literary criticism, psychology, psychoanalysis, theology, aesthetics, biography, children’s fables, etc. If anything unites the seemingly diverse work recorded below it is that I have tried to acquire a grasp of the nature of human reason and then apply this comprehension in practical contexts as simply and clearly as possible. Hence I have ended up following the path of Aristotle, as described in modern times (via Wittgenstein and John Wisdom) by Renford Bambrough. The 2004 public lecture in England, “Science, Religion, Art & the Necessity of Freedom”, may explain and illustrate all this best. A friend has been kind enough to call me an Academician, which I probably am, though one who really needs his own Academy because the incompetence, greed and mendacity encountered too often in the modern professoriat is dispiriting.

1-289 refer mostly to writings and publications printed on paper; 290-382 refer to writings or items not printed on paper — as new media break space, cost and other constraints of traditional publishing, a little repetition and overlap has occurred too. Also in a few cases, e.g., Aldous Huxley’s essay on DH Lawrence, nothing has been done except discover and republish. Several databases have been created and released in the public interest, as have been some rare maps. There is also some biographical and autobiographical material. Several inconsequential errors remain in the text, which shall take time to be rectified as documents come to be rediscovered and collated.

1973

1. “Behavioural study of mus musculus”, Haileybury College, Supervised by J de C Ford-Robertson MA (Oxon). (Due to be published here 2010).

2. “Chemistry at Advanced & Special Level: Student Notes 1972-73” (Due to be published here 2010).

3. “Biology at Advanced & Special Level: Student Notes 1972-73”, (Due to be published here 2010).

4. “Physics at Advanced Level: Student Notes 1972-73”, (Due to be published here 2010).

5. “Revolution: theoria and praxis”, London, mimeo (Due to be published here 2010).

6. “Gandhi vs Marx”, London, mimeo (Due to be published here 2010).

1974

7. “Relevance of downward money-wage rigidity to the problem of maintaining full-employment in the classical and Keynesian models of income determination”, London School of Economics, mimeo (Due to be published here 2010).

8. “Testing aircraft fuels at Shell Finland”.

1975

9. “Oxford Street experiences: down and out in London town”.

10. “SE Region Bulk Distribution Survey”, Unilever, Basingstoke.

11. “Four London poems”, in JCM Paton (ed) New Writing (London, Great Portland Street: International Students House). (Due to be republished here 2010)

12. “On economic growth models and modellers”, London School of Economics, mimeo. (Due to be published here 2010).

1976

13. “World money: system or anarchy?”, lecture to Professor ACL Day’s seminar, London School of Economics, Economics Department, April. (Due to be published here 2010).

14. “A beginner’s guide to some recent developments in monetary theory”, lecture to Professor FH Hahn’s seminar, Cambridge University Economics Department, November 17 (Due to be published here 2010). See also “Announcement of My “Hahn Seminar”, published here June 14 2008.

1977

15. “Inflation and unemployment: a survey”, mimeo, Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. (Due to be published here 2010).

16. “On short run theories of dual economies”, Cambridge University Economics Department “substantial piece of work” required of first year Research Students. Examiner: DMG Newbery, FBA. (Due to be published here 2010).

1978

17. “Pure theory of developing economies 1 and 2”, Delhi School of Economics mimeo (Due to be published here 2010).

18. “Introduction to some market outcomes under uncertainty”, Delhi School of Economics mimeo (Due to be published here 2010).

19. “On money and development”, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, mimeo, September. (Due to be published here 2010)

20. “Notes on the Newbery-Stiglitz model of sharecropping”, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, mimeo November. (Due to be published here 2010).

1979

21. “A theory of rights and economic justice”, Corpus Christi College Cambridge mimeo. (Due to be published here 2010).

22. “Monetary theory and economic development”, Corpus Christi College Cambridge, mimeo (Due to be published here 2010).

23. “Foundations of the case against ‘development planning’”, Corpus Christi College Cambridge, mimeo, November. (Due to be published here 2010).

1979-1989

24. Correspondence with Renford Bambrough (1926-1999), philosopher of St John’s College, Cambridge (Due to be published here 2010).

1980

25. “Models before the monetarist storm”, New Statesman letters

26. “Disciplining rulers and experts”, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, mimeo. (Due to be published here 2010).

1981

27. “On liberty & economic growth: preface to a philosophy for India”, Cambridge University doctoral thesis, supervisor FH Hahn, FBA; examiners CJ Bliss, FBA; TW Hutchison, FBA (Due to be published here 2010). 27a Response of FA Hayek on a partial draft February 18 1981. 27b Response of Peter Bauer, 1982. 27c Response of Theodore W Schultz, 1983. 27d. Response of Frank Hahn 1985.

1982

28. “Knowledge and freedom in economic theory Parts 1 and 2”, Centre for Study of Public Choice, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Working Papers.

29. “Economic Theory and Development Economics”. Lecture to American Economic Association, New York, Dec 1982. Panel: RM Solow, HB Chenery, T Weisskopf, P Streeten, G Rosen, S Roy. Published in 29a.

1983

29a “Economic Theory and Development Economics: A Comment”. World Development, 1983. [Citation: Stavros Thefanides "Metamorphosis of Development Economics", World Development 1988.]

30. “The Political Economy of Trade Policy (Comment on J. Michael Finger)”, Washington DC: Cato Journal, Winter 1983/84. See also 000 “Risk-aversion explains resistance to freer trade”, 2008.

1984

31. “Considerations on Utility, Benevolence and Taxation”, History of Political Economy, 1984. 31a Response of Professor Sir John Hicks May 1 1984.

[Citations: P. Hennipman, "A Tale of Two Schools", De Economist 1987, "A New Look at the Ordinalist Revolution", J. Econ. Lit. Mar 1988; P. Rappoport, "Reply to Professor Hennipman", J. Econ. Lit. Mar 1988; Eugene Smolensky et al "An Application of A Dynamic Cost-of-Living Index to the Evaluation of Changes in Social Welfare", J. Post-Keynesian Econ.IX.3. 1987.]

32. Pricing, Planning and Politics: A Study of Economic Distortions in India, London: Institute of Economic Affairs, London 1984.

[Citations: Lead editorial of The Times of London May 29 1984, “India’s economy”, Times letters June 16 1984. John Toye "Political Economy & Analysis of Indian Development", Modern Asian Studies, 22, 1, 1988; John Toye, Dilemmas of Development; D. Wilson, "Privatization of Asia", The Banker Sep. 1984 etc]. See also 370 “Silver Jubilee of ‘Pricing, Planning and Politics: A Study of Economic Distortions in India’” 2009.

33. Review of Utilitarianism and Beyond, Amartya Sen & Bernard Williams (eds) Public Choice.

34. Review of Limits of Utilitarianism, HB Miller & WH Williams (eds.), Public Choice.

35. Deendayal lecture (one of four invited lecturers), Washington DC, May.

1987

36. (with one other) “Does the Theory of Logical Types Inform the Theory of Communication?”, Journal of Genetic Psychology., 148 (4), Dec. 1987 [Citation:

37. “Irrelevance of Foreign Aid”, India International Centre Quarterly, Winter 1987.

38. Review of Development Planning by Sukhamoy Chakravarty for Economic Affairs, London 1987.

1988

39. (with two others) “Introduction” to Lessons in Development: A Comparative Study of Asia and Latin America. San Francisco: Inst. of Economic Growth.

40. “A note on the welfare economics of regional cooperation”, lecture to Asia-Latin America conference, East West Center Honolulu, published 2009.

1989

41. Philosophy of Economics: On the Scope of Reason in Economic Inquiry, London & New York: Routledge (International Library of Philosophy) 1989, paperback 1991. Internet edition 2007. [Reviews & Citations: Research in Economics, 1992; De Economist 1991 & 1992; Manch.Sch. Econ.Studs. 59, 1991; Ethics 101.88 Jul. 1991; Kyklos 43.4 1990; Soc. Science Q. 71.880. Dec.1990; Can. Phil. Rev. 1990; J. Econ. Hist. Sep. 1990; Econ. & Phil. Fall 1990; Econ. Affairs June-July 1990; TLS May 1990; Choice March 1990; J. App.Phil. 1994, M. Blaug: Methodology of Economics, 2nd ed., Cambridge, 1992; Hist. Methods. 27.3, 1994; J. of Inst. & Theoretical Econ.,1994; Jahrbucker fur Nationaleconomie 1994, 573:574. Mark A Lutz in Economics for the Common Good, London: Routledge, 1999, et al]. See also 339 “Apropos Philosophy of Economics”, Comments of Sidney Hook, KJ Arrow, Milton Friedman, TW Schultz, SS Alexander, Max Black, Renford Bambrough, John Gray et al.

42. Foreword to Essays on the Political Economy by James M. Buchanan, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press 1989.

43. “Modern Political Economy of India”, edited by Subroto Roy & William E James, Hawaii mimeo May 21 1989. This published for the first time a November 1955 memorandum to the Government of India by Milton Friedman. See also 43a, 53.

43a. Preface to “Milton Friedman’s extempore comments at the 1989 Hawaii conference: on India, Israel, Palestine, the USA, Debt and its uses, Erhardt abolishing exchange controls, Etc”, May 22 1989, published here for the first time October 31 2008.

44. Milton Friedman’s defence of my work in 1989.

45. Theodore W. Schultz’s defence of Philosophy of Economics

1990

46. “Letter to Judge Evelyn Lance: On A Case Study in Private International Law” (Due to be published here in 2010).

47-49. Selections from advisory work on economic policy etc for Rajiv Gandhi, Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of India, published in 47a-49a.

1991

41b Philosophy of Economics: On the Scope of Reason in Economic Inquiry, Paperback edition.

50. “Conversations and correspondence with Rajiv Gandhi during the Gulf war, January 1991” (Due to be published here 2010).

47a. A Memo to Rajiv I: Stronger Secular Middle”, The Statesman, Jul 31 1991.

48a “A Memo to Rajiv II: Saving India’s Prestige”, The Statesman, Aug 1 1991.

49a “A Memo to Rajiv III: Salvation in Penny Capitalism”, The Statesman, Aug 2 1991 47b-49b “Three Memoranda to Rajiv Gandhi 1990-91”, 2007 republication here.

51. “Constitution for a Second Indian Republic”, The Saturday Statesman, April 20 1991. Republished here 2009.

52. “On the Art of Government: Experts, Party, Cabinet and Bureaucracy”, New Delhi mimeo March 25 1991, published here July 00 2009.

1992

53. Foundations of India’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s Edited and with an Introduction by Subroto Roy & William E. James New Delhi, London, Newbury Park: Sage: 1992. Citation: Milton and Rose Friedman Two Lucky People (Chicago 1998), pp. 268-269.

54. Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s Edited and with an Introduction by William E. James & Subroto Roy, Hawaii MS 1989, Sage: 1992, Karachi: Oxford 1993.

Reviews of 53 & 54 include: Bus. Today, Mar-Apr 1992; Political Studies March 1995; Econ Times 21 March 1993; Pakistan Development Review 1992. Hindustan Times 11 July 1992. Pacific Affairs 1993; Hindu 21 March 1993, 15 June 1993; Pakistan News International 12 June 1993. Book Reviews March 1993; Deccan Herald 2 May 1993; Pol.Econ.J. Ind. 1992. Fin Express 13 September 1992; Statesman 16 Jan. 1993. J. Royal Soc Asian Aff. 1994, J. Contemporary Asia, 1994 etc.

55. “Fundamental Problems of the Economies of India and Pakistan”, World Bank, Washington, mimeo (Due to be published here 2010).

56.“The Road to Stagflation: The Coming Dirigisme in America, or, America, beware thy economists!, or Zen and Clintonomics,” Washington DC, Broad Branch Terrace, mimeo, November 17.

1993

57. “Exchange-rates and manufactured exports of South Asia”, IMF Washington DC mimeo. Published in part in 2007-2008 as 58-62:

58. “Path of the Indian Rupee 1947-1993”, 2008.

59. “Path of the Pakistan Rupee 1947-1993”, 2008.

60. “Path of the Sri Lankan Rupee 1948-1993”, 2008.

61. “Path of the Bangladesh Taka 1972-1993”, 2008.

62. “India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh Manufactured Exports, IMF Washington DC mimeo”, published 2007.

63. “Economic Assessment of US-India Merchandise Trade”, Arlington, Virginia, mimeo, published in slight part in Indo-US Trade & Economic Cooperation, ICRIER New Delhi, 1995, and in whole 2007.

64. “Towards an Economic Solution for Kashmir”, mimeo, Arlington, Virginia, circulated in Washington DC 1993-1995, cf 82, 111 infra. Comment of Selig Harrison.

1994

65. “Comment on Indonesia”, in The Political Economy of Policy Reform edited by John Williamson, Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.

66a “Gold reserves & the gold price in anticipation of Central Bank behaviour”, Greenwich, Connecticut, mimeo. 67b. “Portfolio optimization and foreign currency exposure hedging” Greenwich, Connecticut mimeo.

1995

68. “On the logic and commonsense of debt and payments crises: How to avoid another Mexico in India and Pakistan”, Scarsdale, NY, mimeo, May 1.

69. “Policies for Young India”, Scarsdale, NY, pp. 350, manuscript.

1996

70. US Supreme Court documents, published in part in 2008 as “Become a US Supreme Court Justice!” 70a, 70b (Due to be published in full here in 2010 as Roy vs University of Hawaii, 1989- including the expert testimonies of Milton Friedman and Theodore W Schultz.).

71. “Key problems of macroeconomic management facing the new Indian Government”, May 17. Scarsdale, New York, mimeo. (Due to be published here 2010).

72. “Preventing a collapse of the rupee”, IIT Kharagpur lecture July 16 1996.

73. “The Economist’s Representation of Technological Knowledge”, Vishleshlaya lecture to the Institution of Engineers, September 15 1996, IIT Kharagpur.

1997

74. “Union and State Budgets in India”, lecture at the World Bank, Washington DC, May 00.

75. “State Budgets in India”, IIT Kharagpur mimeo, June 6.

1998

76. “Transparency and Economic Policy-Making: An address to the Asia-Pacific Public Relations Conference” (panel on Transparency chaired by CR Irani) Jan 30 1998, published here 2008.

77. Theodore W. Schultz 1902-1998, Feb 25.

78. “The Economic View of Human Resources”, address to a regional conference on human resources, IIT Kharagpur.

79. “Management accounting”, lecture at Lal Bahadur Shastri Academy, Mussourie,

80a “The Original Reformer”, Outlook letters, Jan 23 1998

81. “Recent Developments in Modern Finance”, IIM Bangalore Review, 10, 1 & 2, Jan.-Jun 1998. Reprinted as “From the Management Guru’s Classroom”: 81a “An introduction to derivatives”, Business Standard/Financial Times, Bombay 18 Apr 1999; 81b “Options in the future, Apr 25 1999; 81c “What is hedging?”, May 2 1999; 81d “Teaching computers to think”, May 9 1999.

82. “Towards an Economic Solution for Kashmir”, Jun 22 1998, lecture at Heritage Foundation, Washington DC. Cf 111 Dec 2005.

83. “Sixteen Currencies for India: A Reverse Euro Model for Monetary & Fiscal Efficacy”, Lecture at the Institute of Economic Affairs, London, June 29 1998. Due to be published here 2010.

84. “Fable of the Fox, the Farmer, and the Would-Be Tailors”, October (Published here July 27 2009).

85. “A Common Man’s Guide to Pricing Financial Derivatives”, Lecture to “National Seminar on Derivatives”, Xavier Labour Research Institute, Jamshedpur, Dec. 16 1998. See 98.

1999

86. “An Analysis of Pakistan’s War-Winning Strategy: Are We Ready for This?”, IIT Kharagpur mimeo, published in part as 86a.“Was a Pakistani Grand Strategy Discerned in Time by India?” New Delhi: Security & Political Risk Analysis Bulletin, July 1999, Kargil issue. See also 000

80b. “The Original Reformer”, Outlook letters, Sep 13 1999.

2000

87. “On Freedom & the Scientific Point of View”, SN Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Feb 17 2000. Cf 100 below.

88. “Liberalism and Indian economic policy”, lecture at IIM Calcutta, Indian Liberal Group Meetings Devlali, Hyderabad; also Keynote address to UGC Seminar Guntur, March 30 2002. (Due to be published here 2010).

89. “Towards a Highly Transparent Fiscal & Monetary Framework for India’s Union & State Governments”, Invited address to Conference of State Finance Secretaries, Reserve Bank of India, Bombay, April 29, 2000. Published 2008.

90. “On the Economics of Information Technology”, two lectures at the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore, Nov 10-11, 2000.

91. Review of A New World by Amit Chaudhuri in Literary Criterion, Mysore.

2001

92. Review of AD Shroff: Titan of Finance and Free Enterprise by Sucheta Dalal, Freedom First., January.

93. “Encounter with Rajiv Gandhi: On the Origins of the 1991 Economic Reform”, Freedom First, October. See also 93a in 2005 and 93b in 2007.

94. “A General Theory of Globalization & Modern Terrorism with Special Reference to September 11”, a keynote address to the Council for Asian Liberals & Democrats, Manila, Philippines, 16 Nov. 2001. Published as 91a.

95. “The Case for and against The Satanic Verses: Diatribe and Dialectic as Art”, Dec 22 republished in print 95a The Statesman Festival Volume, 2006.

2002

94a “A General Theory of Globalization & Modern Terrorism with Special Reference to September 11”, in September 11 & Political Freedom in Asia, eds. Johannen, Smith & Gomez, Singapore 2002.

2002-2010

96. “Recording vivid dreams: Freud’s advice in exploring the Unconscious Mind” (Due to be published here in 2010).

2003

97. “Key principles of government accounting and audit”, IIT Kharagpur mimeo.

98. “Derivative pricing & other topics in financial theory: a student’s complete lecture notes” (Due to be published here in 2010).

2004

99. “Collapse of the Global Conversation”, International Institute for Asian Studies, Leiden, Netherlands, Jul 2004.

100. “Science, Religion, Art & the Necessity of Freedom”, a public lecture, University of Buckingham, UK, August 24 2004. Published here 2007.

2005

93a Rajiv Gandhi and the Origins of India’s 1991 Economic Reform (this was the full story; it appeared in print for the first time in The Statesman Festival Volume 2007).

101. “Can India become an economic superpower (or will there be a monetary meltdown)?” Cardiff University Institute of Applied Macroeconomics Monetary Economics Seminar, April 13, Institute of Economic Affairs, London, April 27, Reserve Bank of India, Bombay, Chief Economist’s Seminar on Monetary Economics, May 5.

102. Margaret Thatcher’s Revolution: How it Happened and What it Meant, Edited and with an Introduction by Subroto Roy & John Clarke, London & New York: Continuum, 2005; paperback 2006; French translation by Florian Bay, 2007.

103. “Iqbal & Jinnah vs Rahmat Ali in Pakistan’s Creation”, Dawn, Karachi, Sep 3.

104. “The Mitrokhin Archives II from an Indian Perspective: A Review Article”, The Statesman, Perspective Page, Oct 11 .

105. “After the Verdict”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Oct 20.

106. “US Espionage Failures”, The Statesman, Perspective Page, Oct 26

107. “Waffle But No Models of Monetary Policy”, The Statesman, Perspective Page, Oct 30.

108. “On Hindus and Muslims”, The Statesman, Perspective Page, Nov 6.

109. “Assessing Vajpayee: Hindutva True and False”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Nov 13-14″.

110. “Fiction from the India Economic Summit”, The Statesman, Front Page, Nov 29.

111. “Solving Kashmir: On an Application of Reason”, The Statesman Editorial Page

I. “Give the Hurriyat et al Indian Green Cards”, Dec 1

II. “Choice of Nationality under Full Information”, Dec 2

III. “Of Flags and Consulates in Gilgit etc”, Dec 3.

2006

112. “The Dream Team: A Critique”, The Statesman Editorial Page

I : New Delhi’s Consensus (Manmohantekidambaromics), Jan 6

II: Money, Convertibility, Inflationary Deficit Financing, Jan 7

III: Rule of Law, Transparency, Government Accounting, Jan 8.

113. “Unaccountable Delhi: India’s Separation of Powers’ Doctrine”, The Statesman, Jan 13.

114. “Communists and Constitutions”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Jan 22.

115. “Diplomatic Wisdom”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Jan 31.

116. “Mendacity & the Government Budget Constraint”, The Statesman, Front Page Feb 3.

117. “Of Graven Images”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Feb5.

118. “Separation of Powers, Parts 1-2”, The Statesman, Editorial Pages Feb 12-13.

119. “Public Debt, Government Fantasy”, The Statesman, Front Page Editorial Comment, Feb 22.

120. “War or Peace Parts 1-2”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Feb 23-24.

121. “Can You Handle This Brief, Mr Chidambaram?” The Statesman, Front Page Feb 26.

122. “A Downpayment On the Taj Mahal Anyone?”, The Statesman, Front Page Comment on the Budget 2006-2007, Mar 1.

123. “Atoms for Peace (or War)”, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page Mar 5.

124. “Imperialism Redux: Business, Energy, Weapons & Foreign Policy”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Mar 14.

125. “Logic of Democracy”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Mar 30.

126. “Towards an Energy Policy”, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, Apr 2.

127. “Iran’s Nationalism”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Apr 6.

128. “A Modern Military”, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, Apr 16.

129. “On Money & Banking”, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, Apr 23.

130. “Lessons for India from Nepal’s Revolution”, The Statesman, Front Page Apr 26.

131. “Revisionist Flattery (Inder Malhotra’s Indira Gandhi: A Review Article)”, The Sunday Statesman, May 7.

132. “Modern World History”, The Sunday Statesman Editorial Page, May 7.

133. “Argumentative Indians: A Conversation with Professor Amartya Sen on Philosophy, Identity and Islam,” The Sunday Statesman, May 14 2006. “A Philosophical Conversation between Professor Sen and Dr Roy”, 2008. Translated into Bengali by AA and published in 00.

134. “The Politics of Dr Singh”, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, May 21.

135. “Corporate Governance & the Principal-Agent Problem”, lecture at a conference on corporate governance, Kolkata May 31. Published here 2008.

136. “Pakistan’s Allies Parts 1-2″, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, Jun 4-5.

137. “Law, Justice and J&K Parts 1-2″, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, Jul 2, The Statesman Editorial Page Jul 3.

138. “The Greatest Pashtun (Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan)”, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, Jul 16.

139. “Understanding Pakistan Parts 1-2”, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, Jul 30, The Statesman Editorial Page Jul 31.

140. “Indian Money and Credit”, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, Aug 6.

141. “India’s Moon Mission”, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, Aug 13.

142. “Jaswant’s Journeyings: A Review Article”, The Sunday Statesman Magazine, Aug 27.

143. “Our Energy Interests, Parts 1-2”, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, Aug 27, The Statesman Editorial Page Aug 28.

144. “Is Balochistan Doomed?”, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, Sep 3 2006.

145. “Racism New and Old”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Sep 8 2006

146. “Political Economy of India’s Energy Policy”, address to KAF-TERI conference, Goa Oct 7, published in 146a.

147. “New Foreign Policy? Seven phases of Indian foreign policy may be identifiable since Nehru”, Parts 1-2, The Sunday Statesman, Oct 8, The Statesman Oct 9.

148. “Justice & Afzal: There is a difference between law and equity (or natural justice). The power of pardon is an equitable power. Commuting a death-sentence is a partial pardon”, The Sunday Statesman Editorial Page Oct 14

149. “Non-existent liberals (On a Liberal Party for India)”, The Sunday Statesman Editorial Page Oct 22.

150. “History of Jammu & Kashmir Parts 1-2”, The Sunday Statesman, Oct 29, The Statesman Oct 30, Editorial Page.

151. “American Democracy: Does America need a Prime Minister and a longer-lived Legislature?”, The Sunday Statesman Nov 5.

152. “Milton Friedman A Man of Reason 1912-2006”, The Statesman Perspective Page, Nov 22.

153. “Postscript to Milton Friedman Mahalanobis’s Plan (The Mahalanobis-Nehru “Second Plan”) The Statesman Front Page Nov 22.

154. “Mob Violence and Psychology”, Dec 10, The Statesman, Editorial Page.

155. “What To Tell Musharraf: Peace Is Impossible Without Non-Aggressive Pakistani Intentions”, The Statesman Editorial Page Dec 15.

156. “Land, Liberty and Value: Government must act in good faith treating all citizens equally – not favouring organised business lobbies and organised labour over an unorganised peasantry”, The Sunday Statesman Editorial Page Dec 31.

2007

157. “Hypocrisy of the CPI-M: Political Collapse In Bengal: A Mid-Term Election/Referendum Is Necessary”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Jan 9.

158. “On Land-Grabbing: Dr Singh’s India, Buddhadeb’s Bengal, Modi’s Gujarat have notorious US, Soviet and Chinese examples to follow ~ distracting from the country’s real economic problems,” The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page Jan 14.

159. “India’s Macroeconomics: Real growth has steadily occurred because India has shared the world’s technological progress. But bad fiscal, monetary policies over decades have led to monetary weakness and capital flight” The Statesman Editorial Page Jan 20.

160. “Fiscal Instability: Interest payments quickly suck dry every year’s Budget. And rolling over old public debt means that Government Borrowing in fact much exceeds the Fiscal Deficit”, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, Feb 4.

161. “Our trade and payments Parts 1-2” (“India in World Trade and Payments”),The Sunday Statesman, Feb 11 2007, The Statesman, Feb 12 2007.

162. “Our Policy Process: Self-Styled “Planners” Have Controlled India’s Paper Money For Decades,” The Statesman, Editorial Page, Feb 20.

163. “Bengal’s Finances”, The Sunday Statesman Editorial Page, Feb 25.

164. “Fallacious Finance: Congress, BJP, CPI-M may be leading India to Hyperinflation” The Statesman Editorial Page Mar 5.

165. “Uttar Pradesh Polity and Finance: A Responsible New Govt May Want To Declare A Financial Emergency” The Statesman Editorial Page, Mar 24

166. “A scam in the making” in The Sunday Statesman Front Page Apr 1 2007, published here in full as “Swindling India”.

167. “Maharashtra’s Money: Those Who Are Part Of The Problem Are Unlikely To Be A Part Of Its Solution”, The Statesman Editorial Page Apr 24.

146a. “Political Economy of Energy Policy” in India and Energy Security edited by Anant Sudarshan and Ligia Noronha, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, New Delhi 2007.

168. “Presidential Qualities: Simplicity, Genuine Achievement Are Desirable; Political Ambition Is Not”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, May 8.

169. “We & Our Neighbours: Pakistanis And Bangladeshis Would Do Well To Learn From Sheikh Abdullah”, The Statesman, Editorial Page May 15.

170. “On Indian Nationhood: From Tamils To Kashmiris And Assamese And Mizos To Sikhs And Goans”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, May 25.

171. A Current Example of the Working of the Unconscious Mind, May 26.

172. Where I would have gone if I was Osama Bin Laden, May 31.

173. “US election ’08:America’s Presidential Campaign Seems Destined To Be Focussed On Iraq”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, June 1.

174. “Home Team Advantage: On US-Iran talks and Sunni-Shia subtleties: Tehran must transcend its revolution and endorse the principle that the House of Islam has many mansions”, The Sunday Statesman Editorial Page, June 3

175. “Unhealthy Delhi: When will normal political philosophy replace personality cults?”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, June 11.

176. “American Turmoil: A Vice-Presidential Coup – And Now a Grassroots Counterrevolution?”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, June 18

177. “Political Paralysis: India has yet to develop normal conservative, liberal and socialist parties. The Nice-Housing-Effect and a little game-theory may explain the current stagnation”, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, June 24.

177. “Has America Lost? War Doctrines Of Kutusov vs Clausewitz May Help Explain Iraq War”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, July 3.

178. “Lal Masjid ≠ Golden Temple: Wide differences are revealed between contemporary Pakistan and India by these two superficially similar military assaults on armed religious civilians”, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page July 15

179 “Political Stonewalling: Only Transparency Can Improve Institutions”, The Statesman, Editorial Page July 20.

180. “Gold standard etc: Fixed versus flexible exchange rates”, July 21.

181. “US Pakistan-India Policy: Delhi & Islamabad Still Look West In Defining Their Relationship”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, July 27.

182. “Works of DH Lawrence” July 30

183. “An Open Letter to Professor Amartya Sen about Singur etc”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, July 31.

184. “Martin Buber on Palestine and Israel (with Postscript)”, Aug 4.

185. “Auguste Rodin on Nature, Art, Beauty, Women and Love”, Aug 7.

186. “Saving Pakistan: A Physicist/Political Philosopher May Represent Iqbal’s “Spirit of Modern Times”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Aug 13.

187. Letter to Forbes.com 16 Aug.

188. “Need for Clarity: A poorly drafted treaty driven by business motives is a recipe for international misunderstanding”, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, Aug 19.

189. “No Marxist MBAs? An amicus curiae brief for the Hon’ble High Court”, The Statesman, FrontPage, Aug 29.

190. On Lawrence, Sep 4.

191. Dalai Lama’s Return: In the tradition of Gandhi, King, Mandela, Sep 11.

192. Of JC Bose, Patrick Geddes & the Leaf-World, Sep 12.

193. “Against Quackery: Manmohan and Sonia have violated Rajiv Gandhi’s intended reforms; the Communists have been appeased or bought; the BJP is incompetent Parts 1-2”, in The Sunday Statesman and The Statesman, Editorial Pages of Sep 23-24.

194. Karl Georg Zinn’s 1994 Review of Philosophy of Economics, Sep 26.

195. DH Lawrence’s Phoenix, Oct 3.

93b. “Rajiv Gandhi and the Origins of India’s 1991 Economic Reform”, Statesman Festival Volume.

196. “Iran, America, Iraq: Bush’s post-Saddam Saddamism — one flip-flop too many?”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Oct 16.

197. “Understanding China: The World Needs to Ask China to Find Her True Higher Self”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Oct 22.

198. “India-USA interests: Elements of a serious Indian foreign policy”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Oct 30.

199. “China’s India Aggression : German Historians Discover Logic Behind Communist Military Strategy”, The Statesman, Editorial Page Special Article, Nov 5.

200. Sonia’s Lying Courtier (with Postscript), Nov 25.

201. “Surrender or Fight? War is not a cricket match or Bollywood movie. Can India fight China if it must?” The Statesman, Dec 4, Editorial Page.

202. Hutton and Desai: United in Error Dec 14

203. “China’s Commonwealth: Freedom is the Road to Resolving Taiwan, Tibet, Sinkiang”, The Statesman, Dec 17.

2008

204. “Nixon & Mao vs India: How American foreign policy did a U-turn about Communist China’s India aggression. The Government of India should publish its official history of the 1962 war.” The Sunday Statesman, Jan 6, The Statesman Jan 7 Editorial Page.

205. “Lessons from the 1962 War: Beginnings of a solution to the long-standing border problem: there are distinct Tibetan, Chinese and Indian points of view that need to be mutually comprehended”, The Sunday Statesman, January 13 2008.

206. “Our Dismal Politics: Will Independent India Survive Until 2047?”, The Statesman Editorial Page, Feb 1.

207. Median Voter Model of India’s Electorate Feb 7.

208. “Anarchy in Bengal: Intra-Left bandh marks the final unravelling of “Brand Buddha””, The Sunday Statesman, Editorial Page, Feb 10.

209. Fifty years since my third birthday: on life and death.

210. “Pakistan’s Kashmir obsession: Sheikh Abdullah Relied In Politics On The French Constitution, Not Islam”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Feb 16.

211. A Note on the Indian Policy Process Feb 21.

212. “Growth & Government Delusion: Progress Comes From Learning, Enterprise, Exchange, Not The Parasitic State”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Feb 22.

213. “How to Budget: Thrift, Not Theft, Needs to Guide Our Public Finances”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, Feb 26.

214. “India’s Budget Process (in Theory)”, The Statesman, Front Page Feb 29.

215. “Irresponsible Governance: Congress, BJP, Communists, BSP, Sena Etc Reveal Equally Bad Traits”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, March 4.

216. “American Politics: Contest Between Obama And Clinton Affects The World”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, March 11.

217. “China’s India Example: Tibet, Xinjiang May Not Be Assimilated Like Inner Mongolia And Manchuria”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, March 25.

218. “Taxation of India’s Professional Cricket: A Proposal”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, April 1.

219. “Two cheers for Pakistan!”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, April 7.

220. “Indian Inflation: Upside Down Economics From The New Delhi Establishment Parts 1-2”, The Statesman, Editorial Page, April 15-16.

221. “Assessing Manmohan: The Doctor of Deficit Finance should realise the currency is at stake”, The Statesman, Editorial Page Apr 25.

222. John Wisdom, Renford Bambrough: Main Philosophical Works, May 8.

223. “All India wept”: On the death of Rajiv Gandhi, May 21.

224. “China’s force and diplomacy: The need for realism in India” The Statesman, Editorial Page May 31.

226. Serendipity and the China-Tibet-India border problem June 6

227. “Leadership vacuum: Time & Tide Wait For No One In Politics: India Trails Pakistan & Nepal!”, The Statesman Editorial Page June 7.

228. My meeting Jawaharlal Nehru Oct13 1962

229. Manindranath Roy 1891-1958

230. Surendranath Roy 1860-1929

231. The Roys of Behala 1928.

232. Sarat Chandra visits Surendranath Roy 1927

233. Nuksaan-Faida Analysis = Cost-Benefit Analysis in Hindi/Urdu Jun 30

234. One of many reasons John R Hicks was a great economist July 3

236. My father, Indian diplomat, in the Shah’s Tehran 1954-57 July 8

237 Distribution of Govt of India Expenditure (Net of Operational Income) 1995 July 27

238. Growth of Real Income, Money & Prices in India 1869-2008, July 28.

239. Communism from Social Democracy? But not in India or China! July 29

240. Death of Solzhenitsyn, Aug. 3

240a. Tolstoy on Science and Art, Aug 4.

241. “Reddy`s reckoning: Where should India’s real interest rate be relative to the world?” Business Standard Aug 10

242. “Rangarajan Effect”, Business Standard Aug 24

243. My grandfather’s death in Ottawa 50 years ago today Sep 3

244. My books in the Library of Congress and British Library Sep 12

245. On Jimmy Carter & the “India-US Nuclear Deal”, Sep 12

246. My father after presenting his credentials to President Kekkonen of Finland Sep 14 1973.

247. “October 1929? Not!”, Business Standard, Sep 18.

248. “MK Gandhi, SN Roy, MA Jinnah in March 1919: Primary education legislation in a time of protest”

249. 122 sensible American economists Sept 26

250. Govt of India: Please call in the BBC and ask them a question Sep 27

251. “Monetary Integrity and the Rupee: Three British Raj relics have dominated our macroeconomic policy-making” Business Standard Sep 28.

252a. Rabindranath’s daughter writes to her friend my grandmother Oct 5

252b. A Literary Find: Modern Poetry in Bengal, Oct 6.

253. Sarat writes to Manindranath 1931, Oct 12

254. Origins of India’s Constitutional Politics 1913

255. Indira Gandhi in Paris, 1971

256. How the Liabilities/Assets Ratio of Indian Banks Changed from 84% in 1970 to 108% in 1998, October 20

257a. My Subjective Probabilities on India’s Moon Mission Oct 21

258. Complete History of Mankind’s Moon Missions: An Indian Citizen’s Letter to ISRO’s Chairman, Oct 22.

259. Would not a few million new immigrants solve America’s mortgage crisis? Oct 26

260. “America’s divided economists”, Business Standard Oct 26

261. One tiny prediction about the Obama Administration, Nov 5

262. Rai Bahadur Umbika Churn Rai, 1827-1902, Nov 7 2008

263. Jawaharlal Nehru invites my father to the Mountbatten Farewell Nov 7 2008

70a. “Become a US Supreme Court Justice! (Explorations in the Rule of Law in America) Preface” Nov 9

70b. “Become a US Supreme Court Justice! (Explorations in the Rule of Law in America) Password protected.” Nov 9.

257b. Neglecting technological progress was the basis of my pessimism about Chandrayaan, Nov 9.

264. Of a new New Delhi myth and the success of the University of Hawaii 1986-1992 Pakistan project Nov 15

265. Pre-Partition Indian Secularism Case-Study: Fuzlul Huq and Manindranath Roy Nov 16

266. Do President-elect Obama’s Pakistan specialists suppose Maulana Azad, Dr Zakir Hussain, Sheikh Abdullah were Pakistanis (or that Sheikh Mujib wanted to remain one)? Nov 18

267. Jews have never been killed in India for being Jews until this sad day, Nov 28.

268. In international law, Pakistan has been the perpetrator, India the victim of aggression in Mumbai, Nov 30.

269. The Indian Revolution, Dec 1.

270. Habeas Corpus: a captured terrorist mass-murderer tells a magistrate he has not been mistreated by Mumbai’s police Dec 3

271. India’s Muslim Voices (Or, Let us be clear the Pakistan-India or Kashmir conflicts have not been Muslim-Hindu conflicts so much as intra-Muslim conflicts about Muslim identity and self-knowledge on the Indian subcontinent), Dec 4

272. “Anger Management” needed? An Oxford DPhil recommends Pakistan launch a nuclear first strike against India within minutes of war, Dec 5.

273. A Quick Comparison Between the September 11 2001 NYC-Washington attacks and the November 26-28 2008 Mumbai Massacres (An Application of the Case-by-Case Philosophical Technique of Wittgenstein, Wisdom and Bambrough), Dec 6

274. Dr Rice finally gets it right (and maybe Mrs Clinton will too) Dec 7

275. Will the Government of India’s new macroeconomic policy dampen or worsen the business-cycle (if such a cycle exists at all)? No one knows! “Where ignorance is bliss, ‘Tis folly to be wise.” Dec 7

276. Pump-priming for car-dealers: Keynes groans in his grave (If evidence was needed of the intellectual dishonesty of New Delhi’s new macroeconomic policy, here it is) Dec 9.

277. Congratulations to Mumbai’s Police: capturing a terrorist, affording him his Habeas Corpus rights, getting him to confess within the Rule of Law, sets a new world standard Dec 10

278. Two cheers — wait, let’s make that one cheer — for America’s Justice Department, Dec 10

279. Will Pakistan accept the bodies of nine dead terrorists who came from Pakistan to Mumbai? If so, let there be a hand-over at the Wagah border, Dec 11.

280. Kasab was a stupid, ignorant, misguided youth, manufactured by Pakistan’s terrorist masterminds into becoming a mass-murdering robot: Mahatma Gandhi’s India should punish him, get him to repent if he wishes, then perhaps rehabilitate him as a potent weapon against Pakistani terrorism Dec 12.

281. Pakistan’s New Delhi Embassy should ask for “Consular Access” to nine dead terrorists in a Mumbai morgue before asking to meet Kasab, Dec 13

282. An Indian Reply to President Zardari: Rewarding Pakistan for bad behaviour leads to schizophrenic relationships Dec 19

283. Is my prediction about Caroline Kennedy becoming US Ambassador to Britain going to be correct? Dec 27

284. Chandrayaan adds a little good cheer! Well done, ISRO!, Dec 28

285. How sad that “Slumdog millionaire” is SO disappointing! Dec 31

289. (with Claude Arpi) “Transparency & history: India’s archives must be opened to world standards” Business Standard New Delhi Dec 31, 2008, published here Jan 1 .

2009

290. A basis of India-Pakistan cooperation on the Mumbai massacres: the ten Pakistani terrorists started off as pirates and the Al-Huseini is a pirate ship Jan 1.

291. India’s “pork-barrel politics” needs a nice (vegetarian) Hindi name! “Teli/oily politics” perhaps? (And are we next going to see a Bill of Rights for Lobbyists?) Jan 3

292. My (armchair) experience of the 1999 Kargil war (Or, “Actionable Intelligence” in the Internet age: How the Kargil effort got a little help from a desktop) Jan 5

293. How Jammu & Kashmir’s Chief Minister Omar Abdullah can become a worthy winner of the Nobel Peace Prize: An Open Letter, Jan 7

294. Could the Satyam/PwC fraud be the visible part of an iceberg? Where are India’s “Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”? Isn’t governance rather poor all over corporate India? Bad public finance may be a root cause Jan 8

295. Satyam does not exist: it is bankrupt, broke, kaput. Which part of this does the new “management team” not get? The assets belong to Satyam’s creditors. Jan 8

296. Jews are massacred in Mumbai and now Jews commit a massacre in Gaza! Jan 9

297. And now for the Great Satyam Whitewash/Cover-Up/Public Subsidy! The wrong Minister appoints the wrong new Board who, probably, will choose the wrong policy Jan 12

298. Letter to Wei Jingsheng Jan 14

299. Memo to the Hon’ble Attorneys General of Pakistan & India: How to jointly prosecute the Mumbai massacre perpetrators most expeditiously Jan 16

300. Satyam and IT-firms in general may be good candidates to become “Labour-Managed” firms Jan 18

301. “Yes we might be able to do that. Perhaps we ought to. But again, perhaps we ought not to, let me think about it…. Most important is Cromwell’s advice: Think it possible we may be mistaken!” Jan 20.

302. RAND’s study of the Mumbai attacks Jan 25

303. Didn’t Dr Obama (the new American President’s late father) once publish an article in Harvard’s Quarterly Journal of Economics? (Or did he?) Jan 25.

304. “A Dialogue in Macroeconomics” 1989 etc: sundry thoughts on US economic policy discourse Jan 30

305. American Voices: A Brief Popular History of the United States in 20 You-Tube Music Videos Feb 5

306. Jaladhar Sen writes to Manindranath at Surendranath’s death, Feb 23

307. Pakistani expansionism: India and the world need to beware of “Non-Resident Pakistanis” ruled by Rahmat Ali’s ghost, Feb 9

308. My American years Part One 1980-90: battles for academic integrity & freedom Feb 11.

309. Thanks and well done Minister Rehman Malik and the Govt of Pakistan Feb 12

310. Can President Obama resist the financial zombies (let alone slay them)? His economists need to consult Dr Anna J Schwartz Feb 14

311. A Brief History of Gilgit, Feb 18

312. Memo to UCLA Geographers: Commonsense suggests Mr Bin Laden is far away from the subcontinent Feb 20

313. The BBC gets its history and geography deliberately wrong again Feb 21

314. Bengal Legislative Council 1921, Feb 28

315. Carmichael visits Surendranath, 1916, Mar 1

316. Memo to GoI CLB: India discovered the Zero, and 51% of Zero is still Zero Mar 10

317. An Academic Database of Doctoral & Other Postgraduate Research Done at UK Universities on India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Other Asian Countries Over 100 Years, Mar 13

318. Pakistan’s progress, Mar 18

319. Risk-aversion explains resistance to free trade, Mar 19

320. India’s incredibly volatile inflation rate! Mar 20

321. Is “Vicky, Cristina, Barcelona” referring to an emasculation of (elite) American society?, Mar 21

322. Just how much intellectual fraud can Delhi produce? Mar 26

323. India is not a monarchy! We urgently need to universalize the French concept of “citoyen”! Mar 28

324. Could this be the real state of some of our higher education institutions? Mar 29

325. Progress! The BBC retracts its prevarication! Mar 30

326. Aldous Huxley’s Essay “DH Lawrence” Mar 31

327. Waffle not institutional reform is what (I predict) the “G-20 summit” will produce, April 1

328. Did a full cricket team of Indian bureaucrats follow our PM into 10 Downing Street? Count for yourself! April 3

329. Will someone please teach the BJP’s gerontocracy some Economics 101 on an emergency basis? April 5

330. The BBC needs to determine exactly where it thinks Pakistan is!, April 5

331. Alfred Lyall on Christians, Muslims, India, China, Etc, 1908, April 6

332. An eminent economist of India passes away April 9

333. Democracy Database for the Largest Electorate Ever Seen in World History, April 12

334. Memo to the Election Commission of India April 14 2009, 9 AM, April 14

335. Caveat emptor! Satyam is taken over, April 14

336. India’s 2009 General Elections: Candidates, Parties, Symbols for Polls on 16-30 April Phases 1,2,3, April 15

337. On the general theory of expertise in democracy: reflections on what emerges from the American “torture memos” today, April 18

338. India’s 2009 General Elections: 467 constituencies (out of 543) for which candidates have been announced as of 1700hrs April 21, April 21

339. Apropos Philosophy of Economics, Comments of Sidney Hook, KJ Arrow, Milton Friedman, TW Schultz, SS Alexander, Max Black, Renford Bambrough, John Gray et al., April 22.

340. India’s 2009 General Elections: Names of all 543 Constituencies of the 15th Lok Sabha, April 22.

341. India’s 2009 General Elections: How 4125 State Assembly Constituencies comprise the 543 new Lok Sabha Constituencies, April 23.

342. Why has America’s “torture debate” yet to mention the obvious? Viz., sadism and racism, April 24

343. India’s 2009 General Elections: the advice of the late “George Eliot” (Mary Ann Evans, 1819-1880) to India’s voting public, April 24.

344. India’s 2009 General Elections: Delimitation and the Different Lists of 543 Lok Sabha Constituencies in 2009 and 2004, April 25

345. Is “Slumdog Millionaire” the single worst Best Picture ever?

346. India’s 2009 General Elections: Result of Delimitation — Old (2004) and New (2009) Lok Sabha and Assembly Constituencies, April 26

347. India’s 2009 General Elections: 7019 Candidates in 485 (out of 543) Constituencies announced as of April 26 noon April 26

348. What is Christine Fair referring to? Would the MEA kindly seek to address what she has claimed asap? April 27

349. Politics can be so entertaining Manmohan versus Sonia on the poor old CPI(M)!, April 28

350. A Dozen Grown-Up Questions for Sonia Gandhi, Manmohan Singh, LK Advani, Sharad Pawar, Km Mayawati and Anyone Else Dreaming of Becoming/Deciding India’s PM After the 2009 General Elections, April 28

351. India’s 2009 General Elections: How drastically will the vote-share of political parties change from 2004? May 2

352. India’s 2009 General Elections: And now finally, all 8,070 Candidates across all 543 Lok Sabha Constituencies, May 5

353. India’s 2009 General Elections: The Mapping of Votes into Assembly Segments Won into Parliamentary Seats Won in the 2004 Election, May 7

354. Will Messrs Advani, Rajnath Singh & Modi ride into the sunset if the BJP comes to be trounced? (Corrected), May 10

355. India’s 2009 General Elections: 543 Matrices to Help Ordinary Citizens Audit the Election Commission’s Vote-Tallies May 12

356. Well done Sonia-Rahul! Two hours before polls close today, I am willing to predict a big victory for you (but, please, try to get your economics right, and also, you must get Dr Singh a Lok Sabha seat if he is to be PM) May 13

357. Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee must dissolve the West Bengal Assembly if he is an honest democrat: Please try to follow Gerard Schröder’s example even slightly! May 16

358. India’s 2009 General Elections: Provisional Results from the EC as of 1400 hours Indian Standard Time May 16

359. Memo to the Hon’ble President of India: It is Sonia Gandhi, not Manmohan Singh, who should be invited to our equivalent of the “Kissing Hands” Ceremony May 16

360. Time for heads to roll in the BJP/RSS and CPI(M)!, May 17.

361. Inviting a new Prime Minister of India to form a Government: Procedure Right and Wrong May 18

362. Starting with Procedural Error: Why has the “Cabinet” of the 14th Lok Sabha been meeting today AFTER the results of the Elections to the 15th Lok Sabha have been declared?! May 18

363. Why has the Sonia Congress done something that the Congress under Nehru-Indira-Rajiv would not have done, namely, exaggerate the power of the Rajya Sabha and diminish the power of the Lok Sabha? May 21

364. Shouldn’t Dr Singh’s Cabinet begin with a small apology to the President of India for discourtesy? May we have reviews and reforms of protocols and practices to be followed at Rashtrapati Bhavan and elsewhere? May 23

365. Parliament’s sovereignty has been diminished by the Executive: A record for future generations to know May 25

366. How tightly will organised Big Business be able to control economic policies this time? May 26

367. Why does India not have a Parliament ten days after the 15th Lok Sabha was elected? Nehru and Rajiv would both have been appalled May 27

368. Eleven days and counting after the 15th Lok Sabha was elected and still no Parliament of India! (But we do have 79 Ministers — might that be a world record?) May 28

369. Note to Posterity: 79 Ministers in office but no 15th Lok Sabha until June 1 2009! May 29

370. Silver Jubilee of Pricing, Planning & Politics: A Study of Economic Distortions in India May 29

371. How to Design a Better Cabinet for the Government of India May 29

372. Parliament is supposed to control the Government, not be bullied or intimidated by it: Will Rahul Gandhi be able to lead the Backbenches in the 15th Lok Sabha? June 1

373. Mistaken Macroeconomics: An Open Letter to Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh, June 12

374. Why did Manmohan Singh and LK Advani apologise to one another? Is Indian politics essentially collusive, not competitive, aiming only to preserve and promote the post-1947 Dilli Raj at the expense of the whole of India? We seem to have no Churchillian repartee (except perhaps from Bihar occasionally) June 18

375. Are Iran’s Revolutionaries now Reactionaries? George Orwell would have understood. A fresh poll may be the only answer Are Iran’s Revolutionaries now Reactionaries? George Orwell would have understood. A fresh poll may be the only answer June 22

376. My March 25 1991 memo to Rajiv (which never reached him) is something the present Government seems to have followed: all for the best of course! July 12

377. Disquietude about France’s behaviour towards India on July 14 2009 July 14

378. Does the Govt. of India assume “foreign investors and analysts” are a key constituency for Indian economic policy-making? If so, why so? Have Govt. economists “learnt nothing, forgotten everything”? Some Bastille Day thoughts July 14

379. Letter to the GoI’s seniormost technical economist, May 21.July 19

380. Excuse me but young Kasab in fact confessed many months ago, immediately after he was captured – he deserves 20 or 30 years in an Indian prison, and a chance to become a model prisoner who will stand against the very terrorists who sent him on his vile mission July 20

381. Finally, three months late, the GoI responds to American and Pakistani allegations about Balochistan July 24

382. Thoughts, words, deeds: My work 1973-2010

M1. Map of Asia c. 1900

M2. Map of Chinese Empire c. 1900

M3. Map of Sinkiang, Tibet and Neighbours 1944

M4. China’s Secretly Built 1957 Road Through India’s Aksai Chin

M5. Map of Kashmir to Sinkiang 1944

M6. Map of India-Tibet-China-Mongolia 1959

M7. Map of India, Afghanistan, Russia, China, 1897

M8. Map of Xinjiang/Sinkiang/E Turkestan

M9. Map of Bombay/Mumbai 1909

M10-M13. Himalayan Expedition, West Sikkim 1970 – 1,2,3,4

Mistaken Macroeconomics: An Open Letter to Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh

June 12, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

The Hon’ble Dr Manmohan Singh, MP, Rajya Sabha

Prime Minister of India

Respected Pradhan Mantriji:

In September 1993 at the residence of the Indian Ambassador to Washington, I had the privilege of being introduced to you by our Ambassador the Hon’ble Siddhartha Shankar Ray, Bar-at-Law. Ambassador Ray was kind enough to introduce me saying the 1991 “Congress manifesto had been written on (my laptop) computer” – a reference to my work as adviser on economic and other policy to the late Rajiv Gandhi in his last months. I presented you a book Foundations of India’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s created and edited by myself and WE James at the University of Hawaii since 1986 — the unpublished manuscript of that book had reached Rajivji by my hand when he and I first met on September 18 1990. Tragically, my pleadings in subsequent months to those around him that he seemed to my layman’s eyes vulnerable to the assassin went unheeded.

When you and I met in 1993, we had both forgotten another meeting twenty years earlier in Paris. My father had been a long-time friend of the late Brahma Kaul, ICS, and the late MG Kaul, ICS, who knew you in your early days in the Government of India. In the late summer of 1973, you had acceded to my father’s request to advise me about economics before I embarked for the London School of Economics as a freshman undergraduate. You visited our then-home in Paris for about 40 minutes despite your busy schedule as part of an Indian delegation to the Aid-India Consortium. We ended up having a tense debate about the merits (as you saw them) and demerits (as I saw them) of the Soviet influence on Indian economic “planning”. You had not expected such controversy from a lad of 18 but you were kindly disposed and offered when departing to write a letter of introduction to Amartya Sen, then teaching at the LSE, which you later sent me and which I was delighted to carry to Professor Sen.

I may add my father, back in 1973 in Paris, had predicted to me that you would become Prime Minister of India one day, and he, now in his 90s, is joined by myself in sending our warm congratulations at the start of your second term in that high office.

The controversy though that you and I had entered that Paris day in 1973 about scientific economics as applied to India, must be renewed afresh!

This is because of your categorical statement on June 9 2009 to the new 15^th Lok Sabha:

“I am convinced, since our savings rate is as high as 35%, given the collective will, if all of us work together, we can achieve a growth-rate of 8%-9%, even if the world economy does not do well.” (Statement of Dr Manmohan Singh to the Lok Sabha, June 9 2009)

I am afraid there may be multiple reasons why such a statement is gravely and incorrigibly in error within scientific economics. From your high office as Prime Minister in a second term, faced perhaps with no significant opposition from either within or without your party, it is possible the effects of such an error may spell macroeconomic catastrophe for India.

As it happens, the British Labour Party politician Dr Meghnad Desai made an analogous statement to yours about India when he claimed in 2006 that China

“now has 10.4% growth on a 44 % savings rate… ”

Indeed the idea that China and India have had extremely high economic growth-rates based on purportedly astronomical savings rates has become a commonplace in recent years, repeated endlessly in international and domestic policy circles though perhaps without adequate basis.

1. Germany & Japan

What, at the outset, is supposed to be measured when we speak of “growth”? Indian businessmen and their media friends seem to think “growth” refers to something like nominal earnings before tax for the organised corporate sector, or any unspecified number that can be sold to visiting foreigners to induce them to park their funds in India: “You will get a 10% return if you invest in India” to which the visitor says “Oh that must mean India has 10% growth going on”. Of such nonsense are expensive international conferences in Davos and Delhi often made.

You will doubtless agree the economist at least must define economic growth properly and with care — what is referred to must be annual growth of per capita inflation-adjusted Gross Domestic Product. (Per capita National Income or Net National Product would be even better if available).

West Germany and Japan had the highest annual per capita real GDP growth-rates in the world economy starting from devastated post-World War II initial conditions. What were their measured rates?

West Germany: 6.6% in 1950-1960, falling to 3.5% by 1960-1970 falling to 2.4% by 1970-1978.

Japan: 6.8 % in 1952-1960 rising to 9.4% in 1960-1970 falling to 3.8 % in 1970-1978.

Thus in recent decades only Japan measured a spike in the 1960s of more than 9% annual growth of real per capita GDP. Now India and China are said to be achieving 8%-10 % and more year after year routinely!

Perhaps we are observing an incredible phenomenon of world economic history. Or perhaps it is just something incredible, something false and misleading, like a mirage in the desert.

You may agree that processes of measurement of real income in India both at federal and provincial levels, still remain well short of the world standards described by the UN’s System of National Accounts 1993. The actuality of our real GDP growth may be better than what is being measured or it may be worse than what is being measured – from the point of view of public decision-making we at present simply do not know which it is, and to overly rely on such numbers in national decisions may be unwise. In any event, India’s population is growing at near 2% so even if your Government’s measured number of 8% or 9% is taken at face-value, we have to subtract 2% population growth to get per capita figures.

2. Growth of the aam admi’s consumption-basket

The late Professor Milton Friedman had been an invited adviser in 1955 to the Government of India during the Second Five Year Plan’s formulation. The Government of India suppressed what he had to say and I had to publish it 34 years later in May 1989 during the 1986-1992 perestroika-for-India project that I led at the University of Hawaii in the United States. His November 1955 Memorandum to the Government of India is a chapter in the book Foundations of India’s Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the 1990s that I and WE James created.

At the 1989 project-conference itself, Professor Friedman made the following astute observation about all GNP, GDP etc growth-numbers that speaks for itself:

“I don’t believe the term GNP ought to be used unless it is supplemented by a different statistic: the rate of growth of the average consumption basket consumed by the ordinary individual in the country. I think GNP rates of growth can give very misleading information. For example, you have rapid rates of growth of GNP in the Soviet Union with a declining standard of life for the people. Because GNP includes monuments and includes also other things. I’m not saying that that is the case with India; I’m just saying I would like to see the two figures together.”

You may perhaps agree upon reflection that not only may our national income growth measurements be less robust than we want, it may be better to be measuring something else instead, or as well, as a measure of the economic welfare of India’s people, namely, “the rate of growth of the average consumption basket consumed by the ordinary individual in the country”, i.e., the rate of growth of the average consumption basket consumed by the aam admi.

It would be excellent indeed if you were to instruct your Government’s economists and other spokesmen to do so this as it may be something more reliable as an indicator of our economic realities than all the waffle generated by crude aggregate growth-rates.

3. Logic of your model

Thirdly, the logic needs to be spelled out of the economic model that underlies such statements as yours or Meghnad Desai’s that seek to operationally relate savings rates to aggregate growth rates in India or China. This seems not to have been done publicly in living memory by the Planning Commission or other Government economists. I have had to refer, therefore, to pages 251-253 of my own Cambridge doctoral thesis under Professor Frank Hahn thirty years ago, titled “On liberty and economic growth: preface to a philosophy for India”, where the logic of such models as yours was spelled out briefly as follows:

Let

K_t be capital stock

Y_t be national output

I_t be the level of real investment

S_t be the level of real savings

By definition

I_t = K _t+1 – K_t

By assumption

K_t = k Y_t 0 < k < 1

S_t = sY_t 0 < s <1

In equilibrium ex ante investment equals ex ante savings

I_t = S_t

Hence in equilibrium

sY_t = K _t+1 – K_t

s/k = g

where g is defined to be the rate of growth (Y _t+1-Y_t)/Y_{t .}

The left hand side then defines the “warranted rate of growth” which must maintain the famous “knife-edge” with the right hand side “natural rate of growth”.

Your June 9 2009 Lok Sabha statement that a 35% rate of savings in India may lead to an 8%-9% rate of economic growth in India, or Meghnad Desai’s statement that a 44% rate of savings in China led to a 10.4% growth there, can only be made meaningful in the context of a logical economic model like the one I have given above.

[In the open-economy version of the model, let M_tbe imports, E_t be exports, F_t net capital inflows.

Assume

M_t= aI_t + bY_t 0 < a, b < 1

E_t= E for all t

Balance of payments is

B_t = M_t – E_t– F_t

In equilibrium I_t = S_t + B_t

F_t = (s+b) Y_t – (1-a) I_t - E is a kind of “warranted” level of net capital inflow.]

You may perhaps agree upon reflection that building the entire macroeconomic policy of the Government of India merely upon a piece of economic logic as simplistic as the

s/k = g

equation above, may spell an unacceptable risk to the future economic well-being of our vast population. An alternative procedural direction for macroeconomic policy, with more obviously positive and profound consequences, may have been that which I sought to persuade Rajiv Gandhi about with some success in 1990-1991. Namely, to systematically seek to improve towards normalcy the budgets, financial positions and decision-making capacities of the Union and all state and local governments as well as all public institutions, organisations, entities, and projects in general, with the aim of making our domestic money a genuine hard currency of the world again after seven decades, so that any ordinary resident of India may hold and trade precious metals and foreign exchange at his/her local bank just like all those glamorous privileged NRIs have been permitted to do. Such an alternative path has been described in “The Indian Revolution”, “Against Quackery”, “The Dream Team: A Critique”, “India’s Macroeconomics”, “Indian Inflation”, etc.

4. Gross exaggeration of real savings rate by misreading deposit multiplication

Specifically, I am afraid you may have been misled into thinking India’s real savings rate, s, is as high as 35% just as Meghnad Desai may have misled himself into thinking China’s real savings rate is as high as 44%.

Neither of you may have wanted to make such a claim if you had referred to the fact that over the last 25 years, the average savings rate across all OECD countries has been less than 10%. Economic theory always finds claims of discontinuous behaviour to be questionable. If the average OECD citizen has been trying to save 10% of disposable income at best, it appears prima facie odd that India’s PM claims a savings rate as high as 35% for India or a British politician has claimed a savings rate as high as 44% for China. Something may be wrong in the measurement of the allegedly astronomical savings rates of India and China. The late Professor Nicholas Kaldor himself, after all, suggested it was rich people who saved and poor people who did not for the simple reason the former had something left over to save which the latter did not!

And indeed something is wrong in the measurements. What has happened, I believe, is that there has been a misreading of the vast nominal expansion of bank deposits via deposit-multiplication in the Indian banking system, an expansion that has been caused by explosive deficit finance over the last four or five decades. That vast nominal expansion of bank-deposits has been misread as indicating growth of real savings behaviour instead. I have written and spoken about and shown this quite extensively in the last half dozen years since I first discovered it in the case of India. E.g., in a lecture titled “Can India become an economic superpower or will there be a monetary meltdown?” at Cardiff University’s Institute of Applied Macroeconomics and at London’s Institute of Economic Affairs in April 2005, as well as in May 2005 at a monetary economics seminar invited at the RBI by Dr Narendra Jadav. The same may be true of China though I have looked at it much less.

How I described this phenomenon in a 2007 article in The Statesman is this:

“Savings is indeed normally measured by adding financial and non-financial savings. Financial savings include bank-deposits. But India is not a normal country in this. Nor is China. Both have seen massive exponential growth of bank-deposits in the last few decades. Does this mean Indians and Chinese are saving phenomenally high fractions of their incomes by assiduously putting money away into their shaky nationalized banks? Sadly, it does not. What has happened is government deficit-financing has grown explosively in both countries over decades. In a “fractional reserve” banking system (i.e. a system where your bank does not keep the money you deposited there but lends out almost all of it immediately), government expenditure causes bank-lending, and bank-lending causes bank-deposits to expand. Yes there has been massive expansion of bank-deposits in India but it is a nominal paper phenomenon and does not signify superhuman savings behaviour. Indians keep their assets mostly in metals, land, property, cattle, etc., and as cash, not as bank deposits.”

An article of mine in 2008 in Business Standard put it like this:

“India has followed in peacetime over six decades what the US and Britain followed during war. Our vast growth of bank deposits in recent decades has been mostly a paper (or nominal) phenomenon caused by unlimited deficit finance in a fractional reserve banking system. Policy makers have widely misinterpreted it as indicating a real phenomenon of incredibly high savings behaviour. In an inflationary environment, people save their wealth less as paper deposits than as real assets like land, cattle, buildings, machinery, food stocks, jewellery etc.”

If you asked me “What then is India’s real savings rate?” I have little answer to give except to say I know what it is not – it is not what the Government of India says it is. It is certainly unlikely to be anywhere near the 35% you stated it to be in your June 9 2009 Lok Sabha statement. If the OECD’s real savings rate has been something like 10% out of disposable income, I might accept India’s is, say, 15% at a maximum when properly measured – far from the 35% being claimed. What I believe may have been mismeasured by you and Meghnad Desai and many others as indicating high real savings is actually the nominal or paper expansion of bank-deposits in a fractional reserve banking system induced by runaway government deficit-spending in both India and China over the last several decades.

5. Technological progress and the mainsprings of real economic growth

So much for the g and s variables in the s/k = g equation in your economic model. But the assumed constant k is a big problem too!

During the 1989 perestroika-for-India project-conference, Professor Friedman referred to his 1955 experience in India and said this about the assumption of a constant k:

“I think there was an enormously important point… That was the almost universal acceptance at that time of the view that there was a sort of technologically fixed capital output ratio. That if you wanted to develop, you just had to figure out how much capital you needed, used as a statistical technological capital output ratio, and by God the next day you could immediately tell what output you were going to achieve. That was a large part of the motivation behind some of the measures that were taken then.”

The crucial problem of the sort of growth-model from which your formulation relating savings to growth arises is that, with a constant k, you have necessarily neglected the real source of economic growth, which is technological progress!

I said in the 2007 article referred to above:

“Economic growth in India as elsewhere arises not because of what politicians and bureaucrats do in capital cities, but because of spontaneous technological progress, improved productivity and learning-by-doing on part of the general population. Technological progress is a very general notion, and applies to any and every production activity or commercial transaction that now can be accomplished more easily or using fewer inputs than before.”

In “Growth and Government Delusion” published in The Statesman last year, I described the growth process more fully like this:

“The mainsprings of real growth in the wealth of the individual, and so of the nation, are greater practical learning, increases in capital resources and improvements in technology. Deeper skills and improved dexterity cause output produced with fewer inputs than before, i.e. greater productivity. Adam Smith said there is “invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and abridge labour, and enable one man to do the work of many”. Consider a real life example. A fresh engineering graduate knows dynamometers are needed in testing and performance-certification of diesel engines. He strips open a meter, finds out how it works, asks engine manufacturers what design improvements they want to see, whether they will buy from him if he can make the improvement. He finds out prices and properties of machine tools needed and wages paid currently to skilled labour, calculates expected revenues and costs, and finally tries to persuade a bank of his production plans, promising to repay loans from his returns. Overcoming restrictions of religion or caste, the secular agent is spurred by expectation of future gains to approach various others with offers of contract, and so organize their efforts into one. If all his offers ~ to creditors, labour, suppliers ~ are accepted he is, for the moment, in business. He may not be for long ~ but if he succeeds his actions will have caused an improvement in design of dynamometers and a reduction in the cost of diesel engines, as well as an increase in the economy’s produced means of production (its capital stock) and in the value of contracts made. His creditors are more confident of his ability to repay, his buyers of his product quality, he himself knows more of his workers’ skills, etc. If these people enter a second and then a third and fourth set of contracts, the increase in mutual trust in coming to agreement will quickly decline in relation to the increased output of capital goods. The first source of increasing returns to scale in production, and hence the mainspring of real economic growth, arises from the successful completion of exchange. Transforming inputs into outputs necessarily takes time, and it is for that time the innovator or entrepreneur or “capitalist” or “adventurer” must persuade his creditors to trust him, whether bankers who have lent him capital or workers who have lent him labour. The essence of the enterprise (or “firm”) he tries to get underway consists of no more than the set of contracts he has entered into with the various others, his position being unique because he is the only one to know who all the others happen to be at the same time. In terms introduced by Professor Frank Hahn, the entrepreneur transforms himself from being “anonymous” to being “named” in the eyes of others, while also finding out qualities attaching to the names of those encountered in commerce. Profits earned are partly a measure of the entrepreneur’s success in this simultaneous process of discovery and advertisement. Another potential entrepreneur, fresh from engineering college, may soon pursue the pioneer’s success and start displacing his product in the market ~ eventually chasers become pioneers and then get chased themselves, and a process of dynamic competition would be underway. As it unfolds, anonymous and obscure graduates from engineering colleges become by dint of their efforts and a little luck, named and reputable firms and perhaps founders of industrial families. Multiply this simple story many times, with a few million different entrepreneurs and hundreds of thousands of different goods and services, and we shall be witnessing India’s actual Industrial Revolution, not the fake promise of it from self-seeking politicians and bureaucrats.”

Technological progress in a myriad of ways and discovery of new resources are important factors contributing to India’s growth today. But while India’s “real” economy does well, the “nominal” paper-money economy controlled by Government does not. Continuous deficit financing for half a century has led to exponential growth of public debt and broad money, and, as noted, the vast growth of nominal bank-deposits has been misinterpreted as indicating unusually high real savings behaviour when it in fact may just signal vast amounts of government debt being held by our nationalised banks. These bank assets may be liquid domestically but are illiquid internationally since our government debt is not held by domestic households as voluntary savings nor has it been a liquid asset held worldwide in foreign portfolios.

What politicians of all parties, especially your own and the BJP and CPI-M since they are the three largest, have been presiding over is exponential growth of our paper money supply, which has even reached 22% per annum. Parliament and the Government should be taking honest responsibility for this because it may certainly portend double-digit inflation (i.e., decline in the value of paper-money) perhaps as high as 14%-15% per annum, something that is certain to affect the aam admi’s economic welfare adversely.

6. Selling Government assets to Big Business is a bad idea in a potentially hyperinflationary economy

Respected PradhanMantriji, the record would show that I, and really I alone, 25 years ago, may have been the first among Indian economists to advocate the privatisation of the public sector. (Viz, “Silver Jubilee of Pricing, Planning and Politics: A Study of Economic Distortions in India”.) In spite of this, I have to say clearly now that in present circumstances of a potentially hyperinflationary economy created by your Government and its predecessors, I believe your Government’s present plans to sell Government assets may be an exceptionally unwise and imprudent idea. The reasoning is very simple from within monetary economics.

Government every year has produced paper rupees and bank deposits in practically unlimited amounts to pay for its practically unlimited deficit financing, and it has behaved thus over decades. Such has been the nature of the macroeconomic process that all Indian political parties have been part of, whether they are aware of it or not.

Indian Big Business has an acute sense of this long-term nominal/paper expansion of India’s economy, and acts towards converting wherever possible its own hoards of paper rupees and rupee-denominated assets into more valuable portfolios for itself of real or durable assets, most conspicuously including hard-currency denominated assets, farm-land and urban real-estate, and, now, the physical assets of the Indian public sector. Such a path of trying to transform local domestic paper assets – produced unlimitedly by Government monetary and fiscal policy and naturally destined to depreciate — into real durable assets, is a privately rational course of action to follow in an inflationary economy. It is not rocket-science to realise the long-term path of rupee-denominated assets is downwards in comparison to the hard-currencies of the world – just compare our money supply growth and inflation rates with those of the rest of the world.

The Statesman of November 16 2006 had a lead editorial titled Government’s land-fraud: Cheating peasants in a hyperinflation-prone economy which said:

“There is something fundamentally dishonourable about the way the Centre, the state of West Bengal and other state governments are treating the issue of expropriating peasants, farm-workers, petty shop-keepers etc of their small plots of land in the interests of promoters, industrialists and other businessmen. Singur may be but one example of a phenomenon being seen all over the country: Hyderabad, Karnataka, Kerala, Haryana, everywhere. So-called “Special Economic Zones” will merely exacerbate the problem many times over. India and its governments do not belong only to business and industrial lobbies, and what is good for private industrialists may or may not be good for India’s people as a whole. Economic development does not necessarily come to be defined by a few factories or high-rise housing complexes being built here or there on land that has been taken over by the Government, paying paper-money compensation to existing stakeholders, and then resold to promoters or industrialists backed by powerful political interest-groups on a promise that a few thousand new jobs will be created. One fundamental problem has to do with inadequate systems of land-description and definition, implementation and recording of property rights. An equally fundamental problem has to do with fair valuation of land owned by peasants etc. in terms of an inconvertible paper-money. Every serious economist knows that “land” is defined as that specific factor of production and real asset whose supply is fixed and does not increase in response to its price. Every serious economist also knows that paper-money is that nominal asset whose price can be made to catastrophically decline by a massive increase in its supply, i.e. by Government printing more of the paper it holds a monopoly to print. For Government to compensate people with paper-money it prints itself by valuing their land on the basis of an average of the price of the last few years, is for Government to cheat them of the fair present-value of the land. That present-value of land must be calculated in the way the present-value of any asset comes to be calculated, namely, by summing the likely discounted cash-flows of future values. And those future values should account for the likelihood of a massive future inflation causing decline in the value of paper-money in view of the fact we in India have a domestic public debt of some Rs. 30 trillion (Rs. 30 lakh crore) and counting, and money supply growth rates averaging 16-17% per annum. In fact, a responsible Government would, given the inconvertible nature of the rupee, have used foreign exchange or gold as the unit of account in calculating future-values of the land. India’s peasants are probably being cheated by their Government of real assets whose value is expected to rise, receiving nominal paper assets in compensation whose value is expected to fall.”

Shortly afterwards the Hon’ble MP for Kolkata Dakshin, Km Mamata Banerjee, started her protest fast, riveting the nation’s attention in the winter of 2006-2007. What goes for government buying land on behalf of its businessman friends also goes, mutatis mutandis, for the public sector’s real assets being bought up by the private sector using domestic paper money in a potentially hyperinflationary economy. If your new Government wishes to see real assets of the public sector being sold for paper money, let it seek to value these assets not in inconvertible rupees that Government itself has been producing in unlimited quantities but perhaps in forex or gold-units instead!

In the 2004-2005 volume Margaret Thatcher’s Revolution: How it Happened and What it Meant, edited by myself and Professor John Clarke, there is a chapter by Professor Patrick Minford on Margaret Thatcher’s fiscal and monetary policy (macroeconomics) that was placed ahead of the chapter by Professor Martin Ricketts on Margaret Thatcher’s privatisation (microeconomics). India’s fiscal and monetary or macroeconomic problems are far worse today than Britain’s were when Margaret Thatcher came to power. We need to get our macroeconomic problems sorted before we attempt the microeconomic privatisation of public assets.

It is wonderful that your young party colleague, the Hon’ble MP from Amethi, Shri Rahul Gandhi, has declined to join the present Government and instead wishes to reflect further on the “common man” and “common woman” about whom I had described his late father talking to me on September 18 1990. Certainly the aam admi is not someone to be found among India’s lobbyists of organised Big Business or organised Big Labour who have tended to control government agendas from the big cities.

With my warmest personal regards and respect, I remain,

Cordially yours

Subroto Roy, PhD (Cantab.), BScEcon (London)

Kolkata

Posted in 15th Lok Sabha, Academic economics, Academic freedom, Academic research, Adam Smith, Banking, Bengal, Big Business and Big Labour, BJP, Cambridge Univ Economics, Capital and labour, China's macroeconomics, China's savings rate, China's Economy, Congress Party, Deposit multiplication, Economic Policy, Economic Theory, Economic Theory of Growth, Economic Theory of Value, Economics of Public Finance, Enterprise and entrepeneurship, European Community, Financial Management, Financial markets, Foreign exchange controls, General equilbrium theory, Germany, Governance, Government accounting, Government Budget Constraint, Government of India, Growth rates (economic), India's Big Business, India's Government economists, India's savings rate, India's 1991 Economic Reform, India's Banking, India's Budget, India's bureaucracy, India's Capital Markets, India's corporate governance, India's Economy, India's farmers, India's Government Budget Constraint, India's Government Expenditure, India's grassroots activists, India's inflation, India's Land, India's Lok Sabha, India's Macroeconomics, India's Monetary & Fiscal Policy, India's Parliament, India's political lobbyists, India's political parties, India's poverty, India's Public Finance, India's Reserve Bank, India's Revolution, India's State Finances, India's Union-State relations, Inflation, Inflation targeting, Interest group politics, Japan, London School of Economics, Mamata Banerjee, Manmohan Singh, Margaret Thatcher, Margaret Thatcher's Revolution, Martin Ricketts, Milton Friedman, Monetary Theory, Money and banking, Non-Resident Indians, OECD savings rates, Paper money and deposits, Parliamentary Backbenchers, Political Economy, Public Choice/Public Finance, Rahul Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, Redeposits, Siddhartha Shankar Ray. Leave a Comment »

Parliament is supposed to control the Government, not be bullied or intimidated by it: Will Rahul Gandhi be able to lead the Backbenches in the 15th Lok Sabha?

June 1, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

Any Lok Sabha MP who neither sits with the Opposition nor is a sworn-in member of the Government is a Backbench MP of the Government party or its coalition.

Shrimati Sonia Gandhi is the most prominent of such Backbench MPs in the 15th Lok Sabha, just as she was of the 14th Lok Sabha, and has chosen to be in a most peculiar position from the point of view of parliamentary law. As the leader of the largest parliamentary party, she could have been not merely a member of the Government but its Prime Minister. She has in fact had a decisive role in determining the composition of the Manmohan Government as well as its policies. She in fact sits on the Frontbenches in the Lok Sabha along with the Manmohan Government. But she is not a member of the Government and is, formally speaking, a Backbench MP who is choosing to sit in the Frontbenches.

(Dr Manmohan Singh himself, not being a member of the Lok Sabha, may, formally speaking, sit or speak from among the Frontbenches of his own Government only by invitation of the Lok Sabha Speaker as a courtesy – such would have been the cardinal reason why Alec Douglas-Home resigned from being Lord Home and instead stood for a House of Commons seat when he was appointed British Prime Minister.)

Sonia Gandhi’s son, Mr Rahul Gandhi, is also a Backbench MP. From all accounts, including that of Dr Singh himself, he could have been a member of Dr Singh’s Government but has specifically chosen not to be. He has appeared to have had some much lesser role than Sonia Gandhi in determining the composition of the Government and its policies but he is not a member of it. He is, formally speaking, a Backbench MP, indeed the most prominent to actually sit in the Backbenches, as he had done in the 14th Lok Sabha, which, it is to be hoped, he does in the 15th Lok Sabha too.

Now Rahul Gandhi, Sonia Gandhi and their 541 other fellow 15th Lok Sabha MPs were declared winners by May 16 2009 having won the Indian people’s vote.

(Incidentally, I predicted the outcome here two hours before polls closed on May 13 – how I did so is simply by having done the necessary work of determining that some 103 million people had voted for Congress in 2004 against some 86 million for the BJP; in my assessment Congress had done more than enough by way of political rhetoric and political reality to maintain if not extend that difference in 2009, i.e., the BJP had not done nearly enough to even begin to get enough of a net drift in its favour. I expect when the data are out it shall be seen that the margin of the raw vote between them has been much enlarged from 2004.)

As I have pointed out here over the last fortnight, there was no legal or logical reason why the whole 15th Lok Sabha could not have been sworn in latest by May 18 2009.

Instead, Dr Manmohan Singh on May 18 held a purported “Cabinet” meeting of the defunct 14th Lok Sabha – an institution that had been automatically dissolved when Elections had been first announced! The Government then went about forming itself over two weeks despite the 15th Lok Sabha, on whose confidence it depended for its political legitimacy, not having been allowed to meet. Everyone – the Congress Party’s Supreme Court advocates, the Lok Sabha Secretariat, the Election Commission, Rashtrapati Bhavan too – seems to have gotten it awfully wrong by placing the cart before the horse.

In our system it is Parliament that is sovereign, not the Executive Government. In fact the Executive is accountable to Parliament, specifically the Lok Sabha, and is supposed to be guided by it as well as hold its confidence at all times.

What has happened instead this time is that Government ministers have been busy taking oaths and entering their offices and making policy-decisons days before they have taken their oaths and their seats as Lok Sabha MPs! The Government has thus started off by diminishing Parliament’s sovereignty and this should not be allowed to happen again.

(Of course why it took place is because of the peculiarity of the victory relative to our experience in recent decades – nobody could remember parliamentary traditions from Nehru’s time in the 1950s. Even so, someone, e.g. the former Speaker, should have known and insisted upon explaining the relevant aspect of parliamentary law and hence avoided this breach.)

A central question now is whether a Government which has such a large majority, and which is led by someone in and has numerous ministers from the Rajya Sabha, is going to be adequately controlled and feel itself accountable to the Lok Sabha.

Neither of the Lok Sabha’s most prominent Backbenchers, Sonia Gandhi and Rahul Gandhi, have thus far distinguished themselves as Parliamentarians on the floor of the Lok Sabha. In the 14th Lok Sabha, Sonia Gandhi, sitting in the Frontbenches, exercised the enormous control that she did over the Government not on the floor of the House itself but from outside it.

It would be best of all if she chose in the 15th Lok Sabha to actually physically sit in the Congress’s Backbenches because that would ensure best that the Government Party’s ministers in the Frontbenches will keep having to seek to be accountable to the Backbenches!

But this seems unlikely to happen in view of the fact she herself seems to have personally influenced the choice of a Speaker for the 15th Lok Sabha and it may be instead expected that she continues to sit on the Frontbenches with the Government without being a member of it.

That leaves Rahul Gandhi. If he too comes to be persuaded by the sycophants to sit on the Frontbenches with the Government, that will not be a healthy sign.

On the other hand, if he continues to sit on the Backbenches, he may be able to have a salubrious influence on the 15th Lok Sabha fulfilling its responsibility of seeking to seriously control and hold accountable the Executive Government, and not be bullied or intimidated by it. His paternal grandfather, Feroze Gandhi, after all, may have been India’s most eminent and effective Backbench MP yet.

Subroto Roy, Kolkata

How tightly will organised Big Business be able to control economic policies this time?

May 26, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

The power of organised Big Business over New Delhi’s economic policies (whether Congress-led or BJP-led) was signalled by the presence in the audience at Rashtrapati Bhavan last week of several prominent lobbyists when Dr Manmohan Singh and his senior-most Cabinet colleagues were being sworn-in by the President of India. Why were such witnesses needed at such an auspicious national occasion?

Organised Big Business (both private sector and public sector) along with organised Big Labour (whose interests are represented most ably by New Delhi’s official communist parties like the CPI-M and CPI), are astutely aware of how best to advance their own economic interests; this usually gets assisted nicely enough through clever use of our comprador English-language TV, newspaper and magazine media. Shortly after the election results, lobbyists were all over commercial TV proposing things like FDI in insurance and airports etc– as if that was the meaning of the Sonia-Rahul mandate or were issues of high national priority. A typical piece of such “pretend-economics” appears in today’s business-press from a formerly Leftist Indian bureaucrat: “With its decisive victory, the new Manmohan Singh government should at last be able to implement the required second generation reforms. Their lineaments (sic) are well known and with the removal of the Left’s veto, many of those stalled in the legislature as well as those which were forestalled can now be implemented. These should be able to put India back on a 9-10 per cent per annum growth rate…”

Today’s business-press also reports that the new Government is planning to create a fresh “Disinvestment Ministry” and Dr Singh’s chief economic policy aide is “a frontrunner among the names short-listed to head the new ministry” with Cabinet rank.

Now if any enterprising doctoral student was to investigate the question, I think the evidence would show that I, and I alone – not even BR Shenoy or AD Shroff or Jagdish Bhagwati — may have been the first among Indian economists to have argued in favour of the privatisation of India’s public sector. I did so precisely 25 years ago in Pricing, Planning and Politics: A Study of Economic Distortions in India, which was so unusual for its time that it attracted the lead editorial of The Times of London on the day it was published May 29 1984, and had its due impact on Indian economic policy then and since, as has been described elsewhere here. In 1990-1991 while with Rajiv Gandhi, I had floated an idea of literally giving away shares of the public sector to the public that owned it (as several other countries had been doing at that time), specifically perhaps giving them to the poorest panchayats in aid of their development. In 2004-2005, upon returning to Britain after many years, I helped create the book Margaret Thatcher’s Revolution: How it Happened and What it Meant, and Margaret Thatcher if anyone was a paragon of privatisation.

That being said, I have to say I think a new Indian policy of creating a Ministry to privatise India’s public sector is probably a very BAD idea indeed in present circumstances — mainly because it will be driven by the interests of the organised Big Business lobbies that have so profoundly and subtly been able to control the New Delhi Government’s behaviour in recent decades.

Such lobbyist control is exercised often without the Government even realising or comprehending its parameters. For example, ask yourself: Is there any record anywhere of Dr Manmohan Singh, in his long career as a Government economist and then as a Rajya Sabha MP, having ever proposed before 2004-2005 that nuclear reactors were something vitally important to India’s future? And why do you suppose the most prominent Indian business lobby spent a million dollars and registered itself as an official lobbyist in Washington DC to promote the nuclear deal among American legislators? Because Big Business was feeling generous and altruistic towards the “energy security” of the ordinary people of India? Hardly. Indian Big Business calculates and acts in its own interests, as is only to be expected under economic assumptions; those interests are frequently camouflaged by their lobbyist and media friends into seeming to be economic policy for the country as a whole.

Now our Government every year produces paper rupees and bank deposits in practically unlimited amounts to pay for its practically unlimited deficit financing, and it has behaved thus over decades. Why we do not hear about this at all is because the most prominent Government economists themselves remain clueless — sometimes by choice, mostly by sheer ignorance — about the nature of the macroeconomic process that they are or have been part of. (See my “India’s Macroeconomics”, “The Dream Team: A Critique” etc elsewhere here). As for the Opposition’s economists, the less said about the CPI-M’s economists the better while the BJP, poor thing, has absolutely no economists at all!

Briefly speaking, Indian Big Business has acquired an acute sense of this long-term nominal/paper expansion of India’s economy, and as a result acts towards converting wherever possible its own hoards of paper rupees and rupee-denominated assets into more valuable portfolios for itself of real or durable assets, most conspicuously including hard-currency denominated assets, farm-land and urban real-estate, and, now, the physical assets of the Indian public sector. Such a path of trying to transform local domestic paper assets – produced unlimitedly by Government monetary and fiscal policy and naturally destined to depreciate — into real durable assets, is a privately rational course of action to follow in an inflationary economy. It is not rocket-science to realise the long-term path of the Indian rupee is downwards in comparison to the hard-currencies of the world – just compare our money supply growth and inflation rates with those of the rest of the world.

The Statesman of November 15 2006 had a lead editorial titled Government’s land-fraud: Cheating peasants in a hyperinflation-prone economy. It said:

Mamata Banerjee started her famous protest fast-unto-death in Kolkata not long afterwards, riveting the nation’s attention in the winter of 2006-2007.

What goes for the government buying land on behalf of its businessman friends also goes, mutatis mutandis, for the public sector’s real assets being bought up by the private sector using domestic paper money in a potentially hyperinflationary economy. If Dr Singh’s new Government wishes to see real public sector assets being sold, let the Government seek to value these assets not in inconvertible rupees which the Government itself has been producing in unlimited quantities but rather in forex or gold-units instead!

Today’s headline says “Short of cash, govt. plans to revive disinvestment ministry”. Big Business’s powerful lobbies will suggest that real public assets must be sold (to whom? to organised Big Business of course!) in order to solve the grave fiscal problems in an inflationary economy caused precisely by those grave fiscal problems! What I said in 2002 at IndiaSeminar may still be found to apply: I said the BJP’s privatisation ideas “deserve to be condemned…because they have made themselves believe that the proceeds of selling the public sector should merely go into patching up the bleeding haemorrhage which is India’s fiscal and monetary situation… (w)hile…Congress were largely responsible for that haemorrhage to have occurred in the first place.”

If the new Government would like to know how to proceed more wisely, they need to read and grasp, in the book edited by myself and Professor John Clarke in 2004-2005, the chapter by Professor Patrick Minford on Margaret Thatcher’s fiscal and monetary policy (macroeconomics) before they read the chapter by Professor Martin Ricketts on Margaret Thatcher’s privatisation (microeconomics). India’s fiscal and monetary or macroeconomic problems are far worse today than Britain’s were when Thatcher came in.

During the recent Election Campaign, I contrasted Dr Singh’s flattering praise in 2005 of the CPI-M’s Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee with Sonia Gandhi’s pro-Mamata line in 2009 saying the CPI-M had taken land away from the poor. This may soon signal a new fault-line in the new Cabinet too on economic policy with respect to not only land but also public sector privatisation – with Dr Singh’s pro-Big Business acolytes on one side and Mamata Banerjee’s stance in favour of small-scale unorganised business and labour on the other. Party heavyweights like Dr Singh himself and Sharad Pawar and Pranab Mukherjee will weigh in one side or the other with Sonia being asked in due course to referee.

I personally am delighted to see the New Rahul Gandhi deciding not to be in Government and to instead reflect further on the “common man” and “common woman” about whom I had described his father talking to me on September 18 1990 at his home. Certainly the “aam admi” is not someone to be found among India’s organised Big Business or organised Big Labour nor their paid lobbyists in the big cities.

Subroto Roy, Kolkata

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Why has the Sonia Congress done something that the Congress under Nehru-Indira-Rajiv would not have done, namely, exaggerate the power of the Rajya Sabha and diminish the power of the Lok Sabha?

May 21, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

We in India did not invent the idea of Parliament, the British did. Even the British did not invent the idea of a “Premier Ministre”, the French did that, though the British came to develop its meaning most. Because these are not our own inventions, when something unusual happens in contemporary India to political entities and offices known as “Parliament”, “Prime Minister” etc, contrast and comparison is inevitable with standards and practices that have prevailed around the world in other parliamentary democracies.

Indeed we in India did not even fully invent the idea of our own Parliament though the national struggle led by the original Indian National Congress caused it to come to be invented. The Lok Sabha is the outcome of a long and distinguished constitutional and political history from the Morley-Minto reforms a century ago to the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms and Government of India Act of 1919 to the Government of India Act of 1935 and the first general elections of British India in 1937 (when Jawaharlal Nehru briefly became PM for the first time) and in due course the 1946 Constituent Assembly. Out of all this emerged the 1950 Constitution of India, drafted by that brilliant jurist BR Ambedkar as well as other sober intelligent well-educated and dedicated men and women of his time, and thence arose our first Lok Sabha following the 1951 General Elections.

About the Lok Sabha’s duties, I said in my March 30 2006 article “Logic of Democracy” in The Statesman

“What are Lok Sabha Members and State MLAs legitimately required to be doing in caring for their constituents? First of all, as a body as a whole, they need to elect the Government, i.e. the Executive Branch, and to hold it accountable in Parliament or Assembly. For example, the Comptroller and Auditor General submits his reports directly to the House, and it is the duty of individual legislators to put these to good use in controlling the Government’s waste, fraud or abuse of public resources. Secondly, MPs and MLAs are obviously supposed to literally represent their individual constituencies in the House, i.e. to bring the Government and the House’s attention to specific problems or contingencies affecting their constituents as a whole, and call for the help, funds and sympathy of the whole community on their behalf. Thirdly, MPs and MLAs are supposed to respond to pleas and petitions of individual constituents, who may need the influence associated with the dignity of their office to get things rightly done. For example, an impoverished orphan lad once needed surgery to remove a brain tumour; a family helping him was promised the free services of a top brain surgeon if a hospital bed and operating theatre could be arranged. It was only by turning to the local MLA that the family were able to get such arrangements made, and the lad had his tumour taken out at a public hospital. MPs and MLAs are supposed to vote for and create public goods and services, and to use their moral suasion to see that existing public services actually do get to reach the public.”

What about the Rajya Sabha? I said in the same article:

“Rajya Sabha Members are a different species altogether. Most if not all State Legislative Councils have been abolished, and sadly the present nature of the Rajya Sabha causes similar doubts to arise about its utility. The very idea of a Rajya Sabha was first mooted in embryo form in an 1888 book A History of the Native States of India, Vol I. Gwalior, whose author also advocated popular constitutions for the “Indian India” of the “Native States” since “where there are no popular constitutions, the personal character of the ruler becomes a most important factor in the government… evils are inherent in every government where autocracy is not tempered by a free constitution.” When Victoria was declared India’s “Empress” in 1877, a “Council of the Empire” was mooted but had remained a non-starter even until the 1887 Jubilee. An “Imperial Council” was now designed of the so-called “Native Princes”, which came to evolve into the “Chamber of Princes” which became the “Council of the States” and the Rajya Sabha. It was patterned mostly on the British and not the American upper house except in being not liable to dissolution, and compelling periodic retirement of a third of members. The American upper house is an equal if not the senior partner of the lower house. Our Rajya Sabha follows the British upper house in being a chamber which is duty-bound to oversee any exuberance in the Lok Sabha but which must ultimately yield to it if there is any dispute. Parliament in India’s democracy effectively means the Lok Sabha — where every member has contested and won a direct vote in his/her constituency. The British upper house used to have an aristocratic hereditary component which Tony Blair’s New Labour Government has now removed, so it has now been becoming more like what the Rajya Sabha was supposed to have been like.”

The Canadian upper house is similar to ours in intent: a place for “sober second thought” intended to curb the “democratic excesses” of the lower house. In the Canadian, British, Australian, Irish and our own cases, the Prime Minister, as the chief executive of the lower house has immense indirect power over the upper house, whether in appointing members or even, in the Australian case, dissolving the entire upper house if he/she wishes.

Now yesterday apparently Shrimati Sonia Gandhi, as the duly elected leader of the largest political party in the 15th Lok Sabha, accompanied by Dr Manmohan Singh, as her party’s choice for the position of Prime Minister, went to see the President of India where the Hon’ble President apparently appointed Dr Singh to be the Prime Minister of India – meaning the Prime Minister of the 15th Lok Sabha, except that Dr Singh is not a member of the Lok Sabha and apparently has had no intent of becoming one.

In 2004 Shrimati Gandhi had declined to accept an invitation to become PM and instead effectively recommended Dr Singh to be PM despite his not being a member of the Lok Sabha nor intending to be so. This exploited a constitutional loophole to the extent that the drafters of our 1950 Constitution happened not to have explicitly stated that the PM must be from the Lok Sabha. But the reason the founders of our democratic polity such as BR Ambedkar and Jawaharlal Nehru did not specify that the PM must be from the Lok Sabha was quite simply that it was a matter of complete obviousness to them and to their entire generation that this must be so — it would have been appalling to them and something beyond their wildest imagination that a later generation, namely our own, would exploit such a loophole and allow a PM to be appointed who is not a member of the Lok Sabha and intends not to be so.

Ambedkar, Nehru and all others of their time knew fully well that the history and intended purpose of the Lok Sabha was completely different from the history and intended purpose of the Rajya Sabha. They knew too fully well that Lord Curzon had been explicitly denied the leadership of Britain’s Tory Party in 1922 because that would have made him a potential PM when he was not prepared to be a member of the House of Commons. That specific precedent culminated a centuries’-old democratic trend of political power flowing from monarchs to lords to commoners, and has governed all parliamentary democracies worldwide ever since — until Dr Singh’s appointment in 2004.

When such an anomalous situation once arose in Britain, Lord Home resigned his membership of the House of Lords to contest a House of Commons seat as Sir Alec Douglas Home so that he could be PM in a manner consistent with parliamentary law.

Dr Singh instead for five years remained PM of India while not being a member of the Lok Sabha. Even if reasons and exigencies of State could have been cited for such an anomalous situation during his first term, there was really no such reason for him not to contest the 2009 General Election if he wished to be the Congress Party’s prime ministerial candidate a second time. Numerous Rajya Sabha members alongside him have contested Lok Sabha seats this time, and several have won.

As of today, Dr Singh is due to be sworn in tomorrow as Prime Minister for a second term while still having no declared intention of resigning from the Rajya Sabha and contesting a Lok Sabha seat instead. What the present-day Congress has done is elect him the leader of the “Congress Parliamentary Party” and claim that it is in such a capacity that he received the invitation to be Prime Minister of India. But surely if the question had been asked to the Congress Party under Nehru or Indira or Rajiv: “Can you foresee a circumstance ever in which the PM of India is not a member of the Lok Sabha?” their answer in each case would have been a categorical and resounding “no”.

So the question does arise why the Congress under Sonia Gandhi has with deliberation allowed such an anomalous situation to develop. Its effect is to completely distort the trends of relative political power between the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. On the one hand, the Lok Sabha’s power is deliberately made to diminish as the chief executive of the Government of India shall not be from the Lok Sabha but from “the other place” despite the Lok Sabha having greater political legitimacy by having been directly elected by India’s people. This sets a precedent that might get repeated in India in the future but which contradicts the worldwide trend in parliamentary democracies over decades and centuries in precisely the opposite direction – of power flowing in the direction of the people not away from them. On the other hand, the fact this anomalous idea has been pioneered by the elected leader of the largest political party in the Lok Sabha while her PM is in the Rajya Sabha causes a member of the lower house to have unexpected control over the upper house when the latter is supposed to be something of an independent check on the former!

It all really seems an unnecessary muddle and a jumbling up of normal constitutional law and parliamentary procedure. The Sonia-Manmohan Government at the outset of its second term should hardly want to be seen by history as having set a poor precedent using brute force. The situation can be corrected with the utmost ease by following the Alec Douglas Home example, with Dr Singh being given a relatively safe seat to contest as soon as possible, if necessary by some newly elected Congress MP resigning and allowing a bye-election to be called.

Subroto Roy, Kolkata

Posted in 15th Lok Sabha, Academic research, Alec Douglas Home, American democracy, Asia and the West, Athenian democracy, Bengal Constitutional Politics, Bengal Legislative Council, BR Ambedkar, Britain, Britain in India, Britain's monarchy, British history, Canadian Senate, Comparative Government, Congress Party, Conservative Party Britain, Constitutional law, Constitutional monarchy, Constitutional Politics, Curzon, Democracy, Expertise and democracy, France, Freedom, Government accounting, Government of India, India's 2009 General Election, India's Constitution, India's constitutional politics, India's Democracy, India's Electorate, India's History, India's independence, India's Jurisprudence, India's Lok Sabha, India's Nationalism, India's nomenclatura, India's Parliament, India's Polity, India's Presidency, India's Rajya Sabha, India's Rule of Law, Indian National Congress Origins, Indira Gandhi, International Law, Jawaharlal Nehru, Law, Manmohan Singh, Parliamentary Government, Parliamentary Procedure, Political Philosophy, Political Science, Rajiv Gandhi, Sonia Gandhi. 2 Comments »

Letter to the GoI’s seniormost technical economist, May 21

May 21, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

“May 21 2009 It is wonderful to hear from you and I am honoured to find myself, perhaps accidentally, on the same list as so many of your distinguished colleagues among Government economists.

Your essay is most engaging. I am afraid I disagree with your assessment that the current problems “did not originate in the real sector of the economy” but were “triggered by the excesses of the financial system”. I have said to the contrary “There is no clear path to solving the great (alleged) economic and financial crisis because no one wants to admit its roots were the overvaluation (over decades) of American real-estate, and hence American assets in general.”

There is no more real sector than real-estate itself and American real-estate has tended to be overvalued as a result of government policy since the Carter Administration; the accumulated dangers along that path came to explode in the sub-prime crisis. Here as elsewhere in economics, the financial tail has not wagged the non-financial dog but vice versa.

I have also said “(i) foreign central banks might have been left holding more bad US debt than might be remembered, and dollar depreciation and an American inflation seem to be inevitable over the next several years; (ii) all those bad mortgages and foreclosures could vanish within a year or two by playing the demographic card and inviting in a few million new immigrants into the United States; restoring a worldwide idea of an American dream fueled by mass immigration may be the surest way for the American economy to restore itself.”

Re the comparison with the Great Depression, I believe

“there are overriding differences. Most important, the American economy and the world economy are both incomparably larger today in the value of their capital stock, and there has also been enormous technological progress over eight decades. Accordingly, it would take a much vaster event than the present turbulence — say, something like an exchange of multiple nuclear warheads with Russia causing Manhattan and the City of London to be destroyed — before there was a return to something comparable to the 1929 Crash and the Great Depression that followed. Besides, the roots of the crises are different. What happened back then? In 1922, the Genoa Currency Conference wanted to correct the main defect of the pre-1914 gold standard, which was freezing the price of gold while failing to stabilise the purchasing power of money. From 1922 until about 1927, Benjamin Strong of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York adopted price-stabilisation as the new American policy-objective. Britain was off the gold standard and the USA remained on it. The USA, as a major creditor nation, saw massive gold inflows which, by traditional gold standard principles, would have caused a massive inflation. Governor Strong invented the process of “sterilisation” of those gold inflows instead and thwarted the rise in domestic dollar prices of goods and services. Strong’s death in 1928 threw the Federal Reserve System into conflict and intellectual confusion. Dollar stabilisation ended as a policy. Surplus bank money was created on the release of gold that had been previously sterilised. The traditional balance between bulls and bears in the stock-market was upset. Normally, every seller of stock is a bear and every buyer a bull. Now, amateur investors appeared as bulls attracted by the sudden stock price rises, while bears, who sold securities, failed to place their money into deposit and were instead lured into lending it as call money to brokerages who then fuelled these speculative bulls. As of October 22, 1929 about $4 billion was the extent of such speculative lending when Chase National Bank’s customers called in their money. Chase National had to follow their instructions, as did other New York banks. New York’s Stock Exchange could hardly respond to a demand for $4 billion at a short notice and collapsed. Within a year, production had fallen by 26 per cent, prices by 14 per cent, personal income by 14 per cent, and the Greatest Depression of recorded history was in progress — involuntary unemployment levels in America reaching 25 per cent. That is not, by any reading, what we have today. Yes, there has been plenty of bad lending, plenty of duping shareholders and workers and plenty of excessive managerial payoffs. It will all take a large toll, and affect markets across the world. But it will be a toll relative to our plush comfortable modern standards, not those of 1929-1933. In fact, modern decision-makers have the obvious advantage that they can look back at history and know what is not to be done. The US and the world economy are resilient enough to ride over even the extra uncertainty arising from the ongoing presidential campaign, and then some.”

These quotes are from recent publications and may be found most easily under “America’s financial crises” at my site www.independentindian.com.

What may be of interest to the Government of India’s economists also may be a sample of my recent short articles on India’s monetary and fiscal economics based on my research beginning with my doctoral work under Frank Hahn at Cambridge in the 1970s and followed by my work with James Buchanan and Milton Friedman in America in the 1980s and 1990s and later. One of these is even named “The Rangarajan Effect” which I first defined at a seminar invited by Dr Jadav at the RBI in May 2005!

http://independentindian.com/2008/08/24/rangarajan-effect/

http://independentindian.com/2008/09/28/monetary-integrity-and-the-rupee/

http://independentindian.com/2007/01/20/indias-macroeconomics/

http://independentindian.com/2007/02/04/fiscal-instability/

http://independentindian.com/2008/07/16/india-in-world-trade-payments/

http://independentindian.com/2007/03/05/fallacious-finance-the-congress-bjp-cpi-m-et-al-may-be-leading-india-to-hyperinflation/

http://independentindian.com/2007/02/20/our-policy-process-self-styled-planners-have-controlled-indias-paper-money-for-decades/

http://independentindian.com/2008/07/28/growth-of-real-income-money-prices-in-india-1869-2004/

http://independentindian.com/2008/07/17/growth-government-delusion/

http://independentindian.com/2008/07/09/indian-inflation-upside-down-economics-from-new-delhis-establishment/

http://independentindian.com/2008/02/26/how-to-budget-thrift-not-theft-should-guide-our-public-finances/

http://independentindian.com/2008/02/21/a-note-on-the-indian-policy-process/

With warm regards,

Cordially,

Subroto Roy, PhD (Cantab.), BScEcon(London)

Sometime Adviser to the Late Rajiv Gandhi, 1990-1991

Posted in Academic economics, Academic research, America's housing market, America's mortgage crisis, American financial crises, Big Business and Big Labour, Crash of 1929, Credit markets, Economic Policy, Economic Theory, Economic Theory of Growth, Economic Theory of Interest, Economic Theory of Value, Economics of Public Finance, Government accounting, Government Budget Constraint, Government of India, India's Big Business, India's credit markets, India's Government economists, India's interest rates, India's savings rate, India's stock and debt markets, India's 1991 Economic Reform, India's balance of payments, India's Banking, India's Budget, India's Capital Markets, India's Economic History, India's Economy, India's Foreign Exchange Reserves, India's Foreign Trade, India's Government Budget Constraint, India's Government Expenditure, India's inflation, India's Macroeconomics, India's Monetary & Fiscal Policy, India's pork-barrel politics, India's Public Finance, Inflation, Inflation targeting, Unorganised capital markets. Leave a Comment »

India’s 2009 General Elections: 543 Matrices to Help Ordinary Citizens Audit the Election Commission’s Vote-Tallies

May 12, 2009 — drsubrotoroy

I do not know if anyone in India audits or checks the Election Commission’s arithmetic and procedures. Certainly the EC seems to leave a great deal to be desired by its slowness, its high-handedness and its obscurity/lack of transparency. I have said previously that this may be a result of obsolescent technology and management and organisation — problems that may be common across many departments of the Government of India and our State Governments.

Here then are the elements of a tool for use of ordinary citizens which may allow everyone to check the arithmetic involved in the EC’s counting of those hundreds of millions of votes all of us have cast in the 2009 General Elections.

On the vertical axis is supposed to be the list, by Parliamentary Constituency, of all 8,070 candidates who have contested the polls to the 15th Lok Sabha.

On the horizontal axis is supposed to be a series of 543 lists of Assembly Segments for each Constituency. Please note that the horizontal axis has had to be truncated for lack of space after only ten such segments; this covers the vast majority of Constituencies but there are a dozen or so in Goa, J&K, Arunachal, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura which are not complete as they each have many more than 10.

So altogether here are the elements of a series of 543 matrices, one for each Lok Sabha Constituency, which may help ordinary citizens engage in a process of themselves auditing the EC’s declared results.

Or, at the very least, the 543 matrices would act as a score-card, and in this nation of cricket-fans, everyone loves a score-card.

(The text below will have to be adjusted appropriately to get the right format, columns etc.)

Subroto Roy, Kolkata

SIRPUR-1    ASIFABAD-5    KHANAPUR-6    ADILABAD-7    BOATH-8    NIRMAL-9
MUDHOLE-10
S01-1-AP-ADILABAD    1ADE TUKARAM    BJP
2KOTNAK RAMESH    INC
3RATHOD RAMESH    TDP
4RATHOD SADASHIV NAIK    BSP
5MESRAM NAGO RAO    PRAP
6ATHRAM LAXMAN RAO    IND
7GANTA PENTANNA    IND
8NETHAVAT RAMDAS    IND
9BANKA SAHADEVU    IND
CHENNUR-2    BELLAMPALLY-3    MANCHERIAL-4    DHARMAPURI-22    RAMAGUNDAM-23
MANTHANI-24    PEDDAPALLE-25
S01-2-AP-PEDDAPALLE    1GAJJELA SWAMY    BSP
2GOMASA SRINIVAS    TRS
3MATHANGI NARSIAH    BJP
4DRGVIVEKANAND    INC
5AREPELLI DAVID RAJU    PRAP
6KRISHNA SABBALI    MCPI(S)
7AMBALA MAHENDAR    IND
8A KAMALAMMA    IND
9GORRE RAMESH    IND
10NALLALA KANUKAIAH    IND
11B MALLAIAH    IND
12K RAJASWARI    IND
13D RAMULU    IND
14GVINAY KUMAR    IND
15SLAXMAIAH    IND
KARIMNAGAR-26    CHOPPADANDI-27    VEMULAWADA-28    SIRCILLA-29
MANAKONDUR-30    HUZURABAD-31    HUSNABAD-32
S01-3-AP-KARIMNAGAR    1CHANDUPATLA JANGA REDDY    BJP
2PONNAM PRABHAKAR    INC
3VINOD KUMAR BOINAPALLY    TRS
4VIRESHAM NALIMELA    BSP
5RAGULA RAMULU    RPI(A)
6LINGAMPALLI SRINIVAS REDDY    MCPI(S)
7VELICHALA RAJENDER RAO    PRAP
8T SRIMANNARAYANA    PPOI
9K PRABHAKAR    IND
10KORIVI VENUGOPAL    IND
11BARIGE GATTAIAH YADAV    IND
12GADDAM RAJI REDDY    IND
13PANAKANTI SATISH KUMAR    IND
14PEDDI RAVINDER    IND
15B SURESH    IND
ARMUR-11    BODHAN-12    NIZAMABAD (URBAN)-17    NIZAMABAD (RURAL)-18
BALKONDA-19    KORATLA-20    JAGTIAL-21
S01-4-AP-NIZAMABAD    1DR BAPU REDDY    BJP
2BIGALA GANESH GUPTA    TRS
3MADHU YASKHI GOUD    INC
4YEDLA RAMU    BSP
5DUDDEMPUDI SAMBASIVA RAO CHOUDARY    LSP
6PVINAY KUMAR    PRAP
7DR VSATHYANARAYANA MURTHY    PPOI
8S SUJATHA    TPPP
9AARIS MOHAMMED    IND
10KANDEM PRABHAKAR    IND
11GADDAM SRINIVAS    IND
12RAPELLY SRINIVAS    IND
JUKKAL-13    BANSWADA-14    YELLAREDDY-15    KAMAREDDY-16    NARAYANKHED-35
ANDOLE-36    ZAHIRABAD-38
S01-5-AP-ZAHIRABAD    1CHENGAL BAGANNA    BJP
2MVISHNU MUDIRAJ    BSP
3SYED YOUSUF ALI    TRS
4SURESH KUMAR SHETKAR    INC
5BENJAMIN RAJU    IJP
6MALKAPURAM SHIVA KUMAR    PRAP
7MALLESH RAVINDER REDDY    LSP
8CHITTA RAJESHWAR RAO    IND
9POWAR SINGH HATTI SINGH    IND
10BASAVA RAJ PATIL    IND
SIDDIPET-33    MEDAK-34    NARSAPUR-37    SANGAREDDY-39    PATANCHERU-40
DUBBAK-41    GAJWEL-42
S01-6-AP-MEDAK    1NARENDRANATH C    INC
2P NIROOP REDDY    BJP
3VIJAYA SHANTHI M    TRS
4Y SHANKAR GOUD    BSP
5KOVURI PRABHAKAR    PPOI
6KHAJA QUAYUM ANWAR    PRAP
7D YADESHWAR    BSP(AP)
8K SUDHEER REDDY    LSP
9KUNDETI RAVI    IND
MEDCHAL-43    MALKAJGIRI-44    QUTHBULLAPUR-45    KUKATPALLY-46    UPPAL-47
LAL BAHADUR NAGAR-49    SECUNDERABAD CANTT.-71
S01-7-AP-MALKAJGIRI    1NALLU INDRASENA REDDY    BJP
2MBABU RAO PADMA SALE    BSP
3BHEEMSENT    TDP
4SARVEY SATYANARAYANA    INC
5SDKRISHNA MURTHY    TPPP
6TDEVENDER GOUD    PRAP
7NARENDER KUMBALA    BPD
8PRATHANI RAMAKRISHNA    RKSP
9LION C FRANCIS MJF    SP
10N V RAMA REDDY    PPOI
11DRLAVU RATHAIAH    LSP
12KANTE KANAKAIAH GANGAPUTHRA    IND
13KOYAL KAR BHOJARAJ    IND
14CHENURU VENKATA SUBBA RAO    IND
15JAJULA BHASKAR    IND
16LTCOL RETD DUSERLA PAPARAIDU    IND
17MDMANSOORALI    IND
18SVICTOR    IND
19KSRINIVASA RAJU    IND
MUSHEERABAD-57    AMBERPET-59    KHAIRATABAD-60    JUBILEE HILLS-61    SANATH
NAGAR-62    NAMPALLI-63    SECUNDRABAD-70
S01-8-AP-SECUNDRABAD    1ANJAN KUMAR YADAV M    INC
2BANDARU DATTATREYA    BJP
3M D MAHMOOD ALI    TRS
4M VENKATESH    BSP
5SRINIVASA SUDHISH RAMBHOTLA    TDP
6ABDUS SATTAR MUJAHED    MUL
7IMDAD JAH    ANC
8P DAMODER REDDY    PPOI
9DR DASOJU SRAVAN KUMAR    PRAP
10S DEVAIAH    TPPP
11CVL NARASIMHA RAO    LSP
12DR POLISHETTY RAM MOHAN    SAP
13MOHD OSMAN QURESHEE    AJBP
14SHIRAZ KHAN    UWF
15ASEERVADAM LELLAPALLI    IND
16AMBATI KRISHNA MURTHY    IND
17B GOPALA KRISHNA    IND
18DEVI DAS RAO GHODKE    IND
19BABER ALI KHAN    IND
20M BHAGYA MATHA    IND
21CH MURAHARI    IND
22G RAJAIAH    IND
23K SRINIVASA CHARI    IND
MALAKPET-58    KARWAN-64    GOSHAMAHAL-65    CHARMINAR-66
CHANDRAYANGUTTA-67    YAKUTPURA-68    BAHDURPURA-69
S01-9-AP-HYDERABAD    1ZAHID ALI KHAN    TDP
2P LAXMAN RAO GOUD    INC
3SATISH AGARWAL    BJP
4SAMY MOHAMMED    BSP
5ASADUDDIN OWAISI    AIMIM
6S GOPAL SINGH    ABJS
7TAHER KAMAL KHUNDMIRI    JD(S)
8FATIMA A    PRAP
9P VENKATESWARA RAO    PPOI
10D SURENDER    TPPP
11ALKASARY MOULLIM MOHSIN HUSSAIN    IND
12ALTAF AHMED KHAN    IND
13MA QUDDUS GHORI    IND
14ZAHID ALI KHAN    IND
15MA BASITH    IND
16MD OSMAN    IND
17B RAVI YADAV    IND
18NL SRINIVAS    IND
19MA SATTAR    IND
20D SADANAND    IND
21SYED ABDUL GAFFTER    IND
22SARDAR SINGH    IND
23MA HABEEB    IND
MAHESHWARAM-50    RAJENDRANAGAR-51    SERILINGAMPALLY-52    CHEVELLA-53
PARGI-54    VICARADAB-55    TANDUR-56
S01-10-AP-CHELVELLA    1JAIPAL REDDY SUDINI    INC
2APJITHENDER REDDY    TDP
3BADDAM BAL REDDY    BJP
4CSRINIVAS RAO    BSP
5KASANI GNANESHWAR    MANP
6KUMMARI GIRI    PPOI
7DASARA SARALA DEVI    MCPI(S)
8DRBRAGHUVEER REDDY    LSP
9SAMA SRINIVASULU    GRIP
10SMALLA REDDY    IND
11GMALLESHAM GOUD    IND
12RAMESHWARAM JANGAIAH    IND
13LAXMINARAYANA    IND
14VENKATRAM NAIK    IND
15SAYAMOOLA NARSIMULU    IND
KODANGAL-72    NARAYANPET-73    MAHBUBNAGAR-74    JADCHERLA-75
DEVARKADRA-76    MAKTHAL-77    SHADNAGAR-84
S01-11-AP-MAHBUBNAGAR    1KUCHAKULLA YADAGIRI REDDY    BJP
2K CHANDRASEKHAR RAO    TRS
3DEVARAKONDA VITTAL RAO    INC
4PALEM SUDARSHAN GOUD    BSP
5ABDUL KAREEM KHAJA MOHAMMAD    LSP
6ASIRVADAM    GRIP
7KOLLA VENKATESH MADIGA    TPPP
8GUNDALA VIJAYALAKSHMI    PPOI
9B BALRAJ GOUD    MANP
10MUNISWAMYCR    SJP(R)
11USHAN SATHYAMMA    IND
12USAIN RANGAMMA    IND
13YETTI CHINNA YENKAIAH    IND
14YETTI LINGAIAH    IND
15KANDUR KURMAIAH    IND
16KARRE JANGAIAH    IND
17GANGAPURI RAVINDAR GOUD    IND
18GAJJA NARSIMULU    IND
19CHENNAMSETTY DASHARATHA RAMULU HOLEA DASARI    IND
20MA JABBAR    IND
21DEPALLY MAISAIAH    IND
22DEPALLY SAYANNA    IND
23K NARSIMULU    IND
24NAGENDER REDDY K    IND
25PANDU    IND
26BUDIGA JANGAM LAXMAMMA    IND
27MOHAMMAD GHOUSE MOINUDDIN    IND
28MALA JANGILAMMA    IND
29RAJESH NAIK    IND
30RAIKANTI RAMADAS MADIGA    IND
31V VENKATESHWARLU    IND
32B SEENAIAH GOUD    IND
WANAPARTHY-78    GADWAL-79    ALAMPUR-80    NAGARKURNOOL-81    ACHAMPET-82
KALWAKURTHY-83    KOLLAPUR-85
S01-12-AP-NAGARKURNOOL    1GUVVALA BALARAJU    TRS
2TANGIRALA PARAMJOTHI    BSP
3DR MANDA JAGANNATH    INC
4DR T RATNAKARA    BJP
5DEVANI SATYANARAYANA    PRAP
6SPFERRY ROY    PPOI
7G VIDYASAGAR    LSP
8ANAPOSALA VENKATESH    IND
9N KURUMAIAH    IND
10BUDDULA SRINIVAS    IND
11AV SHIVA KUMAR    IND
12SIRIGIRI MANNEM    IND
13HANUMANTHU    IND
DEVARAKONDA-86    NAGARJUNA SAGAR-87    MIRYALGUDA-88    HUZURNAGAR-89
KODAD-90    SURYAPET-91    NALGONDA-92
S01-13-AP-NALGONDA    1GUTHA SUKENDER REDDY    INC
2NAZEERUDDIN    BSP
3VEDIRE SRIRAM REDDY    BJP
4SURAVARAM SUDHAKAR REDDY    CPI
5A NAGESHWAR RAO    PPOI
6PADURI KARUNA    PRAP
7DAIDA LINGAIAH    IND
8MD NAZEEMUDDIN    IND
9BOLUSANI KRISHNAIAH    IND
10BOLLA KARUNAKAR    IND
11MARRY NEHEMIAH    IND
12YALAGANDULA RAMU    IND
13KVSRINIVASA CHARYULU    IND
14SHAIK AHMED    IND
IBRAHIMPATNAM-48    MUNUGODE-93    BHONGIR-94    NAKREKAL-95
THUNGATHURTHY-96    ALAIR-97    JANGOAN-98
S01-14-AP-BHONGIR    1KOMATIREDDY RAJ GOPAL REDDY    INC
2CHINTHA SAMBA MURTHY    BJP
3NOMULA NARSIMHAIAH    CPM
4SIDDHARTHA PHOOLEY    BSP
5CHANDRA MOULI GANDAM    PRAP
6PALLA PRABHAKAR REDDY    PPOI
7RACHA SUBHADRA REDDY    LSP
8GUMMI BAKKA REDDY    IND
9POOSA BALA KISHAN BESTA    IND
10PERUKA ANJAIAH    IND
11MAMIDIGALLA JOHN BABU    IND
12MEDI NARSIMHA    IND
13RUPANI RAMESH VADDERA    IND
14SANGU MALLAYYA    IND
15SIRUPANGI RAMULU    IND
GHANPUR (STATION)-99    PALAKURTHI-100    PARKAL-104    WARANGAL WEST-105
WARANGAL EAST-106    WARDHANAPET-107    BHUPALPALLE-108
S01-15-AP-WARANGAL    1JAYAPAL V    BJP
2DOMMATI SAMBAIAH    TDP
3RAJAIAH SIRICILLA    INC
4RAMAGALLA PARAMESHWAR    TRS
5LALAIAH P    BSP
6ONTELA MONDAIAH    PPOI
7DR CHANDRAGIRI RAJAMOULY    PRAP
8BALLEPU VENKAT NARSINGA RAO    LSP
9KANNAM VENKANNA    IND
10KRISHNADHI SRILATHA    IND
11SOMAIAH GANAPURAM    IND
12DAMERA MOGILI    IND
13DUBASI NARSING    IND
14PAKALA DEVADANAM    IND
15D SREEDHAR RAO    IND
DORNAKAL-101    MAHABUBABAD-102    NARSAMPET-103    MULUG-109
PINAPAKA-110    YELLANDU-111    BHADRACHELAM-119
S01-16-AP-MAHABUBABAD    1KUNJA SRINIVASA RAO    CPI
2GUMMADI PULLAIAH    BSP
3B DILIP        BJP
4P BALRAM    INC
5DT NAIK    PRAP
6PODEM SAMMAIAH    PPOI
7BANOTH MOLCHAND    LSP
8KALTHI VEERASWAMY    IND
9KECHELA RANGA REDDY    IND
10DATLA NAGESWAR RAO    IND
11PADIGA YERRAIAH    IND
12P SATYANARAYANA    IND
KHAMMAM-112    PALAIR-113    MADIRA-114    WYRA-115    SATHUPALLI-116
KOTHAGUDEM-117    ASWARAOPETA-118
S01-17-AP-KHAMMAM    1KAPILAVAI RAVINDER    BJP
2THONDAPU VENKATESWARA RAO    BSP
3NAMA NAGESWARA RAO    TDP
4RENUKA CHOWDHURY    INC
5JALAGAM HEMAMALINI    PRAP
6JUPELLI SATYANARAYANA    LSP
7MANUKONDA RAGHURAM PRASAD    PPOI
8SHAIK MADAR SAHEB    TPPP
9AVULA VENKATESWARLU    IND
10CHANDA LINGAIAH    IND
11DANDA LINGAIAH    IND
12BANOTH LAXMA NAIK    IND
13MALLAVARAPU JEREMIAH    IND
PALAKONDA-129    KURUPAM-130    PARVATHIPURAM-131    SALUR-132    ARAKU
VALLEY-147    PADERU-148    RAMPACHODAVARAM-172
S01-18-AP-ARUKU    1KISHORE CHANDRA SURYANARAYANA DEO VYRICHERLA    INC
2KURUSA BOJJAIAH    BJP
3GADUGU BALLAYYA DORA    RJD
4MIDIYAM BABU RAO    CPM
5LAKE RAJA RAO    BSP
6MEENAKA SIMHACHALAM    PRAP
7VADIGALA PENTAYYA    LSP
8APPA RAO KINJEDI    IND
9ARIKA GUMPA SWAMY    IND
10ILLA RAMI REDDY    IND
11JAYALAKSHMI SHAMBUDU    IND
ICHCHAPURAM-120    PALASA-121    TEKKALI-122    PATHAPATNAM-123
SRIKAKULAM-124    AMADALAVALASA-125    NARASANNAPETA-127
S01-19-AP-SRIKAKULAM    1YERRNNAIDU KINJARAPU    TDP
2KILLI KRUPA RANI    INC
3TANKALA SUDHAKARA RAO    BSP
4DUPPALA RAVINDARA BABU    BJP
5KALYANI VARUDU    PRAP
6NANDA PRASADA RAO    PPOI
ETCHERLA-126    RAJAM-128    BOBBILI-133    CHEEPURUPALLE-134
GAJAPATHINAGARAM-135    NELLIMARLA-136    VIZIANAGARAM-137
S01-20-AP-VIZIANAGARAM    1APPALA NAIDU KONDAPALLI    TDP
2GOTTAPU CHINAMNAIDU    BSP
3JHANSI LAXMI BOTCHA    INC
4SANYASI RAJU PAKALAPATI    BJP
5KIMIDI GANAPATHI RAO    PRAP
6LUNKARAN JAIN    PPOI
7DATTLA SATYA APPALA SIVANANDA RAJU    LSP
8VENKATA SATYA NARAYANA RAGHUMANDA    BSSP
9MAHESWARA RAO VARRI    IND
SRUNGAVARAPUKOTA-138    BHIMLI-139    VISAKHAPATNAM EAST-140
VISAKHAPATNAM SOUTH-141    VISAKHAPATNAM NORTH-142    VISAKHAPATNAM
WEST-143    GAJUWAKA-144
S01-21-AP-VISAKHAPATNAM    1IMAHMED    BSP
2DAGGUBATI PURANDESWARI    INC
3DRMVVSMURTHI    TDP
4DVSUBBARAO    BJP
5PALLA SRINIVASA RAO    PRAP
6BETHALA KEGIYA RANI    BSP(AP)
7DBHARATHI    PPOI
8DVRAMANA VASU MASTER    TPPP
9RAMESH LANKA    BHSASP
10MTVENKATESWARALU    LSP
11APPARAO GOLAGANA    IND
12BANDAM VENKATA RAO YADAV    IND
13YADDANAPUDI RANGARAO    IND
14YALAMANCHILI PRASAD    IND
15RANGARAJU KALIDINDI    IND
CHODAVARAM-145    MADUGULA-146    ANAKAPALLE-149    PENDURTHI-150
ELAMANCHILI-151    PAYAKARAOPET-152    NARSIPATNAM-153
S01-22-AP-ANAKAPALLI    1APPA RAO KIRLA    BJP
2NOOKARAPU SURYA PRAKASA RAO    TDP
3BHEEMISETTI NAGESWARARAO    RJD
4VENKATA RAMANA BABU PILLA    BSP
5SABBAM HARI    INC
6ALLU ARAVIND    PRAP
7PULAMARASETTI VENKATA RAMANA    PPOI
8BOYINA NAGESWARA RAO    JD(U)
9NANDA GOPAL GANDHAM    IND
10PATHALA SATYA RAO    IND
TUNI-154    PRATHIPADU-155    PITHAPURAM-156    KAKINADA RURAL-157
PEDDAPURAM-158    KAKINADA CITY-160    JAGGAMPETA-171
S01-23-AP-KAKINADA    1DOMMETI SUDHAKAR    BSP
2MMPALLAMRAJU    INC
3BIKKINA VISWESWARA RAO    BJP
4VASAMSETTY SATYA    TDP
5ALURI VIJAYA LAKSHMI    LSP
6UDAYA KUMAR KONDEPUDI    TPPP
7GALI SATYAVATHI    RPI
8GIDLA SIMHACHALAM    RDMP
9CHALAMALASETTY SUNIL    PRAP
10NAMALA SATYANARAYANA    RDHP
11NPALLAMRAJU    AJBP
12BUGATHA BANGARRAO    CPI(ML)(L)
13AKAY SURYANARAYANA    IND
14CHAGANTI SURYA NARAYANA MURTHY    IND
15DANAM LAZAR BABU    IND
16BADAMPUDI BABURAO    IND
RAMACHANDRAPURAM-161    MUMMIDIVARAM-162    AMALAPURAM-163    RAZOLE-164
GANNAVARAM-165    KOTHAPETA-166    MANDAPETA-167
S01-24-AP-AMALAPURAM    1KOMMABATTULA UMA MAHESWARA RAO    BJP
2GEDDAM SAMPADA RAO    BSP
3DOCTOR GEDELA VARALAKSHMI    TDP
4GVHARSHA KUMAR    INC
5AKUMARTHI SURYANARAYANA    TPPP
6KIRAN KUMAR BINEPE    PBHP
7PVCHAKRAVARTHI    RPI(KH)
8POTHULA PRAMEELA DEVI    PRAP
9BHEEMARAO RAMJI MUTHABATHULA    PPOI
10MASA RAMADASU    RDMP
11YALANGI RAMESH    IND
ANAPARTHY-159    RAJANAGARAM-168    RAJAHMUNDRY CITY-169    RAJAMUNDRY
RURAL-170    KOVVUR-173    NIDADAVOLE-174    GOPALAPURAM-185
S01-25-AP-RAJAHMUNDRY    1ARUNA KUMAR VUNDAVALLI    INC
2M MURALI MOHAN    TDP
3VAJRAPU KOTESWARA RAO    BSP
4SOMU VEERRAJU    BJP
5UPPALAPATI VENKATA KRISHNAM RAJU    PRAP
6DATLA RAYA JAGAPATHI RAJU    PPOI
7DR PALADUGU CHANDRA MOULI    LSP
8MEDAPATI PAPIREDDY    TPPP
9MEDA SRINIVAS    RPC(S)
10PARAMATA GANESWARA RAO    IND
11MUSHINI RAMAKRISHNA RAO    IND
12VASAMSETTY NAGESWARA RAO    IND
13SANABOINA SUBHALAKSHMI    IND
ACHANTA-175    PALACOLE-176    NARASAPURAM-177    BHIMAVARAM-178    UNDI-179
TANUKU-180    TADEPALLIGUDEM-181
S01-26-AP-NARSAPURAM    1KALIDINDI VISWANADHA RAJU    BSP
2THOTA SITA RAMA LAKSHMI    TDP
3BAPIRAJU KANUMURU    INC
4BHUPATHIRAJU SRINIVASA VARMA    BJP
5ALLURI YUGANDHARA RAJU    PPOI
6GUBBALA TAMMAIAH    PRAP
7NAVUNDRU RAJENDRA PRASAD    BHSASP
8M V R RAJU    RDMP
9MANORAMA SANKU    LSP
10KALIDINDI BHIMARAJU    IND
UNGUTURU-182    DENDULURU-183    ELURU-184    POLAVARAM-186
CHINTALAPUDI-187    NUZVID-189    KAIKALUR-192
S01-27-AP-ELURU    1KAVURI SAMBASIVA RAO    INC
2KODURI VENKATA SUBBA RAJU    BJP
3PILLELLLI SUNIL    BSP
4MAGANTI VENKATESWARA RAOBABU    TDP
5YVSV PRASADA RAO YERNENI PRASADA RAO    PPOI
6KOLUSU PEDA REDDAIAH YADAV    PRAP
7SAVANAPUDI NAGARAJU    MCPI(S)
8SIRIKI SRINIVAS    RDMP
9KASI NAIDU KAMMILI    IND
10TANUKU SEKHAR    IND
11DODDA KAMESWARA RAO    IND
12DOWLURI GOVARDHAN    IND
GANNAVARAM-190    GUDIVADA-191    PEDANA-193    MACHILIPATNAM-194
AVANIGADDA-195    PAMARRU-196    PENAMALURU-197
S01-28-AP-MACHILIPATNAM    1KONAKALLA NARAYANA RAO    TDP
2CHIGURUPATI RAMALINGESWARA RAO    BSP
3BADIGA RAMAKRISHNA    INC
4BHOGADI RAMA DEVI    BJP
5KOPPULA VENKATESWARA RAO    LSP
6CHENNAMSETTI RAMACHANDRAIAH    PRAP
7YARLAGADDA RAMAMOHANA RAO    BHSASP
8VARA LAKSHMI KONERU    PPOI
9GV NAGESWARA RAO    IND
10YENDURI SUBRAMANYESWA RAO MANI    IND
TIRUVURU-188    VIJAYWADA WEST-198    VIJAYAWADA CENTRAL-199    VIJAYAWADA
EAST-200    MYLAVARAM-201    NANDIGAMA-202    JAGGAYYAPETA-203
S01-29-AP-VIJAYAWADA    1LAGADAPATI RAJA GOPAL    INC
2LAKA VENGALA RAO    BJP
3VAMSI MOHAN VALLABHANENI    TDP
4SISTLA NARASIMHA MURTHY    BSP
5DEVINENI KISHORE KUMAR    LSP
6RAGHAVA RAO JAKKA    PPOI
7RAJIV CHANUMOLU    PRAP
8APPIKATLA JAWAHAR    IND
9KRISHNA MURTHY SUNKARA    IND
10JAKKA TARAKA MALLIKHARJUNA RAO    IND
11DEVERASETTY RAVINDRA BABU    IND
12DEVIREDDY RAVINDRANATHA REDDY    IND
13PERUPOGU VENKATESWARA RAO    IND
14BAIPUDI NAGESWARA RAO    IND
15BOPPA VENKATESWARA RAO    IND
16BOLISETTY HARIBABU    IND
17VEERLA SANJEEVA RAO    IND
18VENKATA RAO P    IND
19SENAPATHI CHIRANJEEVI    IND
20SHAIK MASTAN    IND
TADIKONDA-205    MANGALAGIRI-206    PONNUR-207    TENALI-210
PRATHIPADU-212    GUNTUR WEST-213    GUNTUR EAST-214
S01-30-AP-GUNTUR    1MALLELA BABU RAO    BSP
2RAJENDRA MADALA    TDP
3YADLAPATI SWARUPARANI    BJP
4SAMBASIVA RAO RAYAPATI    INC
5AMANULLA KHAN    LSP
6KOMMANABOINA LAKSHMAIAH    RDHP
7THOTA CHANDRA SEKHAR    PRAP
8YARRAKULA TULASI RAM YADAV    SP
9VELAGAPUDI LAKSHMANA RAO    PPOI
10SRINIVASA RAO THOTAKURA    AJBP
PEDAKURAPADU-204    CHILAKALURIPET-215    NARASARAOPET-216
SATTENPALLI-217    VINUKONDA-218    GURUZALA-219    MACHERLA-220
S01-31-AP-NARASARAOPET    1BALASHOWRY VALLABHANENI    INC
2BEJJAM RATNAKARA RAO    BSP
3VENUGOPALA REDDY MODUGULA    TDP
4VALLEPU KRUPA RAO    BJP
5SAI PRASAD EDARA    BHSASP
6GANUGAPENTA UTTAMA REDDY    LSP
7SHAIK SYED SAHEB    PRAP
8SG MASTAN VALI    PPOI
9ATCHALA NARASIMHA RAO    IND
10ANNAMRAJU VENUGOPALA MADHAVA RAO    IND
11KATAMARAJU NALAGORLA    IND
12SRINIVASA REDDY KESARI    IND
13YAMPATI VEERANJANEYA REDDY    IND
14RAMADUGU VENKATA SUBBA RAO    IND
VEMURU-208    REPALLE-209    BAPATLA-211    PARCHUR-223    ADDANKI-224
CHIRALA-225    SANTHANUTHALAPADU-226
S01-32-AP-BAPATLA    1DARA SAMBAIAH    BSP
2PANABAKA LAKSHMI    INC
3BATTULA ROSAYYA    BJP
4MALYADRI SRIRAM    TDP
5GARIKAPATI SUDHAKAR    RDMP
6NUTHAKKI RAMA RAO    PRAP
7GUDIPALLI SATHYA BABUJI    IND
8GORREMUCHU CHINNA RAO    IND
9GOLLA BABU RAO    IND
10DEVARAPALLI BUJJI BABU    IND
YERRAGONDAPALEM-221    DARSI-222    ONGOLE-227    KONDAPI-229
MARKAPURAM-230    GIDDALUR-231    KANIGIRI-232
S01-33-AP-ONGOLE    1MANDAVA VASUDEVA    BJP
2MADDULURI MALAKONDAIAH YADAV    TDP
3MAGUNTA SRINIVASULU REDDY    INC
4CHALUVADI SRINIVASARAO    PPOI
5DRNARAYANAM RADHA DEVI    LSP
6PIDATHALA SAI KALPANA    PRAP
7SHAIK SHAJAHAN    UWF
8GARRE RAMAKRISHNA    IND
9DAMA MOHANA RAO    IND
10NALAMALAPU LAKSHMINARASAREDDY    IND
11YATHAPU KONDAREDDY    IND
ALLAGADDA-253    SRISAILAM-254    NANDIKOTKUR-255    PANYAM-257
NANDYAL-258    BANAGANAPALLE-259    DHONE-260
S01-34-AP-NANDYAL    1NASYAM MOHAMMED FAROOK    TDP
2SMOHAMMED ISMAIL    BSP
3SPYREDDY    INC
4ABDUL SATTAR G    BCUF
5PICHHIKE NARENDRA DEV    RKSP
6BHUMA VENKATA NAGI REDDY    PRAP
7RAMA JAGANNADHA REDDY TAMIDELA    LSP
8SADHU VEERA VENKATA RAMANAIAH    RDMP
9AMBATI RAMESWARA REDDY    IND
10KARTHER PANCHARATNAM    IND
11BPKAMBAGIRI SWAMY    IND
12GALI RAMA SUBBA REDDY    IND
13AUFAROOQ    IND
14GBALASWAMY    IND
15TMAHESH NAIDU    IND
16BVRAMI REDDY    IND
17BRLREDDY    IND
18VENNUPUSA VENKATESHWARA REDDY    IND
19SINGAM VENKATESHWARA REDDY    IND
20TSRINUVASULU    IND
21VSESHI REDDY    IND
KURNOOL-256    PATTIKONDA-261    KODUMUR-262    YEMMIGANUR-263
MANTRALAYAM-264    ADONI-265    ALUR-266
S01-35-AP-KURNOOL    1KOTLA JAYA SURYA PRAKASH REDDY    INC
2GADDAM RAMAKRISHNA    BSP
3BTNAIDU    TDP
4RAVI SUBRAMANYAM KA    BJP
5JALLI VENKATESH    LSP
6DRDANDIYA KHAJA PEERA    PRAP
7BNAGA JAYA CHANDRA REDDY    RDMP
8DRPRPARAMESWAR REDDY    PPOI
9DEVI RAMALINGAPPA    IND
10VV RAMANA    IND
11RAJU        IND
RAYADURG-267    URAVAKONDA-268    GUNTAKAL-269    TADPATRI-270
SINGANAMALA-271    ANANTAPUR URBAN-272    KALYANDURG-273
S01-36-AP-ANANTAPUR    1ANANTHA VENKATA RAMI REDDY    INC
2AMBATI RAMA KRISHNA REDDY    BJP
3KALAVA SRINIVASULU    TDP
4GADDALA NAGABHUSHANAM    BSP
5AMARNATH    LSP
6KRUSHNAPURAM GAYATHRI DEVI    CPI(ML)(L)
7MANSOOR    PRAP
8G HARI        PPOI
9T CHANDRA SEKHAR    IND
10DEVELLA MURALI    IND
11K P NARAYANA SWAMY    IND
12J C RAMANUJULA REDDY    IND
RAPTADU-274    MADAKASIRA-275    HINDUPUR-276    PENUKONDA-277
PUTTAPARTHI-278    DHARMAVARAM-279    KADIRI-280
S01-37-AP-HINDUPUR    1KRISTAPPA NIMMALA    TDP
2P KHASIM KHAN    INC
3NARESH CINE ACTOR    BJP
4BSPSREERAMULU    BSP
5KADAPALA SREEKANTA REDDY    PRAP
6NIRANJAN BABU K    LSP
7S MUSKIN VALI    PPOI
8K JAKEER    IND
9B NAGABHUSHANA RAO    IND
10P PRASAD PEETLA PRASAD    IND
BADVEL-243    KADAPA-245    PULIVENDLA-248    KAMALAPURAM-249
JAMMALAMADUGU-250    PRODDATUR-251    MYDUKUR-252
S01-38-AP-KADAPA    1JAMBAPURAM MUNI REDDY    BSP
2YS JAGAN MOHAN REDDY    INC
3PALEM SRIKANTH REDDY    TDP
4VANGALA SHASHI BHUSHAN REDDY    BJP
5KASIBHATLA SAINATH SARMA    RDHP
6N KISHORE KUMAR REDDY    JD(S)
7KUNCHAM VENKATA SUBBA REDDY    RRS
8DR KHALEEL BASHA    PRAP
9GAJJALA RAMA SUBBA REDDY    PPOI
10GUDIPATI PRASANNA KUMAR    LSP
11C GOPI NARASIMHA REDDY    JD(U)
12CHINNAPA REDDY KOMMA    BJSH
13Y SEKHARA REDDY    RPI(A)
14S ALI SHER    IND
15THIMMAPPAGARI VENKATA SIVA REDDY    IND
16V NARENDRA    IND
17S RAJA MADIGA    IND
18YELLIPALAM RAMESH REDDY    IND
19SIVANARAYANA REDDY CHADIPIRALLA    IND
20J SUBBARAYUDU    IND
KANDUKUR-228    KAVALI-233    ATMAKUR-234    KOVUR-235    NELLORE CITY-236
NELLORE RURAL-237    UDAYAGIRI-242
S01-39-AP-NELLORE    1S PADMA NAGESWARA RAO    BSP
2BATHINA NARASIMHA RAO    BJP
3MEKAPATI RAJAMOHAN REDDY    INC
4VANTERU VENU GOPALA REDDY    TDP
5JANA RAMACHANDRAIAH    PRAP
6VEMURI BHASKARA RAO    LSP
7SIDDIRAJU SATYANARAYANA    PPOI
8KARIMULLA    IND
9MUCHAKALA CHANDRA SEKHAR YADAV    IND
10VENKATA BHASKAR REDDY DIRISALA    IND
11SYED HAMZA HUSSAINY    IND
SARVEPALLI-238    GUDUR-239    SULLURPETA-240    VENKATAGIRI-241
TIRUPATI-286    SRIKALAHASTI-287    SATYAVEEDU-288
S01-40-AP-TIRUPATI    1CHINTA MOHAN    INC
2VARLA RAMAIAH    TDP
3NVENKATASWAMY    BJP
4JUVVIGUNTA VENKATESWARLU    LSP
5DEGALA SURYANARAYANA    PPOI
6DHANASEKHAR GUNDLURU    RPI(A)
7VARAPRASADA RAO V    PRAP
8OREPALLI VENKATA KRISHNA PRASAD    IND
9KATTAMANCHI PRABAKHAR    IND
10YALAVADI MUNIKRISHNAIAH    IND
RAJAMPET-244    KODUR-246    RAYACHOTI-247    THAMBALLAPALLE-281
PILERU-282    MADANAPALLE-283    PUNGANUR-284
S01-41-AP-RAJAMPET    1ANNAYYAGARI SAI PRATHAP    INC
2ALLAPUREDDY HARINATHA REDDY    BJP
3RAMESH KUMAR REDDY REDDAPPAGARI    TDP
4SUNKARA SREENIVAS    BSP
5DR ARAVA VENKATA SUBBA REDDY MBBSDCH    PPOI
6ADI NARAYANA REDDY V    BHSASP
7NAGESWARA RAO EDAGOTTU    LSP
8DA SRINIVAS    PRAP
9SHAIK AMEEN PEERAN    ANC
10ASADI VENKATADRI    IND
11INDRA PRAKASH    IND
12KASTHURI OBAIAH NAIDU    IND
13B KRISHNAPPA    IND
14PULA RAGHU    IND
15HAJI MOHAMMAD AZAM    IND
CHANDRAGIRI-285    NAGARI-289    GANGADHARA NELLORE-290    CHITTOOR-291
PUTHALAPATTU-292    PALAMANER-293    KUPPAM-294
S01-42-AP-CHITTOOR    1JAYARAM DUGGANI    BSP
2THIPPESWAMY M    INC
3NARAMALLI SIVAPRASAD    TDP
4BSIVAKUMAR    BJP
5A AMARNADH    RKSP
6TALARI MANOHAR    PRAP
7G VENKATACHALAM    LSP
LUMLA-1    TAWANG-2    MUKTO-3    DIRANG-4    KALAKTANG-5
THRIZINO-BURAGAON-6    BOMDILA-7    BAMENG-8    CHAYANG TAJO-9    SEPPA EAST-10
S02-1-AR-ARUNACHAL WEST    1KIREN RIJIJU    BJP
2TAKAM SANJOY    INC
3TABA TAKU    LB
4SUBU KECHI    IND
TUTING YINGKIONG-34    PANGIN-35    NARI-KOYU-36    PASIGHAT WEST-37
PASIGHAT EAST-38    MEBO-39    MARIYANG-GEKU-40    ANINI-41    DAMBUK-42    ROING-43
S02-2-AR-ARUNACHAL EAST    1LOWANGCHA WANGLAT    AC
2NINONG ERING    INC
3TAPIR GAO    BJP
4DR SAMSON BORANG    PPA
RATABARI-1    PATHERKANDI-2    KARIMGANJ NORTH-3    KARIMGANJ SOUTH-4
BADARPUR-5    HAILAKANDI-6    KATLICHERRA-7    ALGAPUR-8
S03-1-AS-KARIMGANJ    1RAJESH MALLAH    AUDF
2LALIT MOHAN SUKLABAIDYA    INC
3SUDHANGSHU DAS    BJP
4UTTAM NOMOSUDRA    IND
5JOY DAS    IND
6DEBASISH DAS    IND
7PROBHASH CH SARKAR    IND
8BIJON ROY    IND
9BIJOY MALAKAR    IND
10MALATI ROY    IND
11MILON SINGHA    IND
12RANJAN NAMASUDRA    IND
13RAJESH CHANDRA ROY    IND
14SITAL PRASAD DUSAD    IND
15HIMANGSHU KUMAR DAS    IND
SILCHAR-9    SONAI-10    DHOLAI-11    UDHARBOND-12    LAKHIPUR-13
BORKHOLA-14    KATIGORAH-15
S03-2-AS-SILCHAR    1KABINDRA PURKAYASTHA    BJP
2DIPAK BHATTACHARJEE    CPM
3BADRUDDIN AJMAL    AUDF
4SONTOSH MOHAN DEV    INC
5KANTIMOY DEB    IND
6CHANDAN RABIDAS    IND
7JAYANTA MALLICK    IND
8JOY SUNDAR DAS    IND
9NAGENDRA CHANDRA DAS    IND
10NAZRUL HAQUE MAZARBHUIYAN    IND
11NABADWIP DAS    IND
12PIJUSH KANTI DAS    IND
13MANISH BHATTACHARJEE    IND
14YOGENDRA KUMAR SINGH    IND
15SUBIR DEB    IND
16SUMIT ROY    IND
HAFLONG-16    BOKAJAN-17    HOWRAGHAT-18    DIPHU-19    BAITHALANGSO-20
S03-3-AS-AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT    1KULENDRA DAULAGUPU    BJP
2BIREN SINGH ENGTI    INC
3HIDDHINATH RONGPI    NCP
4ELWIN TERON    ASDC
5DR JAYANTA RONGPI    CPI(ML)(L)
6KABON TIMUNGPI    IND
MANKACHAR-21    SALMARA SOUTH-22    DHUBRI-23    GAURIPUR-24    GOLOKGANJ-25
BILASIPARA WEST-26    BILASIPARA EAST-27    GOALPARA EAST-37    GOALPARA
WEST-38    JALESWAR-39
S03-4-AS-DHUBRI    1ANWAR HUSSAIN    INC
2BADRUDDIN AJMAL    AUDF
3ARUN DAS    RWS
4ALOK SEN    SP
5SOLEMAN ALI    IND
6SHAHJAHAN ALI    IND
7SOLEMAN KHANDAKER    IND
8TRIPTI KANA MAZUMDAR CHOUDHURY    IND
9NUR MAHAMMAD    IND
10MINHAR ALI MANDAL    IND
GOSSAIGAON-28    KOKRAJHAR WEST-29    KOKRAJHAR EAST-30    SIDLI-31
BIJNI-33    SORBHOG-40    BHABANIPUR-41    TAMULPUR-58    BARAMA-62    CHAPAGURI-63
S03-5-AS-KOKRAJHAR    1SABDA RAM RABHA    AGP
2SANSUMA KHUNGGUR BWISWMUTHIARY    BOPF
3URKHAO GWRA BRAHMA    IND
BONGAIGAON-32    ABHAYAPURI NORTH-34    ABHAYAPURI SOUTH-35
PATACHARKUCHI-42    BARPETA-43    JANIA-44    BAGHBAR-45    SARUKHETRI-46
CHENGA-47    DHARMAPUR-61
S03-6-AS-BARPETA    1ABDUS SAMAD AHMED    AUDF
2MD AMIR ALI    RJD
3ISMAIL HUSSAIN    INC
4DURGESWAR DEKA    CPM
5BHUPEN RAY    AGP
6ABU CHAND MAHMMAD    RPI(A)
7ABDUL KADDUS    SP
8KANDARPA LAHKAR    RVNP
9MD DILIR KHAN    MUL
10MUIJ UDDIN MAHMUD    LJP
11ABDUL KADER    IND
12GOLAP HUSSAIN MAZUMDER    IND
13DEWAN JOYNAL ABEDIN    IND
14BHADRESWAR DAS    IND
DUDHNOI-36    BOKO-48    CHHAYGAON-49    PALASBARI-50    JALUKBARI-51
DISPUR-52    GAUHATI EAST-53    GAUHATI WEST-54    HAJO-55    BARKHETRI-60
S03-7-AS-GAUHATI    1AKSHAY RAJKHOWA    NCP
2BIJOYA CHAKRAVARTY    BJP
3CAPT ROBIN BORDOLOI    INC
4SONABOR ALI    AUDF
5AMBU BORA    RCPI(R)
6DEEPAK KALITA    SP
7SHIMANTA BRAHMA    RWS
8AMIT BARUA    IND
9KAZI NEKIB AHMED    IND
10DEVA KANTA RAMCHIARY    IND
11BRIJESH ROY    IND
12RINA GAYARY DAS    IND
KAMALPUR-56    RANGIA-57    NALBARI-59    PANERY-64    KALAIGAON-65
SIPAJHAR-66    MANGALDOI-67    DALGAON-68    UDALGURI-69    MAZBAT-70
S03-8-AS-MANGALDOI    1BADIUJ ZAMAL    AUDF
2MADHAB RAJBANGSHI    INC
3RAMEN DEKA    BJP
4DINA NATH DAS    BOPF
5PARVEEN SULTANA    AIMF
6RABINDRA NATH HAZARIKA    JMM
7RATUL KUMAR CHOUDHURY    SP
8LANKESWAR ACHARJYA    RDMP
9LUCYMAI BASUMATARI    RSPS
10AROON BAROOA    IND
11PRODEEP KUMAR DAIMARY    IND
12BHUPENDRA NATH KAKATI    IND
13MANOJ KUMAR DEKA    IND
DHEKIAJULI-71    BARCHALLA-72    TEZPUR-73    RANGAPARA-74    SOOTEA-75
BISWANATH-76    BEHALI-77    GOHPUR-78    BIHPURIA-109
S03-9-AS-TEZPUR    1JITEN SUNDI    CPM
2DEBA ORANG    AUDF
3MONI KUMAR SUBBA    INC
4JOSEPH TOPPO    AGP
5ARUN KUMAR MURMOO    BVM
6PARASHMONI SINHA    JMM
7JUGANANDA HAZARIKA    SP
8RUBUL SARMA    CPI(ML)(L)
9REGINOLD V JOHNSON    RSPS
10KALYAN KUMAR DEORI BHARALI    IND
11DANIEL DAVID JESUDAS    IND
12MD NAZIR AHMED    IND
13DR PRANAB KR DAS    IND
14PRASANTA BORO    IND
15RUDRA PARAJULI    IND
JAGIROAD-79    MORIGAON-80    LAHARIGHAT-81    RAHA-82    NAGAON-86
BARHAMPUR-87    JAMUNAMUKH-90    HOJAI-91    LUMDING-92
S03-10-AS-NOWGONG    1ANIL RAJA    INC
2RAJEN GOHAIN    BJP
3SIRAJ UDDIN AJMAL    AUDF
4PHEIROIJAM IBOMCHA SINGH    AIFB
5BIPIN SAIKIA    RDMP
6BIREN DAS    RWS
7BHUPEN CHANDRA MUDOI    RPI(A)
8LIAQAT HUSSAIN    LJP
9ASHIT DUTTA    IND
10NAZRUL HAQUE MAZARBHUIYAN    IND
11PUSPA KANTA BORA    IND
12BIMALA PRASAD TALUKDAR    IND
13HERAMBA MOHAN PANDIT    IND
DHING-83    BATADRABA-84    RUPAHIHAT-85    SAMAGURI-88    KALIABOR-89
BOKAKHAT-93    SARUPATHAR-94    GOLAGHAT-95    KHUMTAI-96    DERGAON-97
S03-11-AS-KALIABOR    1GUNIN HAZARIKA    AGP
2DIP GOGOI    INC
3SIRAJ UDDIN AJMAL    AUDF
4KAMAL HAZARIKA    IND
5PAUL NAYAK    IND
6PRADEEP DUTTA    IND
7BINOD GOGOI    IND
8MRIDUL BARUAH    IND
JORHAT-98    TITABAR-100    MARIANI-101    TEOK-102    AMGURI-103
NAZIRA-104    MAHMORA-105    SONARI-106    THOWRA-107    SIVASAGAR-108
S03-12-AS-JORHAT    1KAMAKHYA TASA    BJP
2DRUPAD BORGOHAIN    CPI
3BIJOY KRISHNA HANDIQUE    INC
4ABINASH KISHORE BORAH    RWS
5BIREN NANDA    JMM
6NAVAPROKASH SONOWAL    IND
7RAJ KUMAR DOWARAH    IND
8SUJIT SAHU    IND
MORAN-115    DIBRUGARH-116    LAHOWAL-117    DULIJAN-118    TINGKHONG-119
NAHARKATIA-120    TINSUKIA-122    DIGBOI-123    MARGHERITA-124
S03-13-AS-DIBRUGARH    1SRI PABAN SINGH GHATOWAR    INC
2SRI ROMEN CH BORTHAKUR    NCP
3SRI RATUL GOGOI    CPI
4SRI SARBANANDA SONOWAL    AGP
5SRI GONGARAM KAUL    CPI(ML)(L)
6NIHARIKA BORPATRA GOHAIN GOGOI    JMM
7IMTIAZ HUSSAIN    IND
8FRANCIS DHAN    IND
9LAKHI CHARAN SWANSI    IND
10SIMA GHOSH    IND
MAJULI-99    NAOBOICHA-110    LAKHIMPUR-111    DHAKUAKHANA-112
DHEMAJI-113    JONAI-114    CHABUA-121    DOOMDOOMA-125    SADIYA-126
S03-14-AS-LAKHIMPUR    1DR ARUN KR SARMA    AGP
2BHOGESWAR DUTTA    CPI
3RANEE NARAH    INC
4GANGADHAR DUTTA    SHS
5DEBNATH MAJHI    CPI(ML)(L)
6PRAN JYOTI BORPATRA GOHAIN    RWS
7MINU BURAGOHAIN    SP
8RATNESWAR GOGOI    AIFB
9LALIT MILI    RDMP
10SONAMONI DAS    LJP
11ASAP SUNDIGURIA    IND
12PRASHANTA GOGOI    IND
13BHUMIDHAR HAZARIKA    IND
14RANOJ PEGU    IND
15RABIN DEKA    IND
VALMIKI NAGAR-1    RAMNAGAR-2    NARKATIAGANJ-3    BAGAHA-4    LAURIYA-5
SIKTA-9
S04-1-BR-VALMIKI NAGAR    1DILIP VERMA    NCP
2BAIDYANATH PRASAD MAHTO    JD(U)
3MANAN MISHRA    BSP
4MOHAMMAD SHAMIM AKHTAR    INC
5RAGHUNATH JHA    RJD
6BIRENDRA PRASAD GUPTA    CPI(ML)(L)
7SHAILENDRA KUMAR GARHWAL    LTSD
8AMBIKA SINGH    IND
9UMESH        IND
10DEORAJ RAM    IND
11FAKHRUDDIN    IND
12MAGISTER YADAV    IND
13MANOHAR MANOJ    IND
14RAMASHANKAR PRASAD    IND
15RAKESH KUMAR PANDEY    IND
16SATYANARAIN YADAV    IND
NAUTAN-6    CHANPATIA-7    BETTIAH-8    RAXAUL-10    SUGAULI-11    NARKATIA-12
S04-2-BR-PASCHIM CHAMPARAN    1ANIRUDH PRASAD ALIAS SADHU YADAV    INC
2PRAKASH JHA    LJP
3RAMASHRAY SINGH    CPM
4SHAMBHU PRASAD GUPTA    BSP
5DR SANJAY JAISWAL    BJP
6FAIYAZUL AZAM    JD(S)
7MANOJ KUMAR    RDMP
8SYED SHAMIM AKHTAR    LTSD
9NAFIS AHAMAD    IND
10SHRIMAN MISHRA    IND
11SYED IRSHAD AKHTER    IND
HARSIDHI-13    GOVINDGANJ-14    KESARIA-15    KALYANPUR-16    PIPRA-17
MOTIHARI-19
S04-3-BR-PURVI CHAMPARAN    1AKHILESH PRASAD SINGH    RJD
2ARVIND KUMAR GUPTA    INC
3GAGANDEO YADAV    BSP
4RADHA MOHAN SINGH    BJP
5RAMCHANDRA PRASAD    CPI
6UMESH KUMAR SINGH    SJP(R)
7NAGENDRA SAHANI    LTSD
8SURESH KUMAR RAJAK    IJP
9SURESH KUMAR RAI    BJKVP
10JHAGARU MAHATO    IND
11PARASNATHPANDEY    IND
12MD MURTUJA ANSARI ALIAS DR LAL    IND
MADHUBAN-18    CHIRAIA-20    DHAKA-21    SHEOHAR-22    RIGA-23    BELSAND-30
S04-4-BR-SHEOHAR    1MD ANWARUL HAQUE    BSP
2MD TANVEER ZAFAR    CPI
3RAMA DEVI    BJP
4LOVELY ANAND    INC
5SITARAM SINGH    RJD
6ARUN SAH    BLPGL
7BASDEO SAH    IJP
8SHATRUGHNA SAHU    BJJD
9AJAY KUMAR PANDEY    IND
10CHANDRIKA PRASAD    IND
11MOHAMMAD FIROZ AHAMAD    IND
12MOHSIN    IND
13YOGENDRA RAM    IND
14RAM ASHISH MAHTO    IND
15SUNIL SINGH    IND
BATHNAHA-24    PARIHAR-25    SURSAND-26    BAJPATTI-27    SITAMARHI-28
RUNISAIDPUR-29
S04-5-BR-SITAMARHI    1ARJUN ROY    JD(U)
2MAYA SHANKAR SHARAN    BSP
3SAMIR KUMAR MAHASETH    INC
4SITARAM YADAV    RJD
5S ABU DAUJANA    LTSD
6CHITARANJAN GIRI    RPP
7MOHAMMAD AFZAL PAINTHER    ANC
8SHANKAR SINHA    RSP
9CHANDRIKA PRASAD    IND
10ZAHID        IND
11DINESH PRASAD    IND
12PAPPU KUMAR MISHRA    IND
13MUKESH KUMAR GUPTA    IND
14RAVINDRA KUMAR    IND
15RAM KISHORE PRASAD    IND
16SONE LAL SAH    IND
HARLAKHI-31    BENIPATTI-32    BISFI-35    MADHUBANI-36    KEOTI-86    JALE-87
S04-6-BR-MADHUBANI    1ABDULBARI SIDDIKI    RJD
2LAXMANKANT MISHRA    BSP
3DR SHAKEEL AHAMAD    INC
4HUKM DEO NARAYAN YADAV    BJP
5DR HEMCHANDRA JHA    CPI
6MINTU KUMAR SINGH    JGP
7MISHRI LAL YADAV    RKJP
8RAMCHANDRA YADAV    KSVP
9RAM SAGAR SAHANI    IJP
10MD ZINNUR    IND
11RAVINDRA THAKUR    IND
12RAJESHWAR YADAV    IND
13SANJAY KUMAR MAHTO    IND
14HARIBHUSHAN THAKUR BACHOL    IND
KHAJAULI-33    BABUBARHI-34    RAJNAGAR-37    JHANJHARPUR-38    PHULPARAS-39
LAUKAHA-40
S04-7-BR-JHANJHARPUR    1KRIPANATH PATHAK    INC
2GAURI SHANKAR YADAV    BSP
3DEVENDRA PRASAD YADAV    RJD
4MANGANI LAL MANDAL    JD(U)
5DR KIRTAN PRASAD SINGH    LTSD
6YOGNATH MANDAL    CPI(ML)(L)
7OM PRAKASH    IND
8NATHUNI YADAV    IND
9FIROZ ALAM    IND
10VIVEKA NAND JHA    IND
11SHANKAR PRASAD    IND
NIRMALI-41    PIPRA-42    SUPAUL-43    TRIBENIGANJ-44    CHHATAPUR-45
SINGHESHWAR-72
S04-8-BR-SUPAUL    1ASHOK MAHTO    BSP
2BALRAM SINGH YADAV    CPM
3RANJEET RANJAN    INC
4VISHWA MOHAN KUMAR    JD(U)
5SURYA NARAYAN YADAV    LJP
6NARAYAN MANDAL    SHS
7MANJU DEVI    IJP
8SHARVAN KUMAR CHOUDHARY    JD(S)
9SURESH PRASAD MEHTA    LTSD
10ARBIND KUMAR    IND
11ASHOK PANKAJ    IND
12BHIM KUMAR GUPTA    IND
13RAMCHANDRA PRASAD SINGH    IND
14RAMDEO SHARMA    IND
15VIJAY KUMAR CHOUDHARY    IND
16SURESH KUMAR AZAD    IND
NARPATGANJ-46    RANIGANJ-47    FORBESGANJ-48    ARARIA-49    JOKIHAT-50
SIKTI-51
S04-9-BR-ARARIA    1ZAKIR HUSSAIN KHAN    LJP
2PRADEEP KUMAR SINGH    BJP
3RAJA RAMAN BHASKAR    BSP
4DR SHAKEEL AHMAD KHAN    INC
5AYAJUDIN    RKJP
6KAMALI DEVI    CPI(ML)(L)
7NASIM AHMAD GHAZI    RJJM
8ABDUL GAFOOR    IND
9ABDUL WAHAB    IND
10OM PRAKASH    IND
11KANHAIYA KUMAR DAS    IND
12DINESH RATHOUR    IND
13NAND LAL PASWAN    IND
14NITYA NAND BISHWAS    IND
15PRAMOD SINGH YADAV    IND
16PRINCE VICTOR    IND
17LAXMI SADA    IND
18VIJAY SAH    IND
19SANJAY KUMAR JHA    IND
20MD SAJJAD    IND
21SATYA NARAYAN WRITER    IND
22SADA NAND CHOUDHARY    IND
23SADHANA DEVI    IND
24SUKDEO PASWAN    IND
25MOHAMMED SAIFUR RAB    IND
BAHADURGANJ-52    THAKURGANJ-53    KISHANGANJ-54    KOCHADHAMAN-55
AMOUR-56    BAISI-57
S04-10-BR-KISHANGANJ    1ZUBAIR ALAM    BSP
2TASLEEM UDDIN    RJD
3MOHAMMAD ASRARUL HAQUE    INC
4SYED MAHMOOD ASHRAF    JD(U)
5TAMAJUL ALI    BJJD
6MOHAMMAD KHASHIUR RAHMAN    SJP(R)
7MOHAMMAD NISSAR ALAM    JMM
8RAJIT PODAR    ABAS
9ABDUL RAJJAK URF KAL    IND
10ABHINAV MODI    IND
11ASGAR MALIK    IND
12CHOTAY LAL MAHTO    IND
13MD TASLIMUDDIN    IND
14VISHWANATH KEJRIWAL    IND
15SIKANDER SINGH    IND
KATIHAR-63    KADWA-64    BALRAMPUR-65    PRANPUR-66    MANIHARI-67
BARARI-68
S04-11-BR-KATIHAR    1AHMAD ASHFAQUE KARIM    LJP
2NIKHIL KUMAR CHOUDHARY    BJP
3MADAN MOHAN NISHAD    BSP
4SHAH TARIQ ANWAR    NCP
5OM PRAKASH PODDAR    BJJD
6MAHBOOB ALAM    CPI(ML)(L)
7MUNNI DEVI    ABJS
8RAJESH GURNANI    LTSD
9CHANDU MURMU    IND
10PHOOLO DEVI    IND
11BABU LAL MARANDI    IND
12MANOJ PARASAR    IND
13MOHAMMAD HAMID MUBARAK    IND
14RAJGIRI SINGH    IND
15SUNIL KUMAR CHOUDHARY    IND
16HIMRAJ SINGH    IND
KASBA-58    BANMANKHI-59    RUPAULI-60    DHAMDAHA-61    PURNIA-62    KORHA-69
S04-12-BR-PURNIA    1UDAY SINGH ALIAS PAPPU SINGH    BJP
2NAVEEN KUMAR SINGH    BSP
3SHANKAR JHA    LJP
4ANIL KUMAR BHARTI    RVNP
5ASHOK KUMAR SAH    JMM
6IRSHAD AHMAD KHAN    LTSD
7MADHAVI SARKAR    CPI(ML)(L)
8MD AISUR RAHMAN    IND
9ABDUL SATTAR    IND
10ALIMUDDIN ANSARI    IND
11UPENDRA NATH SAGAR    IND
12KAUSHALYA DEVI    IND
13JAGDISH PRASAD YADAV    IND
14JIVACHH PASWAN    IND
15DEEP NARAYAN SINGH    IND
16PRAMOD NARAYAN PODDAR    IND
17VIJAY KUMAR SAH    IND
18SHANTI PRIYA    IND
19SHIEKH AKBAR ALI    IND
20SUNIL KUMAR    IND
ALAMNAGAR-70    BIHARIGANJ-71    MADHEPURA-73    SONBARSA-74    SAHARSA-75
MAHISHI-77
S04-13-BR-MADHEPURA    1OMPRAKASH NARAYAN    CPI
2DRTARA NAND SADA    INC
3PROF RAVINDRA CHARAN YADAV    RJD
4BINOD KUMAR JHA    BSP
5SHARAD YADAV    JD(U)
6DHANOJ KUMAR TANTI    RVNP
7RAVINDRA KUMAR    RSWD
8RAJO SAH    LTSD
9NKSINGH    SAP
10KARPURI RISHIDEO    IND
11KISHOR KUMAR    IND
12TIRO SHARAMA    IND
13DHRUVA KUMAR GUPTA    IND
14PRASANN KUMAR    IND
15BALWANT GADHWAL    IND
16MAHADEO YADAV    IND
17SAAKAR SURESH YADAV    IND
GORA BAURAM-79    BENIPUR-80    ALINAGAR-81    DARBHANGA RURAL-82
DARBHANGA-83    BAHADURPUR-85
S04-14-BR-DARBHANGA    1AJAY KUMAR JALAN    INC
2MD ALI ASHRAF FATMI    RJD
3KIRTI AZAD    BJP
4YUGESHWAR SAHNI    BSP
5KUMARI SURESHWARI    RMEP
6MD KHURSHID ALAM    AD
7DURGANAND MAHAVIR NAYAK    BJJD
8MD NIZAMUDDIN    IJP
9SATYANARAYAN MUKHIA    CPI(ML)(L)
10ABDUR RAHIM    IND
11GOVIND ACHARAY    IND
12BHARAT YADAV    IND
13LALBAHADUR YADAV    IND
14PROF HARERAM ACHARAY    IND
GAIGHAT-88    AURAI-89    BOCHAHA-91    SAKRA-92    KURHANI-93
MUZAFFARPUR-94
S04-15-BR-MUZAFFARPUR    1CAPTAIN JAI NARAYAN PRASAD NISHAD    JD(U)
2BHAGWANLAL SAHNI    LJP
3VINITA VIJAY    INC
4SAMEER KUMAR    BSP
5JITENDRA YADAV    CPI(ML)(L)
6DINESH KUMAR KUSHWAHA    RKSP
7DEVENDRA RAKESH    BJKVP
8NEELU SINGH    PSS
9MAHENDRA PRASAD    RPP
10MITHILESH KUMAR    RASED
11MOHAMMAD SHAMIM    RDMP
12MD RAHAMTULLAHA    ABJS
13RAM DAYAL RAM    AIFB
14REYAJ AHMAD ATISH    JGP
15MD SALEEM    RVNP
16ASHOK KUMAR LALAN    IND
17AHMAD RAZA    IND
18GEORGE FERNANDES    IND
19TARKESHWAR PASWAN    IND
20VIJENDRA CHAUDHARY    IND
21VINOD PASWAN    IND
22SHAMBHU SAHNI    IND
23SADANAND KISHORE THAKUR    IND
24SYED ALAMDAR HUSSAIN    IND
MINAPUR-90    KANTI-95    BARURAJ-96    PAROO-97    SAHEBGANJ-98
VAISHALI-125
S04-16-BR-VAISHALI    1RAGHUVANSH PRASAD SINGH    RJD
2VIJAY KUMAR SHUKLA    JD(U)
3SHANKAR MAHTO    BSP
4HIND KESRI YADAV    INC
5PUNAMRI DEVI    UWF
6PRAMOD KUMAR SHARMA    BJKVP
7BADRI PASWAN    RKSP
8BALAK NATH SAHANI    IJP
9LALJI KUMAR RAKESH    RASED
10BINOD PANDIT    LPSP
11INDARDEO RAI    IND
12JITENDRA PRASAD    IND
BAIKUNTHPUR-99    BARAULI-100    GOPALGANJ-101    KUCHAIKOTE-102
BHOREY-103    HATHUA-104
S04-17-BR-GOPALGANJ    1ANIL KUMAR    RJD
2JANAK RAM    BSP
3PURNMASI RAM    JD(U)
4RAMAI RAM    INC
5MADHU BHARTI    LTSD
6RAM KUMAR MANJHI    SBSP
7RAMASHANKAR RAM    RJJM
8SATYADEO RAM    CPI(ML)(L)
9ASHA DEVI    IND
10DINANATH MANJHI    IND
11DHARMENDRA KUMAR HAZRA    IND
12BANITHA BAITHA    IND
13RAJESH KUMAR RAM    IND
14RAM SURAT RAM    IND
15SHAMBHU DOM    IND
16SURENDRA PASWAN    IND
SIWAN-105    ZIRADEI-106    DARAULI-107    RAGHUNATHPUR-108    DARAUNDHA-109
BARHARIA-110
S04-18-BR-SIWAN    1PARASH NATH PATHAK    BSP
2BRISHIN PATEL    JD(U)
3VIJAY SHANKER DUBEY    INC
4HENA SHAHAB    RJD
5AMAR NATH YADAV    CPI(ML)(L)
6ASWANI KR VERMA    IJP
7MADHURI PANDAY    SJTP
8LAL BABU TIWARI    RKSP
9UMESH TIWARY    IND
10OM PRAKASH YADAV    IND
11NIDHI KIRTI    IND
12PRABHU NATH MALI    IND
13DR MUNESHWAR PRASAD    IND
14RAJENDRA KUMAR    IND
15SHAMBHU NATH PRASAD    IND
GORIYAKOTHI-111    MAHARAJGANJ-112    EKMA-113    MANJHI-114    BANIAPUR-115
TARAIYA-116
S04-19-BR-MAHARAJGANJ    1UMA SHANAKER SINGH    RJD
2TARKESHWAR SINGH    INC
3PRABHU NATH SINGH    JD(U)
4RAVINDRA NATH MISHRA    BSP
5RAMESH SINGH KUSHWAHA    LTSD
6SATYENDRA KR SAHANI    CPI(ML)(L)
7GAUTAM PRASAD    IND
8DHURENDRA RAM    IND
9NAYAN PRASAD    IND
10PRADEEP MANJHI    IND
11BANKE BIHARI SINGH    IND
12RAJESH KUMAR SINGH    IND
13BREENDA PATHAK    IND
MARHAURA-117    CHAPRA-118    GARKHA-119    AMNOUR-120    PARSA-121
SONEPUR-122
S04-20-BR-SARAN    1RAJIV PRATAP RUDY    BJP
2LALU PRASAD    RJD
3SALIM PERWEZ    BSP
4SANTOSH PATEL    LTSD
5SOHEL AKHATAR    BMF
6KUMAR BALRAM SINGH    IND
7DHUPENDRA SINGH    IND
8RAJKUMAR RAI    IND
9RAJAN HRISHIKESH CHANDRA    IND
10RAJARAM SAHANI    IND
11LAL BABU RAY    IND
12SHEO DAS SINGH    IND
HAJIPUR-123    LALGANJ-124    MAHUA-126    RAJA PAKAR-127    RAGHOPUR-128
MANHAR-129
S04-21-BR-HAJIPUR    1DASAI CHOUDHARY    INC
2MAHESHWAR DAS    BSP
3RAM VILAS PASWAN    LJP
4RAM SUNDAR DAS    JD(U)
5DINESH CHANDRA BHUSHAN    LTSD
6NAND LAL PASWAN    IND
7PRATIMA KUMARI    IND
8RAJENDRA KUMAR PASWAN    IND
9RAM TIRTH PASWAN    IND
10VISHWA VIJAY KUMAR VIDHYARTHI    IND
11SANJAY PASHWAN    IND
PATEPUR-130    UJIARPUR-134    MORWA-135    SARAIRANJAN-136
MOHIUDDINNAGAR-137    BIBHUTPUR-138
S04-22-BR-UJIARPUR    1ASWAMEDH DEVI    JD(U)
2ALOK KUMAR MEHTA    RJD
3RAMDEO VERMA    CPM
4VIJAYWANT KUMAR CHOUDHARY    BSP
5SHEEL KUMAR ROY    INC
6CHANDRA DEO ROY    SLP(L)
7JAI NARAYAN SAH    BJKVP
8JITENDRA KUMAR ROY    SHS
9TOSHAN SAH    RPP
10MD TAUKIR    SAP
11MASSOD HASSAN    MUL
12RAMNATH SINGH    RSWD
13ARJUN SAHNI    IND
14PRADEEP KUMAR    IND
15BRAJESH KUMAR NIRALA    IND
16MANSOOR    IND
17MOHAN PAUL    IND
18MOHAMMAD KURBAN    IND
19RATAN SAHNI    IND
20RAM SAGAR MAHTO    IND
21SANJAY KUMAR JHA    IND
22SUJIT KUMAR BHAGAT    IND
KUSHESHWAR ASTHAN-78    HAYAGHAT-84    KALYANPUR-131    WARISNAGAR-132
SAMASTIPUR-133    ROSERA-139
S04-23-BR-SAMASTIPUR    1DR ASHOK KUMAR    INC
2MAHESWER HAZARI    JD(U)
3RAM CHANDRA PASWAN    LJP
4BINDESHWAR PASWAN    BSP
5UPENDRA PASWAN    LTSD
6JEEBACHH PASWAN    CPI(ML)(L)
7RANDHIR PASWAN    IND
8RAJA RAM DAS    IND
9REKHA KUMARI    IND
10SHIVCHANDRA PASWAN    IND
11SATISH MAHTO    IND
CHERIA BARIARPUR-141    BACHHWARA-142    TEGHRA-143    MATIHANI-144
SAHEBPUR KAMAL-145    BEGUSARAI-146    BAKHRI-147
S04-24-BR-BEGUSARAI    1ANIL CHAUDHARY    LJP
2AMITA BHUSHAN    INC
3CHANDRASHEKHAR MAHTO    BSP
4DR MONAZIR HASSAN    JD(U)
5SHATRUGHAN PRASAD SINGH    CPI
6KISHORI PRASHAD MAHTO    LTSD
7RAM SAH    RPP
8AMIYA KASHYAP BIKKI    IND
9ARUN KUMAR    IND
10ASHOK SAH    IND
11DILIP KUMAR    IND
12NARENDRA KUMAR SINGH ALIAS BOGO SINGH    IND
13NARAYAN PRASAD HISARIYA    IND
14RANJEET PASWAN    IND
15RADHA RAMAN PASWAN    IND
16RAM DAYAL BHARTI    IND
17RAM NARESH PRASAD SINGH    IND
18RAMSHRAYA NISHAD    IND
19SAJJAN CHAUDHARY    IND
SIMRI BAKHTIARPUR-76    HASANPUR-140    ALAULI-148    KHAGARIA-149
BELDAUR-150    PARBATTA-151
S04-25-BR-KHAGARIA    1ASARFI PRASAD MEHTA    BSP
2CHOUDHARY MEHBOOB ALI KAISER    INC
3DINESH CHANDRA YADAV    JD(U)
4RAVINDAR KR RANA    RJD
5PAWAN KUMAR SUMAN    ABDBM
6BABLOO PASWAN    NNP
7BHARAT KUMAR YADAV    KVSP
8LAL BAHADUR HIMALAYA    RDMP
9HARI NANDAN SINGH    SJP(R)
10GULAB RAJ    IND
11NAIMUDDIN    IND
12NEHA CHAUHAN    IND
13PRADUMNA KUMAR    IND
14MANJU KUMARI    IND
15RAM NANDAN YADAV    IND
16SANGRAM KUMAR    IND
17SANJAY YADAV    IND
18SURESH PODDAR    IND
BIHPUR-152    GOPALPUR-153    PIRPAINTI-154    KAHALGAON-155
BHAGALPUR-156    NATHNAGAR-158
S04-26-BR-BHAGALPUR    1AJIT SHARMA    BSP
2SHAKUNI CHOUDHARY    RJD
3SADANAND SINGH    INC
4SUBODH ROY    CPM
5SYED SHAHNAWAZ HUSSAIN    BJP
6DAYA RAM MANDAL    BHJAP
7DEEPAK RAM    BSP(K)
8NARESH MANDAL    RPP
9MD IZRAIL    LTSD
10RAMAN SAH    BJJD
11RAM VILASH PASWAN    RWS
12SRINARAYAN GAUSWAMI    IJP
13AMIT KUMAR JHA    IND
14ANAND KUMAR JAIN    IND
15INDRADEO KUMAR SINGH    IND
16DINESH YADAV    IND
17DR N K YADAV    IND
18RATAN KUMAR MANDAL    IND
19RAVI SHANKAR SINGH    IND
20LADDU    IND
21SIKANDAR TANTI    IND
SULTANGANJ-157    AMARPUR-159    DHURAIYA-160    BANKA-161    KATORIA-162
BELHAR-163
S04-27-BR-BANKA    1GRIDHARI YADAV    INC
2JAI PRAKESH NARAIN YADAV    RJD
3DAMODAR RAWAT    JD(U)
4MUKESH KUMAR SINGH    BSP
5SANJAY KUMAR    CPI
6ANIL KUMAR ALIAS ANIL GUPTA    JVM
7AMRESHWAR KUMAR    JGP
8ARVIND KUMAR SAH    RPP
9KEDAR PRASAD SINGH    SJP(R)
10MAHBOOB ALAM ANSARI    BMF
11RAJENDRA PANDIT NETAJEE    JMM
12VIVEKA NAND JHA    RDMP
13CP SINHA    LTSD
14DIGVIJAY SINGH    IND
15NARAYAN RAM    IND
16MOHD HUMAYUN    IND
MUNGER-165    JAMALPUR-166    SURYAGARHA-167    LAKHISARAI-168    MOKAMA-178
BARH-179
S04-28-BR-MUNGER    1MANNU MAHTO    BSP
2RAJIV RANJAN SINGH ALIAS LALAN SINGH    JD(U)
3RAM BADAN ROY    RJD
4RAM LAKHAN SINGH    INC
5KUNDAN KUMAR    BJJD
6PRAMOD KUMAR SINGH    ABDBM
7BIPIN KUMAR PASWAN    NBNP
8RAMENDRA MOHAN RAJESH    RSWD
9LOKNATH KUSHWAHA    BMF
10UCHIT KUMAR    IND
11UMA SHANKAR BHAGAT ALIAS TUNTUN BHAIYA    IND
12NARESH MAHTO    IND
13PRAMOD KUMAR    IND
14BRAHMANAND MANDAL    IND
15RAJENDRA PRASAD SINGH    IND
16RADHIKA RAMAN SINGH    IND
17RAMDEO SINGH YADAV    IND
18SHANKAR LAL CHOKHANI    IND
19SHAILENDRA KUMAR    IND
20SURYODAY PASWAN    IND
ASTHAWAN-171    BISHARSHARIF-172    RAJGIR-173    ISLAMPUR-174    HILSA-175
NALANDA-176    HARNAUT-177
S04-29-BR-NALANDA    1KAUSHALENDRA KUMAR    JD(U)
2DEV KISHORE RAI    BSP
3RAMSWAROOP PRASAD    INC
4SATISH KUMAR    LJP
5ANIL SINGH    LTSD
6AMAR KANT SAH    RPP
7UJJWAL KANT HUNKAR    MUL
8DEVENDRA PRATAP    EKSP
9PRIYRANJAN KUMAR    BJJD
10RANJEET KUMAR    BPD
11REKHA KUMARI    AD
12VIJAY KUMAR    JPS
13VINOD KUMAR PATEL    LM
14SHASHI YADAV    CPI(ML)(L)
15SAUDAGAR RAM    BSKP
16HARICHARAN PRASAD    BMF
17ARUN KUMAR    IND
18KAPIL DEO SINGH    IND
19KUMAR RAJESH    IND
20KAUSHAL KUMAR KAUSHALENDRA SINHA    IND
21CHANDRAMANI KUMAR MANI    IND
22JITENDRA KUMAR    IND
23NARESH PASWAN    IND
24SANTOSH KUMAR    IND
25SARYUG PRASAD SAHASTH    IND
BAKHTIARPUR-180    DIGHA-181    BANKIPUR-182    KUMHRARH-183    PATNA
SAHIB-184    FATWAH-185
S04-30-BR-PATNA SAHIB    1VIJAY KUMAR    RJD
2SHATRUGHAN SINHA    BJP
3SHEKHAR SUMAN    INC
4ON MASUMI    LTSD
5DR DIWAKER TEJASWI    BUDM
6RAM NARAYAN RAI    CPI(ML)(L)
7HASSAN FAIZI HASHMI    ANC
8ANJANI KUMAR    IND
9KUMAR RAJIV    IND
10DEEPAK KUMAR SINGH    IND
11PANKAJ KUMAR SHARMA    IND
12PRAMOD KUMAR GUPTA    IND
13RAM BHAJAN SINGH NISHAD    IND
14VIDHAN CHANDRA RANA    IND
15SANJAY VERMA    IND
16HEMANT KUMAR SINGH    IND
DANAPUR-186    MANER-187    PHULWARI-188    MASAURHI-189    PALIGANJ-190
BIKRAM-191
S04-31-BR-PATALIPUTRA    1RANJAN PRASAD YADAV    JD(U)
2LALU PRASAD    RJD
3VIJAY SINGH YADAV    INC
4HARENDRA KUMAR PATEL    BSP
5KIRAN DEVI    RKJP
6KUNDAN KUMAR    RWS
7DR KRISHNADHAR SINGH    BJKD
8PANCHA DEVI    JGP
9PRABHUNATH YADAV    IJP
10MOHAMMAD AFTAB ALAM    LTSD
11MOHAMMAD SADRUDDIN    AIFB
12RAMESHWAR PRASAD    CPI(ML)(L)
13HASAN MANZOOR HASHMI    ANC
14AWADHESH SHARMA    IND
15DURGESH NANDAN SINGH    IND
16SUNIL KUMAR SINGH    IND
SANDESH-192    BARHARA-193    ARRAH-194    AGIAON-195    TARARI-196
JAGDISHPUR-197    SHAHPUR-198
S04-32-BR-ARRAH    1MEENA SINGH    JD(U)
2RAMA KISHORE SINGH    LJP
3REETA SINGH    BSP
4HARIDWAR PRASAD SINGH    INC
5AJIT PRASAD MEHTA    JKM
6ARUN SINGH    CPI(ML)(L)
7BHARAT BHUSAN PANDEY    ABJS
8RAMADHAR SINGH    SHS
9SAMBHU PRASAD SHARMA    AIFB
10SANTOSH KUMAR    RDMP
11SATYA NARAYAN YADAV    RASED
12SAIYAD GANIUDDIN HAIDER    ANC
13ASHOK KUMAR SINGH    IND
14BHARAT SINGH SAHYOGI    IND
15MAHESH RAM    IND
16SOBH NATH SINGH    IND
BARHAMPUR-199    BUXAR-200    DUMRAON-201    RAJPUR-202    RAMGARH-203
DINARA-210
S04-33-BR-BUXAR    1KAMLA KANT TIWARY    INC
2JAGADA NAND SINGH    RJD
3LAL MUNI CHOUBEY    BJP
4SHYAM LAL SINGH KUSHWAHA    BSP
5MOKARRAM HUSSAIN    SBSP
6MOHAN SAH    BJJD
7RAJENDRA SINGH MAURYA    LTSD
8DR VIJENDRA NATH UPADHYAY    SHS
9SHYAM BIHARI BIND    JPS
10SATYENDRA OJHA    AD
11SUDAMA PRASAD    CPI(ML)(L)
12SURESH WADEKAR    RPI
13KAMLESH CHOUDHARY    IND
14JAI SINGH YADAV    IND
15DADAN SINGH    IND
16PRATIBHA DEVI    IND
17PHULAN PANDIT    IND
18RAJENDRA PASWAN    IND
19LALLAN RUPNARAIN PATHAK    IND
20SHIV CHARAN YADAV    IND
21SUNIL KUMAR DUBEY    IND
22SURENDRA KUMAR BHARTI    IND
MOHANIA-204    BHABUA-205    CHAINPUR-206    CHENARI-207    SASARAM-208
KARGAHAR-209
S04-34-BR-SASARAM    1GANDHI AZAD    BSP
2MEIRA KUMAR    INC
3MUNI LAL    BJP
4LALAN PASWAN    RJD
5DUKHI RAM    CPI(ML)(L)
6BABBAN CHAUDHARY    LTSD
7BALIRAM RAM    PMSP
8BHOLA PRASAD    IJP
9RADHA DEBI    AD
10RAM NAGINA RAM    RKJP
11RAM YADI RAM    RPI
12PRAMOD KUMAR    IND
13BHARAT RAM    IND
14MUNIYA DEBI    IND
15RAM PRAVESH RAM    IND
16SURENDRA RAM    IND
NOKHA-211    DEHRI-212    KARAKAT-213    GOH-219    OBRA-220    NABINAGAR-221
S04-35-BR-KARAKAT    1AWADHESH KUMAR SINGH    INC
2UPENDRA KUMAR SHARMA    BSP
3KANTI SINGH    RJD
4MAHABALI SINGH    JD(U)
5AJAY KUMAR    RPI(A)
6JYOTI RASHMI    RSWD
7MUDREEKA YADAV    AD
8RAJ KISHOR MISRA    AJSP
9RAJA RAM SINGH    CPI(ML)(L)
10MDSHAMIULLAH MANSOORI    SSD
11ERABDUL SATAR    IND
12AMAVAS RAM    IND
13PRO KAMTA PRASAD YADAV    IND
14GIRISH NARAYAN SINGH    IND
15SATISH PANDEY    IND
16HARI PRASAD SINGH    IND
ARWAL-214    KURTHA-215    JAHANABAD-216    GHOSI-217    MAKHDUMPUR-218
ATRI-233
S04-36-BR-JAHANABAD    1DR ARUN KUMAR    INC
2JAGDISH SHARMA    JD(U)
3RAMADHAR SHARMA    BSP
4SURENDRA PRASAD YADAV    RJD
5AYASHA KHATUN    LTSD
6PROF JAI RAM PRASAD SINGH    SSD
7TARA GUPTA    RPP
8MAHANAND PRASAD    CPI(ML)(L)
9RAMASRAY PRASAD SINGH    RLD
10MD SAHABUDDIN JAHAN    BSKP
11SHRAVAN KUMAR    LM
12SADHU SINHA    AIFB
13SYED AKBAR IMAM    ABAS
14AJAY KUMAR VERMA    IND
15ABHAY KUMAR ANIL    IND
16DR ARBIND KUMAR    IND
17ARVIND PRASAD SINGH    IND
18UPENDRA PRASAD    IND
19JAGDISH YADAV    IND
20PRIKSHIT SINGH    IND
21PRABHAT KUMAR RANJAN    IND
22RANJIT SHARMA    IND
23RAKESHWAR KISHOR    IND
24SIYA RAM PRASAD    IND
25SUMIRAK SINGH    IND
KUTUMBA-222    AURANGABAD-223    RAFIGANJ-224    GURUA-225    IMAMGANJ-227
TIKARI-231
S04-37-BR-AURANGABAD    1ARCHANA CHANDRA    BSP
2NIKHIL KUMAR    INC
3SHAKIL AHMAD KHAN    RJD
4SUSHIL KUMAR SINGH    JD(U)
5ANIL KUMAR SINGH    RSWD
6AMERIKA MAHTO    SSD
7RAM KUMAR MEHTA    LTSD
8VIJAY PASWAN    BSKP
9ASLAM ANSARI    IND
10INDRA DEO RAM    IND
11UDAY PASWAN    IND
12PUNA DAS    IND
13RANJEET KUMAR    IND
14RAJENDRA YADAV    IND
15RAMSWARUP PRASAD YADAV    IND
16SANTOSH KUMAR    IND
SHERGHATI-226    BARACHATTI-228    BODH GAYA-229    GAYA TOWN-230
BELAGANJ-232    WAZIRGANJ-234
S04-38-BR-GAYA    1KALAWATI DEVI    BSP
2RAMJI MANJHI    RJD
3SANJIV PRASAD TONI    INC
4HARI MANJHI    BJP
5DILIP PASWAN    NBNP
6NIRANJAN KUMAR    CPI(ML)(L)
7RAJESH KUMAR    LTSD
8RAMDEV ARYA PAAN    ABJS
9AMAR NATH PRASAD    IND
10KRISHNA CHOUDHARY    IND
11KAIL DAS    IND
12DIPAK PASWAN    IND
13RAM KISHORE PASWAN    IND
14RAMU PASWAN    IND
15SHIV SHANKAR KUMAR    IND
16SHYAM LAL MANJHI    IND
BARBIGHA-170    RAJAULI-235    HISUA-236    NAWADA-237    GOBINDPUR-238
WARSALIGANJ-239
S04-39-BR-NAWADA    1GANESH SHANKAR VIDYARTHI    CPM
2BHOLA SINGH    BJP
3MASIH UDDIN    BSP
4VEENA DEVI    LJP
5SUNILA DEVI    INC
6UMAKANT RAHI    SSD
7KAILASH PAL    BSKP
8VIDHYAPATI SINGH    LTSD
9SURENDRA KUMAR CHAUDHARY    SBSP
10AKHILESH SINGH    IND
11ANIL MEHTA    IND
12KAUSHAL YADAV    IND
13CHANCHALA DEVI    IND
14DURGA PRASAD DHAR    IND
15NAVIN KUMAR VERMA    IND
16RAJ KISHOR RAJ    IND
17RAJ BALLABH PRASAD    IND
18RAJENDRA VISHAL    IND
19RAJENDRA SINGH    IND
20SHAMBHU PRASAD    IND
21SUNIL KUMAR    IND
TARAPUR-164    SHEIKHPURA-169    SIKANDRA-240    JAMUI-241    JHAJHA-242
CHAKAI-243
S04-40-BR-JAMUI    1ASHOK CHOUDHARY    INC
2GAJADHAR RAJAK    CPI
3BHAGWAN DAS    BSP
4BHUDEO CHOUDHARY    JD(U)
5SHYAM RAJAK    RJD
6ARJUN MANJHI    JGP
7UPENDRA RAVIDAS    SAP
8OM PRAKASH PASWAN    LTSD
9GULAB CHANDRA PASWAN    RKJP
10NUNDEO MANJHI    JVM
11PRASADI PASWAN    JMM
12SUBHASH PASWAN    STPI
13KAPILDEO DAS    IND
14JAY SEKHAR MANJHI    IND
15PAPPU RAJAK    IND
16YOGENDRA PASWAN    IND
17VIJAY PASWAN    IND
18BILAKSHAN RAVIDAS    IND
19SARYUG PASWAN    IND
MANDREM-1    PERNEM-2    BICHOLIM-3    TIVIM-4    MAPUSA-5    SIOLIM-6
SALIGAO-7    CALANGUTE-8    PORVORIM-9    ALDONA-10
S05-1-GA-NORTH GOA    1CHRISTOPHER FONSECA    CPI
2JITENDRA RAGHURAJ DESHPRABHU    NCP
3RAUT PANDURANG DATTARAM    MAG
4SHRIPAD YESSO NAIK    BJP
5UPENDRA CHANDRU GAONKAR    SHS
6NARACINVA SURYA SALGAONKAR    IND
7MARTHA D SOUZA    IND
PONDA-21    SIRODA-22    MARCAIM-23    MORMUGAO-24    VASCO-DA-GAMA-25
DABOLIM-26    CORTALIM-27    NUVEM-28    CURTORIM-29    FATORDA-30
S05-2-GA-SOUTH GOA    1COSME FRANCISCO CAITANO SARDINHA    INC
2ADV NARENDRA KESHAV SAWAIKAR    BJP
3ADV RAJU MANGESHKAR ALIAS RAJENDRA NAIK    CPI
4ROHIDAS HARICHANDRA BORKAR    SGF
5MATANHY SALDANHA    UGDP
6DIAS JAWAHAR    IND
7DERICK DIAS    IND
8FRANCISCO ANTONIO JOAO DE PHILOMENO FERNANDES    IND
9MULLA SALIM    IND
10SALUNKE SMITA PRAVEEN    IND
11HAMZA KHAN    IND
ABDASA-1    MANDVI-2    BHUJ-3    ANJAR-4    GANDHIDHAM-5    RAPAR-6    MORBI-65
S06-1-GJ-KACHCHH    1JAT POONAMBEN VELJIBHAI    BJP
2DANICHA VALJIBHAI PUNAMCHANDRA    INC
3NAMORI MOHANBHAI LADHABHAI    BSP
4CHAUHAN MOTILAL DEVJIBHA    LPSP
5DR TINA MAGANBHAI PARMAR    BNJD
6DUNGARIYA BHARMALBHAI NARANBHAI    SP
7PARMAR MUKESHBHAI MANDANBHAI    IJP
8BADIYA RAMESH GANGJI    RKSP
9KANJI ABHABHAI MAHESHWARI    IND
10GARVA ASMAL THAKARSHI    IND
11GOVIND JIVABHAI DAFADA    IND
12MAHESHWARI GANGJI DAYABHAI    IND
13MAHESHWARI DHANJIBHAI KARSHANBHAI    IND
14MANGALIYA LILBAI JIVANBHAI    IND
15MUNSHI BHURALAL KHIMJIBHAI    IND
16VANZARA HIRABEN DALPATBHAI    IND
17SARESA NANJI BHANJIBHAI    IND
VAV-7    THARAD-8    DHANERA-9    DANTA-10    PALANPUR-12    DEESA-13
DEODAR-14
S06-2-GJ-BANASKANTHA    1GADHVI MUKESHKUMAR BHAIRAVDANJI    INC
2CHETANBHAI KALABHAI SOLANKI    BSP
3CHAUDHARI HARIBHAI PARATHIBHAI    BJP
4AMRUTBHAI LAKHUBHAI PATELFOSI    MJP
5KATARIYA HASMUKHBHAI RAVJIBHAI    LSWP
6LODHA ISHVARBHAI MAHADEVBHAI    ABJS
7KARNAVAT YOGESHKUMAR BHIKHABHAI    IND
8PARSANI MAHMAD SIKANDAR JALALBHAI    IND
9PUROHIT ASHOKBHAI CHHAGANBHAI    IND
10MAJIRANA BHOPAJI AASHAJI    IND
11ROOTHAR LEBUJI PARBATJI    IND
12SHARDABEN BHIKHABHAI PARMAR    IND
13SAVJIBHAI PATHUBHAI RAJGOR    IND
14SIPAI AAIYUBBHAI IBRAHIMBHAI    IND
15SHRIMALI ASHOKBHAI BALCHANDBHAI    IND
VADGAM-11    KANKREJ-15    RADHANPUR-16    CHANASMA-17    PATAN-18
SIDHPUR-19    KHERALU-20
S06-3-GJ-PATAN    1KHOKHAR MAHEBOOBKHAN RAHEMATKHAN    BSP
2JAGDISH THAKOR    INC
3BAROT SANJAYBHAI MAGANBHAI    NCP
4RATHOD BHAVSINHBHAI DAHYABHAI    BJP
5PATAVAT MAHAMMADBHAI SHARIFBHAI    SP
6PATEL NARANBHAI PRAGDASBHAI    MJP
7RAVAL BHURABHAI MOTIBHAI    BNJD
8KANUBHAI BHURABHAI MAHESHVARI MANDOVARA    IND
9CHAUDHARY KIRTIKUMAR JESANGBHAI    IND
10CHAUDHARY MANSINHBHAI MANABHAI    IND
11JUDAL GANESHBHAI MEGHRAJBHAI    IND
12PATEL DILIPKUMAR LILACHAND    IND
13PATEL MANORBHAI VIRAMDAS    IND
14PATEL RAMESHBHAI GOVINDBHAI    IND
15BRAHMAKSHATRIY NIRUPABEN NATVARLAL    IND
16RAJPUT JAGATSINH SAMANTSING    IND
UNJHA-21    VISNAGAR-22    BECHARAJI-23    KADI-24    MAHESANA-25
VIJAPUR-26    MANSA-37
S06-4-GJ-MAHESANA    1ZALA RUDRADATTSINH VANRAJSINH    BSP
2PATEL JAYSHREEBEN KANUBHAI    BJP
3PATEL JIVABHAI AMBALAL    INC
4THAKOR AMARSINH RAMSINH BABUJI    MJP
5DR P C PATEL MBBS MD    BRP
6BABUBHAI ISHWARBHAI PRAJAPATI    VHS
7CHAVDA SHANKARJI BADARJI    IND
8THAKOR RAMANJI SHIVAJI    IND
9NAYEE KOKILABEN MANUBHAI ALIAS MAHENDRABHAI    IND
10PATEL JIVRAMBHAI HIRDAS    IND
11PATEL MANOJKUMAR BAHECHARDAS    IND
12PATEL LALJIBHAI KESHAVLAL    IND
HIMATNAGAR-27    IDAR-28    KHEDBRAHMA-29    BHILODA-30    MODASA-31
BAYAD-32    PRANTIJ-33
S06-5-GJ-SABARKANTHA    1CHAUHAN MAHENDRASINH    BJP
2MISTRY MADHUSUDAN    INC
3RAMLAVAT VIKRAMSINH LAXMANSINH    BSP
4KADARI MOLANA RIYAZ    SP
5PARMAR MINABA DIPSINH    IJP
6SINHALI DASHRATH CHANDULAL    CPI(ML)(L)
7CHAUHAN MAHENDRASINH PADAMSINH    IND
8TRIVEDI BALKRUSHN PRANLAL    IND
9PATEL KANTIBHAI KHUSHALBHAI    IND
10PATEL DANABHAI BECHARBHAI    IND
11RATHOD SABIRMIYA AMIRMIYA    IND
12SOLANKI CHHAGANBHAI KEVALABHAI    IND
GANDHINAGAR NORTH-36    KALOL-38    SANAND-40    GHATLODIA-41    VEJALPUR-42
NARANPURA-45    SABARMATI-55
S06-6-GJ-GANDHINAGAR    1LKADVANI    BJP
2PATEL SURESHKUMAR CHATURDAS SURESH PATEL    INC
3RAKESH PANDEY    BSP
4ASHOKKUMAR ISHVARBHAI PATEL    BNJD
5KHALIFA SAMSUDDIN NASIRUDDIN JUGNU    LSWP
6TRIVEDI SUNILBHAI MANUBHAI    MJP
7FIROZ DEHLVI    AIMF
8MEMON FATAMABEN FARUKBHAI    IJP
9KALPESHKUMAR RAJANIKANT MODI    IND
10THAKUR RAKESHBHAI RAJDEVSINGH    IND
11PATEL SIDDHESH DINESHBHAI    IND
12PARIKH HETA KUMARPAL    IND
13BRAHMBHATT SANJAYBHAI AMARKUMAR    IND
14MAKWANA ANILKUMAR SOMABHAI    IND
15DRMALLIKA SARABHAI    IND
16MAHANTSHRI DHARAMDASBAPU    IND
17RAHUL CHIMANBHAI MEHTA    IND
18VAGHELA SUKHDEVSINH PARBATSINH    IND
19SHAH MUKESH    IND
DEHGAM-34    GANDHINAGAR SOUTH-35    VATVA-43    NIKOL-46    NARODA-47
THAKKARBAPA NAGAR-48    BAPUNAGAR-49
S06-7-GJ-AHMEDABAD EAST    1PATEL BHOLABHAI VALJIBHAI KAKDIYA    NCP
2BABARIYA DIPAKBHAI RATILAL    INC
3VIRUBHAI N VANZARA    BSP
4HARIN PATHAK    BJP
5PATEL PRAVIN RAMBHAI    MJP
6PREMHARI RAMESHCHANDRA SHARMA    NLHP
7BHATT SANJIV INDRAVADAN    BNJD
8RAJPUT RANJEETSINGH RAMSHANKARSINH    IJP
9RAJPUT SANJITKUMAR RADHAKRISHNASINH    SP
10DR N T SENGAL    LSWP
11HASRATH JAYRAM PAGARE    RSPS
12KHODABHAI LALJIBHAI DESAI    IND
13THAKKAR PARESHBHAI RASIKLAL    IND
14PATEL BHAVINBHAI AMRUTBHAI    IND
15BUDHDHPRIYA JASVANT SOMABHAI    IND
16MAURYA RAJESH HARIRAM    IND
17SHARMA ANILKUMAR BRIJENDRABHAI    IND
18SHARMA BRIJESHKUMAR UJAGARLAL    IND
ELLISBRIDGE-44    AMRAIWADI-50    DARIAPUR-51    JAMALPUR – KHADIA-52
MANINAGAR-53    DANILIMDA-54    ASARWA-56
S06-8-GJ-AHMEDABAD WEST    1PARMAR SHAILESH MANHARLAL    INC
2DR PRAVIN S SOLANKI    BSP
3DR SOLANKI KIRITBHAI PREMJIBHAI    BJP
4PARMAR MOHANBHAI KARSHANBHAI    LPSP
5MAKWANA ISHWARBHAI DHANABHAI    LJP
6VIJAYKUMAR MANJIBHAI VADHER    AIMF
7SAVLE BHIKA FULA    RPI(A)
8SHIRSATH VEDUBHAI KAUTIKBHAI    IJP
9SANKHALIYA NARENDRASINH MANSINH    LSWP
10CHAUHAN PRAHLADBHAI NATTHUBHAI    IND
11VANZARA DALPATBHAI KHIMABHAI    IND
12VORA RATNABEN DAHYABHAI    IND
13SHAH ISHWARBHAI KHANDAS    IND
14SOLANKI KANTIBHAI HEMABHAI    IND
15SOLANKI RAMESHBHAI DANABHAI    IND
16SOLANKI VITTHALBHAI MAGANBHAI    IND
VIRAMGAM-39    DHANDHUKA-59    DASADA-60    LIMBDI-61    WADHWAN-62
CHOTILA-63    DHRANGADHRA-64
S06-9-GJ-SURENDRANAGAR    1KOLI PATEL SOMABHAI    INC
2PATEL MOHANBHAI DAHYABHAI    BSP
3MER LALJIBHAI CHATURBHAI    BJP
4JAGRUTIBEN BABULAL GADA SHAH    MJP
5DHAVANIYA BACHUBHAI CHHAGANBHAI    LPSP
6PATADIYA KHIMJIBHAI HARAJIVANBHAI    KKJHS
7VAGHELA SATUBHA KANUBHA    ABJS
8KORDIA ALTAFBHAI VALIBHAI    IND
9JADAV BHAGWANBHAI MATHURBHAI    IND
10DABHI MOHANBHAI TULSHIBHAI    IND
11DERVALIA MEDHABHAI KALABHAI    IND
12NAYAKPRA HITESH BHAGVANGIBHAI    IND
13PATEL ASHOKKUMAR CHIMANLAL    IND
14BHARATBHAI RAMNIKLAL MAKWANA    IND
15BHATIYA NARANBHAI KEHARBHAI    IND
16UKABHAI AMARABHAI MAKWANA    IND
17MER MAVJIBHAI KUKABHAI    IND
18RABA HARSURBHAI RAMBHAI    IND
19SAVUKIYA LALJIBHAI MOHANLAL    IND
20SOLANKI KARSHANBHAI JIVABHAI    IND
TANKARA-66    WANKANER-67    RAJKOT EAST-68    RAJKOT WEST-69    RAJKOT
SOUTH-70    RAJKOT RURAL-71    JASDAN-72
S06-10-GJ-RAJKOT    1KIRANKUMAR VALJIBHAI BHALODIA PATEL    BJP
2KUVARJIBHAI MOHANBHAI BAVALIA    INC
3DHEDHI DALEECHANDBHAI LIRABHAI PATEL    BSP
4SUDHIR JOSHI    CPM
5KUBAVAT BABUDAS CHHAGANDAS    ABJS
6GOKALBHAI KHODABHAI PARMAR    LPSP
7JASVANTBHAI RANCHHODBHAI SABHAYA    SP
8JADEJA SATUBHA AMARSANG    NSCP
9NARENDRASINH TAPUBHA JADEJA    RKSP
10BABULAL DEVJIBHAI GHAVA    LJP
11VEKARIA ALPESHBHAI KESHUBHAI    MJP
12AJITSINH HARISINH JADEJA    IND
13ARVINDBHAI JADAVJIBHAI RATHOD    IND
14KESHUBHAI DHANJIBHAI VEKARIYA    IND
15CHAVDA LAKHMANBHAI DEVJIBHAI    IND
16DR ZAKIRHUSEN MATHAKIYA    IND
17DUDHATRA MUKUNDBHAI GOVINDBHAI    IND
18NAYANBHAI HASHMUKHBHAI UPADHYAY    IND
19PRAVINBHAI MEGHJIBHAI DENGADA    IND
20BHIKHABHAI KURJIBHAI SADADIYA    IND
21MULTANI SUBHANBHAI POPATBHAI    IND
22RABARI MOMAIYABHAI ALABHAI    IND
23DRRAJESHKUMAR SHANTIBHAI MAKADIA PATEL    IND
24VEKARIYA PRAGJIBHAI NATHUBHAI    IND
25SAROLA GEETABEN MANJIBHAI    IND
26HARSODA MAHESH HIRABHAI    IND
27HIRABHAI GORDHANBHAI CHANGELA    IND
GONDAL-73    JETPUR-74    DHORAJI-75    PORBANDAR-83    KUTIYANA-84
MANAVADAR-85    KESHOD-88
S06-11-GJ-PORBANDAR    1KHACHARIYA MANSUKHBHAI SHAMJIBHAI    BJP
2CHANDRAVADIYA MEHULKUMAR KARSANBHAI    BSP
3RADADIYA VITTHALBHAI HANSRAJBHAI    INC
4JADEJA NATHABHAI JIVABHAI    IJP
5PATOLIYA MANOJBHAI SAMJIBHAI    IND
6BHATT NITINBHAI VRUJLAL    IND
7RAJENDRA AMRUTLAL PARMAR    IND
KALAVAD-76    JAMNAGR RURAL-77    JAMNAGAR NORTH-78    JAMNAGAR SOUTH-79
JAMJODHPUR-80    KHAMBHALIA-81    DWARKA-82
S06-12-GJ-JAMNAGAR    1AHIR VIKRAMBHAI ARJANBHAI MADAM    INC
2CHAVDA JAYSUKHBHAI TRIKAMBHAI    BSP
3MUNGRA RAMESHBHAI DEVRAJBHAI    BJP
4CHAUHAN DINESHBHAI KALABHAI    RPI(A)
5JADEJA HITENDRASINH JAYVANTSINH    RKSP
6MANHARBHAI KACHARABHAI RATHOD    RSP(S)
7DR VASANTBHAI MANILAL SANGHAVI    ABJS
8VADHER CHANDUBHA MANUBHA    MJP
9GOJIYA VIRABHAI MALDEBHAI    IND
10CHAVDA DEVAYATBHAI JIVABHAI    IND
11DOSANI IDRISBHAI ISMAILBHAI    IND
12DEVGANA GAURIBEN MOHANBHAI    IND
13DHARMENDRABHAI MAGANLAL PATEL    IND
14NOYDA MAMAD NATHUBHAI    IND
15PADHIYAR GOVINDBHAI LALJIBHAI    IND
16PARMAR BHURALAL MEGHJIBHAI    IND
17POPATPUTRA RAFIK ABUBAKAR    IND
18BHAGAD SALIM OSMAN    IND
19MAHESHBHAI PARSOTAMBHAI VADI    IND
20VYAS RAJESH SHIVSHANKAR    IND
21SACHADA HABIBBHAI ISHABHAI    IND
22SAGATHIYA VINODBHAI VIRJIBHAI    IND
JUNAGADH-86    VISAVADAR-87    MANGROL-89    SOMNATH-90    TALALA-91
KODINAR-92    UNA-93
S06-13-GJ-JUNAGADH    1BARAD JASHUBHAI DHANABHAI    INC
2SOLANKI DINUBHAI BOGHABHAI    BJP
3KUNJADIYA VALLABHBHAI RAMBHAI    ABMSD
4CHANDULAL BHANUBHAI DHADUK CHANDRESHBHAI    MJP
5DANGAR BRIJESH RAMBHAI    RWS
6BHUT ASHOKBHAI BHIMJIBHAI    RSP(S)
7MAHIDA CHANDRASINH HAMIRBHAI    RPI(A)
8HUSENKHAN SARVARKHAN PATHAN    SP
9HETALKUMAR NAROTAMBHAI THUMBAR    BNJD
10KAMALIYA VASHRAMBHAI PUNJABHAI    IND
11DR KOYANI BHARATKUMAR KANJIBHAI    IND
12CHAND MOHAMAD YUSUF UMARBHAI    IND
13PARMAR SAVJIBHAI BHIKHABHAI    IND
14VALA VIRAMBHAI NATHUBHAI    IND
15SEVRA BACHUBHAI KALABHAI    IND
16HARILAL RANCHHODBHAI CHAUHAN    IND
DHARI-94    AMRELI-95    LATHI-96    SAVARKUNDLA-97    RAJULA-98    MAHUVA-99
GARIADHAR-101
S06-14-GJ-AMRELI    1KACHHADIA NARANBHAI    BJP
2NILABEN VIRJIBHAI THUMMAR    INC
3DBBHAROLA    BSP
4MADHUBHAI BHUVA    NCP
5KASVALA JAYSUKHABHAI LALJIBHAI    LSWP
6BARAIYA CHANDRAKANT RAMJIBHAI CHANDU PATEL    SP
7MAKAVANA SAMATBHAI BHIKHABHAI    RKSP
8RAMESH GOHIL    MJP
9ASLALIYA CHANDUBHAI RANABHAI    IND
10KHOKHAR GULMAHMAD ISMILE    IND
11GOHIL RAMBHAI JINABHAI    IND
12NILABEN THUMAR    IND
13RAMESHBHAI JASHABHAI PARMAR    IND
14VALJIBHAI LALLUBHAI SHIROYA    IND
15SANGANI RAMESHBHAI KANUBHAI    IND
16SUKHADIA NATHALAL V    IND
TALAJA-100    PALITANA-102    BHAVNAGAR RURAL-103    BHAVNAGAR EAST-104
BHAVNAGAR WEST-105    GADHADA-106    BOTAD-107
S06-15-GJ-BHAVNAGAR    1GOHILMAHAVIRSINHBHAGIRATHSINH    INC
2RANA RAJENDRASINH GHANSHYAMSINH    BJP
3BORICHA VALJIBHAI BAGHABHAI    BSP
4ATUL HARSHADRAI PANDYA    BNJD
5GOHIL NANAJIBHAI MADHABHAI    RPI(A)
6ZADAFIA GORDHANBHAI PRAGJIBHAI    MJP
7DABHI DEVJIBHAI MEGHABHAI    SJP(R)
8YADAVKOLI TULSHIBHAI RAMJIBHAI    SP
9SAPARIA DINESH NANUBHAI    LPSP
10KATARIA ZINABHAI NAGAJIBHAI    IND
11CHUDASAMA MEPABHAI MAVJIBHAI    IND
12CHAUHAN DHIRUBHAI KARSHANBHAI    IND
13NARESHBHAI NANAJIBHAI SONANI    IND
14PUNANI MUKESHBHI MAGANBHAI    IND
15MISOLANKI    IND
16HARIN RAMNIKLAL MAKWANA    IND
KHAMBHAT-108    BORSAD-109    ANKLAV-110    UMRETH-111    ANAND-112
PETLAD-113    SOJITRA-114
S06-16-GJ-ANAND    1PATEL DIPAKBHAI CHIMANBHAI    BJP
2PARMAR BABUBHAI BECHARBHAI    NCP
3SOLANKI BHARATBHAI MADHAVSINH    INC
4PARMAR HITENDRASINH MOHANSINH    SP
5RATHOD HIMMATBHAI MOHANHAI    IJP
6SAMIRBHAI GIRISHBHAI PATEL    SVPP
7CHAVDA KAUSHIKKMAR RAJIVBHAI    IND
8DAVE AMRISHBHAI VADILAL    IND
9PATEL JAYESHBHAI ARVINDBHAI    IND
10BHARATBHAI VINUBHAI BHOI    IND
11MALEK GULAMMAHMMED ABDULKARIM    IND
12LALJIBHAI GANESHJI PUROHIT    IND
13LEELABEN RAVJIBHAI PARMAR    IND
14SAIYED MAHEBUBALI HUSAINMIYA    IND
15SOLANKI BHARAT BABUBHAI    IND
DASKROI-57    DHOLKA-58    MATAR-115    NADIAD-116    MEHMEDABAD-117
MAHUDHA-118    KAPADVANJ-120
S06-17-GJ-KHEDA    1CHAUHAN DEVUSINH JESINGBHAI    BJP
2CHAUHAN RATANSINH UDESINH    BSP
3DINSHA PATEL    INC
4DODIYA HEMALSINH DAJIBHAI ALIAS DODIYA BATUKSINH    MJP
5ALPESHSINH SURUBHA VAGHELA    IND
6CHRISTI VASANTBHAI OTABHAI    IND
7KHALIFA ZAKIRHUSEN GULAMNABI    IND
8PATEL BHARATKUMAR VISHNUBHAI    IND
9SHEKH TAUFIKHUSEN GULAMRASUL    IND
THASRA-119    BALASINOR-121    LUNAWADA-122    SHEHRA-124    MORVA HADAF-125
GODHRA-126    KALOL-127
S06-18-GJ-PANCHMAHAL    1CHAUHAN PRABHATSINH PRATAPSINH    BJP
2BAROT PRAKASHKUMAR MANEKLAL    BSP
3VAGHELA SHANKERSINH LAXMANSINH    INC
4MANSURI MUKHTYAR MOHAMAD    ABMSD
5SHAIKH KALIM ALATIF    LJP
SANTRAMPUR-123    FATEPURA-129    JHALOD-130    LIMKHEDA-131    DAHOD-132
GARBADA-133    DEVGADBARIA-134
S06-19-GJ-DAHOD    1KATARA SINGJIBHAI JALJIBHAI    CPM
2KALARA RAMSINGBHAI NANJIBHAI    BSP
3DAMOR SOMJIBHAI PUNJABHAI    BJP
4DR PRABHA KISHOR TAVIAD    INC
5MEDA KALSINHBHAI TAJSINHBHAI    NCP
6PARMAR DINESHBHAI NAGJIBHAI    IJP
7KCMUNIA ADVOCATE    SP
SAVLI-135    VAGHODIA-136    VADODARA CITY-141    SAYAJIGUNJ-142
AKOTA-143    RAOPURA-144    MANJALPUR-145
S06-20-GJ-VADODARA    1GAEKWAD SATYAJITSINH DULIPSINH    INC
2PUROHIT VINAYKUMAR RAMANBHAI    BSP
3BALKRISHNA KHANDERAO SHUKLA BALU SHUKLA    BJP
4GIRISHBHAI MADHAVLAL BHAVSAR    IND
5THAVARDAS AMULRAI CHOITHANI    IND
6TAPAN DASGUPTA TAPANBHAI    IND
7VASAVA HARILAL SHANABHAI    IND
HALOL-128    CHHOTA UDAIPUR-137    JETPUR-138    SANKHEDA-139    DABHOI-140
PADRA-146    NANDOD-148
S06-21-GJ-CHHOTA UDAIPUR    1BHIL PRAKASHBHAI SOMABHAI    BSP
2RATHWA NARANBHAI JEMLABHAI    INC
3RATHWA RAMSINGBHAI PATALBHAI    BJP
4VASAVABHIL VITTHALBHAI VENIBHAI    IND
KARJAN-147    DEDIAPADA-149    JAMBUSAR-150    VAGRA-151    JHAGADIA-152
BHARUCH-153    ANKLESHWAR-154
S06-22-GJ-BHARUCH    1UMERJI AHMED UGHARATDAR AZIZ TANKARVI    INC
2PANDEY SANATKUMAR RAJARAM    BSP
3BALVANTSINH VIJAYSINH PARMAR    NCP
4MANSUKHBHAI DHANJIBHAI VASAVA    BJP
5KANAKSINH MANGROLA    SP
6NARENDRASINH RANDHIRSINH VASHI    LSWP
7PATEL NARESHKUMAR BHAGVANBHAI NARESH PATEL    MJP
8PATEL MEHRUNNISHA VALLI ADAM    LJP
9VASAVA CHHOTUBHAI AMARSINHBHAI    JD(U)
10SURESHBHAI GORDHANBHAI VASAVA    ABJS
11GOHIL HEMANTKUMAR JERAMBHAI    IND
12DILIPKUMAR GULSINGBHAI VASAVA    IND
13PATEL THAKORBHAI CHANDULAL    IND
14LAKDAWALA SHAKIL AHEMAD    IND
15LAD MAHIPATBHAI MAGANBHAI    IND
MANGROL-156    MANDVI-157    KAMREJ-158    BARDOLI-169    MAHUVA-170
VYARA-171    NIZAR-172
S06-23-GJ-BARDOLI    1GAMIT RANJANBEN CHIMANBHAI    BSP
2CHAUDHARI TUSHARBHAI AMRASINHBHAI    INC
3PATEL SONABEN BHIKHUBHAI    CPI
4VASAVA RITESHKUMAR AMARSINH    BJP
5CHAUDHARI KAMLESHBHAI PRABHUBHAI    JD(U)
6PATEL VIJAYKUMAR HARIBHAI    MJP
7RATHOD PRAVINBHAI BHULABHAI    SP
8ARJUNBHAI BHALJIBHAI CHAUDHARI    IND
9GAMIT THAKORBHAI MANEKJIBHAI    IND
10GAMIT SUMANBHAI NARSINHBHAI    IND
11RATHOD SUKABHAI MANGABHAI    IND
12VASAVA PRAVINSINH JAGATSINH    IND
OLPAD-155    SURAT EAST-159    SURAT NORTH-160    VARACHHA ROAD-161
KARANJ-162    KATARGAM-166    SURAT WEST-167
S06-24-GJ-SURAT    1AJAYKUMAR DINESHBHAI PATEL    BSP
2GAJERA DHIRUBHAI HARIBHAI    INC
3SHRIMATI DARSHANA VIKRAM JARDOSH    BJP
4PATEL KANUBHAI HARIBHAI    LSWP
5PRAJAPATI MUKESHBHAI AMBALIYA    LPSP
6FAKIRBHAI CHAUHAN    MJP
7BATHVAR NARESHBHAI NANJIBHAI    RPI(A)
8SHASHIKANT KAPURE    RPIE
9SURESHBHAI CHHAGANBHAI CHOTALIYA    RKSP
10NAGMAL PRABHAKARBHAI SOMABHAI    IND
11PATEL SAVITABEN CHHAGANBHAI    IND
12PYARELAL BHARTI    IND
13PROF BAJPAI RAKESH R    IND
14MAKVANA ANANDBHAI KESHAVBHAI KOLI    IND
15MOHAMMAD AIYUB ABDUL RAHEMAN SHAIKH    IND
LIMBAYAT-163    UDHNA-164    MAJURA-165    CHORYASI-168    JALALPORE-174
NAVSARI-175    GANDEVI-176
S06-25-GJ-NAVSARI    1DHANSUKHA RAJPUT    INC
2NAIK YOGESHKUMAR THAKORBHAI    NCP
3C R PATIL    BJP
4SHAILESHBHAI BISHESWAR SHRIVASTAV    BSP
5AAZADKUMAR CHATURBHAI PATEL    SVPP
6YADAV GANGAPRASAD LALANBHAI    MJP
7KANUBHAI DEVJIBHAI SUKHADIA    IND
8JASHAVANTBHAI DALPATBHAI PANCHAL ADVOCATE    IND
9TARUNBHAI CHAMPAKBHAI PATEL    IND
10PATEL PRAVINCHANDRA MANILAL    IND
11RATHOD GOVINDBHAI LAXMANBHAI RIKSHAWALA    IND
12VARANKAR KAMALBEN KASHIRAM    IND
13SHATRUDHANDAS OMKARDAS SUGAT BAIRAGI    IND
14SATYAJIT JAYANTILAL SHETH    IND
DANGS-173    VANSDA-177    DHARAMPUR-178    VALSAD-179    PARDI-180
KAPRADA-181    UMBERGAON-182
S06-26-GJ-VALSAD    1KISHANBHAI VESTABHAI PATEL    INC
2GAVLI CHHAGANBHAI PILUBHAI    BSP
3PATEL DHIRUBHAI CHHAGANBHAI DR DCPATEL    BJP
4PANKAJKUMAR PARABHUBHAI PATEL    ADSP
5BHOYE NAYNESHBHAI MADHUBHAI    SP
6VARALI LAXMANBHAI CHHAGANBHAI    CPI(ML)(L)
7PATEL RAMBHAI KOYABHAI    IND
KALKA-1    PANCHKULA-2    NARAINGARH-3    AMBALA CANTT.-4    AMBALA CITY-5
MULANA-6    SADHAURA-7    JAGADHRI-8    YAMUNANAGAR-9
S07-1-HR-AMBALA    1CHANDER PAL    BSP
2RATTAN LAL KATARIA    BJP
3SELJA        INC
4DALVIR SINGH    HJCBL
5HEM RAJ    LJP
6AMAR SINGH    IND
7NARINDER KUMAR    IND
RADAUR-10    LADWA-11    SHAHBAD-12    THANESAR-13    PEHOWA-14    GUHLA-15
KALAYAT-16    KAITHAL-17    PUNDRI-18
S07-2-HR-KURUKSHETRA    1ASHOK KUMAR ARORA    INLD
2GURDYAL SINGH SAINI    BSP
3NAVEEN JINDAL    INC
4JASWANT SINGH CHEEMA    HJCBL
5PARDHAN CHAND CHAUHAN    SP
6DR ASHWINI SHARMA HRITTWAL    IND
7ATAM PARKASH    IND
8TARSEM LAL    IND
9YASH PAL    IND
10RAN SINGH    IND
11VIRENDER SINGH    IND
12VISHNU BHAGWAN AGGARWAL    IND
13SUNEETA DHARIWAL    IND
14SUBHASH MAHENDRA    IND
NARWANA-38    TOHANA-39    FATEHABAD-40    RATIA-41    KALAWALI-42
DABWALI-43    RANIA-44    SIRSA-45    ELLENABAD-46
S07-3-HR-SIRSA    1ASHOK TANWAR    INC
2RAJESH KUMAR    BSP
3COMRADE RAM KUMAR    CPM
4DR SITA RAM    INLD
5RAJ KUMAR NAGAR    JKNPP
6RAJENDRA PRASAD    HJCBL
7SWARN SINGH    RASJP
8HANS RAJ    RPI
9JAIBIR SINGH    IND
10DESRAJ    IND
11NARENDER PAL    IND
12PAWAN KUMAR    IND
13PUSHPA RANI    IND
14VAZIR SINGH    IND
15SHANKER LAL    IND
UCHANA KALAN-37    ADAMPUR-47    UKLANA-48    NARNAUND-49    HANSI-50
BARWALA-51    HISAR-52    NALWA-53    BAWANI KHERA-59
S07-4-HR-HISAR    1JAI PARKASH    INC
2RAM DAYAL    BSP
3SAMPAT SINGH    INLD
4KARAN SINGH    BRPP
5KRISHAN KUMAR SO HARIRAM    RASJP
6GULAB SINGH    NELU
7JANG BAHADUR    BHBP
8BHAJAN LAL SO KHERAJ    HJCBL
9ROSHAN LAL    IJP
10SATPAL    SMBHP
11SATPAL SINGH    LJP
12ANUP        IND
13MEHTA ANOOP KUMAR    IND
14AZAD SINGH    IND
15UMRAV SINGH    IND
16KULDEEP SINGH    IND
17KULWANT SINGH    IND
18ARYA KRISHAN    IND
19KRISHAN KUMAR SO GOPI RAM    IND
20CHHOTU RAM SO KIRTA RAM    IND
21CHHOTU RAM SO LADHU RAM    IND
22JAGDISH CHANDER ASIJA    IND
23JAG RAM    IND
24JOGENDER KUMAR    IND
25DEVI LAL    IND
26DEVENDER    IND
27NAND KISHOR    IND
28PARVESH    IND
29BHAJAN LAL SO DHARAMPAL    IND
30BHATERI    IND
31MANU DIGVIJAY SINGH    IND
32RAJ KUMAR    IND
33RAJENDER    IND
34ROHTAS    IND
35SHAMSHER    IND
36SHARVAN KUMAR    IND
37SANJAY KUMAR    IND
38SANDEEP    IND
NILOKHERI-19    INDRI-20    KARNAL-21    GHARAUNDA-22    ASSANDH-23    PANIPAT
RURAL-24    PANIPAT CITY-25    ISRANA-26    SAMALKHA-27
S07-5-HR-KARNAL    1ARVIND KUMAR SHARMA    INC
2MAM CHAND    CPI
3MARATHA VIRENDER VERMA    BSP
4IDSWAMI    BJP
5KALPANA SINGH    RPI(A)
6PREM KUMAR    SHS
7MANOJ KUMAR KASHYAP    VAJP
8DR RAMESH CHHABRA    HJCBL
9RAJIV AHUJA    SP
10RAM PAL    RASAP
11HAWA SINGH    RASJP
12ANOOP SINGH    IND
13ASHOK KUMAR    IND
14DUSHYANT KUMAR    IND
15NARENDER SAROHA    IND
16BALWAN SINGH RUHAL    IND
17MUKESH KUMARI    IND
18RAMESH SINGLA    IND
19LAL SINGH KASHYAP    IND
20SHIV PARSAD    IND
21SANJEEV    IND
22ARYA SUSHIL GARG    IND
23SUSHIL GURJAR SIRSI    IND
GANAUR-28    RAI-29    KHARKHAUDA-30    SONIPAT-31    GOHANA-32    BARODA-33
JULANA-34    SAFIDON-35    JIND-36
S07-6-HR-SONIPAT    1KISHAN SINGH SANGWAN    BJP
2JITENDER SINGH    INC
3DEVRAJ DEEWAN    BSP
4SUKHBIR SINGH    NCP
5PT UMESH SHARMA    HJCBL
6OM PARKASH MEHTA    BHC
7KRISHAN KUMAR    LJP
8GEJENDER    KKJHS
9JYOTI PARKASH    SP
10MADANGOPAL    RDMP
11RAJ PAL    CPIMLL
12RAJENDER SINGH    UWF
13ROHTASH REDHU    SMBHP
14SUSHILA    JCP
15DALBIR SINGH    IND
16SANT DHARAMVIR CHOTIWALA    IND
17BALWAN KASHYAP    IND
18BIJENDER KUMAR    IND
19RAJESH KHAN MACHHRI    IND
20DR VEERENDER ARYAVRAT    IND
21SHIV NARAYAN    IND
MEHAM-60    GARHI SAMPLA-KILOI-61    ROHTAK-62    KALANAUR-63
BAHADURGARH-64    BADLI-65    JHAJJAR-66    BERI-67    KOSLI-73
S07-7-HR-ROHTAK    1DEEPENDER SINGH    INC
2NAFE SINGH RATHEE    INLD
3RAJ KUMAR    BSP
4KRISHAN MURTI    HJCBL
5RAJBIR        IJP
6SUDESH    RPI(A)
7SUDESH KUMAR AGGARWAL    SMBHP
8ANUP SINGH MATANHEL    IND
9ASHOK        IND
10ASHA NAND    IND
11KARAN SINGH    IND
12GORAV    IND
13JASMER    IND
14JASVIR ARYA    IND
15RISHAL SINGH    IND
16SATYAWAN RANGA    IND
LOHARU-54    BADHRA-55    DADRI-56    BHIWANI-57    TOSHAM-58    ATELI-68
MAHENDRAGARH-69    NARNAUL-70    NANGAL CHAUDHRY-71
S07-8-HR-BHIWANI-MAHENDRAGARH    1AJAY SINGH CHAUTALA    INLD
2ANIL KAUSHIK    NCP
3VIKRAM SINGH    BSP
4SHRUTI CHOUDHRY    INC
5JAI SINGH    IJP
6NARENDER SINGH    HJCBL
7NEELKANWAL NEELAM AGGARWAL    SMBHP
8MAHENDER SINGH    BHBP
9VED PRAKASH    NSSP
10SAROJ YADAV    SP
11HANSRAJ    RPI(A)
12AJAY SINGH    IND
13ABHAY SINGH    IND
14JAIMAL SINGH    IND
15DHARMENDER SINGH    IND
16DR PURAN MAL SHARMA    IND
17PYARELAL    IND
18BIRENDER SINGH    IND
19MANMOHAN SINGH    IND
20ENGINEER MAHABIR SINGH YADAV    IND
21RAJ KUMAR    IND
22RAJESH KUMAR SO BRIJ LAL    IND
23RAJESH KUMAR SO HAWA SINGH    IND
24LAXMI NARAYAN ASEEJA    IND
25VINOD KUMAR    IND
26SHRICHAND    IND
27SURENDER    IND
28SURESH KUMAR    IND
29HARISH KUMAR    IND
BAWAL-72    REWARI-74    PATAUDI-75    BADSHAHPUR-76    GURGAON-77    SOHNA-78
NUH-79    FEROZEPUR JHIRKA-80    PUNAHANA-81
S07-9-HR-GURGAON    1INDERJIT SINGH    INC
2ZAKIR HUSSAIN    BSP
3DINESH CHANDER YADAV    NCP
4SUDHA        BJP
5ISHPAL SINGH TOMER    RDMP
6NARVIR SINGH    HJCBL
7PRABHU LAL BATRA    RASAP
8BUDH RAM    JKM
9YASHPAL    LJP
10RAMESH KUMAR    JKNPP
11SATEESH KUMAR SINGH    SMBHP
12SUNIL YADAV    SP
13AMAR MOHMMAD    IND
14KUSHESHWAR BHAGAT    IND
15JAGAN    IND
16NAZIR AHMED    IND
17NARESH YADAV    IND
18NAVEEN    IND
19BALWANT SINGH AGGARWAL    IND
20BIMLA DEVI    IND
21MANBIR SINGH    IND
22RAKESH    IND
23SATBEER SINGH KUNDU    IND
24SATINDER SINGH THAKRAN    IND
HATHIN-82    HODAL-83    PALWAL-84    PRITHLA-85    FARIDABAD NIT-86
BADKHAL-87    BALLABHGARH-88    FARIDABAD-89    TIGAON-90
S07-10-HR-FARIDABAD    1AVTAR SINGH BHADANA    INC
2CHETAN SHARMA    BSP
3RAMCHANDER BAINDA    BJP
4GAJENDER PRATAP BHADANA    AIFB(S)
5CHANDER BHATIA    HJCBL
6DEVINDER    JJJKMC
7NISAR AHMED    RND
8BABU LAL    JUP
9MUKESH KUMAR JOSHI    HYRP
10REKHA SINGH    SMBHP
11LATA RANI    SP
12SUBHASH    RWS
13SURAJ BHAN    RJAP
14AVTAR SINGH    IND
15TEEKA RAM HOODA    IND
16BRIJ BHUSHAN    IND
17YASH PAL NAGAR    IND
18SAMSUDDIN    IND
19SAHI RAM RAWAT    IND
20DR K P SINGH    IND
21SUKHBIR SINGH    IND
22SUNDER SINGH    IND
23HARSH BHATIA    IND
CHURAH-1    CHAMBA-3    DALHOUSIE-4    BHATTIYAT-5    NURPUR-6    INDORA-7
FATEHPUR-8    JAWALI-9    JAWALAMUKHI-12    JAISINGHPUR-13
S08-1-HP-KANGRA    1CHANDER KUMAR    INC
2COLNARINDER SINGH PATHANIA    BSP
3DR RAJAN SUSHANT    BJP
4KESHAB    LJP
5JOGINDER SINGH    SHS
6NIRMLA SHARMA    RWS
7KAPIL KUMAR CHAUDHARY    IND
8DHANI RAM    IND
9PARTAP SINGH    IND
10ROSHAN LAL    IND
BHARMOUR-2    LAHAUL & SPITI-21    MANALI-22    KULLU-23    BANJAR-24
ANNI-25    KARSOG-26    SUNDERNAGAR-27    NACHAN-28    SERAJ-29
S08-2-HP-MANDI    1ONKAR SHAD    CPM
2MAHESHWAR SINGH    BJP
3LALA RAM    BSP
4VIRBHADRA SINGH    INC
5HOOKAM CHAND SHASTRI    RWS
6SHAN MOHAMMAD    IND
DEHRA-10    JASWAN-PRAGPUR-11    DHARAMPUR-32    BHORANJ-36    SUJANPUR-37
HAMIRPUR-38    BARSAR-39    NADAUN-40    CHINTPURNI-41    GAGRET-42
S08-3-HP-HAMIRPUR    1ANURAG SINGH THAKUR    BJP
2NARINDER THAKUR    INC
3MANGAT RAM SHARMA    BSP
4PANKAJ KATNA    SHS
5MALKIAT SINGH    RRD
6RAJ KUMAR    RWS
7DR RAJENDER SHARMA    IND
8ER SANDEEP SHARMA    IND
ARKI-50    NALAGARH-51    DOON-52    SOLAN-53    KASAULI-54    PACHHAD-55
NAHAN-56    SRI RENUKAJI-57    PAONTA SAHIB-58    SHILLAI-59
S08-4-HP-SHIMLA    1DHANI RAM SHANDIL    INC
2VIRENDER KASHYAP    BJP
3SOM NATH    BSP
4GURNAM SINGH CHANDEL    SP
5BRIJ LAL    SHS
6ROOP RAM    IND
7SHURVEER SINGH    IND
KARNAH-1    KUPWARA-2    LOLAB-3    HANDWARA-4    LANGATE-5    URI-6
RAFIABAD-7    SOPORE-8    GUREZ-9    BANDIPORA-10
S09-1-JK-BARAMULLA    1SHARIEF UD DIN SHARIQ    JKN
2GH MUSTAFA KASANA    BSP
3MOHAMMAD IQBAL JAN    JKNPP
4MOHAMMAD DILAWAR MIR    JKPDP
5ZAKIR HUSSAIN SHEIKH    LJP
6SAJAD GANI LONE    JPC
7ASHIQ HUSSAIN GANIE    BCDP
8GH AHMAD MALLA    AIFB
9GH RASOOL BHAT    ANC
10GULAM RASOOL SHAH    JKANC
11GH NABI PARRAY    RPI(A)
12GH MOHMAD SAMOON    IND
13GOWSIA BASHIR    IND
KANGAN-16    GANDERBAL-17    HAZRATBAL-18    ZADIBAL-19    EIDGAH-20
KHANYAR-21    HABBA KADAL-22    AMIRA KADAL-23    SONAWAR-24    BATMALOO-25
S09-2-JK-SRINAGAR    1IFTIKHAR HUSSAIN ANSARI    JKPDP
2AVTAR KRISHAN PANDITA    BJP
3FAROOQ ABDULLAH    JKN
4MOHAMMAD ASHRAF KHAN    BSP
5BILAL AHMAD BHAT    SAP
6KHALIDA BEGUM    JKANC
7ZAHIR ABBAS BHATTI    AIFB(S)
8ABDUL RASHID LONE    RPI(A)
9MUSHTAQ AHMAD    RKSP
10NISSAR AHMAD AHANGAR    BSKRP
11SYED MUJTABA HUSSAIN BUKHARI    IND
12ASHIQ HUSSAIN BHAT    IND
13MEHBOOBA SHAHDAB    IND
14MOHAMMAD AHSAN MIR    IND
15MOHAMMAD ALYAS KUMAR    IND
TRAL-31    PAMPORE-32    PULWAMA-33    RAJPORA-34    WACHI-35    SHOPIAN-36
NOORABAD-37    KULGAM-38    HOM SHALI BUGH-39    ANANTNAG-40
S09-3-JK-ANANTNAG    1PEER MOHD HUSSAIN    JKPDP
2MOHD SIDIQ KHAN    BJP
3MIRZA MEHBOOB BEG    JKN
4NISAR AHMAD KHAN    BSP
5ASIF JEELANI    AIFB
6BASHIR AHMAD KHAN    RNSP
7BASHIR AHMAD MALIK    JKANC
8FAYAZ AHMAD BHAT    SP
9MUSHTAQ AHMAD GANIE    IJP
10MOHD RAFIQ WANI    LJP
11RAJIV MAHAJAN    IND
12GH MOHIUDDIN SHAH    IND
13NAZIR AHMAD BHAT    IND
NUBRA-47    LEH-48    KARGIL-49    ZANSKAR-50
S09-4-JK-LADAKH    1PHUNTSOG NAMGYAL    INC
2GHULAM MURTAZA    JKPDP
3ASGAR ALI KARBALAIE    IND
4THINLESS ANGMO    IND
5HASSAN KHAN    IND
KISHTWAR-51    INDERWAL-52    DODA-53    BHADERWAH-54    RAMBAN-55
BANIHAL-56    GULAB GARH-57    REASI-58    GOOL ARNAS-59    UDHAMPUR-60
S09-5-JK-UDHAMPUR    1ADREES AHMAD TABBASUM    CPI
2BALBIR SINGH    JKPDP
3PROF BHIM SINGH    JKNPP
4RAKESH WAZIR    BSP
5CH LAL SINGH    INC
6DR NIRMAL SINGH    BJP
7BODH RAJ    BCDP
8RAJESH MANCHANDA    RKSP
9KANCHAN SHARMA    BHBP
10MASTER WILLIAM GILL    AIFB
11ATUL SHARMA    IND
12DEV RAJ    IND
13MOHD YOUSUF    IND
14NARESH DOGRA    IND
SAMBA-68    VIJAY PUR-69    NAGROTA-70    GANDHI NAGAR-71    JAMMU EAST-72
JAMMU WEST-73    BISHNAH-74    RANBIR SINGH PURA-75    SUCHET GARH-76    MARH-77
S09-6-JK-JAMMU    1STARLOK SINGH    JKPDP
2HUSSAIN ALI    BSP
3LILA KARAN SHARMA    BJP
4MADAN LAL SHARMA    INC
5UDAY CHAND    DGPP
6SURJIT SINGH G SITARA    RKSP
7SANT RAM    BHBP
8SANJEEV KUMAR MANMOTRA    LJP
9QARI ZAHIR ABBAS BHATTI    AIFB
10ABDUL MAJEED MALIK    BCDP
11ASHOK KUMAR    IND
12BALWAN SINGH    IND
13PARAS RAM POONCHI    IND
14RAMESH CHANDER SHARMA    IND
15SATISH POONCHI    IND
16SANJAY KUMAR    IND
17SHAKEELA BANO    IND
18LABHA RAM GANDHI    IND
19CH MUSHTAQ HUSSAIN CHOUHAN    IND
20NARESH DOGRA    IND
21HILAL AHMED BAIG    IND
NIPPANI-1    CHIKKODI-SADALGA-2    ATHANI-3    KAGWAD-4    KUDACHI-5
RAYBAG-6    HUKKERI-7    YEMKANMARDI-10
S10-1-KA-CHIKKODI    1KATTI RAMESH VISHWANATH    BJP
2PRAKASH BABANNA HUKKERI    INC
3SHIVANAND WANTAMURI SIDDAMALLAPPA    BSP
4BANASHANKARI BHIMAPPA ITTAPPA    IND
5MALLAPPA MARUTI KHATANVE    IND
6YASHWANT MANOHAR SUTAR    IND
7SHAILA SURESH KOLI    IND
ARABHAVI-8    GOKAK-9    BELGAUM UTTAR-11    BELGAUM DAKSHIN-12    BELGAUM
RURAL-13    BAILHONGAL-16    SAUNDATTI YELLAMMA-17    RAMDURG-18
S10-2-KA-BELGAUM    1AMARSINH VASANTRAO PATIL    INC
2ANGADI SURESH CHANNABASAPPA    BJP
3A B PATIL    JD(S)
4RAMANAGOUDA SIDDANGOUDA PATIL    BSP
5ALLAPPA RAMAPPA PATIL    IND
6KASTURI BASANAGOUDA BHAVI    IND
7MOHAN H GADIWADDAR    IND
8RAMCHANDRA MAREPPA TORGALCHALAWADI    IND
9VIJAYKUMAR JEENDATTA UPADHYE    IND
10HANAJI ASHOK PANDU    IND
MUDHOL-19    TERDAL-20    JAMKHANDI-21    BILGI-22    BADAMI-23    BAGALKOT-24
HUNGUND-25    NARGUND-68
S10-3-KA-BAGALKOT    1GADDIGOUDAR PC    BJP
2JTPATIL    INC
3FAROOQ PAKALI    BSP
4BASAVARAJ KALAKAPPA PUJAR    NCP
5PARASHURAM JALAGAR    PPOI
6KADECHUR KALLAPPA REVANASIDDAPPA    IND
7GADADANNAVAR RAMESH BHIMAPPA    IND
8CHINCHOLI SANTOSHAKUMAR SAHEBAGOUDA    IND
9PANDIT SHIVAPPA BODALI    IND
10BADASHAH RAJESAB MUJAWAR    IND
11BABU RAMAREDDY RAMESH    IND
12BANDIWADDAR CHANDRASHEKHAR HANAMANT    IND
13MANOHAR HA    IND
14SHANKAR BHIMAPPA TELI    IND
15SANNAGOUDAR GURURAJ SATTYAPPAGOUDA    IND
16SANGMESH GURUPADAPPA BHAVIKATTI    IND
17HIREMATH RENUKARADHYA SHARANAYYA    IND
MUDDEBIHAL-26    DEVAR HIPPARGI-27    BASAVANA BAGEVADI-28
BABALESHWAR-29    BIJAPUR CITY-30    NAGTHAN-31    INDI-32    SINDGI-33
S10-4-KA-BIJAPUR    1ALMELKAR VILASABABU BASALINGAPPA    JD(S)
2KANAMADI SUDHAKAR MALLESH    BSP
3PRAKASH KUBASING RATHOD    INC
4RAMESH CHANDAPPA JIGAJINAGI    BJP
5NARASAPPA TIPPANNA BANDIWADDAR    SKP
6LAMANI CHANDRAKANT RUPASING    LJP
7ARAKERI NIRMALA SRINIVAS    IND
8CHALAWADI RAMANNA    IND
9SEVALAL SOMASHEKAR PURAPPA    IND
10HARIJAN AMBANNA TUKARAM    IND
AFZALPUR-34    JEVARGI-35    GURMITKAL-39    CHITTAPUR-40    SEDAM-41
GULBARGA RURAL-43    GULBARGA DAKSHIN-44    GULBARGA UTTAR-45
S10-5-KA-GULBARGA    1BABU HONNA NAIK    JD(S)
2MALLIKARJUN KHARGE    INC
3MAHADEV B DHANNI    BSP
4REVUNAIK BELAMGI    BJP
5DR K T PALUSKAR    PRCP
6RAVIKUMAR SHALIMANI SEDAM    ANC
7SHANKER KODLA    JD(U)
8SHANKAR JADHAV    BHPP
9HV DIWAKAR    IND
10SHIVAKUMAR KOLLUR    IND
SHORAPUR-36    SHAHAPUR-37    YADGIR-38    RAICHUR RURAL-53    RAICHUR-54
MANVI-55    DEVADURGA-56    LINGSUGUR-57
S10-6-KA-RAICHUR    1KDEVANNA NAIK    JD(S)
2PAKKIRAPPAS    BJP
3RAJA VENKATAPPA NAIK    INC
4SHIVAKUMAR    BSP
5COM II VHMASTER    IND
6COMRADE VMUDUKAPPA NAYAK    IND
7RMUDUKAPPA NAYAK    IND
8KSOMASHEKHAR    IND
CHINCHOLI-42    ALAND-46    BASAVAKALYAN-47    HOMNABAD-48    BIDAR SOUTH-49
BIDAR-50    BHALKI-51    AURAD-52
S10-7-KA-BIDAR    1GURUPADAPPA NAGMARPALLI    BJP
2JAGANNATHRJAMADAR    BSP
3NDHARAM SINGH    INC
4SUBHASH TIPPANNA NELGE    JD(S)
5ADVOCATE MOULVI ZAMEERUDDIN    NDEP
6BHASKAR BABU PATERPALLI    ICSP
7SHRAVAN SANGONDA BHANDE    RSPS
8SUBHASH CHANDRA GKHAPATE    LJP
9AMRUTHAPPAMD    IND
10MD ARSHAD AHMED ANSARI    IND
11KHAJA SAMEEUDDIN KHAJA MOINUDDIN    IND
12JADHAV VENKAT RAO GYANOBA RAO    IND
13DONGAPURE SHANT KUMAR    IND
14DEVENDRAPPA SANGRAMAPPA PATIL    IND
15NARSAPPA MUTHANGI    IND
16PARMESHWAR RAMCHANDRA    IND
17PASHAMIYA ESMAIL SAB    IND
18BASWARAJ PAILWAN OKALLI    IND
19MANJILE MIYYA PEER SAB QURESH    IND
20MD OSMAN ALI LAKHPATI    IND
21MUFTI SHAIKH ABDUL GAFFAR QASMI    IND
22YEVATE PATIL SHRIMANTH    IND
23YASHWANTH NARSING    IND
24SHIVARAJ TIMMANNA BOKKE    IND
25SAMEEUDDIN BANDELI    IND
26SURESH SWAMY TALGHATKER    IND
27SYED QUBUL ULLA HUSSIANI SAJID    IND
SINDHANUR-58    MASKI-59    KUSHTAGI-60    KANAKAGIRI-61    GANGAWATI-62
YELBURGA-63    KOPPAL-64    SIRUGUPPA-92
S10-8-KA-KOPPAL    1ANSARI IQBAL    JD(S)
2BASAVARAJ RAYAREDDY    INC
3SHIVAPUTRAPPA GUMAGERA    BSP
4SHIVARAMAGOUDA SHIVANAGOUDA    BJP
5ZAKEER    LJP
6BASAVARAJ KARADI WADDARAHATTI    JD(U)
7BHARADWAJ    CPI(ML)(L)
8JESHWARAPPA    IND
9UPPAR HANUMANTAPPA VEERAPPA KESARAHATTI    IND
10GOUSIA BEGUM    IND
11TCHAKRAVARTI NAYAK    IND
12CHANDRASHEKAR    IND
13NAJEER HUSAIN    IND
14COMRADE DHPUJAR    IND
15MAREMMA YANKAPPA    IND
16SHARABHAYYA HIREMATH    IND
17SHIVAKUMAR NAVALI SIDDAPPA TONTAPUR    IND
18HANDI RAFIQ SAB    IND
HADAGALLI-88    HAGARIBOMMANAHALLI-89    VIJAYANAGARA-90    KAMPLI-91
BELLARY-93    BELLARY CITY-94    SANDUR-95    KUDLIGI-96
S10-9-KA-BELLARY    1T NAGENDRA    BSP
2J SHANTHA    BJP
3NY HANUMANTHAPPA    INC
4CHOWDAPPA    CPI(ML)(L)
5D GANGANNA    IND
6B RAMAIAH    IND
7A RAMANJANAPPA    IND
SHIRAHATTI-65    GADAG-66    RON-67    HANGAL-82    HAVERI-84    BYADGI-85
HIREKERUR-86    RANIBENNUR-87
S10-10-KA-HAVERI    1ASHOKAPPA MALLAPPA JAVALI    NCP
2UDASI SHIVAKUMAR CHANABASAPPA    BJP
3IGAL DILLPPA KARIYAPPA    BSP
4SHIVAKUMARGOUDA SHIDDALINGANGOUDA PATIL    JD(S)
5SALEEM AHAMAD    INC
6KRISHNAJI RAGHAVENDRARAO OMKAR    ABHM
7PRABHU K PATIL    JD(U)
8ALLABAX TIMMAPUR    IND
9JAGADEESH YANKAPPA DODDAMANI    IND
10FAKKIRESH SHAMBHU BIJAPUR    IND
11KNBADIGER    IND
12BASAVARAJ SHANKRAPPA DESAI    IND
NAVALGUND-69    KUNDGOL-70    DHARWAD-71    HUBLI-DHARWAD-EAST-72
HUBLI-DHARWAD-CENTRAL-73    HUBLI-DHARWAD- WEST-74    KALGHATGI-75
SHIGGAON-83
S10-11-KA-DHARWAD    1KASHIMSAB MULLA    BSP
2KUNNUR MANJUNATH CHANNAPPA    INC
3TALAKALLAMATH MAHESH GURUPADAYYA    NCP
4PRALHAD JOSHI    BJP
5HANMANTSA CHANDRAKANTSA NIRANJAN    JD(U)
6ALI MSANDIMANI    IND
7ASHOK VISHNUSA BADDI    IND
8IBRAHIM KALLIMANI    IND
9GURUPADAGOUDA VENKANAGOUDA PATIL    IND
10ZAMEER KHAN    IND
11J BHASKAR    IND
12BASANAGOUDA MUDIGOUDA HANASI    IND
13BASAVARAJ RAMANNA BALANNAVAR    IND
14BAGWAN NASIR PAPULSAB    IND
15RAMACHANDRA KALINGAPPA MAHAR    IND
16SHANKARAPPA GURUSHIDDAPPA YADAVANNAVAR    IND
KHANAPUR-14    KITTUR-15    HALIYAL-76    KARWAR-77    KUMTA-78    BHATKAL-79
SIRSI-80    YELLAPUR-81
S10-12-KA-UTTARA KANNADA    1ANANTKUMAR HEGDE    BJP
2ALVA MARGARET    INC
3HADAPAD BASAVARAJ DUNDAPPA    BSP
4V D HEGADE    JD(S)
5ELISH KOTIYAL    JD(U)
6D M GURAV    SHS
7ABDUL RASHEED SHAIKH    IND
8UDAY BABU KHALVADEKAR    IND
9KHAZI RAHMATULLA ABDUL WAHAB    IND
10L P M NAIK    IND
11YASHWANT TIMMANNA NIPPANIKAR    IND
JAGALUR-103    HARAPANAHALLI-104    HARIHAR-105    DAVANAGERE NORTH-106
DAVANAGERE SOUTH-107    MAYAKONDA-108    CHANNAGIRI-109    HONNALI-110
S10-13-KA-DAVANAGERE    1KB KALLERUDRESHAPPA    JD(S)
2MALLIKARJUN SS    INC
3SIDDESWARA GM    BJP
4DR HIDAYATHUR RAHMAN KHAN    BSP
5IDLI RAMAPPA    CPI(ML)(L)
6SUDESH GM    AIJMK
7ARUNDI NINGAPPA    IND
8ALUR MG SWAMY    IND
9INAYAT ALI KHAN    IND
10H ESWARAPPA BOVI    IND
11HM EHSANULLA PATEL    IND
12H K KENCHVEERAPPA HEBBALU    IND
13S CHANDRASHEKARAPPA    IND
14JAYANNA ITAGI    IND
15H NAGARAJ PALEGARA    IND
16M NAGARAJAPPA    IND
17LS MALLIKARJUN    IND
18MARUTHI H    IND
19YOGESHWARA RAO SINDHE    IND
20RAMESH HULI    IND
21B RAJASHEKHARAYYA    IND
22DRRAJU C    IND
23LOKANAGOWDA PATIL    IND
24VEERESH T    IND
25DR SRIDHARA UDUPA    IND
26G N SIDDESH    IND
27SUBHAN KHAN    IND
28B GNANA PRAKASH    IND
SHIMOGA RURAL-111    BHADRAVATI-112    SHIMOGA-113    TIRTHAHALLI-114
SHIKARIPURA-115    SORAB-116    SAGAR-117    BYNDOOR-118
S10-14-KA-SHIMOGA    1J JAYAPPA    BSP
2S BANGARAPPA    INC
3BY RAGHAVENDRA    BJP
4C MURUGAN    AIJMK
5AKHIL AHMED    IND
6DS ESHWARAPPA    IND
7UMESHKUMAR S    IND
8N DINESH KUMAR    IND
9MAINUDDINMS    IND
10MANJAPPA S    IND
11MP SRIDHAR BYNDOOR    IND
12HS SHEKARAPPA    IND
KUNDAPURA-119    UDUPI-120    KAPU-121    KARKAL-122    SRINGERI-123
MUDIGERE-124    CHIKMAGALUR-125    TARIKERE-126
S10-15-KA-UDUPI CHIKMAGALUR    1KJAYAPRAKASH HEGDE    INC
2RADHA SUNDARESH    CPI
3DVSADANANDA GOWDA    BJP
4JSTEVEN MENEZES    BSP
5COMRADEUMESH KUMAR    IND
6KGANAPATHI SHETTIGAR    IND
7VINAYAK MALLYA    IND
8DR SRIDHARA UDUPA    IND
9SRINIVAS POOJARY    IND
KADUR-127    SHRAVANABELAGOLA-193    ARSIKERE-194    BELUR-195    HASSAN-196
HOLENARASIPUR-197    ARKALGUD-198    SAKLESHPUR-199
S10-16-KA-HASSAN    1A P AHAMED    BSP
2H D DEVEGOWDA    JD(S)
3B SHIVRAMU    INC
4K H HANUME GOWDA    BJP
5AIJAZ AHMED FAROOQI    IND
6KURUBARA KALENAHALLI KOVI BABANNA    IND
7KODIHALLI CHANDRASHEKAR    IND
8DEVARAJA P B    IND
9DANDORA VIJAYAKUMAR    IND
10M MAHESH HARSHA    IND
11RAJANI NARAYANAGOWDA    IND
12K D REVANNA    IND
13B C VIJAYAKUMARA    IND
BELTHANGADY-200    MOODABIDRI-201    MANGALORE CITY NORTH-202    MANGALORE
CITY SOUTH-203    MANGALORE-204    BANTVAL-205    PUTTUR-206    SULLIA-207
S10-17-KA-DAKSHINA KANNADA    1ALEKKADI GIRISH RAI    BSP
2JANARDHANA POOJARY    INC
3NALIN KUMAR KATEEL    BJP
4BMADHAVA    CPM
5VICHARAWADI ANANDA GATTY    IND
6DRTHIRUMALA RAYA HALEMANE    IND
7MOHAMMED SALI    IND
8K RAMA BHAT URIMAJALU    IND
9VASUDEVA GOWDA M P    IND
10DRUPSHIVANANDA    IND
11SUBRAHMANYA KUMAR KUNTIKANAMATA    IND
MOLAKALMURU-97    CHALLAKERE-98    CHITRADURGA-99    HIRIYUR-100
HOSADURGA-101    HOLALKERE-102    SIRA-136    PAVAGADA-137
S10-18-KA-CHITRADURGA    1JANARDHANA SWAMY    BJP
2M JAYANNA    BSP
3DR B THIPPESWAMY    INC
4M RATHNAKAR    JD(S)
5SHASHISHEKAR NAIK    RJD
6M KUMBAIAH    IND
7GANESHA    IND
8K H DURGASIMHA    IND
9RAMACHANDRA    IND
10B SUJATHA    IND
11HANUMANTHAPPA TEGNOOR    IND
CHIKNAYAKANHALLI-128    TIPTUR-129    TURUVEKERE-130    TUMKUR CITY-132
TUMKUR RURAL-133    KORATAGERE-134    GUBBI-135    MADHUGIRI-138
S10-19-KA-TUMKUR    1ASHOK        BSP
2P KODANDARAMAIAH    INC
3GS BASAVARAJU    BJP
4SP MUDDAHANUMEGOWDA    JD(S)
5SREE GOWRISHANKARA SWAMIGALU    SP
6DR NAGARAJA    IND
7G NAGENDRA    IND
8NIRANJANA CS    IND
9MOHAMED KHASIM    IND
10SHASIBHUSHANA    IND
MALAVALLI-186    MADDUR-187    MELUKOTE-188    MANDYA-189
SHRIRANGAPATTANA-190    NAGAMANGALA-191    KRISHNARAJPET-192
KRISHNARAJANAGARA-211
S10-20-KA-MANDYA    1M H AMBAREESH    INC
2M KRISHNAMURTHY    BSP
3N CHELUVARAYA SWAMY SWAMYGOWDA    JD(S)
4L R SHIVARAMEGOWDA    BJP
5KOWDLE CHANNAPPA    JD(U)
6JOHNSON CHINNAPPAN    AIJMK
7K S PUTTANNAIAH    SKP
8H S RAMANNA    PPOI
9S BALASUBRAMANIAN    IND
10VENKATESH R    IND
11SHAKUNTHALA    IND
12SHAMBHULINGEGOWDA    IND
MADIKERI-208    VIRAJPET-209    PIRIYAPATNA-210    HUNSUR-212
CHAMUNDESHWARI-215    KRISHNARAJA-216    CHAMARAJA-217    NARASIMHARAJA-218
S10-21-KA-MYSORE    1ADAGUR H VISHWANATH    INC
2BAJIVIJAYA    JD(S)
3CHVIJAYASHANKAR    BJP
4SYED NIZAM ALI    BSP
5ARSHADULLA SHARIFF    BPJP
6DREKESHAMMA    RDMP
7PPARASHIVAMURTHY    RKSP
8LEELAVATHIM    PPOI
9RAFEEQ    IND
10PNSRINATHPATHRIKE    IND
11SANTHOSH KUMARP    IND
12MVSANTHOSH KUMAR    IND
HEGGADADEVANKOTE-213    NANJANGUD-214    VARUNA-219    T.NARASIPUR-220
HANUR-221    KOLLEGAL-222    CHAMARAJANAGAR-223    GUNDLUPET-224
S10-22-KA-CHAMARAJANAGAR    1ARKRISHNAMURTHY    BJP
2RDHRUVANARAYANA    INC
3NMAHESH    BSP
4MSHIVANNAKOTE    JD(S)
5MKKEMPASIDDAIAH    SP
6CHOWDAHALLY JAVARAIAH    CPI(ML)(L)
7RJAGADISH NAIK    BSC
8KCSHIVANANDA    JD(U)
9PURUSHOTHAMAR    IND
10BHEEMAIAH    IND
11PBYOGENDRA    IND
12RAMESHM    IND
13MCRAJANNA    IND
14SUBBAIAH    IND
KUNIGAL-131    RAJARAJESHWARINAGAR-154    BANGALORE SOUTH-176
ANEKAL-177    MAGADI-182    RAMANAGARAM-183    KANAKAPURA-184    CHANNAPATNA-185
S10-23-KA-BANGALORE RURAL    1HDKUMARASWAMY    JD(S)
2TEJASVINI GOWDA    INC
3MOHAMED HAFEEZ ULLAH    BSP
4C P YOGEESHWARA    BJP
5CTHOPAIAH    JD(U)
6I VENKATESWARA REDDY    PPOI
7AGNISHREENIVAS    IND
8DKUMARASWAMY    IND
9KUMARASWAMY C    IND
10KRISHNAPPA    IND
11YCHINNAPPA    IND
12A CHOWRAPPA    IND
13DR K PADMARAJAN    IND
14KPUTTAMADEGOWDA    IND
15TMMANCHEGOWDA    IND
K.R.PURA-151    BYATARAYANAPURA-152    YESHVANTHAPURA-153
DASARAHALLI-155    MAHALAKSHMI LAYOUT-156    MALLESHWARAM-157    HEBBAL-158
PULAKESHINAGAR-159
S10-24-KA-BANGALORE NORTH    1D B CHANDRE GOWDA    BJP
2C K JAFFER SHARIEF    INC
3PADMAA K BHAT    BSP
4R SURENDRA BABU    JD(S)
5M TIPPUVARDHAN    BPJP
6ANCHAN KHANNA    IND
7KANYA KUMAR    IND
8G S KUMAR    IND
9C KRISHNAMURTHY    IND
10B K CHANDRA    IND
11T R CHANDRAHASA    IND
12ABDUL JALEEL    IND
13ZAFER MOHIUDDIN    IND
14JOSEPH SOLOMON    IND
15L NAGARAJ    IND
16V PRASANNA KUMAR    IND
17H PILLAIAH    IND
18T B MADWARAJA    IND
19MEER LAYAQ HUSSAIN    IND
20K A MOHAN    IND
21S M RAJU    IND
22L LAKSHMAIAH    IND
23MU VENKATESHAIAH    IND
24VENKATESA SETTY    IND
25H A SHIVAKUMAR    IND
26K SATHYANARAYANA    IND
27SYED AKBAR BASHA    IND
28N HARISH GOWDA    IND
SARVAGNANAGAR-160    C.V. RAMAN NAGAR-161    SHIVAJINAGAR-162    SHANTI
NAGAR-163    GANDHI NAGAR-164    RAJAJI NAGAR-165    CHAMRAJPET-168
MAHADEVAPURA-174
S10-25-KA-BANGALORE CENTRAL    1ZAMEER AHMED KHAN BZ    JD(S)
2P C MOHAN    BJP
3VIJAY RAJA SINGH    BSP
4HTSANGLIANA    INC
5IFTHAQUAR ALI BHUTTO    ANC
6JDELANGOVAN    IJP
7S M KRISHNA    BPJP
8B KRISHNA PRASAD    PTSS
9AS PAUL    AIJMK
10DC PRAKASH    KTMK
11KPRABHAKARA REDDY    KCVP
12TKPREMKUMAR    PPOI
13ABHIMANI NARENDRA    IND
14MA ASHWATHA NARAYANA SETTY    IND
15K UMA        IND
16UMASHANKAR    IND
17KSSIYENGAR    IND
18BMKRISHNAREDDY    IND
19SKODANDARAM    IND
20CVGIDDAPPA    IND
21ACHANDRASHEKAR    IND
22JAYARAMA    IND
23KNARASIMHA    IND
24BK NARAYANA SWAMY    IND
25PPARTHIBAN    IND
26MEER LAYAQ HUSSAIN    IND
27BMOHAN VELU    IND
28R RAJ        IND
29E RAMAKRISHNAIAH    IND
30KHRAMALINGAREDDY    IND
31VIJAYA BHASKAR N    IND
32DRD RVENKATESH GOWDA    IND
33SHAFFI AHMED    IND
34SN SHARMA    IND
35SHASHIKUMAR AR    IND
36KSHIVARAMANNA    IND
37SHAIK BAHADUR    IND
GOVINDRAJ NAGAR-166    VIJAY NAGAR-167    CHICKPET-169    BASAVANAGUDI-170
PADMANABA NAGAR-171    B.T.M LAYOUT-172    JAYANAGAR-173    BOMMANAHALLI-175
S10-26-KA-BANGALORE SOUTH    1ANANTH KUMAR    BJP
2KRISHNA BYRE GOWDA    INC
3NAHEEDA SALMA S    BSP
4PROFRADHAKRISHNA    JD(S)
5BMGOVINDRAJ NAIK    ABHM
6PJOHNBASCO    AIJMK
7VATAL NAGARAJ    KCVP
8BSHIVARAMAPPA    PPOI
9ABHIMAANI NARENDRA    IND
10KHADER ALI KHAN    IND
11GANESH HANUMANTARAO MOKHASHI    IND
12CAPT GR GOPINATH    IND
13KCJANARDHAN    IND
14DRJAYALAKSHMIHG    IND
15KMNARAYANA    IND
16MADESHC    IND
17MURALIDHARADJ    IND
18RAVI KUMARAT    IND
19SUGANDHARAJE URS    IND
20SANTHOSH MINB    IND
GAURIBIDANUR-139    BAGEPALLI-140    CHIKKABALLAPUR-141    YELAHANKA-150
HOSAKOTE-178    DEVANAHALLI-179    DODDABALLAPUR-180    NELAMANGALA-181
S10-27-KA-CHIKKBALLAPUR    1CASWATHANARAYANA    BJP
2CRMANOHAR    JD(S)
3MVEERAPPA MOILY    INC
4HENNURU LAKSHMINARAYANA    BSP
5MRAMAKRISHNAIAH    PPOI
6MVENKATESH    BPJP
7HRSHIVAKUMAR    LJP
8KRISHNAMURTHY T    IND
9KSCHANDRASHEKARA RAO AZAD    IND
10LNAGARAJ    IND
11GNARAYANAPPA    IND
12ANBACHEGOWDA    IND
13GBMUTHUKUMAR    IND
14MMUNIVENKATAIAH    IND
15MRAMESH    IND
16RAVI GOKRE    IND
17GN RAVI    IND
18KVENKATAREDDY    IND
19BSHIVARAJA    IND
20YASIDDALINGEGOWDA    IND
SIDLAGHATTA-142    CHINTAMANI-143    SRINIVASPUR-144    MULBAGAL-145    KOLAR
GOLD FIELD-146    BANGARAPET-147    KOLAR-148    MALUR-149
S10-28-KA-KOLAR    1GCHANDRANNA    JD(S)
2KHMUNIYAPPA    INC
3NMUNISWAMY    BSP
4LAKSHMI SHANMUGAM    NCP
5DSVEERAIAH    BJP
6KRDEVARAJA    RDMP
7BMKRISHNAPPA    IND
8MRGANTAPPA    IND
9PVCHANGALARAYAPPA    IND
10PCHANDRAPPA    IND
11VJAYARAMA    IND
12JAYARAMAPPA    IND
13NAGARATHNA M    IND
14MNAGARAJA    IND
15NARAYANASWAMY    IND
16KNARAYANASWAMY    IND
17CKMUNIYAPPA    IND
18MRAVI KUMAR    IND
19MVENKATASWAMY    IND
20KVENKATESH    IND
21SRINIVASA TO    IND
22SRINIVASA P    IND
MANJESHWAR-1    KASARAGOD-2    UDUMA-3    KANHANGAD-4    TRIKARIPUR-5
PAYYANNUR-6    KALLIASSERI-7
S11-1-KL-KASARAGOD    1P KARUNAKARAN    CPM
2KHMADHAVI    BSP
3SHAHIDA KAMAL    INC
4K SURENDRAN    BJP
5ABBAS MUTHALAPPARA    IND
6MOHAN NAYAK    IND
7PK RAMAN    IND
TALIPARAMBA-8    IRIKKUR-9    AZHIKODE-10    KANNUR-11    DHARMADAM-12
MATTANNUR-15    PERAVOOR-16
S11-2-KL-KANNUR    1PP KARUNAKARAN MASTER    BJP
2KK BALAKRISHNAN NAMBIAR    BSP
3KK RAGESH    CPM
4K SUDHAKARAN    INC
5PI CHANDRASEKHARAN    THPI
6JOHNSON ALIAS SUNNY AMBATT    IND
7K RAGESH SO JANARDHANAN    IND
8PATTATHIL RAGHAVAN    IND
9K SUDHAKARAN KAVINTE ARIKATH    IND
THALASSERY-13    KUTHUPARAMBA-14    VADAKARA-20    KUTTIADI-21
NADAPURAM-22    QUILANDY-23    PERAMBRA-24
S11-3-KL-VADAKARA    1ADVK NOORUDHEEN MUSALIAR    BSP
2MULLAPPALLY RAMACHANDRAN    INC
3KP SREESAN    BJP
4ADV P SATHEEDEVI    CPM
5TP CHANDRASEKHARAN    IND
6NAROTH RAMACHANDRAN    IND
7PSATHIDEVI PALLIKKAL    IND
8SATHEEDEVI    IND
MANANTHAVADY-17    SULTHANBATHERY-18    KALPETTA-19    THIRUVANMBADI-32
ERNAD-34    NILAMBUR-35    WANDOOR-36
S11-4-KL-WAYANAD    1K MURALEEDHARAN    NCP
2RAJEEV JOSEPH    BSP
3C VASUDEVAN MASTER    BJP
4MI SHANAVAS    INC
5ADVOCATE M RAHMATHULLA    CPI
6KALLANGODAN ABDUL LATHEEF    IND
7CLETUS    IND
8DR NALLA THAMPY THERA    IND
9ADVOCATE SHANAVAS MALAPPURAM    IND
10SHANAVAS MANAKULANGARA PARAMBIL    IND
11SUNNY PONNAMATTOM    IND
12MP RAHMATH    IND
13RAHMATHULLA POOLADAN    IND
BALUSSERI-25    ELATHUR-26    KOZHIKODE NORTH-27    KOZHIKODE SOUTH-28
BEYPORE-29    KUNNAMANGALAM-30    KODUVALLY-31
S11-5-KL-KOZHIKODE    1AK ABDUL NASAR    BSP
2ADV PA MOHAMED RIYAS    CPM
3V MURALEEDHARAN    BJP
4MK RAGHAVAN    INC
5ADV P KUMARANKUTTY    IND
6K MUHAMMED RIYAS    IND
7P MUHAMMED RIYAS    IND
8PA MOHAMMED RIYAS    IND
9MUDOOR MUHAMMED HAJI    IND
10K RAGHAVAN    IND
11P RAMACHANDRAN NAIR    IND
12M RAGHAVAN    IND
13VINOD K    IND
14ADV SABI JOSEPH    IND
15DR DSURENDRANATH    IND
16RIYAS        IND
KONDOTTY-33    MANJERI-37    PERINTHALMANNA-38    MANKADA-39
MALAPPURAM-40    VENGARA-41    VALLIKKUNNU-42
S11-6-KL-MALAPPURAM    1ADVEA ABOOBACKER    BSP
2ADV N ARAVINDAN    BJP
3E AHAMED    MUL
4TK HAMSA    CPM
TIRURANGADI-43    TANUR-44    TIRUR-45    KOTTAKKAL-46    THAVANUR-47
PONNANI-48    THRITHALA-49
S11-7-KL-PONNANI    1K JANACHANDRAN MASTER    BJP
2PK MUHAMMED    BSP
3ET MUHAMMED BASHEER    MUL
4ABDUREHMAN    IND
5DR AZAD    IND
6PULLANI GOVINDAN    IND
7DR HUSSAIN RANTATHANI    IND
8HUSSAIN EDAYATH    IND
9HUSSAIN KADAIKKAL    IND
10HUSSAIN PERICHAYIL    IND
11HUSSAIN    IND
12DR HUSSAIN    IND
13K SADANANDAN    IND
PATTAMBI-50    SHORANUR-51    OTTAPPALAM-52    KONGAD-53    MANNARKKAD-54
MALAMPUZHA-55    PALAKKAD-56
S11-8-KL-PALAKKAD    1ABDUL RAZAK MOULAVI    NCP
2CHANDRAN V    BSP
3CK PADMANABHAN    BJP
4MB RAJESH    CPM
5SATHEESAN PACHENI    INC
6A AROKIASAMY    IND
7MR MURALI    IND
8NV RAJESH    IND
9VIJAYAN AMBALAKKAD    IND
10SATHEESAN EV    IND
TARUR-57    CHITTUR-58    NEMMARA-59    ALATHUR-60    CHELAKKARA-61
KUNNAMKULAM-62    WADAKKANCHERY-65
S11-9-KL-ALATHUR    1PK BIJU    CPM
2M BINDU TEACHER    BJP
3DR G SUDEVAN    BSP
4NK SUDHEER    INC
5K GOPALAKRISHNAN    CPI(ML)(L)
6BIJU KK    IND
7PC BIJU    IND
8CK RAMAKRISHNAN    IND
9KK SUDHIR    IND
GURUVAYOOR-63    MANALUR-64    OLLUR-66    THRISSUR-67    NATTIKA-68
IRINJALAKUDA-70    PUTHUKKAD-71
S11-10-KL-THRISSUR    1P C CHACKO    INC
2C N JAYADEVAN    CPI
3ADV JOSHY THARAKAN    BSP
4REMA REGUNANDAN    BJP
5AJAYAN KUTTIKAT    JD(U)
6K ARUN KUMAR    IND
7KUNJAN PULAYAN    IND
8E A JOSEPH    IND
9N K RAVI    IND
10P C SAJU    IND
11ADV N HARIHARAN NAIR    IND
KAIPAMANGALAM-69    CHALAKUDY-72    KODUNGALLUR-73    PERUMBAVOOR-74
ANGAMALY-75    ALUVA-76    KUNNATHUNAD-84
S11-11-KL-CHALAKUDY    1ADV UP JOSEPH    CPM
2KP DHANAPALAN    INC
3MUTTAM ABDULLA    BSP
4ADVKV SABU    BJP
5HAMSA KALAPARAMBATH    LJP
6JOHNNY K CHEEKU    IND
7JOSE MAVELI    IND
8UP JOSE    IND
9DR PS BABU    IND
10TS NARAYANAN MASTER    IND
11CA HASEENA    IND
KALAMASSERY-77    PARAVUR-78    VYPEEN-79    KOCHI-80    THRIPPUNITHURA-81
ERNAKULAM-82    THRIKKAKARA-83
S11-12-KL-ERNAKULAM    1PROF K V THOMAS    INC
2AN RADHAKRISHNAN    BJP
3SHERIF MOHAMMED    BSP
4SINDHU JOY    CPM
5SAJU THOMAS    LJP
6MARY FRANCIS MOOLAMPILLY    IND
7VISWAMBARAN    IND
8SAJI THURUTHIKUNNEL    IND
9SINDHU KS    IND
10SINDHU JAYAN    IND
MUVATTUPUZHA-86    KOTHAMANGALAM-87    DEVIKULAM-88    UDUMBANCHOLA-89
THODUPUZHA-90    IDUKKI-91    PEERUMADE-92
S11-13-KL-IDUKKI    1ADV PT THOMAS    INC
2ADV K FRANCIS GEORGE    KEC
3ADV BIJU M JOHN    BSP
4SREENAGARI RAJAN    BJP
5VASUDEVAN    VCK
6ADV CHITTOOR RAJAMANNAR    IND
7JOSE KUTTIYANY    IND
8KANCHIYAR PEETHAMBARAN    IND
9BABY        IND
10M A SOOSAI    IND
PIRAVOM-85    PALA-93    KADUTHURUTHY-94    VAIKOM-95    ETTUMANOOR-96
KOTTAYAM-97    PUTHUPPALLY-98
S11-14-KL-KOTTAYAM    1JOSE KMANI    KEC(M)
2ADV NARAYANAN NAMBOOTHIRI    BJP
3ADV SURESH KURUP    CPM
4SPENCER MARKS    BSP
5ADV JAIMON THANKACHAN    SWJP
6ANTO P JOHN    IND
7JUNO JOHN BABY    IND
8JOSE        IND
9JOSE MATHEW    IND
10JOSE K MANI    IND
11BABU        IND
12KT MATHEW    IND
13MINI K PHILIP    IND
14MS RAVEENDRAN    IND
15K RAJAPPAN    IND
16SASIKUTTAN VAKATHANAM    IND
17SURESH NB KURUP    IND
18SURESHKUMAR K    IND
19SURESHKUMAR TR    IND
20SURESH KURUMBAN    IND
AROOR-102    CHERTHALA-103    ALAPPUZHA-104    AMBALAPPUZHA-105
HARIPAD-107    KAYAMKULAM-108    KARUNAGAPPALLY-116
S11-15-KL-ALAPPUZHA    1DR KS MANOJ    CPM
2KC VENUGOPAL    INC
3KS PRASAD    BSP
4PJ KURIAN    JD(U)
5S SEETHILAL    IND
6SONY J KALYANKUMAR    IND
CHANGANASSERY-99    KUTTANAD-106    MAVELIKKARA-109    CHENGANNUR-110
KUNNATHUR-118    KOTTARAKKARA-119    PATHANAPURAM-120
S11-16-KL-MAVELIKKARA    1RS ANIL    CPI
2KODIKKUNNIL SURESH    INC
3DR ND MOHAN    BSP
4PM VELAYUDHAN    BJP
5ANIL KUMAR    IND
6KS SASIKALA    IND
7SOORANAD SUKUMARAN    IND
KANJIRAPPALLY-100    POONJAR-101    THIRUVALLA-111    RANNI-112
ARANMULA-113    KONNI-114    ADOOR-115
S11-17-KL-PATHANAMTHITTA    1ANANTHA GOPAN    CPM
2ANTO ANTONY    INC
3KARUNAKARAN NAIR    BSP
4MANI CKAPPEN    NCP
5RADHAKRISHNA MENON    BJP
6KUNJU PILLAI    CPI(ML)(L)
7ANTO        IND
8JYOTHISH MR    IND
9THAMBI    IND
10NIRANAM RAJAN    IND
11PUSHPANGADAN    IND
12MATHEW PAREY    IND
CHAVARA-117    PUNALUR-121    CHADAYAMANGALAM-122    KUNDARA-123
KOLLAM-124    ERAVIPURAM-125    CHATHANNOOR-126
S11-18-KL-KOLLAM    1ADVT K M JAYANANDAN    BSP
2NPEETHAMBARAKURUP    INC
3VAYAKKAL MADHU    BJP
4PRAJENDRAN    CPM
5ADVANU SASI    IND
6KRISHNAMMAL    IND
7K A JOHN    IND
8NPEETHAMBARAKURUP    IND
9SPRADEEP KUMAR    IND
10SRADHAKRISHNAN    IND
11RZAKIEER HUSSAIN    IND
VARKALA-127    ATTINGAL-128    CHIRAYINKEEZHU-129    NEDUMANGAD-130
VAMANAPURAM-131    ARUVIKKARA-136    KATTAKKADA-138
S11-19-KL-ATTINGAL    1PROFG BALACHANDRAN    INC
2THOTTAKKADU SASI    BJP
3ADV A SAMPATH    CPM
4J SUDHAKARAN    BSP
5SREENATH    SHS
6JAYAKUMAR    IND
7BALACHANDRAN    IND
8BALACHNDRAN C P    IND
9MURALI KUMAR    IND
10J VIJAYAKUMAR    IND
11VIVEKANANDAN    IND
12SHAMSUDEEN    IND
13SAJIMON    IND
14SAIFUDEEN M    IND
KAZHAKOOTTAM-132    VATTIYOOUKAVU-133    THIRUVANANTHAPURAM-134
NEMOM-135    PARASSALA-137    KOVALAM-139    NEYYATTINKARA-140
S11-20-KL-THIRUVANANTHAPURAM    1P K KRISHNA DAS    BJP
2MPGANGADHARAN    NCP
3DRA NEELALOHITHADASAN NADAR    BSP
4ADV P RAMACHANDRAN NAIR    CPI
5SHASHI THAROOR    INC
6AJITHKUMARK    AITC
7JAIN WILSON    BSA
8G ASHOKAN    IND
9TGEORGE    IND
10DILEEP    IND
11UNAHURMIRAN PEERU MOHAMMED    IND
12PRATHAPAN    IND
13MOHANAN JOSHWA    IND
14SASI JANAKI SADAN    IND
15SASI KALAPURAKKAL    IND
16SHAJAR KHAN    IND
SHEOPUR-1    VIJAYPUR-2    SABALGARH-3    JOURA-4    SUMAWALI-5    MORENA-6
DIMANI-7    AMBAH-8
S12-1-MP-MORENA    1JUGAL KISHOR PIPPAL    CPM
2NARENDRA SINGH TOMAR    BJP
3BALVEER SINGH DANDOTIYA    BSP
4AD BAIJNATH KUSHWAHA    SP
5RAMNIWAS RAWAT    INC
6ANITA HITENDRA CHOUDHARY    BHBP
7DEVENDRA SINGH SIKARWAR    AIFB
8RAMBABU SINGH PARIHAR    LJP
9VISHANLAL AGARWAL GOKAL MP    SVSP
10UTTAM SINGH MITTAL    IND
11USHA RAWAT    IND
12KALAWATI RAMESH ARGAL    IND
13GANDRV    IND
14JOGENDR    IND
15DHALLU ALLAHBAKSH    IND
16NARENDRA SINGH    IND
17MAHESH JATAV    IND
18MAHESH SINGH JATAV    IND
19RAJVEER SINGH    IND
20RAMNIWAS KUSHWAH    IND
21RAM SEWAK    IND
22VIJAY KUMAR    IND
23VIVEK APTE    IND
24SATYENDRA JAIN SHAMMI    IND
ATER-9    BHIND-10    LAHAR-11    MEHGAON-12    GOHAD-13    SEWDA-20
BHANDER-21    DATIA-22
S12-2-MP-BHIND    1ASHOK ARGAL    BJP
2NAND KISHOR KORI    SP
3DR BHAGIRATH PRASAD    INC
4DRRAHUL    BSP
5TULSIRAM DHANUK THEKEDAR    IVD
6SHANKAR LAL VERMA    BHBP
7SHRIRAM RAHUL    BMM
8RJJATAV    IND
9BHAGIRATH    IND
10RAMSEVAK MORYA    IND
11LALARAM    IND
12VEERENDRA KUMAR GOYAL    IND
13SHAILENDRA SINGH ALIAS KALLU    IND
GWALIOR RURAL-14    GWALIOR-15    GWALIOR EAST-16    GWALIOR SOUTH-17
BHITARWAR-18    DABRA-19    KARERA-23    POHARI-24
S12-3-MP-GWALIOR    1AJAB SINGH KUSHWAH    BSP
2ASHOK SINGH    INC
3YASHODHARA RAJE SCINDIA    BJP
4AVTAR SINGH    LJP
5GAUTAM SINGH RAJPUT KUSHWAH    RSMD
6DEVENDRA BHARGAVA ADVOCATE    ABHM
7PANKAJ GOSWAMI    BHBP
8RAMESH CHANDRA SHARMA    IJP
9DR RAM GOPAL ADVOCATE    RPI(A)
10LAKHPAT SINGH KIRAR    ASP
11ANAND KUMAR    IND
12ANAND SINGH KUSHWAH RAMAYNE    IND
13ALOK JOSHI    IND
14KAPTAN SINGH MASTER    IND
15KOMAL ANURAGI    IND
16JAGADISH GOBARA    IND
17DEEPAK KUMAR BANSAL RANGWALE    IND
18PADAM SINGH DHAKAD    IND
19YASMIN KHAN    IND
20RAJESH KUMAR SHARMA    IND
21RAM RATAN KUSHWAH    IND
22SAEED KHAN DABBU    IND
23SHRIKRISHNA ALIAS SIRIYA    IND
SHIVPURI-25    PICHHORE-26    KOLARAS-27    BAMORI-28    GUNA-29    ASHOK
NAGAR-32    CHANDERI-33    MUNGAOLI-34
S12-4-MP-GUNA    1JYOTIRADITYA MADHAVRAO SCINDIA    INC
2DRNAROTTAM MISHRA    BJP
3LOKPAL LODHI    BSP
4ABDUL RASHEED    AD
5MANIRAM RAM JATAV    LJP
6LALU URF ATAL LAL    BHBP
7ANIL DWIVEDI    IND
8PTASHOK SHARMA BADE BHAIYA    IND
9ISHLAM KHAN RAIAN    IND
10KISHORILAL CHAURASIYA GUNA WALE    IND
11KRISHNA KANT CHAUBEY PAPPU MAHARAJ    IND
12MAHADEV PRASAD TIWARI    IND
13PMAHESH CHANDRA SHASHTRI    IND
14MOHAMMD IRSHADA QUAZI    IND
15LAKHAN LAL    IND
16VIJAY KUMAR JAIN    IND
17SUMAN SINGH SIKARWAR ADVOCATE    IND
18HAJARI LAL KOTIA RATHOR    IND
BINA-35    KHURAI-36    SURKHI-37    NARYOLI-40    SAGAR-41    KURWAI-146
SIRONJ-147    SHAMSHABAD-148
S12-5-MP-SAGAR    1ASLAM SHER KHAN    INC
2AHIRWAR NARESH BOUDHA    BSP
3GOURI SINGH YADAV    SP
4BHUPENDRA SINGH    BJP
5ARVIND DANGI    PRSP
6DHAN SINGH AHIRWAR    LJP
7VINOD DIWAR GOUND    GGP
8SIDHARTH BOUDHA AHIRWAR    RPI(A)
9SANJAY BHAI ADVOCATE RAVIDASI    GMS
10ASHOK MISHRA    IND
11GOMAT SINGH MAHARAJ SINGH DANGI    IND
12RAMKISHAN RAMA    IND
TIKAMGARH-43    JATARA-44    PRITHVIPUR-45    NIWARI-46    KHARGAPUR-47
MAHARAJPUR-48    CHHATARPUR-51    BIJAWAR-52
S12-6-MP-TIKAMGARH    1AHIRWAR VRINDAVAN    INC
2CHINTAMAN KORI RAMPURIYA    SP
3GD        BSP
4VIRENDRA KUMAR    BJP
5AHIRWAR JAGDISH PRASAD    LJP
6AHIRWAR RAMSWAROOP    RSMD
7VISHAN LAL BASHNKAR    PRSP
8AHIRWAR GYADIN    IND
9KAMLAPAT KUMHAR    IND
10KHARGA PRASAD    IND
11CHAMAN LAL    IND
12DAYARAM    IND
13PARWAT LAL    IND
14RAMCHARAN AHIRWAR    IND
15LAXMI PRASAD AHIRWAR    IND
16VRINDAVAN AHIRWAR    IND
17SHRIPAT SHIKSHAK    IND
DEORI-38    REHLI-39    BANDA-42    MALHARA-53    PATHARIYA-54    DAMOH-55
JABERA-56    HATTA-57
S12-7-MP-DAMOH    1AHIR KAMLA YADAV    SP
2CHANDRABHAN BHAIYA    INC
3SHIVRAJ BHAIYA    BJP
4KASHIRAM ALIAS KAMLESH DHURVE    GMS
5BHAGIRATH KURMI    RDMP
6MANOJ DEVALIYA    BJBP
7SHIVRAJ BHAIYA    SVSP
8HARIRAM THAKUR    GGP
9GAFFAR ALI    IND
10GOPAL BHAIYA    IND
11CHANDRABHAN BHAIYA JATASHANKAR COLONY DAMOH    IND
12CHANDRABHAN BHAIYA PARSORIA NAHAR    IND
13JAYANT BHAIYA    IND
14JANKI PRASAD    IND
15NANNE LAL    IND
16RAMPHOOL DAHAYAT    IND
17VIJAY SINGH RAJPOOT    IND
18SHIVRAJ BHAIYA BADE THAKUR    IND
19SHIV RAJ ALIAS BADE BHAIYA    IND
20SHIVRAJ SINGH NAYAKHEDA APPCHAND    IND
21SHIVRAJ SINGH BANDA    IND
CHANDLA-49    RAJNAGAR-50    PAWAI-58    GUNNAOR-59    PANNA-60
VIJAYRAGHAVGARH-92    MURWARA-93    BAHORIBAND-94
S12-8-MP-KHAJURAHO    1JAYAWANT SINGH    SP
2JEETENDRA SINGH    BJP
3RAJA PATERYA    INC
4SEWA LAL PATEL    BSP
5M SHAKIL    GMS
6SAROJ BACHCHAN NAYAK    JD(U)
7SURYA BHAN SINGH YADAV GURUJI    AIFB
8AKEEL KHAN    IND
9AKANCHHA JAIN    IND
10KRISHNA SHARAN SINGH RAJA BHAIYA    IND
11NARENDRA KUMAR    IND
12RAJENDRA AHIRWAR    IND
13RAM NATH LODHI    IND
14SHABNAM MAUSI    IND
15SHUKL SITARAM    IND
CHITRAKOOT-61    RAIGAON-62    SATNA-63    NAGOD-64    MAIHAR-65
AMARPATAN-66    RAMPUR-BAGHELAN-67
S12-9-MP-SATNA    1GANESH SINGH    BJP
2PT RAJARAM TRIPATHI    SP
3SUKHLAL KUSHWAHA    BSP
4SUDHIR SINGH TOMAR    INC
5ONKAR SINGH    ABHKP
6GIRJA SINGH PATEL    AD
7CHHOTELAL SINGH GOND    GMS
8PRAMILA    RPI(A)
9B BALLABH CHARYA    AIC
10RAJESH SINGH BAGHEL    GGP
11SHOBHNATH SEN    LJP
12SUNDERLAL CHAUDHARI    IJP
13ASHOK KUMAR KUSHWAHA    IND
14ASHOK KUSHWAHA    IND
15CHHOTELAL    IND
16BHAIYALAL URMALIYA    IND
17MANISH KUMAR JAIN    IND
18MUNNI KRANTI    IND
19RAMVISHWAS BASORE    IND
20RAM SAJIVAN    IND
21RAMAYAN CHAUDHARI    IND
SIRMOUR-68    SEMARIYA-69    TEONTHAR-70    MAUGANJ-71    DEOTALAB-72
MANGAWAN-73    REWA-74    GURH-75
S12-10-MP-REWA    1CHANDRA MANI TRIPATHI    BJP
2DEORAJ SINGH PATEL    BSP
3PUSHPRAJ SINGH    SP
4SUNDER LAL TIWARI    INC
5BADRI PRASAD KUSHWAHA    AD
6RAMKISHAN NIRAT SAKET    RPI(A)
7RAMAYAN PRASAD PATEL    YVP
8VIMALA SONDHIA    LJP
9SALMA        AIFB
10MD AKEEL KHAN BACHCHA BHAI    IND
11JAIKARAN SAKET    IND
12BRAHMDUTTMISHRA ALIAS CHHOTE MURAITHA    IND
13SUKHENDRA PRATAP    IND
14SUNDAR LAL    IND
15HIRALAL VISHWAKARMA    IND
CHURHAT-76    SIDHI-77    SIHAWAL-78    CHITRANGI-79    SINGRAULI-80
DEVSAR-81    DHAUHANI-82    BEOHARI-83
S12-11-MP-SIDHI    1ASHOK KUMAR SHAH    BSP
2INDRAJEET KUMAR    INC
3GOVIND PRASAD MISHRA    BJP
4MANIK SINGH    SP
5LOLAR SINGH URETI    GMS
6VEENA SINGH NETI    GGP
7BABOOLAL JAISWAL    IND
8MADAN MOHAN JAISWAL ADVOCATE    IND
9MAHENDRA BHAIYA DIKSHIT    IND
10RAMAKANT PANDEY MALAIHNA    IND
11VEENA SINGH VEENA DIDI    IND
JAISINGHNAGAR-84    JAITPUR-85    KOTMA-86    ANUPPUR-87    PUSHPRAJGARH-88
BANDHAVGARH-89    MANPUR-90    BARWARA-91
S12-12-MP-SHAHDOL    1CHANDRA PRATAP SINGH BABA SAHAB    SP
2NARENDRA SINGH MARAVI    BJP
3MANOHAR SINGH MARAVI    BSP
4RAJESH NANDINI SINGH    INC
5SADAN SINGH BHARIA    CPI
6KRISHN PAL SINGH PAVEL    LJP
7GANPAT GOND    GMS
8RAM RATAN SINGH PAVLE    GGP
PATAN-95    BARGI-96    JABALPUR PURBA-97    JABALPUR UTTAR-98    JABALPUR
CANTT.-99    JABALPUR PASCHIM-100    PANAGAR-101    SIHORA-102
S12-13-MP-JABALPUR    1AZIZ QURESHI    BSP
2ASHOK KUMAR SHARMA    SP
3RAKESH SINGH    BJP
4ADVOCATE RAMESHWAR NEEKHRA    INC
5MEERCHAND PATEL KACHHVAHA    RPI
6RAVI MAHOBIA KUNDAM    GGP
7RAJKUMARI SINGH    LJP
8HARI SINGH MARAVI    GMS
9DR MUKESH MEHROTRA    IND
10RAKESH SONKAR PRAMUKH DHAI AKSHAR    IND
11SUNIL PATEL    IND
SHAHPURA-103    DINDORI-104    BICHHIYA-105    NIWAS-106    MANDLA-107
KEOLARI-116    LAKHNADON-117    GOTEGAON-118
S12-14-MP-MANDLA    1JALSO DHURWEY    BSP
2FAGGAN SINGH KULASTE    BJP
3BASORI SINGH MASRAM    INC
4UDAL SINGH DHURWEY    LKSP
5JHANK SINGH KUSHRE    GGP
6PREM SINGH MARAVI    GMS
7BHAGAT SINGH VARKEDE    LJP
8MANESHWARI NAIK    RPI(A)
9SUNITA NETI    RDMP
10CHANDRA SHEKHAR DHURWEY    IND
11CHAMBAL SING MARAWEE    IND
12DEV SINGH BHALAVI    IND
13SHIVCHARAN UIKEY    IND
14SAHDEO PRASAD MARAVI    IND
BAIHAR-108    LANJI-109    PARASWADA-110    BALAGHAT-111    WARASEONI-112
KATANGI-113    BARGHAT-114    SEONI-115
S12-15-MP-BALAGHAT    1AJAB LAL    BSP
2KISHOR SAMRITE    SP
3KANKAR MUNJARE    RJD
4K D DESHMUKH    BJP
5VISHVESHWAR BHAGAT    INC
6KALPANA GOPAL WASNIK    RPI(A)
7DARBU SINGH UIKEY    GMS
8BHAIYA BALKRISHNA    GGP
9ADVOCATE AZHAR UL ALIM    IND
10ANJU ASHOK UIKEY    IND
11GOVARDHAN PATLE URF HITLAR    IND
12JITENDRA MESHRAM    IND
13DHANESHWAR LILHARE    IND
14NYAZMIR KHAN    IND
15POORANLAL LODHI    IND
16MANSINGH BISEN    IND
17SANDEEP SANTRAM    IND
18SHRIRAM THAKUR    IND
JUNNARDEO-122    AMARWARA-123    CHURAI-124    SAUNSAR-125    CHHINDWARA-126
PARASIA-127    PANDHURNA-128
S12-16-MP-CHHINDWARA    1KAMAL NATH    INC
2MAROT RAO KHAVASE    BJP
3RAO SAHEB SHINDE    BSP
4JOGILAL IRPACHI    JMM
5PARDHESHI HARTAPSAH TIRKAM    GMS
6BALVEER SINGH YADAV    RKSP
7RAMKISHAN PAL    RPI(A)
8SATAP SHA UIKEY    GGP
9ABDUL SHAMAD KHAN    IND
10AMRITLAL PATHAK RAGHUVAR    IND
11ASHARAM DEHARIYA    IND
12KAMALNATH MAYAWADIPARASIA    IND
13GANARAM UIKEY    IND
14AZAD CHANDRASHEKHER PANDOLE SAMAJ SEVAK    IND
15JAGDISH BAIS    IND
16TULSIRAM SURYAWANSHI    IND
17DUARAM UIKEY    IND
18DHANPAL BHALAVI    IND
19DHANRAJ JAMBHATKAR    IND
20NARESH KUMAR YUVNATI    IND
21NIKHILESH DHURVEY    IND
22PITRAM UIKEY    IND
23PRAVINDRA NAURATI    IND
24MANMOHAN SHAH BATTI    IND
25RK MARKAM    IND
26SHOAIB KHAN    IND
27SUKMAN INVATI    IND
28SUBHASH SHUKLA    IND
NARSINGPUR-119    TENDUKHEDA-120    GADARWARA-121    SEONI-MALWA-136
HOSHANGABAD-137    SOHAGPUR-138    PIPARIYA-139    UDAIPURA-140
S12-17-MP-HOSHANGABAD    1UDAY PRATAP SINGH    INC
2ADVBMKAUSHIK    BSP
3HAJAEE SYID MUEEN UDDIN    SP
4RAMPAL SINGH    BJP
5DINESH KUMAR AHIRWAR    IND
6BHARAT KUMAR CHOUREY    IND
7MOHAMMD ABDULLA    IND
8RAKHI GUPTA    IND
9RAMPAL    IND
10SUDAMA PRASAD    IND
BHOJPUR-141    SANCHI-142    SILWANI-143    VIDISHA-144    BASODA-145
BUDHNI-156    ICHHAWAR-158    KHATEGAON-173
S12-18-MP-VIDISHA    1DRPREMSHANKAR SHARMA    BSP
2CHOUDHARY MUNABBAR SALIM    SP
3SUSHMA SWARAJ    BJP
4BHAI MUNSHILAL SILAWAT    RPI(A)
5RAMGOPAL MALVIYA    RDMP
6HARBHAJAN JANGRE    LJP
7GANESHRAM LODHI    IND
8RAJESHWAR SINGH YADAV RAO    IND
BERASIA-149    BHOPAL UTTAR-150    NARELA-151    BHOPAL DAKSHIN-
PASCHIM-152    BHOPAL MADHYA-153    GOVINDPURA-154    HUZUR-155    SEHORE-159
S12-19-MP-BHOPAL    1ER ASHOK NARAYAN SINGH    BSP
2KAILASH JOSHI    BJP
3MHOD MUNAWAR KHAN KAUSAR    SP
4SURENDRA SINGH THAKUR    INC
5ASHOK PAWAR    PRSP
6AHIRWAR LAKHANLAL PURVI    RPI(A)
7KARAN KUMAR KAROSIA URF KARAN JEEJA    GGP
8RADHESHYAM KULASTE    GMS
9RAMDAS GHOSLE    RPI(D)
10SANJEEV SINGHAL    SVSP
11ANIL SINGH    IND
12AMAR SINGH    IND
13KAPIL DUBEY    IND
14D C GUJARKAR    IND
15DARSHAN SINGH RATHORE    IND
16BRAJENDRA CHATURVEDI URF GAPPU CHATURVEDI    IND
17DR MAHESH YADAV AMAN GANDHI    IND
18MUKESH SEN    IND
19MEHDI SIR    IND
20RAJESH KUMAR YADAV    IND
21RAM SAHAY YATRI SHRIVASTAVA URF RASHTRAVADI YATRI    IND
22SHAHNAWAZ    IND
23SHIV NARAYAN SINGH BAGWARE    IND
CHACHOURA-30    RAGHOGARH-31    NARSINGHGARH-160    BIAORA-161
RAJGARH-162    KHILCHIPUR-163    SARANGPUR-164    SUSNER-165
S12-20-MP-RAJGARH    1NARAYANSINGH AMLABE    INC
2LAKSHMAN SINGH    BJP
3SHIVNARAYAN AHIRWAR    BSP
4RAJESH RATELIYA    LJP
5SHYAM SUNDER RATHI    SHS
6INDER SING LODHI    IND
7BALBIR CHOUDHARY PATRAKAR    IND
8LAXMAN VERMA    IND
9LAXMANSINGH AAMDOR    IND
ASHTA-157    AGAR-166    SHAJAPUR-167    SHUJALPUR-168    KALAPIPAL-169
SONKATCH-170    DEWAS-171    HATPIPLIYA-172
S12-21-MP-DEWAS    1THAVARCHAND GEHLOT    BJP
2BHAGIRATH PARIHAR    BSP
3SAJJAN SINGH VERMA    INC
4DR GANGARAM JOGCHAND    LJP
5JORAVAR SINGH DUDI    PRSP
6BALRAM SUKHRAM KALYANE    RWS
7JAYRAM SOLANKI    IND
8THAVARSINGH    IND
9PRO BS MALVIYA    IND
10MOHAN SIH MALVIYA    IND
NAGADA-KHACHROD-212    MAHIDPUR-213    TARANA-214    GHATIYA-215    UJJAIN
UTTAR-216    UJJAIN DAKSHIN-217    BADNAGAR-218    ALOT-223
S12-22-MP-UJJAIN    1GUDDU PREMCHAND    INC
2BABOOLAL THAWALIYA    BSP
3DR SATYANARAYAN JATIYA    BJP
4MADANLAL RAJORA    LJP
5ASHOK NARAYAN    IND
6INDARALAL VARMA    IND
7DINESH JATWA    IND
8LALCHAND BERWA GOME    IND
9SHIVKUMAR GAUR    IND
JAORA-222    MANDSOUR-224    MALHARGARH-225    SUWASRA-226    GAROTH-227
MANASA-228    NEEMUCH-229    JAWAD-230
S12-23-MP-MANDSOUR    1BHERULAL MALVIY BALAI    BSP
2MEENAKSHI NATRAJAN    INC
3DR LAXMINARAYAN PANDEY    BJP
4SHAIKH AZIZUDDEN QURAISHI    AIFB
5BANO BEE    BMSM
6KAILASH NARAYAN RATNAWAT    IND
7P DINESH NAGAR    IND
8HAJI NISAR AHMED CHOUDHARY    IND
9MOINUDDIN KHAN PATHAN    IND
10RAJENDRA SINGH GAUTAM    IND
11RAM DAYAL GUJRATI    IND
12LAXMINARAYAN BHAGIRATH PATIDAR    IND
ALIRAJPUR-191    JOBAT-192    JHABUA-193    THANDLA-194    PETLAWAD-195
RATLAM RURAL-219    RATLAM CITY-220    SAILANA-221
S12-24-MP-RATLAM    1KANTILAL BHURIA    INC
2JEEVANLAL    SP
3DILEEPSINGH BHURIA    BJP
4RAMESH SOLANKI    BSP
5UDAYSINGH MACHAR    RPI(A)
6KALUSINGH BHABHR    SHS
7JALAMSINGH PATEL    RDMP
8BHERUSING DAMOR    JD(U)
9BHADIYA DABAR    IND
10RAMESHWOR SINGAR    IND
SARDARPUR-196    GANDHWANI-197    KUKSHI-198    MANAWAR-199
DHARAMPURI-200    DHAR-201    BADNAWAR-202    DR.AMBEDKARNAGAR-MHOW-209
S12-25-MP-DHAR    1AJAY RAWAT    BSP
2GAJENDRASINGH RAJUKHEDI    INC
3MUKAMSINGH KIRADE    BJP
4JITENDRASINGH BAGHEL    GGP
5BAPUSINGH BAGHEL    RPI(A)
6RAM SINGH PATEL    SHS
7KARANSINGH    IND
8KHUMANSINGH BARIYA    IND
9BHIMA BHURIYA    IND
10MADAN BHAI AMLAWAR    IND
11HARIRAM PATEL DELMIWALA    IND
DEPALPUR-203    INDORE-1-204    INDORE-2-205    INDORE-3-206    INDORE-4-207
INDORE-5-208    RAU-210    SANWER-211
S12-26-MP-INDORE    1DR ANITA YADAV    SP
2RAHIM KHAN    BSP
3SATYNARAYAN PATEL    INC
4SUMITRA MAHAJAN TAI    BJP
5SANJAY SINGH BHADORIYA PAPPU    RJD
6MOHAN CHOUHAN MALVIYA    PRSP
7RADHESHYAM MUKATI    LPSP
8RAMSINGH    RPIE
9SAMADHAN NAIK    RPI(A)
10AJIT KUMAR JAIN PATWA    IND
11GAJENDRA SINGH GAUR    IND
12GHANSHYAM CHANDEL    IND
13CHINTAN TRIVEDI    IND
14NAND KISHORE SONI    IND
15PARMANAND METHARAM TOLANI    IND
16S R MANDLOI    IND
17VISHNU DAS    IND
18SHIKHAR CHAND PATODI JAIN    IND
MAHESHWAR-183    KASRAWAD-184    KHARGONE-185    BHAGWANPURA-186
SENDHAWA-187    RAJPUR-188    PANSEMAL-189    BADWANI-190
S12-27-MP-KHARGONE    1BHAI KIRNSINGH BADOLE KIRESH    CPI
2DRBARDE    BSP
3BALARAM BACHCHAN    INC
4MAKNSINGH SOLANKI BABUJI    BJP
5SAKHARAM VERMA    GGP
6GAJANAN AAPSING BRAHMANE    IND
7DONGER    IND
8DAYARAM GHISYA    IND
9FIFASINGH THAKUR    IND
10BHAGWAN CHOTHIYA    IND
11RAMESHVAR DOGAREEYA RAWAT    IND
BAGALI-174    MANDHATA-175    KHANDWA-177    PANDHANA-178    NEPANAGAR-179
BURHANPUR-180    BHIKANGAON-181    BADWAH-182
S12-28-MP-KHANDWA    1ARUN SUBHASHCHANDRA YADAV    INC
2HAJI ZAKIR HUSSAIN DURRANY ENGINEER    CPI
3NANDKUMAR SING CHAUHAN NANDU BHAIYA    BJP
4DADA SAHEB WAMANRAO SASANE    BSP
5NARGIS MOUSI    IJP
6HAJI NOORULLA    LJP
7MOHAN OJHA PARTE    GMS
8HABIB SURUR    MUL
9ABDUL GAFUR GUDDU PIRJI    IND
10NATHUSINGH CHAUHAN    IND
11NAHARSINH BHAI    IND
12RAVINDRA LAL PARE    IND
13BABA ABDUL HAMEED    IND
MULTAI-129    AMLA-130    BETUL-131    GHORADONGRI-132    BHAINSDEHI-133
TIMARNI-134    HARDA-135    HARSUD-176
S12-29-MP-BETUL    1OJHARAM EVANE    INC
2JYOTI DHURVE    BJP
3RAMA KAKODIA    BSP
4DR SUKHDEV SINGH CHOUHAN    SP
5KALLUSINGH UIKEY    GMS
6KADMU SINGH KUMARE KSKUMARE    GGP
7GULABRAV    RDMP
8MANGAL SINGH LOKHANDE    SWJP
9SUSHILKUMAR ALIS BALUBHAIYYA    RPI(A)
10IMRATLAL MARKAM    IND
11KAMAL SING    IND
12KADAKSHING VADIVA    IND
13KRISHNA GOPAL PARTE    IND
14MOTIRAM MAVASE    IND
15ADHIVAKTA SHANKAR PENDAM    IND
16SUNIL KUMAR KAWADE    IND
AKKALKUWA-1    SHAHADA-2    NANDURBAR-3    NAWAPUR-4    SAKRI-5    SHIRPUR-9
S13-1-MH-NANDURBAR    1GAVIT MANIKRAO HODLYA    INC
2NATAWADKAR SUHAS JYANT    BJP
3PADVI BABITA KARMSINGH    BSP
4KOKANI MANJULABAI SAKHARAM    BBM
5GAVIT SHARAD KRUSHNRAO    SP
6ABHIJIT AATYA VASAVE    IND
7KOLI RAJU RAMDAS    IND
DHULE RURAL-6    DHULE CITY-7    SINDKHEDA-8    MALEGAON CENTRAL-114
MALEGAON OUTER-115    BAGLAN-116
S13-2-MH-DHULE    1AMARISHBHAI RASIKLAL PATEL    INC
2RIZWAN MOAKBAR    BSP
3SONAWANE PRATAP NARAYANRAO    BJP
4ANIL ANNA GOTE    LKSGM
5ANSARI MOHD ISMAIL MOHD IBRAHIM    BMSM
6ARIF AHMED SHAIKH JAFHAR    NNP
7KAVAYATRISONKANYA THAKUR RAJANI BAGWAN    BBM
8NIHAL AHMED MOLVI MOHAMMED USMAN    JD(S)
9MD ISMAIL JUMMAN    IND
10KISHOR PITAMBAR AHIRE    IND
11GAZI ATEZAD AHMED MUBEEN AHMED KHAN    IND
12GAIKWAD PATIL BHUSHAN BAJIRAO    IND
13DADASO PANDITRAO PATIL KOKALEKAR    IND
14SHEVALE PATIL SANDEEP JIBHAU    IND
15SONAWANE PANDIT UTTAMRAO    IND
JALGAON CITY-13    JALGAON RURAL-14    AMALNER-15    ERANDOL-16
CHALISGAON-17    PACHORA-18
S13-3-MH-JALGAON    1AT NANA PATIL    BJP
2ADV MATIN AHMED    BSP
3ADV VASANTRAO JIVANRAO MORE    NCP
4ATMARAM SURSING JADHAV ENGG    KKJHS
5JADHAV NATTHU SHANKAR    BBM
6JANGALU DEVRAM SHIRSATH    HJP
7NANNAWARE CHAITANYA PANDIT    PRCP
8LAXMAN SHIVAJI SHIRSATH PATIL    KM
9ANIL PITAMBAR WAGH SIR    IND
10KANTILAL CHHAGAN NAIK BANJARA    IND
11WAGH SUDHAKAR ATMARAM    IND
12SHALIGRAM SHIVRAM MAHAJAN DEORE    IND
13SALIMODDIN ISAMODDIN SHEMISTARI    IND
CHOPDA-10    RAVER-11    BHUSAWAL-12    JAMNER-19    MUKTAINAGAR-20
MALKAPUR-21
S13-4-MH-RAVER    1PATIL SURESH CHINDHU    BSP
2ADV RAVINDRA PRALHADRAO PATIL    NCP
3HARIBHAU MADHAV JAWALE    BJP
4TELI SHAIKH ISMAIL HAJI HASAN    BBM
5BAPU SAHEBRAO SONAWANE    PRCP
6MARATHE BHIMRAO PARBAT    KM
7SHIVAVEER DNYANESHWAR VITTHAL AMALE URPH AMALE SARKAR    SVRP
8IQBAL ALAUDDIN TADVI    IND
9UTTAM KASHIRAM INGALE    IND
10KOLI SANTOSH GOKUL    IND
11FIRKE SURESH KACHARU EX ACP CRPF    IND
12MAKBUL FARID SK    IND
13MOHD MUNAWWAR MOHD HANIF    IND
14MORE HIRAMAN BHONAJI    IND
15DD WANI PHOTOGRAPHER DYNESHWAR DIWAKAR WANI    IND
16VIVEK SHARAD PATIL    IND
17SHAIKH RAMJAN SHAIKH KARIM    IND
18SUJATA IBRAHIM TADAVI    IND
19SANJAY PRALADH KANDELKAR    IND
BULDHANA-22    CHIKHLI-23    SINDKHED RAJA-24    MEHKAR-25    KHAMGAON-26
JALGAON (JAMOD)-27
S13-5-MH-BULDHANA    1JADHAV PRATAPRAO GANPATRAO    SHS
2DANDGE VASANTRAO SUGDEO    BSP
3SHINGNE DRRAJENDRA BHASKARRAO    NCP
4AMARDEEP BALASAHEB DESHMUKH    KM
5QURRASHI SKSIKANDAR SK SHAUKAT    DESEP
6GAJANAN RAJARAM SIRSAT    RSPS
7DHOKNE RAVINDRA TULSHRAMJI    BBM
8FERAN CHADRAHAS JAGDEO    ABHM
9GANESH ARJUN ZORE    IND
10TAYDE VITTHAL PANDHARI    IND
11DEVIDAS PIRAJI SARKATE    IND
12SY BILAL SY USMAN    IND
13BHARAT PUNJAJI SHINGANE    IND
14RAJESH NILKANTHRAO TATHE    IND
15RATHOD CHHAGAN BABULAL    IND
AKOT-28    BALAPUR-29    AKOLA WEST-30    AKOLA EAST-31    MURTIJAPUR-32
RISOD-33
S13-6-MH-AKOLA    1DHOTRE SANJAY SHAMRAO    BJP
2BABASAHEB DHABEKAR    INC
3ATIK AHAMAD GU JILANI    DESEP
4AMBEDKAR PRAKASH YASHWANT    BBM
5GANESH TULSHIRAM TATHE    KKJHS
6DIPAK SHRIRAM TIRAKE    RSPS
7AJABRAO UTTAMRAO BHONGADE    IND
8THAKURDAS GOVIND CHOUDHARI    IND
9MUJAHID KHAN CHAND KHAN    IND
10RAUT DEVIDAS ANANDRAO    IND
11WASUDEORAO KHADE GURUJI    IND
BADNERA-37    AMRAVATI-38    TEOSA-39    DARYAPUR-40    MELGHAT-41
ACHALPUR-42
S13-7-MH-AMRAVATI    1ADSUL ANANDRAO VITHOBA    SHS
2GANGADHAR GADE    BSP
3UGLE SUNIL NAMDEV    PRBP
4UBALE SHRIKRISHNA CHAMPATRAO    ARP
5KESHAV DASHARATH WANKHADE    KKJHS
6GAWAI RAJENDRA RAMKRUSHNA    RPI
7PRINCIPAL GOPICHAND SURYABHAN MESHRAM    RP(K)
8BARSE MANOHAR DAULATRAO    IUML
9SAU MAMATA VINAYAK KANDALKAR    AUDF
10DR HEMANTKUMAR RAMBHAU MAHURE    BBM
11AMOL DEVIDASRAO JADHAV    IND
12UMAK SHRIKRUSHNA SHYAMRAO    IND
13BANDU SAMPATRAO SANE BANDYA LS    IND
14BHAURAO SHRIRAM CHHAPANE    IND
15MITHUN HIRAMAN GAIKWAD    IND
16PROF MUKUND VITTHALRAO KHAIRE    IND
17DR RAJIV GULABRAO JAMTHE    IND
18RAJU MAHADEVRAO SONONE    IND
19VISHWANATH GOTUJI JAMNEKAR    IND
20SUDHAKAR VYANKAT RAMTEKE MAJI SAINIK    IND
21ADV SUDHIR HIRAMAN TAYADE    IND
22SUNIL PRABHU RAMTEKE    IND
DHAMAMGAON RAILWAY-36    MORSHI-43    ARVI-44    DEOLI-45    HINGANGHAT-46
WARDHA-47
S13-8-MH-WARDHA    1KANGALE BIPIN BABASAHEB    BSP
2DATTA MEGHE    INC
3SURESH GANPATRAO WAGHMARE    BJP
4DIWATE RAMESH MADHAORAO    KM
5NARAYANRAO RAMJI CHIDAM    GGP
6DR NITIN KESHORAO CHAVAN    PRBP
7PYARE SAHAB SHEIKH KARIM    DESEP
8BHOSE KAILAS VISHWASRAO    GMS
9ADV SURESH SHINDE    IJP
10SANGITA SUNIL ALIAS SONU KAMBLE    ARP
11ISHWARKUMAR SHANKARRAO GHARPURE    IND
12GUNWANT TUKARAMJI DAWANDE    IND
13JAGANNATH NILKANTHRAO RAUT    IND
14TAGADE VISHWESHWAR AWADHUTRAO    IND
15RAMTEKE PRAKASH BAKARAM    IND
16SARANG PRAKASHRAO YAWALKAR    IND
KATOL-48    SAVNER-49    HINGNA-50    UMRED-51    KAMTHI-58    RAMTEK-59
S13-9-MH-RAMTEK    1TUMANE KRUPAL BALAJI    SHS
2PRAKASHBHAU KISHAN TEMBHURNE    BSP
3WASNIK MUKUL BALKRISHNA    INC
4KUMBHARE SULEKHA NARAYAN    BREM
5DESHPANDE SANJAY SAOJI    HJP
6NAGARKAR PRASHANT HANSRAJ    BBM
7NANDKISHOR SADHUJI DONGRE    GGP
8BAGDE SUJEET WASUDEORAO    JD(S)
9PROF BORKAR PRADIP DARYAV    RP(K)
10MAYATAI CHAWRE UTWAL    SP
11VIKAS RAJARAM DAMLE    RPI(KH)
12SEEMA JEEVAN RAMTEKE    DESEP
13SANDIP SHESHRAO GAJBHIYE    GMS
14ASHISH ARUN NAGARARE    IND
15KHUSHAL UDARAMJI TUMANE    IND
16DHONE ANIL    IND
17ADV DUPARE ULHAS SHALIKRAM    IND
18BARWE MADHUKAR DOMAJI    IND
19ADV YUVRAJ ANANDRAOJI BAGDE    IND
20SURESH MANGALDAS BORKAR    IND
NAGPUR SOUTH WEST-52    NAGPUR SOUTH-53    NAGPUR EAST-54    NAGPUR
CENTRAL-55    NAGPUR WEST-56    NAGPUR NORTH-57
S13-10-MH-NAGPUR    1PUROHIT BANWARILAL BHAGWANDAS    BJP
2ENGINEER MANIKRAO VAIDYA    BSP
3MUTTEMWAR VILASRAO BABURAOJI    INC
4ARUN SHAMRAO JOSHI    ABHM
5KUMBHARE SULEKHA NARAYAN    BREM
6ADV GAJANAN SADASHIV KAWALE    RP(K)
7DILIP MANGAL MADAVI    GGP
8MEHMOOD KHAN RAHEEM KHAN    DESEP
9DR YASHWANT MANOHAR    BBM
10RAUT RAMESHCHANDRA    PRCP
11RAJESH SUKHDEV GAIKWAD    KKJHS
12ADV VASANTA UMRE    DPI
13SOMKUWAR VIJAY SITARAM    ARP
14AZIZUR REHMAN SHEIKH    IND
15ASHISH ARUN NAGRARE    IND
16ADV UPASHA BANSI TAYWADE    IND
17JAGDISH RAGHUNATH AMBADE    IND
18PRATIBHA UDAY KHAPARDE    IND
19PREMDAS RAMCHANDRA RAMTEKE    IND
20BARAPATRE CHANDRABHAN SOMAJI    IND
21BALASAHEB ALIAS PRAMOD RAMAJI SHAMBHARKAR    IND
22MOHAMAD HABIB REEZAVI    IND
23RAJESHKUMAR MOHANLAL PUGALIA    IND
24RAHUL MADHUKAR DESHMUKH    IND
25VIJAY DEVRAO DHAKATE    IND
26SUNIL GAYAPRASAD MISHRA    IND
27PROF DNYANESH WAKUDKAR    IND
TUMSAR-60    BHANDARA-61    SAKOLI-62    ARJUNI-MORGAON-63    TIRORA-64
GONDIYA-65
S13-11-MH-BHANDARA – GONDIYA    1GANVIR SHIVKUMAR NAGARCHI    CPI
2JAISWAL VIRENDRAKUMAR KASTURCHAND    BSP
3PATLE SHISHUPAL NATTHUJI    BJP
4PATEL PRAFUL MANOHARBHAI    NCP
5UNDIRWADE HEMANT JAGIVAN    PRCP
6JAMAIWAR SUNIL PARASRAM    RSPS
7PATHAN MUSHTAK LATIF    DESEP
8PRATIBHA VASANT PIMPALKAR    BBM
9WASNIK SUNIL MANIRAM    RP(K)
10UKEY CHINDHUJI LAKHAJI    IND
11GAJBHIYE BRAMHASWARUP BABURAO    IND
12GAJBHIYE RAJENDRA MAHADEO    IND
13ADV DHANANJAY SHAMLALJI RAJABHOJ    IND
14NANABHAU FALGUNRAO PATOLE    IND
15PATLE AKARSING SITARAM    IND
16PROF DR BHASKARRAO MAHADEORAO JIBHAKATE    IND
17MIRZA WAHIDBEG AHAMADBEG    IND
18YELE GANESHRAM SUKHRAM    IND
19RAHANGADALE MULCHAND OLGAN    IND
20DR RAMSAJIVAN KAWDU LILHARE    IND
21SADANAND SHRAWANJI GANVIR    IND
AMGAON-66    ARMORI-67    GADCHIROLI-68    AHERI-69    BRAHMAPURI-73
CHIMUR-74
S13-12-MH-GADCHIROLI-CHIMUR    1ASHOK MAHADEORAO NETE    BJP
2ATRAM RAJE SATYAWANRAO    BSP
3KOWASE MAROTRAO SAINUJI    INC
4NAMDEO ANANDRAO KANNAKE    CPI
5PROFFESOR KHANDALE KAWDU TULSHIRAM    KKJHS
6ADV DADMAL PRABHAKAR MAHAGUJI    PRBP
7PENDAM DIWAKAR GULAB    BBM
8PENDAM PURUSHOTTAM ZITUJI    DESEP
9VIJAY SURAJSING MADAVI    GGP
10JAMBHULE NARAYAN DINABAJI    IND
11DINESH TUKARAM MADAVI    IND
RAJURA-70    CHANDRAPUR-71    BALLARPUR-72    WARORA-75    WANI-76    ARNI-80
S13-13-MH-CHANDRAPUR    1AHIR HANSARAJ GANGARAM    BJP
2PUGALIA NARESH    INC
3ADV HAZARE DATTABHAU KRUSHNARAO    BSP
4KHARTAD LOMESH MAROTI    RWS
5KHOBRAGADE DESHAK GIRISHBABU    BBM
6CHATAP WAMAN SADASHIVRAO    STBP
7JAWED ABDUL KURESHI ALIAS PROF JAWED PASHA    JMM
8JITENDRA ADAKU RAUT    ABMP
9DANGE NATTHU BHAURAO    ARP
10PATHAN A RAZZAK KHAN HAYAT KHAN    SP
11MASRAM NIRANJAN SHIVRAM    GGP
12KALE DAMODHAR LAXMAN    IND
13QURESHI IKHALAQ MOHD YUSUF    IND
14GODE NARAYAN SHAHUJI    IND
15DEKATE BHASKAR PARASHRAM    IND
16MADHUKAR VITTHALRAO NISTANE    IND
17MESHRAM CHARANDAS JANGLUJI    IND
18RAMESH RAGHOBAJI TAJNE    IND
19VINOD DINANATH MESHRAM    IND
20VIRENDRA TARACHANDJI PUGLIA    IND
21SHATRUGHN VYANKATRAO SONPIMPLE    IND
22SANJAY NILKANTH GAWANDE    IND
23HIWARKAR SUDHIR MOTIRAMJI    IND
WASHIM-34    KARANJA-35    RALEGAON-77    YAVATMAL-78    DIGRAS-79    PUSAD-81
S13-14-MH-YAVATMAL-WASHIM    1YEDATKAR DILIP LAXMANRAO    BSP
2BHAVANA GAWALI PATIL    SHS
3HARISING RATHOD    INC
4UTTAM BHAGAJI KAMBLE    PRCP
5KURESHI SK MEHBUB SKFATTU    BBM
6KWAJA NASIRODDINE KHAN    DESEP
7GAJANAN KASHIRAM PATIL HEMBADE    KM
8DHAGE VITTHAL MAHADEV    RSPS
9MANIYAR YUNUS MAHMOOD ZAHMI    AUDF
10MOHMMAD KHAN AZIZ KHAN    SP
11ATHAWALE SADANAND PRALHADRAO    IND
12GAJANAN BURMAL DODWADE    IND
13NETAJI SITARAMJI KINAKE    IND
14NANDKISHOR NARAYANRAO THAKARE    IND
15PAWAR RAMESH GORSING    IND
16PURUSHOTTAM DOMAJI BHAJGAWRE    IND
17MADHUKAR SHIVDASPPA GORATE    IND
18MANOJ JANARDAN PATIL    IND
19MUKHADE SAU LALITARAI SUBHASHRAO    IND
20MESHRAM BANDU GANPAT    IND
21MOHD INAMURRAHIM MOHD MUSA    IND
22RAVINDRA ALIAS RAVIPAL MADHUKARRAO GANDHE    IND
23RAJKUMAR NARAYAN BHUJADALE    IND
24RATHOD DEVISING RAMA    IND
25SD VHIDODDIN SD KRIMODDIN    IND
26VISHNU KASINATH TAWKAR    IND
27SURESH BABAN PEDEKAR    IND
28SURESH BHIVA TARAL    IND
UMARKHED-82    KINWAT-83    HADGAON-84    BASMATH-92    KALAMNURI-93
HINGOLI-94
S13-15-MH-HINGOLI    1DR BD CHAVHAN    BSP
2SUBHASH BAPURAO WANDHEDE    SHS
3SURYAKANTA JAIWANTRAO PATIL    NCP
4UTTAMRAO DAGADUJI BHAGAT    PRCP
5AJAS NOORMINYA    DESEP
6NAIK MADHAVRAO BAHENARAO    BBM
7VINAYAK SHRIRAM BHISE    KM
8GUNDEKAR SANJAY ADELU    IND
9PATHAN SATTAR KASIMKHAN    IND
10PACHPUTE RAMPRASAD KISHANRAO    IND
11MD A MUJIM ANSARI A    IND
BHOKAR-85    NANDED NORTH-86    NANDED SOUTH-87    NAIGAON-89    DEGLUR-90
MUKHED-91
S13-16-MH-NANDED    1KHATGAONKAR PATIL BHASKARRAO BAPURAO    INC
2MD MAKBUL SALIM HAJI MD KHAJA    BSP
3SAMBHAJI PAWAR    BJP
4ALTAF AHMAD EAKBAL AHMAD    BBM
5KHADE SANJAY WAMANRAO    PRCP
6TIWARI RAMA BHAGIRAT    RSPS
7ADV CS BAHETI    JP
8MORE RAJESH EKNATHRAO    KM
9A RAEES A JABBAR    ANC
10SHINDE PREETI MADHUKAR    JSS
11SHUDHIR YASHWANT SURVE    KKJHS
12COM ASHOK NAGORAO GHAYALE    IND
13ANAND JADHAV HOTALKAR    IND
14KOREWAR BALAJI NARSING    IND
15JADHAV VISHNU MAROTI    IND
16NAVGHARE ANAND PANDURANG    IND
17NARAYAN SURYAVANSHI DOANGONKAR    IND
18PATHAN ZAFAR ALI KHAN MAHEMUD ALI KHAN    IND
19AIDS MAN PRAKASH TATERAO LANDGE    IND
20BHARANDE RAMCHANDRA GANGARAM    IND
21ADV RAMRAO PANDURANG WAGHMARE    IND
22HANMANTE VIJAY CHANDRAO    IND
JINTUR-95    PARBHANI-96    GANGAKHED-97    PATHRI-98    PARTUR-99
GHANSAWANGI-100
S13-17-MH-PARBHANI    1ADV DUDHGAONKAR GANESHRAO NAGORAO    SHS
2RAJSHRI BABASAHEB JAMAGE    BSP
3WARPUDKAR SURESH AMBADASRAO    NCP
4AJIM AHMED KHAN AJIJ KHAN    DESEP
5ASHOKRAO BABARAO AMBHORE    ANC
6KACHOLE MANAVENDRA SAWALARAM    STBP
7KALE VYANKATRAO BHIMRAO    KM
8NAMDEV LIMBAJI KACHAVE    KKJHS
9BHAND GANGADHAR SAKHARAM    BBM
10MULE BABAN DATTARAO    RSPS
11RUMALE TUKARAM DHONDIBA    PRCP
12SAYYAD EKRAMODDIN SAYYAD MUNIRODDIN    LVKP
13ASAD BIN ABDULLAHA BIN    IND
14JAMEEL AHMED SK AHMED    IND
15DR DESHMUKH KISHANRAO JANARDHANRAO EXSERVICEMAN    IND
16RATHOD RAMRAO DHANSING SIR    IND
17SHINDE LAXMAN EKANATH    IND
18SAMAR GORAKHNATH PAWAR    IND
19SALVE SUDHAKAR UMAJI    IND
JALNA-101    BADNAPUR-102    BHOKARDAN-103    SILLOD-104    PHULAMBRI-106
PAITHAN-110
S13-18-MH-JALNA    1DR KALE KALYAN VAIJINATHRAO    INC
2DANVE RAOSAHEB DADARAO    BJP
3RATHOD RAJPALSINH GABRUSINH    BSP
4AAPPASAHEB RADHAKISAN KUDHEKAR    KM
5KISAN BALVANTA BORDE    PRCP
6KHARAT ASHOK RAMRAO    BBM
7TAWAR KAILAS BHAUSAHEB    STBP
8DR DILAWAR MIRZA BAIG    IUML
9BHOJNE BABASAHEB SANGAM    RSPS
10MISAL TUKARAM BABURAOJI    SP
11RATNAPARKHE ARCHANA SUDHAKAR    RPIE
12SUBHASH FAKIRA SALVE    ANC
13SAYYAD MAKSUD NOOR    LJP
14KOLTE MANOJ NEMINATH    IND
15KHANDU HARISHCHANDRA LAGHANE    IND
16NADE DNYANESHWAR DAGDU    IND
17BABASAHEB PATIL SHINDE    IND
18SONWANE ASHOK VITTHAL    IND
19S HUSAIN AHEMAD    IND
KANNAD-105    AURANGABAD CENTRAL-107    AURANGABAD WEST-108    AURANGABAD
EAST-109    GANGAPUR-111    VAIJAPUR-112
S13-19-MH-AURANGABAD    1UTTAMSINGH RAJDHARSINGH PAWAR    INC
2CHANDRAKANT KHAIRE    SHS
3SAYYED SALIM SAYYED YUSUF    BSP
4JAHAGIRDAR MOHMAD AYUB GULAM    SP
5JYOTI RAMCHANDRA UPADHAYAY    BBM
6PANDURANG WAMANRAO NARWADE    PRCP
7BHIMSEN RAMBHAU KAMBLE    RPIE
8MANIK RAMU SHINDE    KM
9SHAIKH HARUN MALIK SAHEB    RSPS
10UTTAM MANIK KIRTIKAR    IND
11EJAZ KHAN BISMILLAH KHAN    IND
12KAZI MUSHIRODDIN TAJODDIN    IND
13KRISHNA DEVIDAS JADHAV    IND
14JADHAV TOTARAM GANPAT    IND
15JADHAV VISHNU SURYABHAN    IND
16JADHAV SUBHASH RUPCHAND    IND
17BANKAR MILIND RANUJI    IND
18SHANTIGIRIJI MOUNGIRIJI MAHARAJ    IND
19SHAIKH RAFIQ SHAIKH RAZZAK    IND
20SHAIKH SALIM PATEL WAHEGAONKAR    IND
21SAYYED RAUF SAYYED ZAMIR    IND
22SUBHASH KISANRAO PATIL JADHAV    IND
NANDGAON-113    KALWAN-117    CHANDVAD-118    YEVLA-119    NIPHAD-121
DINDORI-122
S13-20-MH-DINDORI    1GAVIT JEEVA PANDU    CPM
2GANGURDE DIPAK SHANKAR    BSP
3CHAVAN HARISHCHANDRA DEORAM    BJP
4ZIRWAL NARHARI SITARAM    NCP
5PAWAR SAMPAT WAMAN    BBM
6GANGURDE BALU KISAN    IND
7BHIKA HARISING BARDE    IND
8VIJAY NAMDEO PAWAR    IND
9SHANKAR DEORAM GANGUDE    IND
SINNAR-120    NASHIK EAST-123    NASHIK CENTRAL-124    NASHIK WEST-125
DEVLALI-126    IGATPURI-127
S13-21-MH-NASHIK    1GAIKWAD DATTA NAMDEO    SHS
2SAMEER BHUJBAL    NCP
3SHRIMAHANT SUDHIRDAS MAHARAJ    BSP
4KAILAS MADHUKAR CHAVAN    IJP
5GODSE HEMANT TUKARAM    MNS
6JADHAV NAMDEO BHIKAJI    BBM
7RAYATE VIJAY SAKHARAM RAYATE SIR    HJP
8AD GULVE RAMNATH SANTUJI    IND
9DATTU GONYA GAIKWAD    IND
10PRAVINCHANDRA DATTARAM DETHE    IND
11BHARAT HIRMAN PARDESHI    IND
12RAJENDRA SAMPATRAO KADU    IND
DAHANU-128    VIKRAMGAD-129    PALGHAR-130    BOISAR-131    NALASOPARA-132
VASAI-133
S13-22-MH-PALGHAR    1KOM LAHANU SHIDVA    CPM
2ADV CHINTAMAN NAVSHA VANGA    BJP
3DALAVI BHASKAR LADKU    BSP
4SHINGADA DAMODAR BARKU    INC
5CHANDRAKANT BALU PHUPANE    BBM
6JADHAV BALIRAM SUKUR    BVA
7DR KASHIRAM MAHADU DHONDAGHA    IND
8PANDURANG JETHYA PARADHI    IND
BHIWANDI RURAL-134    SHAHAPUR-135    BHIWANDI WEST-136    BHIWANDI
EAST-137    KALYAN WEST-138    MURBAD-139
S13-23-MH-BHIWANDI    1TAWARE SURESH KASHINATH    INC
2PATIL JAGANNATH SHIVRAM    BJP
3VGPATIL    BSP
4AJIM GANI SHEKH    RKSP
5ISMAIL SHAIKH LATIF    KKJHS
6DEVRAJ KISAN MHATRE    MNS
7RR PATIL    SP
8MURTUZA MUZAFFAR SHAIKH    NNP
9SHASHIKANT MOTIRAM KATHORE    RSPS
10SHAIKH MEHBOOB BASHA VALI    BBM
11GURUNATH UNDRYA NAIK    IND
12DATTU GANAPAT BHOIR    IND
13MAHENDRA KERU WADHVINDE    IND
14MAHENDRA R MOHITE    IND
15VIKAS SAKHARAM NIKAM    IND
16VISHWANATH R PATIL    IND
AMBERNATH-140    ULHAS NAGAR-141    KALYAN EAST-142    DOMBIVALI-143    KALYAN
RURAL-144    MUMBRA-KALWA-149
S13-24-MH-KALYAN    1ANAND PRAKASH PARANJAPE    SHS
2KHAN KAMRUDDIN A GANI    BSP
3DAWKHARE VASANT SHANKARRAO    NCP
4AZAMI MUHAMMAD MAROOF NASIM    RSPS
5KHAN AYAD MOHAMMAD NEBAS ALI    IUML
6NARENDRA WAMAN MORE    PRBP
7VAISHALI DAREKARRANE    MNS
8ADVSSSALVE RETIRED JUDGE    BBM
9SAYYAD HASINA MOHAMMED NASEEM    NBNP
10HRUDHAYNATH BAPU WAGHODE ALIAS BALABHAU    KM
11ALOK SINGH CHOTELAL    IND
12GOVARDHAN CHANGO BHAGAT    IND
13DHANANJAY BAPPASAHEB JOGDAND    IND
14COM BABAN KAMBLE    IND
15BHANUSHALI LAXMINDAS VELJI    IND
16MOHHAMAD YUSUF FAROOKH KHAN    IND
17VADHVINDE MAHENDRA KERU    IND
18SHIRSE RAMSINGH UKHAJI    IND
19SIDDIQUE ASFAQUE ALI    IND
20SURESH RAM PANDAGALE    IND
MIRA BHAYANDAR-145    OVALA – MAJIWADA-146    KOPRI-PACHPAKHADI-147
THANE-148    AIROLI-150    BELAPUR-151
S13-25-MH-THANE    1AVANINDRA KUMAR TRIPATHI    BSP
2CHAUGULE VIJAY LAXMAN    SHS
3DRSANJEEV GANESH NAIK    NCP
4KAMLAKAR ANAND TAYDE    BBM
5JAIN SEEMA MAHENDRA    PRBP
6PATHAN JAVEED KAMIL KHAN    NNP
7PARAG HANUMANT NEWALKAR    KKJHS
8BERNARDSHAW DAVID NADAR    RP(K)
9MAHESH RATHI CHANAKYA    RVNP
10RAJAN RAJE    MNS
11SINGH RAJESH MUNNILAL    RSPS
12AHMAD AFJAL SHAIKH    IND
13KAMBLE SACHIN SHIRPAT    IND
14KUMAR K    IND
15KHAN FIROZ YUSUFKHAN    IND
16GAUD FAUJDAR RANGI    IND
17CHETAN PRAKASH JADHAV    IND
18JAIPRAKASH NARAYAN BHANDE    IND
19RD TAMBE    IND
20PARANJAPE DIPSHREE DEEPAK    IND
21PRAMOD INGALE    IND
22FREDI ALBERT BHANGA    IND
23MURLIDHAR KRUSNA PAWAR    IND
24MANGESH BHARAT KHADE    IND
25MOH RIZWAN ABDULLA PATEL    IND
26VIJAY CHAUGULE    IND
27VIDYADHAR LAXMAN JOSHI    IND
28VILAS DIPAK KHAMBE    IND
29SAYED SHAFIQ AHMED ZOIDI    IND
30SWATANTRA KUMAR PARMANAND ANAND    IND
BORIVALI-152    DAHISAR-153    MAGATHANE-154    KANDIVALI EAST-160
CHARKOP-161    MALAD WEST-162
S13-26-MH-MUMBAI NORTH    1RAM NAIK    BJP
2LAKHMENDRA KHURANA    BSP
3SANJAY BRIJKISHORLAL NIRUPAM    INC
4USMAN THIM    SP
5KAILAS KATHAJI CHAVAN    PRCP
6PARKAR SHIRISH LAXMAN    MNS
7RAMESH KUMAR R SINGH    SBSP
8RAJENDRA J THACKER    PRPI
9DR LEO REBELLO    BBM
10SANGEETA SHETTY LOKHANDE    PPIS
11AD ARUN R KEJRIWAL    IND
12KALYAN BHIMA GALPHADE    IND
13GOPAL RAGHUNATH JAMSANDEKAR    IND
14JAMNA PRASAD GANGAPRASAD PATEL    IND
15JAHIR HUSSEIN ABDUL GANI HAVALDAR    IND
16BHANDARI RAMESH SUKUR    IND
17MAHENDRA TUKARAM AHIRE    IND
18RAKESH D KUMAR    IND
19VASHRAMBHAI MOHANBHAI PATEL    IND
20SHYAM TIPANNA KURADE    IND
21SUBODH GIRDHARI RANJAN    IND
22SUBHASH PARSHURAM KHANVILKAR    IND
23SURENDRA AMBALAL PATEL    IND
JOGESHWARI EAST-158    DINDOSHI-159    GOREGAON-163    VERSOVA-164    ANDHERI
WEST-165    ANDHERI EAST-166
S13-27-MH-MUMBAI NORTH WEST    1ATHAR SIDDIQUI    BSP
2ADKAMAT GURUDAS VASANT    INC
3GAJANAN KIRTIKAR    SHS
4AGGARWAL RISHI DHARAMPAL    JGP
5ABU ASIM AZMI    SP
6JADHAV BHIKAJI GANGARAM    KKJHS
7THAKARE SHALINI JITENDRA    MNS
8TAWADE DILIP NARAYAN    AIFB
9PAWAR SUBHASH PANDURANG    PRCP
10VAIJANATH SANGRAM GAIKWAD    BBM
11ANITA RAMKRUSHAN RUPAWATE    IND
12KAMBLE SATISH KISAN    IND
13DAYANAND NIVRUTI KAMBLE    IND
14DHOTRE MARUTI YAMNAPPA    IND
15NINAD MANJARDEKAR    IND
16PRAMOD SITARAM KASURDE    IND
17BHATIA RIPUDAMAN SINGH    IND
18MOHAMMED RAFIQ ABDUL RAZAK SHAIKH    IND
19MAHADEV LIMBAJI GALPHADE    IND
20DR VIJAY BHAVE    IND
21SANTOSH PANDURANG CHAIKE    IND
MULUND-155    VIKHROLI-156    BHANDUP WEST-157    GHATKOPAR WEST-169
GHATKOPAR EAST-170    MANKHURD SHIVAJI NAGAR-171
S13-28-MH-MUMBAI NORTH EAST    1ASHOK CHANDRAPAL SINGH    BSP
2KIRIT SOMAIYA    BJP
3SANJAY DINA PATIL    NCP
4KOKARE SANJAY DHAKU    BBM
5MANISHA MUKESH GADE    KKJHS
6VISHWANATH DATTU PATIL    RSPS
7SHISHIR SHINDE    MNS
8JAYESH C MIRANI    IND
9TATVASAHEB REVDEKAR    IND
10DIKSHA JITENDRA JAGTAP    IND
11DHARMPAL BHAGWAN MESHRAM    IND
12NAMDEV TUKARAM SATHE    IND
13NARAYAN ANAND ROKADE    IND
14PANKAJBHAI SOMCHAND SHAH    IND
15PRAKASH D KAMBLE    IND
16SUNITA MOHAN TUPSOUNDARYA    IND
VILE PARLE-167    CHANDIVALI-168    KURLA-174    KALINA-175    VANDRE
EAST-176    VANDRE WEST-177
S13-29-MH-MUMBAI NORTH CENTRAL    1EBRAHIM SHAIKH    BSP
2DUTT PRIYA SUNIL    INC
3MAHESH RAM JETHMALANI    BJP
4JAYESH JASHWANTRAI BHAYANI    THPI
5BHOSALE NITIN GANGARAM    RPIE
6MOHAMAND RAFIQ QURESHI    NNP
7MOHD SHAHID    IBSP
8SHILPA ATUL SARPOTDAR    MNS
9SUREKHA PEVEKAR    RSPS
10ARORA RAKESH VISHWANATH    IND
11ASLAM HANIF KHOT    IND
12CHELJI S PATEL    IND
13TULSIDAS KRISHNADAS NAIR    IND
14COM DEVCHAND RANDIVE    IND
15MOHAMAD YAHIYA SIDDHIQUE    IND
16RAJKAMAL JAISINGH YADAV    IND
17WAGHMARE AATISH RAMCHANDRA    IND
18SUDHIR SHANKAR PARDESHI    IND
19SUHAS BHIKURAM TAMBE    IND
ANUSHAKTI NAGAR-172    CHEMBUR-173    DHARAVI-178    SION KOLIWADA-179
WADALA-180    MAHIM-181
S13-30-MH-MUMBAI SOUTH CENTRAL    1IQBAL MOHAMMAD SAYYAD    RJD
2EKNATH M GAIKWAD    INC
3BARVE PRAVIN RAMCHANDRA    BSP
4SURESH ANANT GAMBHIR    SHS
5DR AKALPITA PARANJPE    BUDM
6AD ANARYA PUNDALIK PAWAR    BBM
7KAMAL NARAYAN WAGHDARE    RP(K)
8KARAM HUSSAIN KHAN    NLHP
9KISHOR BHAGWAN JAGTAP    RSPS
10GARUD MILIND MADHAV MG    RPIE
11MOHHAMMED USMAN SHAIKH    BMSM
12RAJENDRA GANPAT JADHAV    PRCP
13SHWETA VIVEK PARULKAR    MNS
14KISHORKUMAR VASANTRAO JADHAV    IND
15TRIYOGINATH DUBEY    IND
16DILIP RAMCHANDRA GANDHI    IND
17MANOJ G SINGH    IND
18RAJU SAHEBRAO DALVI    IND
19ROHAN GAWRU TAMBE    IND
20LAYEEK AHMED ANSARI    IND
21VIKAS KUMAR    IND
22SHAHAJIRAO DHONDIBA THORAT    IND
23DR SAILEN KUMAR GHOSH    IND
WORLI-182    SHIVADI-183    BYCULLA-184    MALABAR HILL-185    MUMBA
DEVI-186    COLABA-187
S13-31-MH-MUMBAI SOUTH    1DEORA MILIND MURLI    INC
2MOHAN RAWALE    SHS
3MOHAMMAD ALI ABUBAKAR SHAIKH    BSP
4AVDHUT RAMCHANDRA BHISE    JD(S)
5CHIRAG KANTILAL JETHAVA    KKJHS
6FIROZ USMAN TINVALA    DESEP
7BALA NANDGAONKAR    MNS
8DRMONA KARTIK SHAH    PRPI
9MOHAMMED AMIR SHAIKH MONTU    RPI(D)
10AD RAJESH YASHVANT BHOSALE    PPOI
11SAYYED ATHER ALI    SP
12ASHOK SHANKAR AMBULKAR    IND
13KHIMJI CHIMAN MAKWANA    IND
14ADVOCATE FIROZ AHMED ANSARI    IND
15MIRA H SANYAL    IND
16MUKESH NEMICHAND JAIN    IND
17DR SHAIKH SHAHID AHMED    IND
18SAYYED SALIM SAYYED RAHIM    IND
19SURYAKANT KESHAV SHINGE    IND
20ZNYOSHO RASHTRAPATI    IND
PEN-191    ALIBAG-192    SHRIVARDHAN-193    MAHAD-194    DAPOLI-263
GUHAGAR-264
S13-32-MH-RAIGAD    1ANANT GEETE    SHS
2BARRISTER AR ANTULAY    INC
3MOHITE KIRAN BABURAO    BSP
4EKANATH ARJUN PATIL    RSPS
5ADV PRAVIN MADHUKAR THAKUR    IND
6DR SIDDHARTH PATIL    IND
7SUNIL BHASKAR NAIK    IND
PANVEL-188    KARJAT-189    URAN-190    MAVAL-204    CHINCHWAD-205
PIMPRI-206
S13-33-MH-MAVAL    1PANSARE AZAM FAKEERBHAI    NCP
2BABAR GAJANAN DHARMSHI    SHS
3MISHRA UMAKANT RAMESHWAR    BSP
4AYU DEEPALI NIVRUTTI CHAVAN    PRCP
5PRADIP PANDURANG KOCHAREKAR    RSPS
6ADVSHIVSHANKAR DATTATRAY SHINDE    KM
7ISHWAR DATTATRAY JADHAV    IND
8JAGANNATH PANDURANG KHARGE    IND
9DOLE BHIMRAJ NIVRUTTI    IND
10ADVOCATE TUKARAM WAMANRAO BANSODE    IND
11TANTARPALE GOPAL YASHWANTRAO    IND
12ADVOCATE PRAMOD MAHADEV GORE    IND
13BHAPKAR MARUTI SAHEBRAO    IND
14MAHENDRA PRABHAKAR TIWARI    IND
15BRO MANUAL DESOZA    IND
16YASHWANT NARAYAN DESAI    IND
17SHAKEEL RAJBHAI SHAIKH    IND
18HARIBHAU DADAJI SHINDE    IND
VADGAOL SHERI-208    SHIVAJINAGAR-209    KOTHRUD-210    PARVATI-212    PUNE
CANTONMENT-214    KASBA PETH-215
S13-34-MH-PUNE    1ANIL SHIROLE    BJP
2KALMADI SURESH    INC
3D S K ALIAS DSKULKARNI    BSP
4ARUN BHATIA    PG
5GULAB TATYA WAGHMODE    BBM
6BAGBAN JAVED KASIM    IUML
7VIKRAMADITYA OMPRAKASH DHIMAN    RSPS
8VINOD ANAND SINH    PTSS
9SHIROLE RANJEET SHRIKANT    MNS
10SAVITA HAJARE    PPOI
11SANGHARSH ARUN APTE    PRCP
12AJAY VASANT PAITHANKAR    IND
13ADAGALE BHAUSAHEB RAMCHANDRA    IND
14ASHOK GANPAT PALKHE ALIAS SUTAR    IND
15KAMTAM ISWAR SAMBHAYYA    IND
16KULKARNI KAUSTUBH SHASHIKANT    IND
17KHAN AMANULLA MOHMOD AL    IND
18KHAN NISSAR TAJ AHMAD    IND
19P K CHAVAN    IND
20CHOUDHARI SUNIL GULABRAO    IND
21CHOURE VILAS CHINTAMAN    IND
22TATYA ALIAS NARAYAN SHANKAR WAMBHIRE    IND
23TAMBOLI SHABBIR SAJJANBHAI    IND
24DATTATRAYA GANESH TALGERI    IND
25BAGADE SACHIN MARUTI    IND
26BALU ALIAS ANIL SHIROLE    IND
27BHARAT MANOHAR GAVALI    IND
28BHAGWAT RAGHUNATH KAMBLE    IND
29RAJENDRA BHAGAT ALIAS JITU BHAI    IND
30VIKRAM NARENDRA BOKE    IND
31SHINDE RAJENDRA BABURAO    IND
32SHAIKH ALTAF KARIM    IND
33SHRIKANT MADHUSUDAN JAGTAP    IND
34SARDESAI KISHORKUMAR RAGHUNATH    IND
35ADVSUBHASH NARHAR GODSE    IND
36SANTOSH ALIAS SOMNATH KALU PAWAR    IND
DAUND-199    INDAPUR-200    BARAMATI-201    PURANDAR-202    BHOR-203
KHADAKWASALA-211
S13-35-MH-BARAMATI    1KUDALEPATIL VIVEK ANANT    BSP
2KANTA JAYSING NALAWADE    BJP
3SUPRIYA SULE    NCP
4MAYAWATI AMAR CHITRE    BMSM
5SHELAR SANGEETA PANDURANG    KM
6SACHIN VITTHAL AHIRE    PRCP
7SAMPAT MARUTI TAKALE    RSPS
8GHORPADE SAVEETA ASHOK    IND
9TATYA ALIAS NARAYAN SHANKAR WAMBHIRE    IND
10TANTARPALE GOPAL YESHWANTRAO    IND
11DEEPAK SHANKAR BHAPKAR    IND
12BHIMA ANNA KADALE    IND
13MRUNALEENI JAYRAJ KAKADE    IND
14YOGESH SONABA RANDHEER    IND
15SHIVAJI JAYSING KOKARE    IND
16SURESH BABURAO VEER    IND
17SANGITA SHRIMAN BHUMKAR    IND
JUNNAR-195    AMBEGAON-196    KHED ALANDI-197    SHIRUR-198    BHOSARI-207
HADAPSAR-213
S13-36-MH-SHIRUR    1ADHALRAO SHIVAJI DATTATRAY    SHS
2ZAGADE YASHWANT SITARAM    BSP
3VILAS VITHOBA LANDE    NCP
4PALLAVI MOHAN HARSHE    PRCP
5SHELAR DNYANOBA SHRIPATI    RPPI
6SURESH MULCHAND KANKARIA MAMA    RSPS
7ABHANG KONDIBHAU BHIMAJI    IND
8KARANDE CHANGDEO NAMDEO    IND
9KALURAM RAGHUNATH TAPKIR    IND
10RAM DHARMA DAMBALE    IND
11LANDE VILAS MHATARBA    IND
SHEVGAON-222    RAHURI-223    PARNER-224    AHMEDNAGAR CITY-225
SHRIGONDA-226    KARJAT JAMKHED-227
S13-37-MH-AHMADNAGAR    1KARDILE SHIVAJI BHANUDAS    NCP
2KARBHARI WAMAN SHIRSAT ALIAS KV SHIRSAT    CPI
3GADAKH TUKARAM GANGADHAR    BSP
4GANDHI DILIPKUMAR MANSUKHLAL    BJP
5KAZI SAJID MUJIR    RPIE
6HAKE BHANUDAS KISAN    RSPS
7HOLE BHANUDAS NAMDEO    BBM
8ARUN KAHAR    IND
9AVINASH MALHARRAO GHODAKE    IND
10KHAIRE ARJUN DEORAO    IND
11GAIKWAD BALASAHEB RAMCHANDRA    IND
12NAUSHAD ANSAR SHAIKH    IND
13PROF MAHENDRA DADA SHINDE    IND
14RAUT EKNATH BABASAHEB    IND
15RAJIV APPASAHEB RAJALE    IND
AKOLE-216    SANGAMNER-217    SHIRDI-218    KOPARGAON-219    SHRIRAMPUR-220
NEVASA-221
S13-38-MH-SHIRDI    1KACHARU NAGU WAGHMARE    BSP
2WAKCHOURE BHAUSAHEB RAJARAM    SHS
3ATHAWALE RAMDAS BANDU    RPI
4DHOTRE SUCHIT CHINTAMANI    KM
5SATISH BALASAHEB PALGHADMAL    PRCP
6ADHAGALE RAJENDRA NAMDEV    IND
7KAMBALE RAMESH ANKUSH    IND
8GAIKWAD APPASAHEB GANGADHAR    IND
9BAGUL BALU DASHARATH    IND
10MEDHE PRAFULLAKUMAR MURLIDHAR    IND
11RAKSHE ANNASAHEB EKNATH    IND
12RUPWATE PREMANAND DAMODHAR    IND
13LODHE SHARAD LAXAMAN    IND
14WAGH GANGADHAR RADHAJI    IND
15VAIRAGHAR SUDHIR NATHA    IND
16SABALE ANIL DAMODHAR    IND
17SANDIP BHASKAR GOLAP    IND
GEORAI-228    MAJALGAON-229    BEED-230    ASHTI-231    KAIJ-232    PARLI-233
S13-39-MH-BEED    1KOKATE RAMESH BABURAO ADASKAR    NCP
2MASKE MACHHINDRA BABURAO    BSP
3MUNDE GOPINATHRAO PANDURANG    BJP
4KHALGE KACHRU SANTRAMJI    BBM
5GURAV KALYAN BHANUDAS    RKSP
6TATE ASHOK SANTRAM    ARP
7NIKALJE SHEELATAI MAHENDRA    PRCP
8PRAMOD ALIAS PARMESHWAR SAKHARAM MOTE    KM
9BABURAO NARAYANRAO KAGADE    ANC
10DR SHIVAJIRAO KISANRAO SHENDGE    RSPS
11KAMAL KONDIRAM NIMBALKAR    IND
12KAMBLE DEEPAK DYANOBA    IND
13KHAN SIKANDAR KHAN HUSSAIN KHAN    IND
14GUJAR KHAN MIRZA KHAN    IND
15ADVNATKAR RAMRAO SHESHRAO    IND
16PATHAN GAFARKHAN JABBARKHAN    IND
17MAHAMMAD AKARAM MAHAMMAD SALIMUDDIN BAGWAN    IND
18RAMESH VISHVANATH KOKATE    IND
19SAYYED MINHAJ ALI WAJED ALI PENDKHJUR WALE    IND
20SAYYED SALIM FATTU    IND
21SARDAR KHAN SULTANABABA    IND
AUSA-239    UMARGA-240    TULJAPUR-241    OSMANABAD-242    PARANDA-243
BARSHI-246
S13-40-MH-OSMANABAD    1GAIKWAD RAVINDRA VISHWANATH    SHS
2DIVAKAR YASHWANT NAKADE    BSP
3PATIL PADAMSINHA BAJIRAO    NCP
4JAGTAP BHAGWAN DADARAO    BBM
5TARKASE DHANANJAY MURLIDHAR    ABHM
6TAWADE PRAKASH TANAJIRAO    KM
7BANSODE GUNDERAO SHIVRAM    RSPS
8BABA FAIJODDIN SHAIKH    NELU
9BHOSLE REVAN VISHWANATH    JD(S)
10MUJAWAR SHAHABUDDIN NABIRASUL    PRCP
11RAJENDRA RANDITRAO HIPPERGEKAR    KKJHS
12ANGARSHA SALIM BABULAL    IND
13GAIKWAD UMAJI PANDURANG    IND
14CHAVAN BABU VITHOBA    IND
15CHANDANE PINTU PANDURANG    IND
16DADASAHEB SHANKARRAO JETITHOR    IND
17NITURE ARUN BHAURAO    IND
18PATEL HASHAM ISMAIL    IND
19PAWAR HARIDAS MANIKRAO    IND
20PATIL MAHADEO DNYANDEO    IND
21BALAJI BAPURAO TUPSUNDARE    IND
22ADV BHAUSAHEB ANIL BELURE BEMBLIKAR    IND
23MUNDHE PATRIL PADAMSINHA VIJAYSINHA    IND
24YEVATEPATIL SHRIMANT    IND
25SANDIPAN RAMA ZOMBADE    IND
LOHA-88    LATUR RURAL-234    LATUR CITY-235    AHMADPUR-236    UDGIR-237
NILANGA-238
S13-41-MH-LATUR    1AAWALE JAYWANT GANGARAM    INC
2GAIKWAD SUNIL BALIRAM    BJP
3ADV BABASAHEB SADSHIVRAO GAIKWAD    BSP
4ARAK ASHOK VIKRAM    KM
5VK ACHARYA    PRCP
6TM KAMBLE    RPI(D)
7GANNE TUKARAM RAMBHAU    JSS
8BANSODE RAGHUNATH WAGHOJI    PRBP
9BABURAO SATYAWAN POTBHARE    BBM
10RAMKUMAR RAIWADIKAR    SWJP
11SHRIKANT RAMRAO JEDHE    RSPS
12SASANE ATUL GANGARAM    ARP
13SAHEBRAO HARIBHAU WAGHMARE    KKJHS
14AAWCHARE VIJAYKUMAR BABRUWAN    IND
15KAMBLE BANSILAL RAMCHANDRA    IND
16NILANGEKAR AVINASH MADHUKARRAO    IND
17MANE GAJANAN PANDURANG    IND
18SANJAY KABIRDAS GAIKWAD    IND
MOHOL-247    SOLAPUR CITY NORTH-248    SOLAPUR CITY CENTRAL-249
AKKALKOT-250    SOLAPUR SOUTH-251    PANDHARPUR-252
S13-42-MH-SOLAPUR    1GAIKWAD PRAMOD RAMCHANDRA    BSP
2ADV BANSODE SHARAD MARUTI    BJP
3SHINDE SUSHILKUMAR SAMBHAJIRAO    INC
4ADV KASABEKAR SHRIDHAR LIMBAJI    RSPS
5RAJGURU NARAYAN YEDU    BBM
6LAXMIKANT CHANDRAKANT GAIKWAD    KKJHS
7NARAYANKAR RAJENDRA BABURAO    IND
8NITINKUMAR RAMCHANDRA KAMBLE ALIAS NITIN BANPURKAR    IND
9BANSODE UTTAM BHIMSHA    IND
10BANSODE RAHUL DATTU    IND
11MILIND MAREPPA MULE    IND
12VIKRAM UTTAM KASABE    IND
13VIJAYKUMAR BHAGWANRAO UGHADE    IND
KARMALA-244    MADHA-245    SANGOLE-253    MALSHIRAS-254    PHALTAN-255
MAN-258
S13-43-MH-MADHA    1DESHMUKH SUBHASH SURESHCHANDRA    BJP
2PAWAR SHARADCHANDRA GOVINDRAO    NCP
3RAHUL VITTHAL SARWADE    BSP
4AYU GAIKWAD SATISH SUGRAV    PRCP
5CHAVAN SUBHASH VITTHAL    BBM
6MAHADEO JAGANNATH JANKAR    RSPS
7RAMCHANDRA NARAYAN KACCHAVE    KKJHS
8SASTE KAKASAHEB MAHADEO    KM
9SOU NAGMANI KISAN JAKKAN    IND
10DRM D PATIL    IND
11BANSODE BALVEER DAGADU    IND
12BHANUDAS BHAGAWAN DEVAKATE    IND
13DR MAHADEO ABAJI POL    IND
14SURESH SHAMRAO GHADGE    IND
15DNYANESHWAR VITTHAL AMALE    IND
MIRAJ-281    SANGLI-282    PALUS-KADEGAON-285    KHANAPUR-286    TASGAON -
KAVATHE MAHANKAL-287    JAT-288
S13-44-MH-SANGLI    1PATEL MJAVED M YUSUF    BSP
2PRATIK PRAKASHBAPU PATIL    INC
3ASHOK DNYANU MANEBHAU    STBP
4MANOHAR BALKRISHNA KHEDKAR    BBM
5MAHADEV ANNA WAGHAMARE    RSPS
6AJITRAO SHANKARRAO GHORPADE    IND
7ANSARI SHABBIR AHEMED    IND
8GANPATI TUKARAM KAMBLE ALIAS GT KAMBLE    IND
9PANDHARE DATTATRAYA PANDURANG    IND
10KAVTHEKAR PRAVIN BHAGWAN KAVTHEKAR ALIAS JIVA MAHALE    IND
11MULANI BALEKHAN USMAN    IND
12VAGARE MARUTI MURA    IND
13SHAMRAO PIRAJI KADAM    IND
14SIDDESHWAR SHIVAPPA BHOSALE    IND
WAI-256    KOREGAON-257    KARAD NORTH-259    KARAD SOUTH-260    PATAN-261
SATARA-262
S13-45-MH-SATARA    1CHAVAN PRASHANT VASANT    BSP
2PURUSHOTTAM BAJIRAO JADHAV    SHS
3BHONSLE SHRIMANT CHH UDYANRAJE PRATAPSINHMAHARAJ    NCP
4BHAUSAHEB GANGARAM WAGH    RSPS
5ALANKRITA ABHIJIT AWADEBICHUKALE    IND
CHIPLUN-265    RATNAGIRI-266    RAJAPUR-267    KANKAVLI-268    KUDAL-269
SAWANTWADI-270
S13-46-MH-RATNAGIRI – SINDHUDURG    1DRNILESH NARAYAN RANE    INC
2PARULEKAR JAYENDRA SHRIPAD    BSP
3SURESH PRABHAKAR PRABHU    SHS
4AJAY ALIAS AABA DADA JADHAV    KKJHS
5RAJESH PUSUSHOTTAM SURVE    RSPS
6VILASRAO KHANVILKAR    ABHM
7SIRAJ ABDULLA KAUCHALI    BBM
8KHALAPE AKBAR MAHAMMAD    IND
9SURENDRA BORKAR    IND
CHANDGAD-271    RADHANAGARI-272    KAGAL-273    KOLHAPUR SOUTH-274
KARVIR-275    KOLHAPUR NORTH-276
S13-47-MH-KOLHAPUR    1KAMBLE SUHAS NIVRUTI    BSP
2CHHATRPATI SAMBHAJIRAJE SHAHU    NCP
3DEVANE VIJAY SHAMRAO    SHS
4KAMBLE MARUTI RAVELU    BBM
5CHOUGULE BHAI PT    IND
6DR NEELAMBARI RAMESH MANDAPE    IND
7SR TATYA PATIL    IND
8BAJRANG KRISHNA PATIL    IND
9MAHAMMADGOUS GULAB NADAF    IND
10SADASHIVRAO MANDLIK DADOBA    IND
SHAHUWADI-277    HATKANANGLE-278    ICHALKARANJI-279    SHIROL-280
ISLAMPUR-283    SHIRALA-284
S13-48-MH-HATKANANGLE    1KANADE ANILKUMAR MAHADEV    BSP
2MANE NIVEDITA SAMBHAJIRAO    NCP
3RAGHUNATH RAMCHANDRA PATIL    SHS
4PATIL UDAY PANDHARINATH    KM
5BABURAO OMANNA KAMBLE    RSPS
6MANE ARVIND BHIVA    BBM
7SHETTI RAJU ALIAS DEVAPPA ANNA    SWP
8ARUN ALIAS SHAM BAJARNAG BUCHADE    IND
9THORAT ANANDRAO TUKARAM    IND
10SURNIKE ANANDRAO VASANTRAO FOUJI BAPU    IND
KHUNDRAKPAM-1    HEINGANG-2    KHURAI-3    KSHETRIGAO-4    THONGJU-5
KEIRAO-6    ANDRO-7    LAMLAI-8    THANGMEIBAND-9    URIPOK-10
S14-1-MN-INNER MANIPUR    1DR THOKCHOM MEINYA    INC
2THOUNAOJAM CHAOBA    MPP
3MOIRANGTHEM NARA    CPI
4WAHENGBAM NIPAMACHA SINGH    BJP
5L KSHETRANI DEVI    RBCP
6ABDUL RAHMAN    IND
7NONGMAITHEM HOMENDRO SINGH    IND
HEIROK-33    WANGJING TENTHA-34    KHANGABOK-35    WABGAI-36    KAKCHING-37
HIYANGLAM-38    SUGNU-39    JIRIBAM-40    CHANDEL (ST)-41    TENGNOUPAL (ST)-42
S14-2-MN-OUTER MANIPUR    1THANGSO BAITE    INC
2D LOLI ADANEE    BJP
3LB SONA    NCP
4M JAMKHONGAM M YAMKHONGAM HAOKIP    RJD
5THANGKHANGIN    LJP
6MANI CHARENAMEI    PDA
7VALLEY ROSE HUNGYO    IND
8MANGSHI ROSE MANGSHI HAOKIP    IND
9LAMLALMOI GANGTE    IND
NARTIANG-1    JOWAI-2    RALIANG-3    MOWKAIAW-4    SUTNGA SAIPUNG-5
KHLIEHRIAT-6    AMLAREM-7    MAWHATI-8    NONGPOH-9    JIRANG-10
S15-1-ML-SHILLONG    1DALINGTON DYMPEP    CPI
2JOHN FILMORE KHARSHIING    UDP
3VINCENT H PALA    INC
4P B M BASAIAWMOIT    HSPDP
5MARTLE NMUKHIM    MDP
6DENIS SIANGSHAI    IND
7TIEROD PASSAH    IND
KHARKUTTA-37    MENDIPATHAR-38    RESUBELPARA-39    BAJENGDOBA-40
SONGSAK-41    RONGJENG-42    WILLIAM NAGAR-43    RAKSAMGRE-44    TIKRIKILA-45
PHULBARI-46
S15-2-ML-TURA    1AGATHA K SANGMA    NCP
2DEBORA C MARAK    INC
3BOSTON MARAK    ACNC
4ARLENE N SANGMA    IND
HACHHEK-1    DAMPA-2    MAMIT-3    TUIRIAL-4    KOLASIB-5    SERLUI-6
TUIVAWL-7    CHALFILH-8    TAWI-9    AIZAWL NORTH – I-10
S16-1-MZ-MIZORAM    1LALAWMPUIA CHHANGTE    NCP
2CLRUALA    INC
3DR H LALLUNGMUANA    IND
4RUALPAWLA    IND
DIMAPUR-I-1    DIMAPUR-II-2    DIMAPUR-III-3    GHASPANI-I-4
GHASPANI-II-5    TENNING-6    PEREN-7    WESTERN ANGAMI-8    KOHIMA TOWN-9
NORTHERN ANGAMI-I-10
S17-1-NL-NAGALAND    1K ASUNGBA SANGTAM    INC
2CM CHANG    NPF
3DR RILANTHUNG ODYUO    AITC
PADAMPUR-1    BIJEPUR-2    BARGARH-3    ATTABIRA-4    BHATLI-5
BRAJARAJNAGAR-6    JHARSUGUDA-7
S18-1-OR-BARGARH    1RADHARANI PANDA    BJP
2SANJAY BHOI    INC
3SUNIL KUMAR AGRAWAL    BSP
4DR HAMID HUSSAIN    BJD
5NILADRI BEHARI PANDA    KOKD
6SURENDRA KUMAR AGRAWAL    IND
TALSARA-8    SUNDARGARH-9    BIRAMITRAPUR-10    RAGHUNATHPALI-11
ROURKELA-12    RAJGANGAPUR-13    BONAI-14
S18-2-OR-SUNDARGARH    1JUAL ORAM    BJP
2JEROM DUNGDUNG    BSP
3LIVNUS KINDO    JMM
4SALOMI MINZ    CPM
5HEMANANDA BISWAL    INC
6RAMA CHANDRA EKKA    JDP
7SAGAR SING MANKEE    KOKD
8DALESWAR MAJHI    IND
9MANSID EKKA    IND
KUCHINDA-15    RENGALI-16    SAMBALPUR-17    RAIRAKHOL-18    DEOGARH-19
CHHENDIPADA-62    ATHAMALLIK-63
S18-3-OR-SAMBALPUR    1AMARNATH PRADHAN    INC
2GOBINDA RAM AGARWAL    BSP
3ROHIT PUJARI    BJD
4SURENDRA LATH    BJP
5ASHOK KUMAR NAIK    KOKD
6BIJAYA KUMAR MAHANANDA    RPI
7MD ALI HUSSAIN    IND
TELKOI-20    GHASIPURA-21    ANANDAPUR-22    PATNA-23    KEONJHAR-24
CHAMPUA-25    KARANJIA-30
S18-4-OR-KEONJHAR    1ANANTA NAYAK    BJP
2DHANURJAYA SIDU    INC
3YASHBANT NARAYAN SINGH LAGURI    BJD
4LACHHAMAN MAJHI    JMM
5DR SUDARSHAN LOHAR    BSP
6CHITTA RANJAN MUNDA    IND
7DR FAKIR MOHAN NAIK    IND
JASHIPUR-26    SARASKANA-27    RAIRANGPUR-28    BANGRIPOSI-29    UDALA-31
BARIPADA-33    MORADA-34
S18-5-OR-MAYURBHANJ    1GAMHA SINGH    BSP
2DROUPADI MURMU    BJP
3LAXMAN TUDU    BJD
4LAXMAN MAJHI    INC
5SUDAM MARNDI    JMM
6LAXMISWAR TAMUDIA    SP
7SUNDAR MOHAN MAJHI    JDP
8DEVI PRASANNA BESRA    IND
9NARENDRA HANSDA    IND
10RAMESWAR MAJHI    IND
BADASAHI-32    JALESWAR-35    BHOGRAI-36    BASTA-37    BALASORE-38
REMUNA-39    NILGIRI-40
S18-6-OR-BALASORE    1ARUN JENA    JMM
2ARUN DEY    NCP
3MAHAMEGHA BAHAN AIRA KHARABELA SWAIN    BJP
4SHRADHANJALI PRADHAN    BSP
5SRIKANTA KUMAR JENA    INC
6DEBASISH RANJAN DASH    SAMO
7RAKESH RANJAN PATRA    JHKP
8GHASIRAM MOHANTA    IND
9LAXIMIKANTA BEHERA    IND
SORO-41    SIMULIA-42    BHANDARIPOKHARI-43    BHADRAK-44    BASUDEVPUR-45
DHAMNAGAR-46    CHANDABALI-47
S18-7-OR-BHADRAK    1ANANTA PRASAD SETHI    INC
2ARJUN CHARAN SETHI    BJD
3NITYANANDA JENA    BSP
4RATH DAS    BJP
5GOLAK PRASAD MALLIK    IND
6SUSANTA KUMAR JENA    IND
BINJHARPUR-48    BARI-49    BARCHANA-50    DHARMASALA-51    JAJPUR-52
KOREI-53    SUKINDA-54
S18-8-OR-JAJPUR    1AMIYA KANTA MALLIK    INC
2PARAMESWAR SETHI    BJP
3MOHAN JENA    BJD
4AJIT KUMAR JENA    SAMO
5BABULI MALLIK    OMM
6BHIMSEN BEHERA    JHKP
7UDAYA NATH JENA    IND
8KALANDI MALLIK    IND
DHENKANAL-55    HINDOL-56    KAMAKHYANAGAR-57    PARJANGA-58    PALLAHARA-59
TALCHER-60    ANGUL-61
S18-9-OR-DHENKANAL    1KRISHNA CHANDRA SAHOO    BSP
2CHANDRA SEKHAR TRIPATHY    INC
3TATHAGATA SATPATHY    BJD
4RUDRANARAYAN PANY    BJP
5PRIYABRATA GARNAIK    KS
BIRMAHARAJPUR-64    SONEPUR-65    LOISINGHA-66    PATNAGARH-67
BOLANGIR-68    TITLAGARH-69    KANTABANJI-70
S18-10-OR-BOLANGIR    1KALIKESH NARAYAN SINGH DEO    BJD
2NARASINGHA MISHRA    INC
3BALHAN SAGAR    BSP
4SANGITA KUMARI SINGH DEO    BJP
5DINGAR KUMBHAR    SAMO
NUAPADA-71    KHARIAR-72    LANJIGARH-77    JUNAGARH-78    DHARMGARH-79
BHAWANIPATNA-80    NARLA-81
S18-11-OR-KALAHANDI    1NAKULA MAJHI    BSP
2BIKRAM KESHARI DEO    BJP
3BHAKTA CHARAN DAS    INC
4SUBASH CHANDRA NAYAK    BJD
5PARAMESWAR KAND    SP
6BALARAM HOTA    CPI(ML)(L)
7DAMBARUDHARA SUNANI    IND
8MAHESWAR BHOI    IND
UMARKOTE-73    JHARIGAM-74    NABARANGPUR-75    DABUGAM-76    KOTPAD-142
MALKANGIRI-146    CHITRAKONDA-147
S18-12-OR-NABARANGPUR    1CHANDRADHWAJ MAJHI    BSP
2DOMBURU MAJHI    BJD
3PARSURAM MAJHI    BJP
4PRADEEP KUMAR MAJHI    INC
BALIGUDA-82    G. UDAYAGIRI-83    PHULBANI-84    KANTAMAL-85    BOUDH-86
DASPALLA-121    BHANJANAGAR-123
S18-13-OR-KANDHAMAL    1ASHOK SAHU    BJP
2PAULA BALIARSING    BSP
3RUDRAMADHAB RAY    BJD
4SUZIT KUMAR PADHI    INC
5NAKUL NAYAK    SP
6AJIT KUMAR NAYAK    IND
7KAMALA KANTA PANDEY    IND
8GHORABANA BEHERA    IND
9DEENABANDHU NAIK    IND
BARAMBA-87    BANKI-88    ATHAGARH-89    BARABATI-CUTTACK-90
CHOUDWAR-CUTTACK-91    CUTTACK SADAR-93    KHANDAPADA-120
S18-14-OR-CUTTACK    1ANADI SAHU    BJP
2GOPAL CHANDRA KAR    BSP
3BIBHUTI BHUSAN MISHRA    INC
4BHARTRUHARI MAHTAB    BJD
5KAPILA CHARAN MALL    BOP
6PRADIP ROUTRAY    KS
7DEBANANDA SINGH    IND
SALIPUR-94    MAHANGA-95    PATKURA-96    KENDRAPARA-97    AUL-98
RAJANAGAR-99    MAHAKALAPADA-100
S18-15-OR-KENDRAPARA    1JNANDEV BEURA    BJP
2RANJIB BISWAL    INC
3LENIN LENKA    BSP
4BAIJAYANT PANDA    BJD
5PRATAP CHANDRA JENA    SAMO
6PRAVAKAR NAYAK    KS
7RAMA KRUSHNA DASH    CPI(ML)(L)
8SARAT CHANDRA SWAIN    IND
NIALI-92    PARADEEP-101    TIRTOL-102    BALIKUDA-ERSAMA-103
JAGATSINGHPUR-104    KAKATPUR-105    NIMAPARA-106
S18-16-OR-JAGATSINGHPUR    1BAIDHAR MALLICK    BJP
2BIBHU PRASAD TARAI    CPI
3BIBHUTI BHUSAN MAJHI    BSP
4RABINDRA KUMAR SETHY    INC
5AKSHAYA KUMAR SETHI    SAMO
PURI-107    BRAMHAGIRI-108    SATYABADI-109    PIPILI-110    CHILIKA-118
RANPUR-119    NAYAGARH-122
S18-17-OR-PURI    1JITENDRA KUMAR SAHOO    BSP
2DEBENDRA NATH MANSINGH    INC
3PINAKI MISRA    BJD
4BRAJA KISHORE TRIPATHY    BJP
5KSHITISH BISWAL    CPI(ML)(L)
6SABYASACHI MOHAPATRA    KS
7PRABHAT KUMAR BADAPANDA    IND
JAYADEV-111    BHUBANESWAR CENTRAL (MADHYA)-112    BHUBANESWAR NORTH
(UTTAR)-113    EKAMRA-BHUBANESWAR-114    JATANI-115    BEGUNIA-116
KHURDA-117
S18-18-OR-BHUBANESWAR    1AKSHAYA KUMAR MOHANTY    BSP
2ARCHANA NAYAK    BJP
3PRASANNA KUMAR PATASANI    BJD
4SANTOSH MOHANTY    INC
5UMA CHARANA MISHRA    JHKP
6NABAGHAN PARIDA    BOP
7PRAFUL KUMAR SAHOO    RPI(A)
8BASANTA KUMAR BEHERA    KS
9BIJAYANANDA MISHRA    LJP
10JAGANNATH PRASAD LENKA    IND
11DHIRENDRA SATAPATHY    IND
12PRAMILA BEHERA    IND
13SASTHI PRASAD SETHI    IND
POLASARA-124    KABISURYANGAR-125    KHALIKOTE-126    ASKA-128    SURADA-129
SANAKHEMUNDI-130    HINJILI-131
S18-19-OR-ASKA    1NITYANANDA PRADHAN    BJD
2RAMACHANDRA RATH    INC
3SHANTI DEVI    BJP
4KRISHNA DALABEHERA    KS
5BIJAYA KUMAR MAHAPATRO    RSP
6SURJYA NARAYAN SAHU    SAMO
7KALICHARAN NAYAK    IND
8DEBASIS MISRA    IND
9K SHYAM BABU SUBUDHI    IND
CHHATRAPUR-127    GOPALPUR-132    BERHAMPUR-133    DIGAPAHANDI-134
CHIKITI-135    MOHANA-136    PARALAKHEMUNDI-137
S18-20-OR-BERHAMPUR    1CHANDRA SEKHAR SAHU    INC
2PABITRA GAMANGO    BSP
3BHARAT PAIK    BJP
4SIDHANT MAHAPATRA    BJD
5NIRAKAR BEHERA    KS
6ALI RAZA ZIADI    IND
7KISHORE CHANDRA MAHARANA    IND
8A RAGHUNATH VARMA    IND
9K SHYAM BABU SUBUDHI    IND
GUNUPUR-138    BISSAM CUTTACK-139    RAYAGADA-140    LAXMIPUR-141
JEYPORE-143    KORAPUT-144    POTTANGI-145
S18-21-OR-KORAPUT    1UPENDRA MAJHI    BJP
2GIRIDHAR GAMANG    INC
3JAYARAM PANGI    BJD
4PAPANNA MUTIKA    BSP
5KUMUDINI DISARI    SAMO
6MEGHANADA SABAR    CPI(ML)(L)
SUJANPUR-1    BHOA-2    GURDASPUR-4    DINA NAGAR-5    QADIAN-6    BATALA-7
FATEHGARH CHURIAN-9    DERA BABA NANAK-10
S19-1-PB-GURDASPUR    1SWARAN SINGH THAKUR    BSP
2PARTAP SINGH BAJWA    INC
3VINOD KHANNA    BJP
4SUKRIT SHARDA    SP
5GURPREET SINGH KHANNA    BGTD
6YOG RAJ SHARMA    SHS
7RAGHVIR KAUR    LJP
8KULDEEP CHAND SAINI    IND
9GURMEET SINGH    IND
10NARAIN SINGH    IND
11BALBIR SINGH    IND
12LAL CHAND    IND
13VIDYA BHUSHAN    IND
AJNALA-11    RAJA SANSI-12    MAJITHA-13    AMRITSAR NORTH-15    AMRITSAR
WEST-16    AMRITSAR CENTRAL-17    AMRITSAR EAST-18    AMRITSAR SOUTH-19
ATTARI-20
S19-2-PB-AMRITSAR    1OM PRAKASH SONI    INC
2BKN CHHIBER    BSP
3NAVJOT SINGH SIDHU    BJP
4ANIL SINGH    RSP
5DRSURINDER SINGH    DCP
6HARMEET SINGH    LJP
7MAJOR GS GILL    RRD
8JASWANT SINGH RANDHAWA    BGTD
9SHAM LAL    IND
10KANWALJIT SINGH MANAWALA    IND
11GOKAL CHAND    IND
12NARESH SINGH BHADAURIYA    IND
13BAL KRISHAN    IND
14LAVINDER KUMAR    IND
JANDIALA-14    TARN TARAN-21    KHEM KARAN-22    PATTI-23    KHADOOR
SAHIB-24    BABA BAKALA-25    KAPURTHALA-27    SULTANPUR LODHI-28    ZIRA-75
S19-3-PB-KHADOOR SAHIB    1SURINDER SINGH SHAHI    BSP
2DR RATTAN SINGH AJNALA    SAD
3RANA GURJEET SINGH    INC
4DARSHAN SINGH    AIDWC
5BALKAR SINGH    BGTD
6MOHINDER SINGH    LJP
7SUKHWANT SINGH    IND
8HARJIT SINGH    IND
9KANWAR PARTAP SINGH    IND
10GIAN KAUR    IND
11GURJIT SINGH    IND
12JASPAL SINGH    IND
13PRAGAT SINGH    IND
14RAJINDER SINGH    IND
15RAJINDER RIKHI    IND
TALWARA-3    PHILLAUR-30    NAKODAR-31    SHAHKOT-32    KARTARPUR-33
JALANDHAR WEST-34    JALANDHAR CENTRAL-35    JALANDHAR NORTH-36    JALANDHAR
CANTT.-37    ADAMPUR-38
S19-4-PB-JALANDHAR    1SURJIT SINGH    BSP
2HANS RAJ HANS    SAD
3MOHINDER SINGH KAYPEE    INC
4ASHOK KUMAR    BGTD
5JAGJIVAN RAM BHARTI    RPI
6NAV VIKAS    LJP
7RAJINDER SINGH    LTSD
8DR RAJINDER KUMAR    SP
9VIJAY HANS    DBSP
10SANJEEV KUMAR RAHELA    IND
11HARI MITTER    IND
12HANS RAJ PABWAN    IND
13MOHINDER SINGH    IND
14MOHINDER SINGH GILL    IND
15RAKESH KUMAR BHAGAT    IND
SRI HARGOBINDPUR-8    BHOLATH-26    PHAGWARA-29    MUKERIAN-39    DASUYA-40
URMAR-41    SHAM CHAURASI-42    HOSHIARPUR-43    CHABBEWAL-44
S19-5-PB-HOSHIARPUR    1SANTOSH CHOWDHARY    INC
2SUKHWINDER KUMAR    BSP
3SOM PARKASH    BJP
4PRINCIPAL MOHAN LAL KHOSLA    DBSP
5LAL CHAND BHATTI    BGTD
6VARINDER BHARTI    LJP
7SARWAN SINGH    IND
8HARMESH LAL SAROYA    IND
9JATHEDAR DALJIT SINGH SODHI    IND
10MAHINDER SINGH HAMIRA    IND
11MUKHTAR SINGH MUKHA KHUJALA    IND
12RITTA RAHELA    IND
GARHSHANKAR-45    BANGA-46    NAWAN SHAHR-47    BALACHAUR-48    ANANDPUR
SAHIB-49    RUPNAGAR-50    CHAMKAUR SAHIB-51    KHARAR-52    S.A.S.NAGAR-53
S19-6-PB-ANANDPUR SAHIB    1KEWAL KRISHAN    BSP
2DR DALJIT SINGH CHEEMA    SAD
3MAHAN SINGH    CPM
4RAVNEET SINGH    INC
5BACHAN LAL    LJP
6BALWINDER SINGH    SP
7MANJIT KAUR    DBSP
8MOHAN SINGH    ARWP
9VISHWANATH    SHS
10SAT PAL    IND
11SANSAR CHAND    IND
12JASPAL SINGH    IND
13DALJIT SINGH    IND
14RESHAM LAL KAHLON    IND
LUDHIANA EAST-60    LUDHIANA SOUTH-61    ATAM NAGAR-62    LUDHIANA
CENTRAL-63    LUDHIANA WEST-64    LUDHIANA NORTH-65    GILL-66    DAKHA-68
JAGRAON-70
S19-7-PB-LUDHIANA    1KEHAR SINGH    BSP
2GURCHARAN SINGH GALIB    SAD
3MANISH TEWARI    INC
4SANJEEV KUMAR ATWAL    DBSP
5SURINDER SINGH SODHI    LJP
6HARISH KUMAR    RWS
7GIRDHARI LAL    LBP
8GURINDER SINGH SOOD    JKNPP
9JASPAL SINGH    BGTD
10TULSI RAM MISRA    SP
11LADDU SHAH    LPSP
12AJAY TANDON    IND
13SURINDER PAL    IND
14SHAMBHU KUMAR SINGH    IND
15SHIV SUNDER    IND
16SEIKH MUKHTIAR    IND
17HARBANS SINGH SODHI    IND
18KUNAL    IND
19GURCHARAN SINGH    IND
20CHANDER DEV SINGH    IND
21JASVIR SINGH THETHI    IND
22TEHAL SINGH    IND
23DALJINDER SINGH    IND
24BALBIR SINGH    IND
25RAJESH KUMAR    IND
26RAJESH GANDHI    IND
27RAJESH PATEL    IND
28RAVINDER KUMAR SO SOHAN LAL    IND
29RAVINDER KUMAR SO MUNNA LAL    IND
30VIJAY KUMAR GOEL    IND
BASSI PATHANA-54    FATEHGARH SAHIB-55    AMLOH-56    KHANNA-57
SAMRALA-58    SAHNEWAL-59    PAYAL-67    RAIKOT-69    AMARGARH-106
S19-8-PB-FATEHGARH SAHIB    1SUKHDEV SINGH    INC
2CHARANJIT SINGH ATWAL    SAD
3RAI SINGH    BSP
4HIRA LAL    BVP
5KULWANT SINGH SANDHU    SAD(M)
6BP SINGH GILL    LBP
7BHUPINDER SINGH    RSP
8RAM SINGH    LJP
9SIKANDER SINGH    IND
10PREM SINGH    IND
11LACHHMAN SINGH    IND
NIHAL SINGHWALA-71    BHAGHA PURANA-72    MOGA-73    DHARAMKOT-74
GIDDERBAHA-84    FARIDKOT-87    KOTKAPURA-88    JAITU-89    RAMPURA PHUL-90
S19-9-PB-FARIDKOT    1SUKHWINDER SINGH DANNY    INC
2KAUSHALYA CHAMAN BHAURA    CPI
3PARAMJIT KAUR GULSHAN    SAD
4RESHAM SINGH    BSP
5GURMEET SINGH RANGHRETA    PLP
6JASVIR SINGH    MB(S)P
7PRITAM SINGH    RPI
8PREM SINGH    SP
9RAJ KAUR    AIDWC
10SUKHWINDER SINGH    IND
11SHARAN KAUR    IND
12GURPREET SINGH    IND
13NATHU RAM    IND
14NIRMAL SINGH    IND
15VEERPAL KAUR    IND
FIROZPUR CITY-76    FIROZPUR RURAL-77    GURU HAR SAHAI-78    JALALABAD-79
FAZILKA-80    ABOHAR-81    BALLUANA-82    MALOUT-85    MUKTSAR-86
S19-10-PB-FEROZPUR    1SHER SINGH GHUBAYA    SAD
2GURDEV SINGH    BSP
3JAGMEET SINGH BRAR    INC
4SAHAB SINGH    LJP
5JINDER PAL SINGH    AIDWC
6DHIAN SINGH MAND    SAD(M)
7PAPU SINGH    RVNP
8MATHRA DASS    PSS
9ATMA RAM    IND
10SATNAM SINGH    IND
11SARABJEET SINGH    IND
12SUBLAKSHMAN SHARMA    IND
13SHER SINGH    IND
14GURPAL SINGH    IND
15JAGDEEP SINGH    IND
16JAGMEET SINGH    IND
17DALIP KUMAR    IND
18PARAMJEET SINGH    IND
19PRITAM SINGH    IND
20BALJINDER SINGH    IND
21BALTEJ SINGH BRAR    IND
22BAU SINGH    IND
23MANOJ KUMAR    IND
24MUNSHA SINGH    IND
25RAJ KUMAR    IND
26RAJINDER KUMAR    IND
27RIMPAL MIDHA    IND
LAMBI-83    BHUCHO MANDI-91    BATHINDA URBAN-92    BATHINDA RURAL-93
TALWANDI SABO-94    MAUR-95    MANSA-96    SARDULGARH-97    BUDHLADA-98
S19-11-PB-BATHINDA    1HARSIMRAT KAUR BADAL    SAD
2HARDEV SINGH ARSHI    CPI
3NEM CHAND    BSP
4RANINDER SINGH    INC
5KIRANJIT SINGH GEHRI    LJP
6GEETA RANI    ABSR
7CHODHARI RAM CHAND    ABJP
8NAVNEET    SHS
9BHAGWANT SINGH SAMAON    CPI(ML)(L)
10RAJ KAMAL GHARU    RVNP
11LAKHWINDER SINGH    AIDWC
12SURESH KUMAR    IND
13HARDEV SINGH    IND
14KARAM SINGH    IND
15KEWAL SINGH    IND
16JAGROOP SINGH    IND
17DYAL CHAND    IND
18NIRMAL SINGH    IND
19PARVEEN HITESHI    IND
20RAJNISH KUMAR    IND
21RAVJINDER SINGH    IND
22RAJA SINGH    IND
LEHRA-99    DIRBA-100    SUNAM-101    BHADAUR-102    BARNALA-103    MEHAL
KALAN-104    MALERKOTLA-105    DHURI-107    SANGRUR-108
S19-12-PB-SANGRUR    1SUKHDEV SINGH DHINDSA    SAD
2MOHMAD JAMILURREHMAN    BSP
3VIJAY INDER SINGLA    INC
4AJMER SINGH KHUDI    LJP
5SIMRANJIT SINGH MANN    SAD(M)
6JASWANT SINGH CHHAPA    SP
7TARSEM JODHAN    CPI(ML)(L)
8BALWANT SINGH RAMUWALIA    LBP
9SUKHJINDER SINGH    IND
10SUKHDEV SINGH SO JEET SINGH    IND
11SUKHDEV SINGH SO BAGGA SINGH    IND
12JASWANT SINGH    IND
13JARNAIL SINGH    IND
14BALVIR RAM    IND
15BILLU SINGH    IND
16RATTAN LAL SINGLA    IND
NABHA-109    PATIALA RURAL-110    RAJPURA-111    DERA BASSI-112
GHANAUR-113    SANOUR-114    PATIALA-115    SAMANA-116    SHUTRANA-117
S19-13-PB-PATIALA    1DEEPAK JOSHI    BSP
2PRENEET KAUR    INC
3PREM SINGH CHANDUMAJRA    SAD
4AMRIK SINGH    RSP
5BARJESH BATTA    LJP
6ARUN SOOD    IND
7SATISH KUMAR    IND
8SANJIV KUMAR KAUSHAL    IND
9SURINDER KUMAR    IND
10SOHAN SINGH    IND
11HARWINDER SINGH    IND
12KARAMJIT SINGH    IND
13KULDIP SINGH GREWAL    IND
14BANT SINGH    IND
SADULSHAHAR-1    GANGANAGAR-2    KARANPUR-3    SURATGARH-4    RAISINGH
NAGAR-5    SANGARIA-7    HANUMANGARH-8    PILIBANGA-9
S20-1-RJ-GANGANAGAR    1NIHAL CHAND    BJP
2BHARAT RAM MEGHWAL    INC
3SHEOPAT RAM    CPM
4SITA RAM    BSP
5MUKESH KUMAR    SP
6HET RAM    RJVP
7OM PARKASH    IND
8JASWINDER SINGH    IND
9TITAR SINGH    IND
10BHURA RAM    IND
11RAJI RAM    IND
12SHILA DEVI    IND
13SINDU        IND
14SITA RAM MORYA    IND
15HANUMAN RAM    IND
ANUPGARH-6    KHAJUWALA-12    BIKANER WEST-13    BIKANER EAST-14
KOLAYAT-15    LUNKARANSAR-16    DUNGARGARH-17    NOKHA-18
S20-2-RJ-BIKANER    1ARJUN RAM MEGHWAL    BJP
2GOVIND RAM MEGHWAL    BSP
3PAWAN KUMAR DUGGAL    CPM
4REWAT RAM PANWAR    INC
5ADU RAM MEGHWAL    RJVP
6BABU LAL KHANDA    SP
7KUNDAN LAL VALMIKI    IND
8KHEM CHAND NIMBHAL    IND
9RATAN DEVI MEGHWAL    IND
10LAXHMAN SINGH    IND
NOHAR-10    BHADRA-11    SADULPUR-19    TARANAGAR-20    SARDARSHAHAR-21
CHURU-22    RATANGARH-23    SUJANGARH-24
S20-3-RJ-CHURU    1BUDH RAM SAINI    BSP
2RAFIQUE MANDELIA    INC
3RAM SINGH KASWAN    BJP
4JAGRUP SINGH    RJVP
5MANGI LAL    BHBP
6RADHE SHYAM    RMGLMP
7VIJENDRA SINGH    JKNPP
8SHAILENDRA AWASTHI    SP
9GOPI KRISHAN    IND
10CHANDAN MAL    IND
11JITENDER KUMAR    IND
12BHANWAR LAL    IND
13MOHAMMED SALIM    IND
14SHOKAT ALI    IND
15SALIM GUJAR    IND
PILANI-25    SURAJGARH-26    JHUNJHUNU-27    MANDAWA-28    NAWALGARH-29
UDAIPURWATI-30    KHETRI-31    FATEHPUR-32
S20-4-RJ-JHUNJHUNU    1KHATRI MUSTAQ    BSP
2DR DASRATH SINGH SHEKHAWAT    BJP
3SHEESH RAM OLA    INC
4NETRAM BUGALIA    RRD
5PHOOL CHAND DHEWA    CPI(ML)(L)
6RANVEER SINGH GUDHA    LJP
7RAVITA SHARMA    RBD
8DR GOPAL PRASAD SHARMA    IND
9NARAPAT SINGH RATHOR    IND
10RANDHIR SINGH MEGWAL    IND
11RAKESH SABAL    IND
12ROHITASHV KUMAR KALIA    IND
13SHER SINGH    IND
LACHHMANGARH-33    DHOD-34    SIKAR-35    DANTA RAMGARH-36    KHANDELA-37
NEEM KA THANA-38    SRIMADHOPUR-39    CHOMU-43
S20-5-RJ-SIKAR    1AMARA RAM    CPM
2BHARAT SINGH TANWAR    BSP
3MAHADEV SINGH    INC
4SUBHASH MAHARIA    BJP
5ACHARAYA DEVENDRA KUMAR PAURANIK    SP
6D P KUMAWAT    RJVP
7BHAGVAN SAHAY    LJP
8MAKHAN LAL SAINI    JGP
9SITA DEVI    BHBP
10HEM CHAND AGRAWAL    BCP
11AJAY PAL    IND
12JUGAL KISHOR MEGHAWAL    IND
13MAHABEER PARSAD    IND
14MAHESH KUMAR    IND
15RAMESH SHARMA    IND
16HANUMAN SAHAI    IND
KOTPUTLI-40    VIRATNAGAR-41    SHAHPURA-42    PHULERA-44    JHOTWARA-46
AMBER-47    JAMWA RAMGARH-48    BANSUR-63
S20-6-RJ-JAIPUR RURAL    1RAJESH SHARMA    BSP
2RAO RAJENDRA SINGH    BJP
3LAL CHAND KATARIA    INC
4KESHAV RAM SHARMA    BSSPA
5RAJENDRA JETHIWAL KUMAWAT    RJVP
6RAMNIWAS YADAV    JD(U)
7SRAVAN LAL YADAV    RBD
8KALU RAM    IND
9CHHITAR MAL    IND
10DHUNILAL DHUHARIA    IND
11BANWARI LAL MALI    IND
12MATADEEN DHANKA    IND
13DR MUKARRAM ALI    IND
14RADHEYSHYAM MEENA    IND
15RAM NIWAS YOGI    IND
16ROHITASH KULDEEP RAIGER    IND
17VRADHICHAND KUMAWAT    IND
18SHANKAR LAL BUNKAR    IND
19SITARAM BUNKAR    IND
20SUKHVEER SINGH JAUNAPURIA    IND
21SUBHASH CHANDRA SHARMA    IND
HAWA MAHAL-49    VIDHYADHAR NAGAR-50    CIVIL LINES-51    KISHAN POLE-52
ADARSH NAGAR-53    MALVIYA NAGAR-54    SANGANER-55    BAGRU-56
S20-7-RJ-JAIPUR    1GHANSHYAM TIWARI    BJP
2MAHESH JOSHI    INC
3VIJAY PESHWANI    BSP
4NIHAL CHAND    RJVP
5SHYAM LAL VIJAY    RBD
6HARGOVIND SINGH    JGP
7ABDUL RAJAK    IND
8DR AVINASH VISHNOI    IND
9IQBAL        IND
10KAILASH CHAND SAINI    IND
11KAILASH CHAND SAINI    IND
12PREM SAINI ALIAS PREMNATH    IND
13BHANWAR KANWAR RAJAWAT    IND
14BHASKAR DAAGAR    IND
15MANAV    IND
16MOHD RAFIQ    IND
17RAMESH CHANDRA    IND
18RAJ KUMAR    IND
19RAM LAL DHANKA    IND
20RIYAJUL HASAN    IND
21ROHITASH KULDEEP RAIGAR    IND
22VIJAYPAL SINGH SHYORAN VIVEK    IND
23SANJAY GOYAL    IND
24DR SAT DEV NATH CHADDA    IND
25SITA RAM BAIRWA    IND
TIJARA-59    KISHANGARH BAS-60    MUNDAWAR-61    BEHROR-62    ALWAR RURAL-65
ALWAR URBAN-66    RAMGARH-67    RAJGARH LAXMANGARH-68
S20-8-RJ-ALWAR    1DRKIRAN YADAV    BJP
2JITENDRA SINGH    INC
3JAGEDISH    BHBP
4DEVENDRA    JGP
5SNEHRA    SP
6VISWANATH SINGH KHINCHI    RJVP
7SHIV KUMAR    JKNPP
8KIRAN YADAV    IND
9GURDAYAL MANDIE    IND
10JASRAM    IND
11DP ALOK    IND
12DHOKAL RAM    IND
13BANWARI LAL SAINI    IND
14BABU LAL SAINI    IND
15MEGH SINGH    IND
16RAM LAL MEENA    IND
KATHUMAR-69    KAMAN-70    NAGAR-71    DEEG-KUMHER-72    BHARATPUR-73
NADBAI-74    WEIR-75    BAYANA-76
S20-9-RJ-BHARATPUR    1KHEMCHAND    BJP
2MUHAR SINGH    BSP
3RATAN SINGH    INC
4JASWANT KUMAR    KKJHS
5DURGA        RND
6DR PADAM SINGH    SP
7MAHAVEER    RJVP
8ANAND RAM    IND
9ASHARAM URF ASHA    IND
10NAGENDRA SINGH    IND
11PREM CHAND    IND
12MAMRAJ    IND
13MANGAL RAM    IND
14RAMAN LAL    IND
BASERI-77    BARI-78    DHOLPUR-79    RAJAKHERA-80    TODABHIM-81
HINDAUN-82    KARAULI-83    SAPOTRA-84
S20-10-RJ-KARAULI-DHOLPUR    1KHILADI LAL BAIRWA    INC
2DR MANOJ RAJORIA    BJP
3HATTIRAM    BSP
4RAMESH    SP
5SHREELAL KHARE    LJP
6OM PRAKASH    IND
7KANCHAN BAIBAIRWA    IND
8GANGARAM    IND
9JAGAN LAL    IND
10BANWARI    IND
11RAM VILAS    IND
12REKHA    IND
13LAKHAN SINGH    IND
14LALARAM    IND
15VIJAY        IND
16SHREE LAL BAIRWA    IND
BASSI-57    CHAKSU-58    THANAGAZI-64    BANDIKUI-85    MAHUWA-86    SIKRAI-87
DAUSA-88    LALSOT-89
S20-11-RJ-DAUSA    1RAM KISHORE MEENA    BJP
2LAXMAN    INC
3LOKESH    BSP
4GAJENDRA PAL SINGH    KKJHS
5DHARM SINGH    JGP
6BHARAT HOTLA    LJP
7MUKESH KUMAR    BSA
8RAM LAL    BHBP
9SHIVA RAM    RJVP
10QUMMER RUBBANI    IND
11KIRODI LAL    IND
12RAJENDRA SINGH    IND
13RAMESHWAR NIRVAN    IND
14LADU RAM    IND
GANGAPUR-90    BAMANWAS-91    SAWAI MADHOPUR-92    KHANDAR-93    MALPURA-94
NIWAI-95    TONK-96    DEOLI – UNIARA-97
S20-12-RJ-TONK-SAWAI MADHOPUR    1KIRORI SINGH BAINSLA    BJP
2NAMO NARAIN    INC
3SURENDERA VYAS    BSP
4OM PRAKASH    JKNPP
5KALURAM    RJVP
6KRISHAN PAL SINGH    SP
7BHAG CHAND JAIN    FCI
8SAYAR        RDSD
9IQBAL KHAN BHATI    IND
10CHETAN KUMAR RANA    IND
11JAGAN NATH MORLIYA    IND
12JAVED        IND
13PREM LATA BANSHIWAL    IND
14MEETHALAL JAIN    IND
15MUSHAHID ZUBERI    IND
16RAM CHANDRA    IND
17SIV SINGH    IND
DUDU-45    KISHANGARH-98    PUSHKAR-99    AJMER NORTH-100    AJMER SOUTH-101
NASIRABAD-102    MASUDA-104    KEKRI-105
S20-13-RJ-AJMER    1KIRAN MAHESHWARI    BJP
2ROHITASH    BSP
3SACHIN PILOT    INC
4INDER CHAND PALIWALA    JGP
5USHA KIRAN VERMA    IND
6NAFISUDDIN MIYA    IND
7MUKESH JAIN    IND
8SHANTILAL DHABRIA    IND
LADNUN-106    DEEDWANA-107    JAYAL-108    NAGAUR-109    KHINWSAR-110
MAKRANA-113    PARBATSAR-114    NAWAN-115
S20-14-RJ-NAGAUR    1ABDUL AZIZ    BSP
2DR JYOTI MIRDHA    INC
3BINDU CHAUDHARY    BJP
4DASHRATH SINGH    JGP
5RAMJAN SAHAB    LJP
6INDRARAM JAT    IND
7VINOD KUMAR PITTI    IND
8SUNIL        IND
SOJAT-117    PALI-118    MARWAR JUNCTION-119    BALI-120    SUMERPUR-121
OSIAN-125    BHOPALGARH-126    BILARA-131
S20-15-RJ-PALI    1PUSP JAIN    BJP
2BADRI RAM JAKHAR    INC
3SHAMBHU SINGH KHETASAR    BSP
4GANPAT SINGH RAJPUROHIT    JGP
5MISHRI LAL NAYAK    ABHM
6INDRA SINGH RAJPUROHIT    IND
7KANHAIYA LAL PAREEK    IND
8TANMAY    IND
9PREM MEHRA    IND
10BHAGA RAM PRAJAPAT    IND
11MAHENDRA SINGH    IND
12MOOLA RAM MALI    IND
13SURENDRA SINGH    IND
14HARI LAL KALAL    IND
PHALODI-122    LOHAWAT-123    SHERGARH-124    SARDARPURA-127    JODHPUR-128
SOORSAGAR-129    LUNI-130    POKARAN-133
S20-16-RJ-JODHPUR    1CHANDRESH KUMARI    INC
2JASWANT SINGH BISNOI    BJP
3RAJU RAM    BSP
4GURDAN SINGH    JKNPP
5ASLAM        IND
6CHANDRAKANTA    IND
7CHAMPALAL    IND
8DR DINESH KUMAR SHARMA    IND
9DILIP SINGH RAJPUROHIT    IND
10DIDAR        IND
11DEVA RAM    IND
12MEHMOODA BEGUM ABBASI    IND
13MOHAMMAD ARIF    IND
14VIJAY KUMAR    IND
JAISALMER-132    SHEO-134    BARMER-135    BAYTOO-136    PACHPADRA-137
SIWANA-138    GUDHAMALANI-139    CHOHTAN-140
S20-17-RJ-BARMER    1MAHENDRA VYAS    BSP
2MANVENDRA SINGH    BJP
3HARISH CHOUDHARY    INC
4POPAT RAM    IND
5MANA RAM SARAN    IND
6RANA MAL    IND
7LAXMAN SINGH    IND
AHORE-141    JALORE-142    BHINMAL-143    SANCHORE-144    RANIWARA-145
SIROHI-146    PINDWARA ABU-147    REODAR-148
S20-18-RJ-JALORE    1DEVJI PATEL    BJP
2MAGARAM    BSP
3SANDHYA CHOUDHARY    INC
4GANGA SINGH    SP
5CHAGANLAL    IJP
6DINESH KANTEEWAL    LJP
7NANDA DEVI    RJVP
8GOPAL RAM    IND
9CHAGANLAL MALI    IND
10CHAGANLAL MEGHWAL    IND
11POKARA RAM    IND
12PRABHU SINGH    IND
13BAGDARAM    IND
14BUTA SINGH    IND
15BHANWAR LAL WAGELA    IND
16MUKESH SUNDESHA    IND
17MEGWAL SAKAJI    IND
18RAMDEO ACHARYA    IND
19VIKRANT SAXENA    IND
20SHANTI PARMAR    IND
21SUKHRAJ    IND
22HAJARIMAL    IND
GOGUNDA-149    JHADOL-150    KHERWARA-151    UDAIPUR RURAL-152
UDAIPUR-153    SALUMBER-156    DHARIAWAD-157    ASPUR-159
S20-19-RJ-UDAIPUR    1BAXI RAM LATTA MEENA    BSP
2MAHAVEER BHAGORA    BJP
3MEGHRAJ TAWAR    CPI
4RAGHUVIR SINGH MEENA    INC
5OM PRAKASH MEENA    ABCD(A)
6GOTAM LAL MEENA    CPI(ML)(L)
7LAL JI BHAI MEENA    JGP
8SHAKUNTALA DHANKA    SP
DUNGARPUR-158    SAGWARA-160    CHORASI-161    GHATOL-162    GARHI-163
BANSWARA-164    BAGIDORA-165    KUSHALGARH-166
S20-20-RJ-BANSWARA    1TARACHAND BHAGORA    INC
2DURGA DEVI BHAGORA    BSP
3HAKARU MAIDA    BJP
4PRABHULAL RAWAT    JD(U)
5BANNU        BHBP
6BHANJI BHAI    SP
7PROF MOHANLAL DAMOR    LSWP
MAVLI-154    VALLABH NAGAR-155    KAPASAN-167    BEGUN-168
CHITTORGARH-169    NIMBAHERA-170    BARI SADRI-171    PRATAPGARH-172
S20-21-RJ-CHITTORGARH    1DRGIRIJA VYAS    INC
2RADHA DEVI BHANDARI    CPI
3SHRICHAND KRIPLANI    BJP
4AB SINGH    BSP
5KARU LAL MEENA    CPI(ML)(L)
6KRISHNA SINGH KACHHER    JGP
7BHAWNA RAMKUMAR CHAWLA    ABCD(A)
8GUNWANT LAL SHARMA    IND
9JASWANT SINGH    IND
10RAM CHANDRA JOSHI    IND
11LAXMAN LAL JAT    IND
12LAHARU    IND
13SHIVANGI SHASTRI    IND
14SANTOSH JOSHI    IND
15SITARAM GUJAR    IND
BEAWAR-103    MERTA-111    DEGANA-112    JAITARAN-116    BHIM-173
KUMBHALGARH-174    RAJSAMAND-175    NATHDWARA-176
S20-22-RJ-RAJSAMAND    1GOPAL SINGH    INC
2NEERU RAM    BSP
3RASA SINGH RAWAT    BJP
4DEVA RAM    IJP
5MAHENDRA SINGH    LJP
6RAMESH SOLANKI    ABCD(A)
7DR GANPAT BANSAL    IND
8GIRDHARI SINGH    IND
9PRITHVI SINGH ALIAS PRITHVI RAJ SINGH    IND
10BHANWAR LAL MALI    IND
11MANGI LAL RAWAL    IND
12SUKH LAL GURJAR    IND
13SURYA BHAVANI SINGH CHAWRA    IND
ASIND-177    MANDAL-178    SAHARA-179    BHILWARA-180    SHAHPURA-181
JAHAZPUR-182    MANDALGARH-183    HINDOLI-184
S20-23-RJ-BHILWARA    1DR C P JOSHI    INC
2VIJAYENDRA PAL SINGH    BJP
3HARISH GURJAR    BSP
4RAMESHAWER LAL    BHBP
5LAXMI NARAYAN PARMAR    ABCD(A)
6VINEET KUMAR MAHESHWARI    JGP
7OMPRAKASH MEENA    IND
8RATANLAL DHOBI    IND
9RAMPAL SONI    IND
10RAM PRASAD SIROTHA    IND
KESHORAIPATAN-185    BUNDI-186    PIPALDA-187    SANGOD-188    KOTA
NORTH-189    KOTA SOUTH-190    LADPURA-191    RAMGANJ MANDI-192
S20-24-RJ-KOTA    1IJYARAJ SINGH    INC
2GOVIND SINGH PARMAR    BSP
3SHYAM SHARMA    BJP
4PRIYANK    JGP
5FARHEEN KHAN    SP
6BABU LAL MEGHWAL    BHBP
7RAMHET    IJP
8SAMUDRA SINGH HADA    ABMSKP
9JAMUNA PRASAD    IND
10BADAM BERWA    IND
11RAM KRISHAN SHARMA    IND
12RAMESHWAR MAMORE MEENA    IND
13SHYAM SUNDER SHARMA    IND
14DR K SHRINGI    IND
ANTA-193    KISHANGANJ-194    BARAN-ATRU-195    CHHABRA-196    DAG-197
JHALRAPATAN-198    KHANPUR-199    MANOHAR THANA-200
S20-25-RJ-JHALAWAR-BARAN    1ABDUL QAYYUM SIDDIQUI    BSP
2URMILA JAIN BHAYA    INC
3DUSHYANT SINGH    BJP
4GHASI LAL MEGHWAL    BHBP
5ABDUL FARID    IND
6JAGDISH    IND
7JHAPAT MAL    IND
8TARACHAND    IND
9DUSHYANT KUMAR    IND
10FAZAR MOHAMMAD    IND
11MOHAMMAD RAFIQ    IND
12LAXMAN KUMAR    IND
13SHOBHA DEVI    IND
14SULEMAN    IND
YOKSAM-TASHIDING-1    YANGTHANG-2    MANEYBUNG-DENTAM-3
GYALSHING-BARNYAK-4    RINCHENPONG-5    DARAMDIN-6    SOREONG-CHAKUNG-7
SALGHARI-ZOOM-8    BARFUNG-9    POKLOK-KAMRANG-10
S21-1-SK-SIKKIM    1KHARANANDA UPRETI    INC
2PADAM BDR CHETTRI    BJP
3PREM DAS RAI    SDF
4BHIM SUBBA    SJEP
5NAR BAHADUR KHATIWADA    SGPP
6TARA KR PRADHAN    SHRP
7ATRI RAM CHANDRA POUDYAL    IND
GUMMIDIPOONDI-1    PONNERI-2    THIRUVALLUR-4    POONAMALLEE-5    AVADI-6
MADAVARAM-9
S22-1-TN-THIRUVALLUR    1ANANDANP    BSP
2GAYATHRIS    DMK
3VENUGOPALP    ADMK
4SUDHARSANMS    JD(U)
5SURESHR    DMDK
6ELANGO INBARAJV    IND
7ETHIRAJA    IND
8SAMPATHA    IND
9SELVARAJA    IND
10NAGALINGAMKM    IND
11PANDURANGANV    IND
12RAJANK    IND
13VENUGOPALP    IND
14JEEVARATHINAMM    IND
TIRUVOTTIYUR-10    DR.RADHAKRISHNAN NAGAR-11    PERAMBUR-12    KOLATHUR-13
THIRU -VI -KA -NAGAR-15    ROYAPURAM-17
S22-2-TN-CHENNAI NORTH    1ELANGOVAN TKS    DMK
2SANTHASHRINI JOR    BSP
3TAMILISAISOUNDARARAJAN    BJP
4PANDIAN D    CPI
5ANANDHUK    LJP
6SATHISH KUMAR KP    MMKA
7PALANIMOSES N    PKMK
8MOHAMMED ABDULLAH    RPI(A)
9YUVARAJ V    DMDK
10ARUMUGAM K    IND
11ANANDARAJG    IND
12KADHIRAVAN M    IND
13GIRIRAJD    IND
14SANKARK    IND
15SATHISHC    IND
16SATHISH TP    IND
17SARAVANANM    IND
18SIVAKUMARV    IND
19THEYAGARAJANV    IND
20DEEPA    IND
21NIRMAL KUMARA    IND
22BHASKARANV ALIAS AAVIN VBHASKARAN    IND
23MARIMUTHUP    IND
24RAMESHD    IND
25RAJARAMR    IND
26RUDRAMOORTHYM    IND
27VINOBHAGANDHICH    IND
28ZEENATH UNNISSA BEGUMMB    IND
29JAYACHANDRANK    IND
VIRUGAMPAKKAM-22    SAIDAPET-23    THIYAGARAYANAGAR-24    MYLAPORE-25
VELACHERY-26    SHOLINGANALLUR-27
S22-3-TN-CHENNAI SOUTH    1RAJENDRAN C    ADMK
2GANESAN LA    BJP
3BHARATHY RS    DMK
4GOPINATH V    DMDK
5SATHIYASEELAN M    LJP
6MOHANRAJ J    JJ
7RAVINDRA DASS R    KDC
8RAJAMANITHAR SJ    PKMK
9VENKATARAMAN NS    DPK
10JAYARAMAN S    SHS
11JYOTHI GM    PPOI
12ASWATHAMAN K    IND
13IRUDAYADASS A    IND
14ELANGOVAN K    IND
15KARTHIKEYAN G    IND
16GIRIRAJAN M    IND
17CHRISTHUDASS N    IND
18KUMAR VA    IND
19CHANDRA SEKARAN R    IND
20CHANDRAN K    IND
21SHANMUGA SUNDARAM PT    IND
22SHANMUGARAJ V    IND
23SAMPATH KUMAR S    IND
24SARATH BABU E    IND
25ZIAUDDEN N    IND
26SRINIVASAN VR    IND
27SUNDAR J    IND
28SURESH KUMAR M    IND
29TANMAY    IND
30TAMIL SELVAN M    IND
31DEVADOSS KUPPAL G    IND
32PALANI SP    IND
33BALA KRISHNAN M    IND
34BALASUBRAMANIAN V    IND
35BALAN B    IND
36MAHALINGAM JS    IND
37MATHIKKARASU P    IND
38MANIVANNAN C    IND
39RAMASWAMY TRAFFIC RAMASWAMY    IND
40RAJA LD    IND
41RAJENDRAN V    IND
42VEERAMANI S    IND
43VENKATESAN D    IND
VILLIVAKKAM-14    EGMORE-16    HARBOUR-18    CHEPAUK-THIRUVALLIKENI-19
THOUSAND LIGHTS-20    ANNA NAGAR-21
S22-4-TN-CHENNAI CENTRAL    1DAYANIDHI MARAN    DMK
2MOGAMED ALI JINNAH SMK    ADMK
3YUNIS KHANAY    BSP
4GANGADURAIG    JJ
5THOMASTJACOB    YSP
6NAHAMANIJ    JMM
7RANGGANATHANV    ABKMM
8RAMANA REDDYKV    KDC
9RAMAKARISHNANVV    DMDK
10RAAJ RAMCHAND    SHS
11VASUS    SP
12VIJAYAKUMAR    PPOI
13VISWANATHANE    MMKA
14HYDER ALIS    MAMAK
15ARASAKUMARMS    IND
16ARIVUDAINAMBIN    IND
17ANEES HUSSAINH    IND
18RAVIKUMART    IND
19UDAYAKUMAR    IND
20GIRIJA SHANKERR    IND
21KRISHNANPR    IND
22GUNASEKARANM    IND
23SIVAKUMARS    IND
24SENTHILP    IND
25TEACKRAJD    IND
26DHAMODHARANT    IND
27PARIMALAMV    IND
28PRABUV    IND
29MANIG    IND
30MARIMUTHUE    IND
31MOHAMED ALI    IND
32MOHAMED ALI ZINNAA    IND
33MOHANK    IND
34RAJAKUMARS    IND
35LOGANATHANV    IND
36WILSON PAULS    IND
37SRIDHARS    IND
MADURAVOYAL-7    AMBATTUR-8    ALANDUR-28    SRIPERUMBUDUR-29
PALLAVARAM-30    TAMBARAM-31
S22-5-TN-SRIPERUMBUDUR    1BAALU T R    DMK
2MOORTHY A K    PMK
3RAJAPPA B    BSP
4ARUN SUBRAMANIAN M    DMDK
5SWARNASREE P    PPOI
6THAYUMANA GURU AYYANAR    AIVP
7BHARATHI K    CPIMLL
8MAYA RAMACHANDRAN    THPI
9VARATHARAJAN T    SHS
10VIJAYAKUMAR S    LJP
11JAMES SELVAM C    AIJMK
12AYODHI L    IND
13EZHILARASU M    IND
14KALAISELVAN T    IND
15KARIKALAN C    IND
16KATTU RAJA N    IND
17KARTHIKEYAN T    IND
18KUMAR S    IND
19SHANMUGAM G    IND
20CHANDRU K    IND
21SAMPATH T    IND
22DHARMASATHYAMURTHY V    IND
23DURAIRAJ L    IND
24NAGARAJAN P    IND
25PADMANABHAN S    IND
26BALU D    IND
27MANIMARAN S    IND
28MADHAVARAJ K V    IND
29MINNAL SRINIVASAN    IND
30LAKSHMI S    IND
31VELMURUGAN T N    IND
32RAMESH R    IND
CHENGALPATTU-32    THIRUPORUR-33    CHEYYUR-34    MADURANTAKAM-35
UTHIRAMERUR-36    KANCHEEPURAM-37
S22-6-TN-KANCHEEPURAM    1RAMAKRISHNANDRE    ADMK
2UTHRAPATHIK    BSP
3VISWANATHANP    INC
4SIVASANKARANA    AIJMK
5TAMILVENDANT    DMDK
6PAKKIRI AMBADKARKV    JMM
7JAWAHARLAL NEHRUP    LJP
8ANBURAAJRK    IND
9SATHIYAVASAN MV    IND
10SIVALINGAMD    IND
11SELVAMG    IND
12DAHKSHNA MOORTHYT    IND
13THIYAGARAJANM    IND
14MAGESH KUMARE    IND
15MANIMARANK    IND
16MATHIYALAGANK    IND
17MINNAL SRINIVASAN MAMPHIL    IND
18MURUGASANB    IND
19RUPADEVI RV    IND
20JAYAKUMARPS    IND
TIRUTTANI-3    ARAKKONAM-38    SHOLINGUR-39    KATPADI-40    RANIPET-41
ARCOT-42
S22-7-TN-ARAKKONAM    1MARY JOHN    BSP
2VELU R        PMK
3JAGATHRAKSHAKAN    DMK
4ANNAMALAI S C    AIVP
5ISAAC JEBA KUMAR    AIJMK
6SANKAR S    DMDK
7SHANMUGAM K    JD(U)
8SRINIVASAN K    LJP
9PALANI W B    PNK
10PASSAMIGHU ANNAN VENKATESNOR TA V    ADSMK
11MANAVAULAN K    SP
12SUTHA N    IND
13THULASI G    IND
14PANJATSARAM D    IND
15PANDIAN E    IND
16MUTHIYALU M    IND
17MATHEW N D    IND
18JANAKIRAMAN J    IND
19JAGADEESWARAN J    IND
20JEGAN S    IND
VELLORE-43    ANAIKATTU-44    KILVAITHINANKUPPAM-45    GUDIYATTAM-46
VANIYAMBADI-47    AMBUR-48
S22-8-TN-VELLORE    1ABDULRAHMAN    DMK
2RAJENDIRAN A K    BJP
3MANSOOR AHMED    BSP
4VASU L K M B    ADMK
5RAJAN BABU B    MMKA
6EKAMBARAM E A    NMK
7GOVINDARAJI P V    SP
8SHOUKATH SHERIF    DMDK
9THAGIR AHAMED    LJP
10NARAYANAN R    AIVP
11MUNIYAPPAN K    ADSMK
12ABDUL MAJEED OOSI    IND
13ARIUDAI NAMBI D    IND
14ESWARAN R    IND
15KUBENDIRAN D    IND
16GOPALAKRISHNAN C    IND
17CHANDRAN C    IND
18SURESHKUMAR P    IND
19DANDAPANI T    IND
20NATRAJAN P    IND
21PALANI R T    IND
22PERUMAL D    IND
23RAMAN    IND
24VIJAYAKUMAR    IND
UTHANGARAI-51    BARGUR-52    KRISHNAGIRI-53    VEPPANAHALLI-54    HOSUR-55
THALLI-56
S22-9-TN-KRISHNAGIRI    1SUGAVANAM EG    DMK
2NANJEGOWDU K    ADMK
3BALAKRISHNAN G    BJP
4MOORTHY VV    BSP
5ANBARASAN D    DMDK
6SAKTHIVEL B    LJP
7SELVARAJ M    KNMK
8KUMARESAN M    IND
9GAVURAPPA K    IND
10GOVINDARAJAN V    IND
11SANKAR S    IND
12CHANDRAN BS    IND
13MEENA    IND
14RAMASWAMY    IND
15LATHA G    IND
16VENKATESAN K    IND
PALACODU-57    PENNAGARAM-58    DHARMAPURI-59    PAPPIREDDIPPATTI-60
HARUR-61    METTUR-85
S22-10-TN-DHARMAPURI    1SENTHIL R DR    PMK
2THAMARAISELVAN R    DMK
3PURUSOTHAMAN V    BSP
4ASHOKAN G    KNMK
5ANNADURAI K    UMK
6ELANGOVAN V    DMDK
7GUNASEKARAN D    MMKA
8ARIVAZHAGAN P    IND
9ANANDKUMAR K    IND
10KARUPPUSAMY S    IND
11GOVINDARAJ S    IND
12SAMPATHKUMAR R    IND
13SARAVANAN S    IND
14SIVAN K    IND
15PADMARAJAN K DR    IND
16MANI R    IND
17MURUGAN G    IND
18RADHAKRISHNAN R    IND
19RAJA A    IND
20VELMURUGAN P    IND
21SRIRAMACHANDRAN    IND
JOLARPET-49    TIRUPPATTUR-50    CHENGAM-62    TIRUVANNAMALAI-63
KILPENNATHUR-64    KALASAPAKKAM-65
S22-11-TN-TIRUVANNAMALAI    1GURU A GURUNATHAN J    PMK
2GOVINDASAMY P    BSP
3VENUGOPALD    DMK
4AFROZ HUSNA KS    LJP
5SELVARAJP    SP
6MANIKANDANS    DMDK
7RAJARAM SA    PNK
8ARUMUGAM AA    IND
9RAVI R        IND
10ERSHAD B    IND
11KUMAR MM    IND
12GURU C    IND
13GURUSAMY P    IND
14GURU A GURUMOORTHY S    IND
15SHANMUGARAJAN A    IND
16SHANMUGAVEL M    IND
17SAMPATH A    IND
18SINGARAVELAN P    IND
19SIVADEVAN N    IND
20SENTHIL M    IND
21SELVAM A    IND
22SELVARAJU J    IND
23DHAYANITHI S    IND
24NAGAMALAI R    IND
25BALASUNDAR S    IND
26MANIKANDAN P    IND
27MURUGAN S    IND
28RAVINDIRAN A    IND
29VENUGOPAL SR    IND
30HARI KRISHNAN S    IND
POLUR-66    ARANI-67    CHEYYAR-68    VANDAVASI-69    GINGEE-70    MAILAM-71
S22-12-TN-ARANI    1KRISHNASAMY M    INC
2SHANKAR A    BSP
3SUBRAMANIYAN N    ADMK
4ARIRAJ TV    SP
5SARAVANAKUMAR K    PNK
6MOHANAM RA    DMDK
7SHANMUGAM S    IND
8SUBRAMANI G    IND
9SUBRAMANI P    IND
10DURAI RAJ M    IND
11MURUGAN V    IND
12LOKESH G    IND
13VELAUDHAM M    IND
TINDIVANAM-72    VANUR-73    VILUPPURAM-74    VIKRAVANDI-75
THIRUKOILUR-76    ULUNDURPETTAI-77
S22-13-TN-VILUPPURAM    1ANANDAN M    ADMK
2POYYATHU S    BSP
3GANAPATHI P M    DMDK
4SWAMIDURAI K    VCK
5DEVARAJ G    LJP
6PANCHANATHAN R    JMM
7VENKATESAN S S    AIVP
8VENKATESAN M    CPI(ML)(L)
9ANBALAGAN V    IND
10ANANDAN P    IND
11KUMAR M    IND
12CHANDRALEGA M    IND
13SAMIDURAI M    IND
14SHETT M    IND
15MASILAMANI R    IND
16MURUGAVEL A    IND
17RAMESH K    IND
18LAKSHMANAN R    IND
19VISWANATHAN S A    IND
RISHIVANDIYAM-78    SANKARAPURAM-79    KALLAKURICHI-80    GANGAVALLI-81
ATTUR-82    YERCAUD-83
S22-14-TN-KALLAKURICHI    1SANKAR ADHI    DMK
2SENTHILKUMAR K    BSP
3DHANARAJU K    PMK
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5KESAVAN ANNA    JMM
6GOVINDARAJAN K M    AIVP
7SUDHISH L K    DMDK
8RAMESH S    KNMK
9ARUN KENNEDI A    IND
10INIYADAYALAN G    IND
11GANESAN K    IND
12SADEESH A    IND
13SATHISH BABU S    IND
14SIVARAMAN G    IND
15SELVAM K    IND
16SELVARAJU J    IND
17DHANARAJ T    IND
18DINESH M    IND
19NALLATHAMBI C    IND
20NAVARATTHINAM A    IND
21MANNAN M P    IND
22MANICKAM V    IND
23YUVARAJ R    IND
24RAMAJAYAM P M    IND
25RAJAMANICKAM K    IND
26RAJENTHREN D    IND
27RAJENTHREN M    IND
28VASU V    IND
29VIJAYA RAJENDHAR T    IND
OMALUR-84    EDAPPADI-86    SALEM (WEST)-88    SALEM (NORTH)-89    SALEM
(SOUTH)-90    VEERAPANDI-91
S22-15-TN-SALEM    1SEMMALAI S    ADMK
2THANGKABALU K V    INC
3BALASUBRAMANI R    BSP
4ASHOK SAMRAJ M    KNMK
5ANNADURAI M    AIVP
6ALAGAAPURAM R MOHANRAJ    DMDK
7ANDHRAPRAKASH A    PPOI
8GANESH MASS    AITC
9KRISHNAN M    IND
10GOVANAM THANGAVEL K S    IND
11KOWSALYA C    IND
12CHANDRASEKARAN G    IND
13CHINNAN N    IND
14SELLADURAI C    IND
15DHAMODHARAN N B    IND
16NANDAGOPAL K    IND
17NALLATHAMBI PO    IND
18PERIYASAMY T    IND
19MAHESWARAN V    IND
20MUTHUSAMY P    IND
21MUNIYAPPAN A    IND
22JAYAVENUGOPAL C D    IND
23SHAHJAHAN M A    IND
SANKARI-87    RASIPURAM-92    SENTHAMANGALAM-93    NAMAKKAL-94
PARAMATHI-VELUR-95    TIRUCHENGODU-96
S22-16-TN-NAMAKKAL    1GANDHISELVANS    DMK
2SURESH GANDHIK    BJP
3VAIRAM TAMILARASIV    ADMK
4HARIGARA SIVAMTA    BSP
5SELVARAJK    SP
6DEVARASANR    KNMK
7MAHESWARANN    DMDK
8LINGAPPANV    UMK
9KARTHIKEYANP    IND
10KUMAR    IND
11SUBRAMANIS    IND
12SUBRAMANIAMRP    IND
13SENGODANP    IND
14THANGAVELS    IND
15THARMALINGAMM    IND
16THANIYARASUU    IND
17NAVALMANIAN    IND
18PANNEERSELVAMS    IND
19MATHIYALAGANN    IND
20MURALIV    IND
21YOGARAJR    IND
22RAVIA        IND
23RAVIR        IND
24RAMASAMYN    IND
25VIVEKANANDHAMKS    IND
KUMARAPALAYAM-97    ERODE (EAST)-98    ERODE (WEST)-99    MODAKURICHI-100
DHARAPURAM-101    KANGAYAM-102
S22-17-TN-ERODE    1ELANGOVANEVKS    INC
2GANESHAMURTHIA    MDMK
3SHIVAKUMARI    BSP
4PALANISAMYNP    BJP
5DEVIM        LJP
6BALASUBRAMANIAMC    KNMK
7MUTHUVENKATESHWARANKG    DMDK
8RAVICHANDRANM    IND
9ELANGOVANKKS    IND
10KATHIRVELA    IND
11CHRISTHURAJM    IND
12KUPPUSAMYR    IND
13GOVANAM THANGAVELKS    IND
14GOVINDHASAMYP    IND
15SANMUGASUNDRAMN    IND
16SHANMUGAMPN    IND
17SIVASANKARS    IND
18SUKUMARANER    IND
19SUBRAMANIAMK    IND
20SENTHIL RAJAM    IND
21PERUMALS    IND
22MANOHARANV    IND
23MINNAL MURUGESHR    IND
24VIMALADEVIS    IND
25JOE DAVIDD    IND
PERUNDURAI-103    BHAVANI-104    ANTHIYUR-105    GOBICHETTIPALAYAM-106
TIRUPPUR (NORTH)-113    TIRUPPUR (SOUTH)-114
S22-18-TN-TIRUPPUR    1KHARVENTHAN S K    INC
2SIVAKUMAR M    BJP
3SIVASAMI C    ADMK
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5THANGAVEL M    LJP
6DINESH KUMAR N    DMDK
7BALASUBRAMANIAN K    KNMK
8GANESHKUMAR C    IND
9KARUNAGARAN I    IND
10KARTHIKKEYEAN A M    IND
11SELVARAJ S    IND
12DOMNIC BABU A    IND
13PANDIAN R ALAIS KALAIMAGAL PANDIAN    IND
14BALASUBRAMANIAN P    IND
15MALARVIZHI P    IND
16MOHAMED SALIKA A    IND
17MUTHUSWAMY N    IND
18RATHINASWAAMY K    IND
19RAJAKUMAR W    IND
20VENKATACHALAM K    IND
21SHEIK DAVOOD A M    IND
BHAVANISAGAR-107    UDHAGAMANDALAM-108    GUDALUR-109    COONOOR-110
METTUPPALAYAM-111    AVANASHI-112
S22-19-TN-NILGIRIS    1RAJA A        DMK
2KRISHNAN C    MDMK
3KRISHNAN M    BSP
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5SELVARAJ S    DMDK
6BHADIRAN S    KNMK
7VIJAYARAJ M    RPI(A)
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9SIVARAJ P    IND
10SUJITH KUMAR C    IND
11SELVAM K    IND
12THANGA PANDIAN R    IND
13NAGARAJU G    IND
14VELMURUGAN C    IND
PALLADAM-115    SULUR-116    KAVUNDAMPALAYAM-117    COIMBATORE (NORTH)-118
COIMBATORE (SOUTH)-120    SINGANALLUR-121
S22-20-TN-COIMBATORE    1RAMASUBRAMANIANK    BSP
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5ESWARAN E R    KNMK
6KATHIRMANI P    SP
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8PANDIAN R    DMDK
9RAJAN S K    PPOI
10STEPHEN GANESHAN S    AIJMK
11ARUNACHALAM K V    IND
12ESWARAN    IND
13KATHIRESAN C    IND
14SIVARAJ V    IND
15NATARAJAN L    IND
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18MARKANDAN N    IND
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21RAMASAMY P    IND
22RAJAPPAN N    IND
23RAJKIRAN    IND
24VIJAYAKUMAR C    IND
25VENKATACHALAM A    IND
THONDAMUTHUR-119    KINATHUKADAVU-122    POLLACHI-123    VALPARAI-124
UDUMALAIPETTAI-125    MADATHUKULAM-126
S22-21-TN-POLLACHI    1SHANMUGASUNDARAMK    DMK
2SUGUMARK    ADMK
3BABA RAMESHVS    BJP
4MURTHYT    BSP
5UMMARE    MAMAK
6KRISHNAKUMARS    TDK
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20RAJANP    IND
21RAJENDRANM    IND
22VENKATESHR    IND
PALANI-127    ODDANCHATRAM-128    ATHOOR-129    NILAKKOTTAI-130
NATHAM-131    DINDIGUL-132
S22-22-TN-DINDIGUL    1CHITTHAN N S V    INC
2SRINIVASA BABU M    BSP
3BAALASUBRAMANI P    ADMK
4SELLAMUTHU K M    KNMK
5SELVARAJ I    AIJMK
6DAISY RANI S    RKSP
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9KARUPPUSAMY P    IND
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11SUBRAMANIAN R    IND
12THANGAPANDIAN R    IND
13DHANASEELI K    IND
14DURAI K    IND
15MAHAMUNI S    IND
16MANIKANDA PRABU G    IND
17MOTILAL KA    IND
18RAMARAJ P    IND
19SHEIK AYUB KHAN S    IND
VEDASANDUR-133    ARAVAKURICHI-134    KARUR-135    KRISHNARAYAPURAM-136
MANAPPARAI-138    VIRALIMALAI-179
S22-23-TN-KARUR    1TAMBIDURAIM    ADMK
2DHARMALINGAMR    BSP
3PALLANISHAMY KC    DMK
4NATARAJANR    KNMK
5PRABAHARAN P    LJP
6RAMANATHANR    DMDK
7LOGANATHAN S    SAP
8ANNADURAI VM    IND
9AMALRAJM    IND
10ARUN G    IND
11ARULRAJKUMAR R    IND
12INNASI A    IND
13KANAGARAJ T    IND
14KARVENTHAN T    IND
15KRISHNANR    IND
16SHANKAR K    IND
17SHANMUGAMM    IND
18SHARFUDEEN M    IND
19SIVASAMY P    IND
20SRINIVASAN L    IND
21SENTHILKUMAR N    IND
22SELVAKUMAR LK    IND
23SELVARAJ K    IND
24DANIYA P    IND
25NACHIMUTHU V    IND
26PALANISAMY M    IND
27PANDIAN A    IND
28MANAVAN PK    IND
29MANIKANDANM    IND
30MANIVANNAN S    IND
31MARUTHAIVEERANV    IND
32MUTHUKUMARG    IND
33YOGENDRANM    IND
34RAMAMOORTHYR    IND
35VEERAMANIT    IND
36VENKATACHALAM SIVA AZHA    IND
37VETRIVEL R    IND
38VENUGOPAL T    IND
SRIRANGAM-139    TIRUCHIRAPPALLI (WEST)-140    TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
(EAST)-141    THIRUVERUMBUR-142    GANDARVAKOTTAI-178    PUDUKKOTTAI-180
S22-24-TN-TIRUCHIRAPPALLI    1KALYANASUNDARAM N    BSP
2KUMARP    ADMK
3SARUBALARTHONDAIMAN    INC
4LALITHA KUMARAMANGALAMR    BJP
5ASAITHAMBIP    CPI(ML)(L)
6RAVIP        MMKA
7GUNASEKARANK    AIVP
8NEELAMEGAMM    SP
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10RAGHAVANR    ABHM
11VIJAYKUMARAMG    DMDK
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13URUMAIYAHN    IND
14SARAVANANV    IND
15SAMUEL SWAMIDOSS MANOJKUMARE    IND
16CHINNADURAIA    IND
17THIRUMAVALAVANM    IND
18NAGENDRANA    IND
19PALANIP    IND
20BABY KAMITHA BANUM    IND
21MANSOOR ALI KHANA    IND
22MOHAMMED IQBAL A K S    IND
23VELMANI P    IND
24JAFARUNNISHA A    IND
KULITHALAI-137    LALGUDI-143    MANACHANALLUR-144    MUSIRI-145
THURAIYUR-146    PERAMBALUR-147
S22-25-TN-PERAMBALUR    1SELVARAJG    BSP
2NAPOLEOND    DMK
3BALASUBRAMANIANKK    ADMK
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5KAMARAJ DURAI    DMDK
6SRINIVASAN V    MMKA
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8SENTHIL KUMAR N    RKSP
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10ANNALAKSHMI S    IND
11ERAMASAMY K    IND
12ILANGOVAN R    IND
13KANDASAMY S    IND
14GUNASEKARAN A    IND
15SINGARAM K    IND
16GNANAPRAGASHAM PS    IND
17THANGAMANI K    IND
18PRINCE BUCKTHA SINGH D    IND
19PONNAMMAL S    IND
20RENGARASU M    IND
21JAYARAMAN A    IND
TITTAKUDI-151    VRIDDHACHALAM-152    NEYVELI-153    PANRUTI-154
CUDDALORE-155    KURINJIPADI-156
S22-26-TN-CUDDALORE    1ALAGIRI S    INC
2AROKIYADOSS C    BSP
3SAMPATH M C    ADMK
4KAMARAJ A    LJP
5DAMOTHARAN M C    DMDK
6KANNAN K    IND
7CHANDRA P    IND
8SENRAYAN A D    IND
9PARTHIBAN R    IND
10RAYAR K    IND
11VASANTHI S    IND
KUNNAM-148    ARIYALUR-149    JAYANKONDAM-150    BHUVANAGIRI-157
CHIDAMBARAM-158    KATTUMANNARKOIL-159
S22-27-TN-CHIDAMBARAM    1RAJENDIRAN NR    BSP
2PONNUSWAMYE    PMK
3SASIKUMAR S    DMDK
4SELVAKUMAR C    RKSP
5THIRUMAAVALAVAN THOL    VCK
6KAVIYARASAN N    IND
7KANAGASABAI R    IND
8SAKTHIVELP    IND
9SUSILA L    IND
10SENTHAMIL SELVI K    IND
11DHARMALINGAM C    IND
12MANIKANDAN V    IND
13MARUDHAMUTHU V    IND
SIRKAZHI-160    MAYILADUTHURAI-161    POOMPUHAR-162
THIRUVIDAIMARUDUR-170    KUMBAKONAM-171    PAPANASAM-172
S22-28-TN-MAYILADUTHURAI    1KARTHIKEYAN S    BJP
2SAPTHARISHI LV    BSP
3MANI SHANKAR AIYAR    INC
4MANIAN OS    ADMK
5GANESAN S    AIVP
6GUNASEKARAN N    CPI(ML)(L)
7PANDIAN K    DMDK
8ZAWAHIRULLAH DR MH    MAMAK
9ABDUL JALEEL A    IND
10ARIVALAGAN S    IND
11AHMED MARECAR MH    IND
12KALIMUTHU SUDAR R    IND
13KRISHNAPPA A    IND
14TIMOTHY T    IND
15DHAKSHINAMOORTHY M    IND
16NAGARAJAN K    IND
17BALAJI V    IND
18PRABUDHASAN SM    IND
19RAJAKUMAR P    IND
20RAJAMANI M    IND
21VENKATRAMANI R    IND
22JAYAKUMAR KN    IND
23JAYARAMAN V    IND
NAGAPATTINAM-163    KILVELUR-164    VEDARANYAM-165
THIRUTHURAIPOONDI-166    THIRUVARUR-168    NANNILAM-169
S22-29-TN-NAGAPATTINAM    1SELVARAJ M    CPI
2VIJAYAN A K S    DMK
3VEERAMUTHU G    BSP
4MUTHUKUMAR M    DMDK
5DEVADOSS R    IND
6MUNUSAMY V    IND
7VEERASAMY P    IND
MANNARGUDI-167    THIRUVAIYARU-173    THANJAVUR-174    ORATTANADU-175
PATTUKKOTTAI-176    PERAVURANI-177
S22-30-TN-THANJAVUR    1SARAVANANS    BSP
2DURAIBALAKRISHNAN    MDMK
3PALANIMANICKAMSS    DMK
4RAMANATHANPDR    DMDK
5VEERAMANIS    SP
6KARTHIKEYANK    IND
7SIVAKUMARS    IND
8SOZHAMANNAR KANAKARAJAK    IND
9BALU A BALAN    IND
10PRASANNAS    IND
11MURUGARAJD    IND
12RAJAMANIK    IND
13VIJAYALAKSHMIS    IND
THIRUMAYAM-181    ALANGUDI-182    KARAIKUDI-184    TIRUPPATTUR-185
SIVAGANGA-186    MANAMADURAI-187
S22-31-TN-SIVAGANGA    1CHIDAMBARAM P    INC
2DEVAR MG    BSP
3RAJA KANNAPPAN RS    ADMK
4SAKTHIVEL K    MMKA
5BARWATHA REGINA PAPA    DMDK
6RAMASAMY RA    PT
7ABUPACKER SITHIK J    IND
8ALAGAPPAN ARU    IND
9ALAGAPPAN PL    IND
10AANANDAN VSKS    IND
11SAMUDRAM KALAIMANI K    IND
12KARMEGAM K    IND
13GUNASEKARAN P    IND
14CHITHAMBARAM S    IND
15ARIMAZHAM THIYAGI SUBRAMANIAN MUTHARAIYAR M    IND
16THOOTHAI SELVAM M    IND
17MALAIRAJ P    IND
18RADHAKRISHNAN A    IND
19RAJAGOPAL S    IND
20RAJIV R    IND
MELUR-188    MADURAI EAST-189    MADURAI NORTH-191    MADURAI SOUTH-192
MADURAI CENTRAL-193    MADURAI WEST-194
S22-32-TN-MADURAI    1ALAGIRI MK    DMK
2DHARBAR RAJA    BSP
3MOHAN P    CPM
4KAVIARASU K    DMDK
5ANAND K    IND
6GOPAL R    IND
7SIVAKUMAR T    IND
8THANGAPANDI K    IND
9NAGAMALAI MA    IND
10PAULPANDY M    IND
11MOTHILAL TR    IND
12VEERADURAI S    IND
SHOLAVANDAN-190    USILAMPATTI-197    ANDIPATTI-198    PERIYAKULAM-199
BODINAYACKANUR-200    CUMBUM-201
S22-33-TN-THENI    1AARON RASHIDJM    INC
2KAVITHA    BSP
3THANGA TAMILSELVAN    ADMK
4PARVATHIA    BJP
5SANTHANAMMG    DMDK
6SELVARAJANP    PT
7KRISHNAVENIN    IND
8SELVARAJ    IND
9TAMIL SELVANS    IND
10THIRUMOORTHY    IND
11NAGAMANI SENTHILR    IND
12NACHIMUTHUP    IND
13PANDI        IND
14PANDIANP    IND
15PERUMALSAMYS    IND
16POMMURAJM    IND
17MANIS        IND
18MURUGESANSP    IND
19RAJAVEL    IND
20RENGANATHAN    IND
21VETRICHELVAN    IND
22JAMESG    IND
THIRUPARANKUNDRAM-195    THIRUMANGALAM-196    SATTUR-204    SIVAKASI-205
VIRUDHUNAGAR-206    ARUPPUKKOTTAI-207
S22-34-TN-VIRUDHUNAGAR    1KANAGARAJ V    BSP
2KARTHIK M    BJP
3MANICKA TAGORE    INC
4VAIKO        MDMK
5PANDIARAJAN K    DMDK
6KANNAN S    IND
7KARUNANIDHI A    IND
8SIVAKUMAR MA    IND
9SIVANMANI P    IND
10SELVAM D    IND
11SETHURAJ J    IND
12DHANUSHKODI M    IND
13NAMBUSAMY P    IND
14PADMANABAN N    IND
15VIJAYAN S    IND
16JAWAHARLAL SL    IND
ARANTHANGI-183    TIRUCHULI-208    PARAMAKUDI-209    TIRUVADANAI-210
RAMANATHAPURAM-211    MUDHUKULATHUR-212
S22-35-TN-RAMANATHAPURAM    1SATHIAMOORTHY V    ADMK
2SIVAKUMAR JK RITHEESH K    DMK
3THIRUNNAVUKKARASAR SU    BJP
4PRISCILLA PANDIAN    BSP
5SALEEMULLA KHAN S    MAMAK
6SINGAI JINNAH S    DMDK
7MOHAMMED ABITH ALI R    JMM
8KALIMUTHU K    IND
9SHANMUGAIYA PANDIAN S    IND
10SCHWARTZ DURAI S    IND
11CHELLA DURAI K    IND
12BALAMURUGAN    IND
13BASKARAN P    IND
14MURUGENDRAN G    IND
15JAHANGEER MI    IND
VILATHIKULAM-213    THOOTHUKKUDI-214    TIRUCHENDUR-215
SRIVAIKUNTAM-216    OTTAPIDARAM-217    KOVILPATTI-218
S22-36-TN-THOOTHUKKUDI    1SARAVANANS    BJP
2CYNTHIA PANDIAN DR    ADMK
3JEEVENKUMAR E PA    BSP
4JEYADURAI S R    DMK
5SUNTHER M S    DMDK
6ARUNKUMAR PUVI ARASU S    IND
7RAGHUPATHI S    IND
8KANDIVEL P    IND
9SUNDARAVEL K    IND
10PRABHAKARAN P    IND
11PONRAJ T    IND
12MUTHU S    IND
13MURUGAN A    IND
14RAMAKRISHNAN V    IND
15RAMKUMAR V    IND
RAJAPALAYAM-202    SRIVILLIPUTHUR-203    SANKARANKOVIL-219
VASUDEVANALLUR-220    KADAYANALLUR-221    TENKASI-222
S22-37-TN-TENKASI    1KRISHNAN K    BSP
2LINGAM P    CPI
3VELLAIPANDI G    INC
4INBARAJ K    DMDK
5KRISHNASAMY DR K    PT
6JOTHIRAJ M    SP
7BALAKRISHNAN S    IND
8RAMACHANDRAN E    IND
9LAKSHMANAN R    IND
ALANGULAM-223    TIRUNELVELI-224    AMBASAMUDRAM-225    PALAYAMKOTTAI-226
NANGUNERI-227    RADHAPURAM-228
S22-38-TN-TIRUNELVELI    1ANNAMALAI K    ADMK
2NAGARAJAN KARU    BJP
3RAMESH PANDIAN    BSP
4RAMASUBBU S    INC
5SANKARAPANDIAN T    CPIMLL
6SYED IMMAM S    SP
7MICHAEL RAYAPPAN S    DMDK
8VELMATHI TMT N    LJP
9ARUNACHALAM M    IND
10ANANDARAJ N    IND
11KUBENDRAN I    IND
12CHANDRASEKARAN SAKTHI    IND
13SELWIN D    IND
14THIRUVENGATAM A    IND
15BALASUBRAMANIAN S    IND
16SUDAROLI MURUGAN S BCOM    IND
17RAMASUBBU E    IND
18RAMALINGAM M    IND
19THENKALAM RAJA M    IND
20VEIULUMUTHUKUMAR    IND
21JEYABALAN N    IND
KANNIYAKUMARI-229    NAGERCOIL-230    COLACHEL-231    PADMANABHAPURAM-232
VILAVANCODE-233    KILLIYOOR-234
S22-39-TN-KANNIYAKUMARI    1RADHAKRISHNAN P    BJP
2SIVAKAMIP    BSP
3BELLARMIN AV    CPM
4HELEN DAVIDSON J    DMK
5ARUL THUMILAN D    LJP
6AUSTIN S    DMDK
7BALASUBRAMONIAN T    ABHM
8RADHAKRISHNAN CP    IND
9EMMI        IND
10KUMAR C    IND
11SATHEES C    IND
12SIVAKUMAR S    IND
13THANKAMONY C    IND
14NALLATHAMBY C    IND
15PAULRAJ CM    IND
16MANOHARAN S    IND
17RADHAKRISHNAN C    IND
18LEKSHMANAN S    IND
19WILSON    IND
20VENU K    IND
21JOHNSON S    IND
22JAYASINGH K    IND
SIMNA-1    MOHANPUR-2    BAMUTIA-3    BARJALA-4    KHAYERPUR-5    AGARTALA-6
RAMNAGAR-7    TOWN BORDOWALI-8    BANAMALIPUR-9    MAJLISHPUR-10
S23-1-TR-TRIPURA WEST    1KHAGEN DAS    CPM
2NILMANI DEB    BJP
3SANJIB DEY    NCP
4SUDIP ROY BARMAN    INC
5ARUN CHANDRA BHOWMIK    AITC
6TITU SAHA    RDMP
7PARTHA KARMAKAR    CPI(ML)(L)
8RAKHAL RAJ DATTA    AMB
9BINOY DEB BARMA    IND
10SUBRATA BHOWMIK    IND
RAMCHANDRAGHAT-24    KHOWAI-25    ASHARAMBARI-26
KALYANPUR-PRAMODENAGAR-27    TELIAMURA-28    KRISHNAPUR-29    HRISHYAMUKH-37
JOLAIBARI-38    MANU-39    SABROOM-40
S23-2-TR-TRIPURA EAST    1DIBA CHANDRA HRANGKHWAL    INC
2PULIN BEHARI DEWAN    BJP
3BAJU BAN RIYAN    CPM
4KARNA DHAN CHAKMA    AMB
5FALGUNI TRIPURA    CPI(ML)(L)
6RITA RANI DEBBARMA    AITC
7BINOY REANG    IND
8MEVAR KUMAR JAMATIA    IND
9RAJESH DEB BARMA    IND
BEHAT-1    SAHARANPUR NAGAR-3    SAHARANPUR-4    DEOBAND-5    RAMPUR
MANIHARAN-6
S24-1-UP-SAHARANPUR    1GAJAY SINGH    INC
2JAGDISH SINGH RANA    BSP
3JASWANT SINGH SAINI    BJP
4RASHEED MASOOD    SP
5CHATTAR SINGH KASHYAP    VAJP
6HAJI MOHAMMED TAUSEEF    PECP
7YOGESH GAMBHIR    BD
8SUSHIL KUMAR    RSBP
9MOHDASIF    IND
10CHANDRA PRAKASH ARORA    IND
11CHINTAMANI    IND
12TEJVEER    IND
13NATHLU RAM    IND
14MASHKOOR    IND
15MRASHID KHAN    IND
NAKUR-2    GANGOH-7    KAIRANA-8    THANA BHAWAN-9    SHAMLI-10
S24-2-UP-KAIRANA    1TABASSUM BEGUM    BSP
2SHAJAN MASOOD    SP
3SURENDRA KUMAR    INC
4HUKUM SINGH    BJP
5KARAN SINGH SAINI    JSP
6KUNWAR PAL    RDMP
7PRIYA KUMAR    ABHM
8RAJNISH NOTIAL    ASP
9RAJ BAHADUR    IJP
10SHAFIK    UNLP
11ABHISHEK    IND
12KULDEEP    IND
13ADVOCATE BRAHAM PAL GURJAR    IND
14MUKTA SINGH    IND
15LAKHMI    IND
BUDHANA-11    CHARTHAWAL-12    MUZAFFAR NAGAR-14    KHATAULI-15
SARDHANA-44
S24-3-UP-MUZAFFARNAGAR    1KADIR RANA    BSP
2DHEER SINGH    CPI
3THAKUR SANGEET SINGH SOM    SP
4HARINDRA SINGH MALIK    INC
5ANURADHA CHAUDHARY    RLD
6ABDUL AZIZ ANSARI    PECP
7ASHUTOSH PANDEY    LD
8NAWAB ALI    NLHP
9MANISH BHAI URF NITU    ABHM
10SATISH KUMAR    JSP
11SALAMUDEEN URF SALMU MALIK    NELU
12INDERPAL    IND
13NARENDRA KUMAR    IND
14PARMOD PAL    IND
15BHAGWAT SINGH    IND
16MUKTA SINGH    IND
17RANVEER    IND
18RAJENDRA SINGH    IND
19REETA URF REETA KASHYAP    IND
20VIJAY        IND
21VEERPAL    IND
22SATYAVEER    IND
23SALEK CHAUDHARY    IND
PURQAZI-13    MEERAPUR-16    BIJNOR-22    CHANDPUR-23    HASTINAPUR-45
S24-4-UP-BIJNOR    1KARTAR SINGH BHADANA    NCP
2DR YASHVIR SINGH    SP
3SHAHID SIDDIQUI    BSP
4SAIDUZZAMAN    INC
5MOHD AFSHAR    ASP
6ABDUL BASIT    KKJHS
7PARAS RAM    VAJP
8SAGIR AHMAD    NLHP
9SALESH KUMAR ALIAS SADHAWI SARLESH GIRI    MKUP
10SURENDRA SINGH    IJP
11SURESH CHAND    RMSP
12SANJAY SINGH CHAUHAN    RLD
13ABDUL SAMAD    IND
14IRFAN ALI    IND
15CHAND KUMAR    IND
16DIGVIJAY SINGH    IND
17DAVENDER SINGH    IND
18PRABHAT KUMAR    IND
19MONU KUMAR RAVI    IND
20RAJ RISHI    IND
21RAM GIRI    IND
22SHIVA CHARAN    IND
23SABDUL    IND
NAJIBABAD-17    NAGINA-18    DHAMPUR-20    NEHTAUR-21    NOORPUR-24
S24-5-UP-NAGINA    1ISAM SINGH    INC
2YASHVIR SINGH    SP
3RAM KISHAN SINGH    BSP
4UDIT RAJ    IJP
5TEJ SINGH    ASP
6BABLI ALIAS GULSAN JAHAN    NELU
7MUNSIRAM    RLD
8RANJEET    NBNP
9VIJAY PRAKASH    PECP
10ASARPAT    IND
11NOBAHAR SINGH    IND
12BHISHAM PRASAD    IND
13YADRAM    IND
14RAM CHANDER    IND
BARHAPUR-19    KANTH-25    THKURDWARA-26    MORADABAD RURAL-27    MORADABAD
NAGAR-28
S24-6-UP-MORADABAD    1MOHAMMAD RIZWAN    SP
2MOHAMMED AZHARUDDIN    INC
3RAJIV CHANNA    BSP
4KUNWAR SARVESH KUMAR ALIAS RAKESH    BJP
5RISHI PAL    ABHM
6SHAKEEL AHMED    NLHP
7HAR SWAROOP SHARMA    RSMD
8JAHID        IND
9TOTA RAM    IND
10NATHU SINGH    IND
11PATRAM    IND
12FARID JABBAR    IND
13MUHAMMED ZAFAR IQBAL    IND
14MOHAMMAD YUNUS    IND
15RINKI SAINI    IND
16SAGIR HUSAIN    IND
17SANJAY KUMAR URF SANJAY KUMAR GOSWAMI    IND
18HARIOM BALMIKI    IND
SUAR-34    CHAMRAUA-35    BILASPUR-36    RAMPUR-37    MILAK-38
S24-7-UP-RAMPUR    1GHAN SHYAM SINGH LODHI    BSP
2JAYA PRADA NAHATA    SP
3BEGUM NOOR BANO URF MEHTAB ZAMANI BEGUM    INC
4MUKHTAR ABBAS NAQVI    BJP
5DEEPCHAND GUPTA    JKD
6SHRIPAL GUPTA    BSP(K)
7SAMEENA BI    RSBP
8SIFAAT ALI KHAN    IUML
9SANJEEV KUMAR    AD
10ARIF SIKANDAR URF RAJU MIAN    IND
11KAPIL DEV    IND
12GENDAN LAL    IND
13JAGDISH SARAN SAGAR    IND
14TARIQ MIAN DESHMUKH    IND
15BHOLEY KHAN    IND
16SHAKKAN KHAN    IND
KUNDARKI-29    BILARI-30    CHANDAUSI-31    ASMOLI-32    SAMBHAL-33
S24-8-UP-SAMBHAL    1IQBAL MEHMOOD    SP
2CHANDRA PAL SINGH    BJP
3CHANDRA VIJAY    INC
4DR SHAFIQUR RAHMAN BARQ    BSP
5ASHOK        NNP
6PUTTAN KHAN    NLHP
7MOHAMMAD HASEEB    BPC
8HAJI RASHID HUSAIN    MUL
9DR PRAVEEN KUMAR    IND
10VRIHAMADEV    IND
11SUBHANUR RAHMAN    IND
DHANAURA-39    NAUGAWAN SADAT-40    AMROHA-41    HASANPUR-42
GARHMUKTESHWAR-60
S24-9-UP-AMROHA    1MEHBOOB ALI    SP
2MAUDOOD MADNI    BSP
3MOHD NAFIS ABBASI    INC
4DEVENDRA NAGPAL    RLD
5NIDHI TYAGI    SHS
6RIFAQAT    NELU
7SHARAFAT ALI    RSP
8SATISH        ABHM
9SUMAN        IVD
10ANJULA NAGPAL    IND
11ANIL        IND
12IMRAN        IND
13KIRSHANPAL    IND
14TARA CHANDR    IND
15DEVI SARAN    IND
16DEVENDER    IND
17MANTARI SINGH    IND
18RADHEKISHAN    IND
19VARUN    IND
20HARISH NAGPAL    IND
KITHORE-46    MEERUT CANTT.-47    MEERUT-48    MEERUT SOUTH-49    HAPUR-59
S24-10-UP-MEERUT    1ARUN KUMAR JAIN    NCP
2MALOOK NAGAR    BSP
3MUGHIS AHMAD GILANI    CPI
4RAJENDRA AGARWAL    BJP
5RAJENDRA SHARMA    INC
6SHAHID MANZOOR    SP
7AJAY AGRAWAL    SJP(R)
8JANESHWAR PRASAD SHARMA    RVNP
9TEJVEER SINGH    RWS
10RAJKUMAR TYAGI    ABHM
11RAJESH KUMAR    IJP
12SMT SANTOSH AHLUWALIA    RDMP
13DR HARI SINGH AZAD PRAJAPATI    ABLTP
14CAPT ATUL TYAGI    IND
15ANIL KUMAR SUBHASH    IND
16KRISHNA KUMAR GARG    IND
17KRISHNAPAL    IND
18KHALID KHURSHID    IND
19ZARAR AHMAD    IND
20DARA SINGH PRAJAPATI    IND
21BHARAT BHUSAN AGRAWAL    IND
22RAJENDRA SINGH YADAV    IND
23LOHRI        IND
24MOHD SHAHID AKHLAKH    IND
25SUDHIR NANDAN SARAN KOTHIWAL    IND
26SUNIL KUMAR RANA    IND
27DR SURENDER KUMAR KHATRI    IND
28SANJEEV    IND
29SHREEPAL SINGH    IND
SIWAL KHAS-43    CHHAPRAULI-50    BARAUT-51    BAGHPAT-52    MONI NAGAR-57
S24-11-UP-BAGHPAT    1MUKESH SHARMA    BSP
2SAHAB SINGH    SP
3SOMPAL    INC
4AJIT SINGH    RLD
5GULZAR    ASP
6DEVENDRA KUMAR    BKLJP
7FIRDOUS A S FIRDOUS RANA    MKUP
8SHALINI    JM
9ABDUL RASHID    IND
10OMPAL    IND
11JAIPARKASH    IND
12TEJPAL SINGH    IND
13PRAVEEN KUMAR    IND
14BRIJ BHUSHAN    IND
15RAVINDRA KUMAR    IND
16VEDPAL    IND
LONI-53    MURADNAGAR-54    SAHIBABAD-55    GAZIABAD-56    DHOLANA-58
S24-12-UP-GHAZIABAD    1PT AMAR PAL SHARMA    BSP
2RAJNATH SINGH    BJP
3SURENDRA PRAKASH GOEL    INC
4AZIJ KHAN    IJP
5ANWAR AHMED    NBNP
6IQBAL        NLHP
7KZ BUKHARI    NELU
8SANJAY SHARMA    ABHM
9HARI SHANKAR SHARMA    BPD
10TRILOK SINGH RAWAT    IND
11DAYA HIJRA    IND
12YATAN SHARMA    IND
13LAL SINGH    IND
14VINOD        IND
15SATISH    IND
16SAMAR SINGH    IND
NOIDA-61    DADRI-62    JEWAR-63    SIKANDRABAD-64    KHURJA-70
S24-13-UP-GAUTAM BUDDH NAGAR    1NARENDRA SINGH BHATI    SP
2MAHESH KUMAR SHARMA    BJP
3RAMESH CHANDRA TOMAR    INC
4KK SHARMA    NCP
5SURENDRA SINGH NAGAR    BSP
6ARVIND        ANC
7GHANSHYAM SHARMA    RWS
8CHHOTE LAL    RYS
9DR JAMAL AHMAD KHAN    NLHP
10POONAM    BSP(K)
11PREM SINGH    RPI
12RAHIS        NELU
13LUBNA ASIF    AIMF
14SHER SINGH    AP
15ANIL KUMAR    IND
16KAMLESH CHOUDHRY    IND
17KINNAR GUDDI SHARMA    IND
18JAGAT SINGH    IND
19DHARAMVIR    IND
20MANOJ    IND
21MAHESH    IND
22RAJENDRA PAL SINGH    IND
23RESHAM SWARUP    IND
24SHAILESH KUMAR SRIVASTVA    IND
25SUKHVIR    IND
26SONIA SHARMA    IND
BULANDSHAHR-65    SYANA-66    ANUPSHAHR-67    DEBAI-68    SHIKARPUR-69
S24-14-UP-BULANDSHAHR    1ASHOK KUMAR PRADHAN    BJP
2KAMLESH    SP
3DEVI DAYAL    INC
4RAJ KUMAR GAUTAM    BSP
5KARAN SINGH BHOOCHAL    RMEP
6KANTI        ABRS
7JAY BHAGWAN    NBNP
8BALRAM    ABHM
9RAGHURAJ SINGH    RTKP
10RAJO        NELU
11SUDHA SINGH    RPI
12SUSHILA SINGH    RDMP
13SURAJMUKHI GAUTAM    UNLP
14SOHAN PAL    NLHP
15KAMLESH    IND
16PRAVEEN    IND
KHAIR-71    BARAULI-72    ATRAULI-73    KOIL-75    ALIGARH-76
S24-15-UP-ALIGARH    1ZAFAR ALAM    SP
2BIJENDRA SINGH    INC
3RAJ KUMARI CHAUHAN    BSP
4SHEELA GAUTAM    BJP
5AKHTAR    MUL
6ALPANA GAUTAM    BSK
7DEVI PRASHAD    MADP
8DHARAMVEER SINGH    IJP
9BABULAL VERMA    ASP
10MAHESH PRATAP SHARMA    RVP
11MUKESH    NLHP
12MOHAMMAD YUSUF KHAN    MC
13SHISHUPAL SINGH    PSS
14SANJAY    LD
15HARENDRA SINGH BURMAN    LPSP
16KAILASH    IND
17TEJVIR SINGH    IND
18NATTHILAL    IND
19PRABHAT KUMAR    IND
20PREM PAL SINGH    IND
21BABA BUDHASEN    IND
22BHAGVAN SAHAY    IND
23SHER MOHAMMAD    IND
CHHARRA-74    IGLAS-77    HATHRAS-78    SADABAD-79    SIKANDRA RAO-80
S24-16-UP-HATHRAS    1ANAR SINGH    SP
2PRADEEP CHANDEL    INC
3RAJENDRA KUMAR    BSP
4JAIPRAKASH    RTKP
5PRADEEP KUMAR    ASP
6PREMLATA    RPI(A)
7SARIKA SINGH    RLD
8SURESH BABU    BSKPB
9MATHURA PRASAD    IND
10SHIV SINGH    IND
CHHATA-81    MANT-82    GOVERDHAN-83    MATHURA-84    BALDEV-85
S24-17-UP-MATHURA    1MANVENDRA SINGH    INC
2SHYAM SUNDER SHARMA    BSP
3ASHRAF ALI    NLHP
4JAYANT CHAUDHARY    RLD
5DEVENDRA    RALP
6YADRAM    BSP(K)
7HEERA SINGH    NELU
8GOPAL SAINI ALIAS MANAGER    IND
9JAGDISH    IND
10JAI PRAKASH    IND
11PITAM SINGH    IND
12PRAMOD PACHAURI    IND
13FAKKAR BABA    IND
14BABU LAL SHARMA    IND
15VINOD        IND
16SHYAMSUNDAR    IND
ETMADPUR-86    AGRA CANTT.-87    AGRA SOUTH-88    AGRA NORTH-89
JALESAR-106
S24-18-UP-AGRA    1KUNWAR CHAND VAKIL    BSP
2PRABHUDAYAL KATHERIA    INC
3RAMJI LAL SUMAN    SP
4DR RAMSHANKAR    BJP
5RAMESH    JBSP
6RAJESH KUMAR PRADHAN    RSBP
7RAM DEVI    HDVP
8VIVEK CHAUHAN VALMIKI    RSMD
9GANESHI LAL MAHAUR    IND
10DR CHANDRAPAL    IND
11NITYANAND    IND
12BOBY        IND
13RAKESH    IND
14VINOD KUMAR SINGH    IND
15SANTOSH KUMAR DIWAKAR    IND
AGRA RURAL-90    FATEHPUR SIKARI-91    KHERAGARH-92
FATEHABAD-93    BAH-94
S24-19-UP-FATEHPUR SIKRI    1RAGHURAJ SINGH SHAKYA    SP
2RAJ BABBAR    INC
3RAJA MAHENDRA ARIDAMAN SINGH    BJP
4SEEMA UPADHYAY    BSP
5SAMARVEER SINGH CHAHAR    RWS
6GANGA RAM    IND
7CHANDAN SINGH    IND
8NARESH CHAND KOLI    IND
9BENI PRASHAD AGARWAL    IND
10MUNNA ALISE MUNNA LAL    IND
11VIJAY PAL    IND
12VINOD KUMAR    IND
13SATISH CHANDR    IND
14SUNDER SINGH    IND
TUNDLA-95    JASRANA-96    FIROZABAD-97    SHIKOHABAD-98    SIRSAGANJ-99
S24-20-UP-FIROZABAD    1AKHILESH YADAV    SP
2PROF SP SINGH BAGHEL    BSP
3RAGHUVAR DAYAL VERMA    BJP
4RAJJO DEVI    CPM
5RAJENDRAPAL    INC
6ANIL KUMAR SRIVASTAWAAKELA    JPS
7ABHAYPRATAP SINGH    JBSP
8DALVIR        RPI(A)
9RAJVIR SINGH    RSMD
10RAHAT AFROZ    MUL
11SUNITA DEVI    MADP
12ASHOK YADAV    IND
13MANISH ASIJA    IND
14RAMGOPAL    IND
15RAMDAS SAVITA    IND
16LT COLONEL SURESH BABU    IND
MAINPURI-107    BHONGAON-108    KISHANI-109    KARHAL-110
JASWANTNAGAR-199
S24-21-UP-MAINPURI    1TRIPTI SHAKYA    BJP
2MULAYAM SINGH YADAV    SP
3VINAY SHAKYA    BSP
4HAKIM SINGH YADAV    CPI
5ABADHESH SHAKYA    RSMD
6KARUNA NIDHI PANDEY    KKJHS
7GENDA LAL PAL    RALP
8PRAVEEN YADAV    MD
9MAN SINGH KASHYAP    LD
10YOGENDRA SINGH    IJP
11RAVINDRA SINGH    RWS
12RAJVIR SINGH    NDPF
13SARVESH    JPS
14AJAY KUMAR SINGH    IND
15SACHCHIDA NAND    IND
KASGANJ-100    AMANPUR-101    PATIYALI-102    ETAH-104    MARHARA-105
S24-22-UP-ETAH    1KUNWAR DEVENDRA SINGH YADAV    BSP
2DR MAHADEEPAK SINGH SHAKYA    INC
3DRSHYAM SINGH SHAKYA    BJP
4INDRAPAL    RSUPRP
5RISHIPAL    BRPP
6MUNAWAR HUSSAIN    NLHP
7RAJVEER SINGH    VAJP
8SHABBIR    NELU
9SANDEEP    RPI(A)
10KALYAN SINGH R O MADHOLI    IND
11KALYAN SINGH R O NAGLA KHUSHALI    IND
12KALIYAN SINGH    IND
13PREETY MISHRA    IND
14PUSHPA UPADHYAY    IND
15RAJENDRA    IND
16RAJESH    IND
17SATENDRA KUMAR    IND
18SAKIR ALI    IND
19HARISHCHANDRA    IND
GUNNAUR-111    BISAULI-112    SAHASWAN-113    BILSI-114    BUDAUN-115
S24-23-UP-BADAUN    1DHARAM YADAV URF D P YADAV    BSP
2DHARMENDRA YADAV    SP
3SALEEM IQBAL SHERWANI    INC
4AJEET SINGH YADAV    PDFO
5JAVITRI DEVI    IJP
6BRIJ PAL SINGH SHAKYA    RSMD
7D K BHARDWAJ    JD(U)
8ANUPAM SHARMA    IND
9DHARMENDRA YADAV    IND
10BHAGWAN SINGH    IND
SHEKHUPUR-116    DATAGANJ-117    FARIDPUR-122    BITHARI CHAINPUR-123
AONLA-126
S24-24-UP-AONLA    1TIKA RAM SAHU    CPI
2DHARMENDRA KUMAR    SP
3MENKA GANDHI    BJP

4KUNWAR SARVRAJ SINGH    BSP
5DEEN DAYAL    JKM
6PRITHVI NATH SINGH SONKAR    IJP
7MEHBOOB AHMAD KHAN    MD
8MUSHTAQ AHMAD    NELU
9SWAMI DRLAXMI NARAYANACHARYA    BDBP
10WASI AHMAD    MMUP
11AJAY PRATAP SINGH    IND
12OMENDRA KUMAR    IND
13JAGDISH SARAN    IND
MEERGANJ-119    GHOJIPURA-120    NAWABGANJ-121    BAREILLY-124    BARELLY
CANTT.-125
S24-25-UP-BAREILLY    1ISLAM SABIR ANSARI    BSP
2PRAVEEN SINGH ARON    INC
3BHAGWAT SARAN GANGWAR    SP
4SANTOSH GANGWAR    BJP
5NADEEM IQBAL    MADP
6LAIQ AHMAD    AD
7ASHOK KUMAR SHARMA    IND
8RAKESH AGARWAL ADVOCATE    IND
BAHERI-118    PILIBHIT-127    BARKHERA-128    PURANPUR-129    BISALPUR-130
S24-26-UP-PILIBHIT    1GANGA CHARAN    BSP
2MASTER CHOTEY LAL GANGWAR    NCP
3FEROZE VARUN GANDHI    BJP
4RIYAZ AHMAD    SP
5V M SINGH    INC
6INDRA PAL    AD
7KRISHNA ADHIKARI    CPI(ML)(L)
8JAMUNA DAVI    RKSP
9RAM KUMAR ARYA    ABRS
10HARPAL SINGH    RCP
11HARISH KUMAR    BSRD
12MAHAVIR SINGH    IND
13MAHESH SAXENA    IND
14RAM NARAYAN SINGH    IND
15LALTA PRASAD    IND
16VIQUARUL HASAN KHAN    IND
KATRA-131    JALALABAD-132    TILHAR-133    POWAYAN-134    SHAHJAHANPUR-135
DADRAUL-136
S24-27-UP-SHAHJAHANPUR    1UMED SINGH    INC
2KRISHNA RAJ    BJP
3DR JAUHARI LAL    NCP
4MITHLESH    SP
5SUNITA SINGH    BSP
6ARVIND KUMAR    RSMD
7DAULATRAM    PECP
8RAMPRAKASH    ABRS
9RAMSEWAK    AIFB
10HEERALAL    APRD
11KUNWARPAL    IND
12MALKHAN SINGH    IND
13MAHESH PAL SINGH    IND
14MEWARAM    IND
15SANGHPAL    IND
PALIA-137    NIGHASAN-138    GOLA GOKRANNATH-139    SRI NAGAR-140
LAKHIMPUR-142
S24-28-UP-KHERI    1AJAY KUMAR    BJP
2ILIYAS AZMI    BSP
3ZAFAR ALI NAQVI    INC
4RAVI PRAKASH VERMA    SP
5ANIL KISHORE    LD
6ANUPAM VERMA    AD
7KASHINATH SINGH    JPS
8RAMDARASH    CPI(ML)(L)
9ARVIND        IND
10MOHD ILIYAS    IND
11BAJRANGI LAL    IND
12MUJEEB KHAN    IND
DHAURAHRA-141    KASTA-143    MOHAMMDI-144    MAHOLI-145    HARGAON-147
S24-29-UP-DHAURAHRA    1OM PRAKASH    SP
2KUNWAR JITIN PRASAD    INC
3RAGHVENDRA SINGH    BJP
4RAJESH    NCP
5RAJESH KUMAR SINGH ALIAS RAJESH VERMA    BSP
6ARJUN LAL    CPI(ML)(L)
7SWAMI DAYAL GAUR    RTKP
8SUSHILA    AD
9KAPIL KUMAR    IND
10NARENDRA PRASAD    IND
11MANOJ    IND
12RAM SINGH    IND
SITAPUR-146    LAHARPUR-148    BISWAN-149    SEVATA-150    MAHMOODABAD-151
S24-30-UP-SITAPUR    1KAISAR JAHAN    BSP
2GYAN TIWARI    BJP
3JAGDISH NARAYAN SHUKLA    NCP
4MAHENDRA SINGH VERMA    SP
5RAM LAL RAHI    INC
6KULDEEP KUMAR    PECP
7GAYA PRASAD    CPI(ML)(L)
8GOVIND    KKJHS
9DAYA SHANKAR BOSE    RDMP
10MAIKU LAL    BSRD
11RAM DAS    BRPP
12HARE RAM FAUJI    JPS
13DILEEP KUMAR    IND
14DIPENDRA KUMAR VERMA    IND
15MUNNA LAL    IND
16HARGOVIND RAWAT PASI    IND
SAWAIJPUR-154    SHAHABAD-155    HARDOI-156    GOPAMAU-157    SANDI-158
S24-31-UP-HARDOI    1USHA VERMA    SP
2PURNIMA VERMA    BJP
3RAM KUMAR KURIL    BSP
4BALAKRAM    RJPK
5BHAIYA LAL ALIAS CHAMAN BABU    RSMD
6SHANTISWAROOP    RPI
7HARIBAKHSH    NNP
8USHA        IND
9JAGANNATH    IND
10RAJENDRA KUMAR    IND
11SHIV KUMAR    IND
MISRIKH-153    BILGRAM-MALLANWAN-159    BALAMAU-160    SANDILA-161
BILHAUR-209
S24-32-UP-MISRIKH    1ANIL KUMAR ALIAS ANIL BHARGAV    BJP
2ASHOK KUMAR RAWAT    BSP
3OM PRAKASH    INC
4SHYAM PRAKASH    SP
5RAM AUTAR    RPI(A)
6VISHAMBHAR DAYAL    RCP
7UDAY PRATAP    IND
8RAKESH KUMAR    IND
9RAM DAYAL    IND
10RAM SAGAR    IND
11SHIV PAL    IND
12SANJAYKUMAR    IND
13SAHEB LAL    IND
BANGARMAU-162    SAFIPUR-163    MOHAN-164    UNNAO-165    BHAGWANTNAGAR-166
PURWA-167
S24-33-UP-UNNAO    1ANNUTANDON    INC
2ARUNSHANKARSHUKLA    BSP
3DEEPAKKUMAR    SP
4RAMESHKUMARSINGH    BJP
5UMESHCHANDRA    AD
6CHHEDILAL    RPI(A)
7JAVEDRAZA    JD(U)
8RAJKISHORESINGH    RCP
9RAJUKASHYAP    VAJP
10RAMAOTAR    BVVP
11RAMSEVAK    ASP
12RASHIDQAMAR    MUL
13SHIVSHANKERKUSHWAHA    ABAS
14ASHOKKUMAR    IND
15KRISHNAPALSINGHVAIS    IND
16CHANDRASHEKHARTIWARI    IND
17ABHICHHEDILALYADAV    IND
18RAMASHREY    IND
19LALA        IND
20VASUDEVVISHARAD    IND
21SUNILKUMAR    IND
SIDHAULI-152    MALIHABAD-168    BAKSHI KAA TALAB-169    SAROJINI
NAGAR-170    MOHANLALGANJ-176
S24-34-UP-MOHANLALGANJ    1JAI PRAKASH    BSP
2RANJAN KUMAR CHAUDHARY    BJP
3SUSHILA SAROJ    SP
4JAIPAL PATHIK    RCP
5RKCHAUDHARY    RSBP
6SATTIDEEN    UPRP
7RAM DHAN    IND
LUCKNOW WEST-171    LUCKNOW NORTH-172    LUCKNOW EAST-173    LUCKNOW
CENTRAL-174    LUCKNOW CANTT.-175
S24-35-UP-LUCKNOW    1DR AKHILESH DAS GUPTA    BSP
2NAFISA ALI SODHI    SP
3RITA BAHUGUNA JOSHI    INC
4LAL JI TANDON    BJP
5ANUPAM MISHRA    SWPI
6MOHD IRSHAD    NBNP
7KAMAL CHANDRA    GGP
8DRKHAN MOHMAD ATIF    MMUP
9JUGUNU RANJAN    JANS
10DASHARATH    RMEP
11NAND KUMAR LODHI RAJPOOT    BGD
12PRAVEEN KUMAR MISHRA    EKSP
13MURLI PRASAD    RTKP
14MUSTAQ KHAN    IJP
15RAVI SHANKAR BHARAT    BPD
16RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY    AITC
17AMRESH MISHRA    IND
18AMIT PANDEY    IND
19ASHOK KUMAR PAL    IND
20AMBIKA PRASAD    IND
21KC KARDAM    IND
22KEDAR MAL AGRAWAL    IND
23GIRISH CHANDRA SRIVASTAV    IND
24CHATURI PRASAD    IND
25CHANDRA BHUSHAN PANDEY CBPANDEY    IND
26ZUBAIR AHMAD    IND
27SRDARAPURI    IND
28DHEERAJ    IND
29NITIN DWIVEDI    IND
30PADAM CHANDRA GUPTA    IND
31BAL MUKUND TIWARI    IND
32RAJIV RANJAN TIWARI RAJ BIHARI    IND
33RAJESH KUMAR    IND
34RAJESH KUMAR NAITHANI    IND
35RADHEYSHYAM    IND
36RAM KUMAR SHUKLA    IND
37SEHNAAZ SIDRAT    IND
38SUKHVEER SINGH    IND
39SUMAN LATA DIXIT    IND
40HARJEET SINGH    IND
41A HAROON ALI    IND
BACHHRAWAN-177    HARCHANDPUR-179    RAE BARELI-180    SARENI-182
UNCHAHAR-183
S24-36-UP-RAE BARELI    1RSKUSHWAHA    BSP
2RBSINGH    BJP
3SONIA GANDHI    INC
4ANIL KUMAR MAURYA    AD
5DINESH        RCP
6AVNISH        IND
7ALOK KUMAR SINGH    IND
8ILIYAS HUSSAIN    IND
9BABULAL    IND
10MANOJ KUMAR SO RAM NARESH SINGH    IND
11MANOJ KUMAR SO HANUMANT PRASAD    IND
12RAMA SHANKAR    IND
13LAJJAWATI KANCHAN    IND
14SHYAM BIHARI GUPTA    IND
15SRIPAL    IND
16HORILAL    IND
TILOI-178    SALON-181    JAGDISHPUR-184    GAURIGANJ-185    AMETHI-186
S24-37-UP-AMETHI    1ASHEESH SHUKLA    BSP
2PRADEEP KUMAR SINGH    BJP
3RAHUL GANDHI    INC
4BHUWAL    JPS
5MOHDHASAN LAHARI    BRPP
6SUNITA        MAP
7SURYABHAN MAURYA    RASD
8AAVID HUSSAIN    IND
9OMKAR        IND
10KAPIL DEO    IND
11DILIP        IND
12MIHILAL    IND
13MEET SINGH    IND
14RAMESH CHANDRA    IND
15RAM SHANKER    IND
16SWAMI NATH    IND
ISAULI-187    SULTANPUR-188    SADAR-189    LAMBHUA-190    KADIPUR-191
S24-38-UP-SULTANPUR    1ASHOK PANDEY    SP
2MOHDTAHIR    BSP
3SURYA BHAN SINGH    BJP
4DRSANJAY SINGH    INC
5ANIL        RPI(A)
6CHOTELAL MAURYA    AD
7MOHDUMAR    PECP
8RAKESH    NYP
9RAJKUMAR PANDEY    RDMP
10TRIVENI PRASAD BHEEM    BRPP
11ARVIND KUMAR    IND
12AWADHESH KUMAR    IND
13KRISHNA NARAYAN    IND
14JHINKURAM VISHWAKARMA    IND
15PRAKASH CHANDRA    IND
16HARI NARAYAN    IND
RAMPUR KHAS-244    BISHWAVNATHGANJ-247    PRATAPGARH-248    PATTI-249
RANIGANJ-250
S24-39-UP-PRATAPGARH    1KUNWAR AKSHAYA PRATAP SINGH GOPAL JI    SP
2RAJKUMARI RATNA SINGH    INC
3LAKSHMI NARAIN PANDEY GURU JI    BJP
4PROF SHIVAKANT OJHA    BSP
5ATIQ AHAMAD    AD
6ARUN KUMAR    SJP(R)
7A RASHID ANSARI    MC
8RAJESH    KKJHS
9ATUL DWIVEDI    IND
10UDHAV RAM    IND
11CHHANGALAL    IND
12JITENDRA PRATAP SINGH    IND
13DINESH PANDEY ALIAS DK PANDEY    IND
14BADRI PRASAD    IND
15MUNEESHWAR SINGH    IND
16RAMESH KUMAR    IND
17RAVINDRA SINGH    IND
18RANI PAL    IND
19RAMMURTI MISHRA    IND
20RAM SAMUJH    IND
21VINOD        IND
22SHIVRAM    IND
23SATRAM    IND
ALIGANJ-103    KAIMGANJ-192    AMRITPUR-193    FARRUKHABAD-194
BHOJPUR-195
S24-40-UP-FARRUKHABAD    1CHANDRA BHUSHAN SINGH URF MUNNU BABU    SP
2NARESH CHANDRA AGRAWAL    BSP
3MITHLESH KUMARI    BJP
4SALMAN KHURSHEED    INC
5OM BABU    JPS
6JAIVEER SINGH SHAKYA    BRPP
7DALGANJAN SINGH YADAV    BRM
8RAMSHARAN    BNRP
9RISHIDUTT    ABHM
10WAZID ALI    IJP
11SWAMI SACHIDANAND HARI SAKSHI    RTKP
12SUBODH GANGWAR    AD
13RIYAZ AHMAD    IND
14VINOD KUMAR    IND
15VEENA KUREEL    IND
16SURESH CHANDRA SARASWAT URF ELAICHI WALA    IND
ETAWAH-200    BHARTHANA-201    DIBIYAPUR-203    AURAIYA-204    SIKANDRA-207
S24-41-UP-ETAWAH    1KAMLESH VERMA    BJP
2GAURISHANKER    BSP
3PREMDAS    SP
4SHIV RAM DOHRE    MD
5SANT KUMAR DOHRE    LD
6SIYARAM    RBCP
7ANVER SINGH    IND
8KPD SHYAMDAS    IND
9GIREESH BHARTIYA    IND
10JAISHANKAR    IND
11RAMNARESH    IND
12SHARMILA    IND
13SATYA PRIYA MANAV    IND
CHHIBRAMAU-196    TIRWA-197    KANNAUJ-198    BIDHUNA-202    RASULABAD-205
S24-42-UP-KANNAUJ    1AKHILESH YADAV    SP
2DR MAHESH CHANDRA VERMA    BSP
3SUBRAT PATHAK    BJP
4AJAB SINGH YADAV    ABAS
5NARAYAN KUMAR    RDMP
6BALRAM    BSP(K)
7RAM KARAN KASHYAP    VAJP
8RAM BABU TRIVEDI    BPD
9RAM SWAROOP    JPS
10VIJAY SINGH CHAUHAN    MD
11PRADEEP    IND
12RAM BABU    IND
13LAL SINGH    IND
14SHAHANSHAH KHAN    IND
15SANJEEV    IND
16SHRIKRISHNA SHAKYA    IND
GOVINDNAGAR-212    SISHAMAU-213    ARYA NAGAR-214    DIDWAI NAGAR-215
KANPUR CANTT.-216
S24-43-UP-KANPUR    1SATISH MAHANA    BJP
2SUKHDA MISHRA    BSP
3SURENDRA MOHAN AGRAWAL    SP
4SRI PRAKASH JAISWAL    INC
5OMENDRA BHARAT    BPD
6GUFRAN AHMED    RWSP
7JAGDISH PRASAD    ABHM
8MOTI LAL SHARMA    IJP
9ANIL KUMAR JAIN    IND
10AHAMED HUSSAIN    IND
11GAYA PRASAD    IND
12JAGESWAR DAYAL 1 VIKAL ORAI    IND
13NISHA        IND
14BADRI VISHAL PRAJAPATI    IND
15MAHESH CHANDRA SHARMA    IND
16MAYA KAUSHAL    IND
17MOHAMMD ISHA    IND
18VNAWASTHI    IND
AKBARPUR – RANIYA-206    BITHOOR-210    KALYANPUR-211    MAHARAJPUR-217
GHATAMPUR-218
S24-44-UP-AKBARPUR    1ANIL SHUKLA WARSI    BSP
2ARUN KUMAR TIWARI BABA    BJP
3KAMLESH KUMAR PATHAK    SP
4RAJARAM PAL    INC
5AMAR SINGH CHAUHAN    JPS
6DRAK GUPTA    RSMD
7DAYA SHANKER    RSP
8DHARMENDRA PRATAP SINGH    BPD
9CHAUDHARY DHARMENDRA SINGH YADAV    RPI
10BAIKUNTH NATH    JD(S)
11RAM GOPAL    RAJUP
12VIMAL SINGH BHADAURIA    ABAS
13SATENDRA KUSHWAHA    RKSP
14OMKAR    IND
15MANJESH KUMAR    IND
16RAM NATH VERMA    IND
17VIRENDRA VISHWAKARMA    IND
BHOGNIPUR-208    MADHAUGARH-219    KALPI-220    ORAI-221    GARAUTHA-225
S24-45-UP-JALAUN    1GHANSYAM ANURAGI    SP
2TILAK CHANDRA AHIRWAR    BSP
3NATHURAM VERMA LOHIA    NCP
4BHANU PRATAP SINGH VERMA    BJP
5DR BABU RAMADHIN AHIRWAR    INC
6KASHIRAM    CPI(ML)(L)
7DASHRATH SINGH AHIRWAR    RDMP
8PRATAP SINGH KATHARIYA    NELU
9PRABHA VERMA    AD
10BHAGGOOLAL VALMIKI    RSMD
11SANJAY KUMAR    RAJUP
12HUKUM    JPS
13BHURI DEVI    IND
14MEVALAL    IND
15RAM JI    IND
16VASHUDEV    IND
BABINA-222    JHANSI NAGAR-223    MAURANIPUR-224    LALITPUR-226
MEHRONI-227
S24-46-UP-JHANSI    1CHANDRPAL SINGH YADAV    SP
2PRADEEP KUMAR JAIN ADITYA    INC
3RAMESH KUMAR SHARMA    BSP
4RAVINDRA SHUKLA    BJP
5DEEPMALA KUSHWAHA    RTKP
6BABU LAL NANGAL    LSVP
7BALAK DAS    AD
8MANMOHAN GUPTA    IJP
9RAMDAS    BJTP
10SUJAN SINGH BUNDELA    RSMD
11ABDESH BHOOSHAN SRIVASTAVA    IND
12KAMTA PRASAD RAJPUT    IND
13JAGAT VIKRAM SINGH    IND
14PANKAJ RAWAT    IND
15PARWAT SINGH    IND
16BAL KISHAN    IND
17MATHURA PRASAD    IND
18MAHENDRA    IND
HAMIRPUR-228    RATH-229    MAHOBA-230    CHARKHARI-231    TINDWARI-232
S24-47-UP-HAMIRPUR    1ASHOK KUMAR SINGH CHANDEL    SP
2PREETAM SINGH LODHI KISSAN    BJP
3VIJAY BAHADUR SINGH    BSP
4SIDDHA GOPAL SAHU    INC
5ANIL KUMAR    ASP
6AMIT KUMAR    AD
7KAPIL KUMAR    NLHP
8KANTI        LD
9GIRDHARILAL    NELU
10SHIVPRASAD PRAJAPATI    IJP
11HAKEEM KHAN    BAP
12DESH RAJ    IND
13NEERAJ KUMAR NIRALA    IND
14PARMESHWAR DAYAL    IND
15LALLA        IND
16LALLU PRASAD    IND
BABERU-233    NARAINI-234    BANDA-235    CHITRAKOOT-236    MANIKPUR-237
S24-48-UP-BANDA    1AMITA BAJPAI    BJP
2BHAGAWAN DEEN GARG    INC
3BHAIRON PRASAD MISHRA    BSP
4SANTOSH KUMAR    CPI
5R K SINGH PATEL    SP
6ASHOK KUMAR    IJP
7ANAND YADAV    UCPI
8PARASHU RAM NISHAD    AD
9LALIT KUMAR    ASP
10ANSH DHARI    IND
11JAGAN NATH SINGH    IND
12PRAKASH NARAYAN    IND
13BALENDRA NATH    IND
14MANOJ KUMAR    IND
15SHIV KUMAR    IND
JAHANABAD-238    BINKDI-239    FATEHPUR-240    AYAH SHAH-241
HUSAINGANJ-242    KHAGA-243
S24-49-UP-FATEHPUR    1JAGESHWAR PAL    NCP
2MAHENDRA PRASAD NISHAD    BSP
3RAKESH SACHAN    SP
4RADHEY SHYAM GUPTA    BJP
5VIBHAKAR SHASTRI    INC
6AJEYA SINGH    JM
7UDIT RAJ    IJP
8MATIN        ANC
9MUNNA SINGH    KKJHS
10RAEES    PECP
11VISHWASWAROOP MAURYA    ABAS
12DR SONEY LAL PATEL    AD
13ANSHU MAN SINGH ADVOCATE    IND
14JAGDEESH NARAIN SHARMA    IND
15DILEEP VERMA    IND
16NARSINGH PATEL    IND
17MAHFAZUL HAK ALIAS RAJU KHAN    IND
18HARISH CHANDRA SWARANKAR    IND
BABAGANJ-245    KUNDA-246    SIRATHU-251    MANJHANPUR-252    CHAIL-253
S24-50-UP-KAUSHAMBI    1GIRISH CHANDRA PASI    BSP
2GAUTAM CHAUDHARY    BJP
3RAM NIHOR RAKESH    INC
4SHAILENDRA KUMAR    SP
5UMESH CHANDRA PASI    AD
6GULAB SONKAR    IJP
7GULAB CHANDRA    IND
8JAGDEO    IND
9MAN SINGH    IND
10RAM SARAN    IND
PHAPHAMAU-254    SORAON-255    PHULPUR-256    ALLAHABAD WEST-261    ALLAHABAD
NORTH-262
S24-51-UP-PHULPUR    1KAPIL MUNI KARWARIYA    BSP
2KARAN SINGH PATEL    BJP
3DHARMARAJ SINGH PATEL    INC
4SHYAMA CHARAN GUPTA    SP
5CHANDRAJEET    LD
6DEVENDRA PRATAP SINGH    RDMP
7PRADEEP KUMAR SRIVASTAVA    AD
8LALLAN SINGH    RSBP
9VIJAY KUMAR    GMS
10SATISH YADAV    IJP
11SANJEEV KUMAR MISHRA    YVP
12KRISHNA KUMAR    IND
13DR NEERAJ    IND
14BHARAT LAL    IND
15DR MILAN MUKHERJEE    IND
16MUNISHWAR SINGH MAURYA    IND
17RADHIKA PAL    IND
18RADHESHYAM SINGH YADAV    IND
19RAM JANM YADAV    IND
20RAMSHANKAR    IND
21VIRENDRA PAL SINGH    IND
22SHAILENDRA KUMAR PRAJAPATI    IND
23SAMAR BAHADUR SHARMA    IND
24DR SONE LAL PATEL    IND
MEJA-259    KARCHHANA-260    ALLAHABAD SOUTH-263    BARA-264    KORAON-265
S24-52-UP-ALLAHABAD    1ASHOK KUMAR BAJPAI    BSP
2YOGESH SHUKLA    BJP
3KUNWAR REWATI RAMAN SINGH ALIAS MANI JI    SP
4SHYAM KRISHNA PANDEY    INC
5OM PRAKASH    RMSP
6GULAB GRAMEEN    LD
7BIHARI LAL SHARMA    AD
8BAIJAL KUMAR    BSP(K)
9RAMA KANT    IJP
10RAJESH PASI    RSBP
11RAM PARIKHAN SINGH    JPS
12VIJAY SHANKAR    BSA
13SARFUDDIN    NELU
14AKBAL MOHAMMD    IND
15AJUG NARAIN    IND
16ABHAY SRIVASTAVA    IND
17KM KUSUM KUMARI AD    IND
18GOPAL SWROOP JOSHI    IND
19NARENDRA KUMAR TEWARI    IND
20BAJRANG DUTT    IND
21MUNNU PRASAD    IND
22RAVI PRAKASH    IND
23RAKESH KUMAR    IND
24RAJ BALI    IND
25RAM GOVIND    IND
26RAM JEET    IND
27RAM LAL    IND
28KM SHASHI PANDEY    IND
29DR MOHD SALMAN RASHIDI    IND
30SADHNA AGARWAL    IND
31HIRA LAL    IND
KURSI-266    RAM NAGAR-267    BARABANKI-268    ZAIDPUR-269
HAIDERGARH-272
S24-53-UP-BARABANKI    1KAMALA PRASAD RAWAT    BSP
2PLPUNIA    INC
3RAM NARESH RAWAT    BJP
4RAM SAGAR    SP
5JEEVAN    JPS
6DESHRAJ    BSRD
7BABADEEN    BRPP
8BHAGAUTI    AD
9SANTRAM    NBNP
10GAYA PRASAD    IND
11DEPENDRA KUMAR RAWAT    IND
12PREM CHANDRA ARYA    IND
13RAM AUTAR    IND
14LAJJAWATI KANCHAN    IND
15MAHANT VISHRAM DAS    IND
DARIYABAD-270    RUDAULI-271    MILKIPUR-273    BIKAPUR-274    AYODHYA-275
S24-54-UP-FAIZABAD    1NIRMAL KHATRI    INC
2BIMLENDRA MOHAN PRATAP MISRA PAPPU BHAIYA    BSP
3MITRASEN    SP
4LALLU SINGH    BJP
5AJAY KUMAR    KKJHS
6ATUL KUMAR PANDEY    THPI
7AMAR NATH JAISWAL    RTKP
8GIRISH CHANDRA VERMA    AD
9GULAM SABIR    NBNP
10CHANDRASHEKHAR SINGH    BPD
11NUSRAT QUDDUSI ALIAS BABLOO    PECP
12MANISH KUMAR PANDEY    ABHM
13SAIYYAD MUSHEER AHMED    AP
14RAMESH KUMAR RAWAT    MADP
15SUSHIL KUMAR    BLKD
16ATAURR RAHMAN ANSARI    IND
17AMARNATH VERMA    IND
18DINA NATH PANDEY    IND
19NASREEN BANO    IND
20BALAK RAM ALIAS SHIV BALAK PASI    IND
21RAM DHIRAJ    IND
22SWAMI NATH    IND
23SIYARAM KORI    IND
GOSHAINGANJ-276    KATEHARI-277    TANDA-278    JALALPUR-280
AKBARPUR-281
S24-55-UP-AMBEDKAR NAGAR    1RAKESH PANDEY    BSP
2VINAY KATIYAR    BJP
3SHANKHLAL MAJHI    SP
4DINESH KUMAR RAJBHAR    SBSP
5BASANT LAL    PECP
6BAL MUKUND DHURIYA    CPI(ML)(L)
7BHARTHARI    BRPP
8MANSHARAM    MADP
9LALMAN    JPS
10VIJAY KUMAR MAURYA    RASD
11SANTOSH KUMAR    ABHM
12IFTEKHAR AHMAD    IND
13KAILASH KUMAR SHUKLA    IND
14GAYADEEN    IND
15CHANDRA BHUSHAN    IND
16DEO PRASAD MISHRA    IND
17NABAB ALI    IND
18PARASHU RAM    IND
19PATANJALI JAITALI    IND
20RAM SUKH SAHOO    IND
21DR LAL BAHADUR    IND
22SRIRAM AMBESH    IND
BALHA-282    NANPARA-283    MATERA-284    MAHSI-285    BAHRAICH-286
S24-56-UP-BAHRAICH    1AKSHAYBAR LAL    BJP
2KAMAL KISHOR    INC
3LAL MANI PRASAD    BSP
4SHABBEER AHMAD    SP
5GOPAL        SBSP
6TULSI RAM    RDMP
7MANU DEVI    PECP
8RAM CHHABEELE SUBHASH    BSRD
9SATYA NARAIN    RPI(A)
10HARENDRA KUMAR    JPS
11HEERA LAL    ANC
12MAIKOO LAL    IND
13RAM SARAN    IND
PAYAGPUR-287    KAISERGANJ-288    KATRA BAZAR-297    COLONELGANJ-298
TARABGANJ-299
S24-57-UP-KAISERGANJ    1MOHD ALEEM    INC
2BRIJBHUSHAN SHARAN SINGH    SP
3DR LALTA PRASAD MISHRA ALIAS DR L P MISHRA    BJP
4SURENDRA NATH AWASTHI    BSP
5ZAMEER AHMAD    ANC
6DAYA RAM    PDFO
7MANOJ KUMAR    LD
8RAM PRAKSH    RPI(A)
9RAMENDER DEV PATHAK    PECP
10HAFEEZ    AD
11ANOKHI LAL    IND
12OM PRAKASH    IND
13UDAI RAJ    IND
14CHANDRA BHAN    IND
15JAGDISH    IND
16JAGDISH PRASAD    IND
17JITENDRA BAHADUR    IND
18PARAMHANS SINGH    IND
19RAJ KISHOR SINGH    IND
20RADHEYSHYAM BOAT    IND
21RAMPHER ALIAS CHUNTI    IND
22VINESH KUMAR    IND
23VIMAL VERMA    IND
BHINGA-289    SHRAWASTI-290    TULSIPUR-291    GAINSARI-292
BALRAMPUR-294
S24-58-UP-SHRAWASTI    1RIZVAN ZAHEER    BSP
2RUBAB SAIDA    SP
3VINAY KUMAR ALIAS VINNU    INC
4SATYA DEO SINGH    BJP
5ARUN KUMAR    ANC
6KULDEEP    SBSP
7RAJESHWAR MISHRA    PECP
8RAM ADHAR    RPI(A)
9TEJ BAHADUR    IND
10RAM SUDHI    IND
11VINOD KUMAR PANDEY    IND
UTRAULA-293    MEHNAUN-295    GONDA-296    MANKAPUR-300    GAURA-301
S24-59-UP-GONDA    1DR ACHYUTA NAND DUBEY    NCP
2KIRTI VARDHAN SINGH RAJA BHAIYA    BSP
3BENI PRASAD VERMA    INC
4RAM PRATAP SINGH    BJP
5VINOD KUMAR SINGH ALIAS PANDIT SINGH    SP
6ASHIQ ALI    PECP
7OM PRAKASH SINGH    JPS
8PREM KUMAR    SBSP
9RAJENDRA PRASAD    ANC
10RAM KEWAL    VAJP
11RAM LOCHAN    ABHM
12VIDYA SAGAR    AD
13HARSH VARDHAN PANDEY    LD
14AKHILENDRA KUMAR PATHAK    IND
15ANURADHA PATEL    IND
16OM PRAKASH    IND
17GANGA DHAR SHUKLA    IND
18DEEPAK    IND
19NARENDRA SINGH    IND
20BAIJNATH    IND
21RAJENDRA PRASAD    IND
22RADHEY SHYAM    IND
23RAM PRASAD    IND
24RAM LAKHAN    IND
25SATYA PRAKASH    IND
SHOHRATGARH-302    KAPILVASTU-303    BANSI-304    ITWA-305
DUMARIYAGANJ-306
S24-60-UP-DOMARIYAGANJ    1JAGDAMBIKA PAL    INC
2JAI PRATAP SINGH    BJP
3MATA PRASAD PANDEY    SP
4MOHD MUQUEEM    BSP
5INAMULLAH CHAUDHARY    PECP
6JITENDRA PRATAP SINGH    RDMP
7PINGAL PRASAD    RPI
8BALKRISHNA    BSP(K)
9MUKHDEV    SBSP
10RAJDEV    BEP
11RAM SAMUJH    BJBCD
12RAHUL SANGH PRIYA BHARTI    IJP
13HARISHANKAR    LJP
14MOTILAL VIDHYARTHI    IND
15RAM KRIPAL    IND
16SIRAJ AHAMAD    IND
HARRAIYA-307    KAPTANGANJ-308    RUDHAULI-309    BASTI SADAR-310
MAHADEWA-311
S24-61-UP-BASTI    1ARVIND KUMAR CHAUDHARY    BSP
2BASANT CHAUDHARY    INC
3RAJ KISHOR SINGH    SP
4DR Y D SINGH    BJP
5OM PRAKASH    VAJP
6DAYASHANKAR PATWA    PECP
7DALBAG SINGH    BSP(K)
8RAM NAYAN PATEL    AD
9VINOD KUMAR RAJBHAR    SBSP
10SHIVDAS    SSD
11SANJEEV KUMAR NISHAD    BUM
12SITARAM NISHAD    JPS
13RAM LALAN YADAV    IND
14SHIV POOJAN ARYA    IND
15SATYADEV OJHA    IND
16SATISH CHANDRA SHARMA    IND
ALAPUR-279    MENHDAWAL-312    KHALILABAD-313    DHANGHATA-314
KHAJNI-325
S24-62-UP-SANT KABIR NAGAR    1KAMLA KANT CHAUDHARY    CPI
2FAZLEY MAHAMOOD    INC
3BHAL CHANDRA YADAV    SP
4BHISMA SHANKAR ALIAS KUSHAL TIWARI    BSP
5SHARAD TRIPATHI    BJP
6INDRA KUMAR    BUM
7KRISHNA NAND MISHRA    AIMF
8KHELADI    BRPP
9JANTRI LAL    JPS
10PANCHOO BELDAR    ASP
11RAJESH SINGH    PECP
12RAM ACHAL    MADP
13RAM AVADH NISHAD    SBSP
14LOTAN ALIAS LAUTAN PRASAD    SSD
15VINOD RAI    NLHP
16ANJU        IND
17JOOGESH YADAV    IND
18NITYANAND MANI TRIPATHI    IND
19PHOOLDEO    IND
20RAMESH    IND
21VINAY PANDEY    IND
22SHRI BABA RAM CHANDRA    IND
23SUSHILA JIGYASU    IND
24HARISH CHANDRA    IND
PHARENDA-315    NAUTANWA-316    SISWA-317    MAHARAJGANJ-318
PANIYARA-319
S24-63-UP-MAHARAJGANJ    1AJEET MANI    SP
2GANESH SHANKER PANDEY    BSP
3PANKAJ CHAUDHARY    BJP
4HARSH VARDHAN    INC
5ABDWURRUF ANSARI    NLHP
6PAWAN KUMAR    RPI(A)
7RAM KISHUN NISHAD    SBSP
8SATYA NARAYAN URF SATNARAYAN    BEP
9OMPRAKASH CHATURVEDI    IND
10DILIP KUMAR    IND
11RAM NIVAS    IND
12LAL BIHARI    IND
13CHAUDHARY SANJAY SINGH PATEL    IND
14SHYAM SUNDER DAS CHAURASIA    IND
15HANUMAN    IND
CAIMPIYARGANJ-320    PIPRAICH-321    GORAKHPUR URBAN-322    GORAKHPUR
RURAL-323    SAHAJANWA-324
S24-64-UP-GORAKHPUR    1ADITYANATH    BJP
2MANOJ TIWARI MRIDUL    SP
3LALCHAND NISHAD    INC
4VINAY SHANKAR TIWARI    BSP
5AMAN        ASP
6JOKHAN PRASAD    EKSP
7DAYASHANKAR NISHAD    AD
8RAJBAHADUR    IJP
9RAJMANI    BEP
10RAJESH SAHANI    CPI(ML)(L)
11SRINATH    SBSP
12AJAY KUMAR    IND
13AWADHESH SINGH    IND
14OMPRAKASH SINGH    IND
15GOVIND    IND
16CHHEDILAL    IND
17NIRANJAN PRASAD    IND
18NEERAJ YADAV    IND
19DR BRIJESH MANI TRIPATHI    IND
20MANOJ TIWARI    IND
21RAKESH KUMAR    IND
22RAJAN YADAV MBA    IND
23RAMHIT NISHAD    IND
24LAL BAHADUR    IND
25VINOD SHUKLA    IND
26HARISHCHANDRA    IND
KHADDA-329    PADRAUNA-330    KUSHINAGAR-333    HATA-334    RAMKOLA-335
S24-65-UP-KUSHI NAGAR    1BRAMHA SHANKER    SP
2KU RATANJEET PRATAP NARAYAN SINGH    INC
3VIJAY DUBEY    BJP
4SWAMI PRASAD MAURYA    BSP
5ANIL        RPI(A)
6KISHOR KUMAR    IPP
7K KUMAR    PRBD
8JANGI        SBSP
9DHEERAJ SHEKHAR SHRIWASTAWA    RALOP
10BABU LAL    BRPP
11MATIULLAH    NLHP
12MADAN LAL    MADP
13AMEERUDDIN    IND
14JAGDISH    IND
15JAI GOVIND    IND
16DAROGA    IND
17RAMESH    IND
18RAM BRIKSH    IND
TAMKUHI RAJ-331    FAZILNAGAR-332    DEORIA-337    PATHARDEVA-338    RAMPUR
KARKHANA-339
S24-66-UP-DEORIA    1GORAKH PRASAD JAISWAL    BSP
2BALESHWAR YADAV    INC
3MOHAN SINGH    SP
4SHRI PRAKASH MANI TRIPATHI    BJP
5GANGA PRASAD KUSHWAHA    PRBD
6JAGDISH KUMAR VERMA    LPSP
7DHARMENDRA KUMAR    SBSP
8MOTI LAL KUSHWAHA SHASTRI    RSMD
9SAFAYAT ALI    PECP
10SARITA    ASP
11RAM KISHOR YADAV ALIAS VIDHAYAK    IND
12VIJAY JUAATHA    IND
CHAURI-CHAURA-326    BANSGAON-327    CHILLUPAR-328    RUDRAPUR-336
BARHAJ-342
S24-67-UP-BANSGAON    1KAMLESH PASWAN    BJP
2MAHA BEER PRASAD    INC
3SHARADA DEVI    SP
4SHREE NATH JI    BSP
5CHANDRIKA    RJPK
6RAMA SHANKER    PECP
7RAM PRAVESH PRASAD    EKSP
8HARILAL    BUM
9KU KUNJAWATI    IND
10MANOJ KUMAR    IND
11RADHEYSHYAM    IND
12RAMKAWAL    IND
13RAMSAKAL    IND
14RAMA PASWAN    IND
15VINAI KUMAR    IND
ATRAULIYA-343    NIZAMABAD-348    PHOOLPUR PAWAI-349    DIDARGANJ-350
LALGANJ-351
S24-68-UP-LALGANJ    1DAROGA PRASAD SAROJ    SP
2NEELAM SONKAR    BJP
3DR BALIRAM    BSP
4HAREE PRASAD SONKER    CPI
5MANBHAWAN    BRPP
6RAM DAYAL ALIAS MOHAN    SBSP
7ACHCHHELAL    IND
8URMILA DEVI    IND
9CHANDRA RAM ALIAS CHANDU SAROJ    IND
10DHARMRAJ    IND
11SUKHNAYAN    IND
GOPALPUR-344    SAGRI-345    MUBARAKPUR-346    AZAMGARH-347    MEHNAGAR-352
S24-69-UP-AZAMGARH    1AKBAR AHMAD DUMPY    BSP
2ARUN KUMAR SINGH    CPM
3DURGA PRASAD YADAV    SP
4RAMAKANT YADAV    BJP
5SANTOSH KUMAR SINGH    INC
6JAI JAI RAM PRAJAPATI    LPSP
7RAM BHAROS    BUM
8VINOD        JPS
9USMANA FARUQEE    IND
10KEDAR NATH GIRI    IND
11KHAIRUL BASHAR    IND
12DR JAVED AKHTAR    IND
13DAAN BAHADUR YADAV    IND
14YADUNATH    IND
15RAM UJAGIR    IND
16RAM SINGH    IND
MADHUBAN-353    GHOSI-354    MUHAMMADABAD- GOHNA-355    MAU-356
RASARA-358
S24-70-UP-GHOSI    1ATUL KUMAR SINGH ANJAN    CPI
2ARSHAD JAMAL ANSARI    SP
3DARA SINGH CHAUHAN    BSP
4RAM IQBAL    BJP
5SUDHA RAI    INC
6AKHILESH    JPS
7KAILASH YADAV    PECP
8RAMESH ALIAS RAJU SINGH    SBSP
9RAM BADAN KAUL    BSA
10LALJI RAJBHAR    BSD
11HARISH CHANDRA    RJPK
12ASHOK KUMAR    IND
13ZAKIR HUSSAIN    IND
14PALAKDHARI    IND
15RAKESH    IND
16SUJIT KUMAR    IND
BHATPAR RANI-340    SALEMPUR-341    BELTHARA ROAD-357    SIKANDARPUR-359
BANSDEEH-362
S24-71-UP-SALEMPUR    1DR BHOLA PANDEY    INC
2RAMASHANKAR RAJBHAR    BSP
3HARIKEWAL    SP
4IZHAR        PECP
5ZUBAIR        NELU
6JANG BAHADUR    BSD
7FATE BAHADUR    SBSP
8RAVISHANKAR SINGH PAPPU    JD(U)
9RAMCHARAN    PDF
10RAMDAYAL    JPS
11RAMNAWAMI YADAV    SWJP
12RAMASHRAY CHAUHAN    MOP
13SRIRAM    CPI(ML)(L)
14HARISHCHAND    EKSP
15AMEER    IND
16PARASURAM    IND
17FULENDRA    IND
18MAN JI    IND
19MAHESH    IND
20RAJENDRA ALIAS RAJAN    IND
21VINDHACHAL    IND
22SHAILENDRA    IND
23SATISH    IND
24SARVDAMAN    IND
25SANJAY    IND
PHEPHANA-360    BALLIA NAGAR-361    BAIRIA-363    ZAHOORABAD-377
MOHAMMADABAD-378
S24-72-UP-BALLIA    1NEERAJ SHEKHAR    SP
2MANOJ SINHA    BJP
3SANGRAM SINGH YADAV    BSP
4ARVIND KUMAR GOND    GGP
5KANHAIYA PRAJAPATI    RSMD
6NARAYAN RAJBHAR    BSD
7RAJESH    JPS
8RAMSAKAL    SBSP
9ANANT        IND
10GANGADYAL    IND
11DIWAKAR    IND
12RAMJI        IND
13LALBABU    IND
14SHESHNATH    IND
15SHANKER RAM RAWAT    IND
16HARIHAR    IND
BADLAPUR-364    SHAHGANJ-365    JAUNPUR-366    MALHANI-367    MUNGRA
BADSHAHPUR-368
S24-73-UP-JAUNPUR    1DHANANJAY SINGH    BSP
2PARAS NATH YADAVA    SP
3SEEMA        BJP
4ACHHEYLAL NISHAD    NELU
5GIRAJA SHANKAR YADAVA    GGP
6GEETA SINGH    RDMP
7BAHADUR SONKAR    IJP
8RAVI SHANKAR    LJP
9RAJKISHUN    RSBP
10RAJESH SO RAMESHCHANDRA    AD
11RAJESH SO RAMYAGYA    EKSP
12RAMCHANDAR    RASD
13SHEETALA PRASAD    RSP
14AJAY KASYAP GUDDU    IND
15JAGDISH CHANDRA ASTHANA    IND
16TASLEEM AHMED REHMANI    IND
MACHHLISHAHR-369    MARIYAHU-370    ZAFRABAD-371    KERAKAT-372
PINDRA-384
S24-74-UP-MACHHLISHAHR    1KAMLA KANT GAUTAM KK GAUTAM    BSP
2TUFANI SAROJ    SP
3RAJ BAHADUR    INC
4VIDYASAGAR SONKER    BJP
5KRISHNA SEWAK SONKER    JPS
6RAM CHARITRA    AD
7VIJAYEE RAM    ASP
8SHEOMURAT RAM    GGP
9SUKHRAJ DINKAR    RSBP
10SUSHMA    RAD
11DINESH KUMAR    IND
12BALJIT    IND
13RAM DAWAR GAUTAM    IND
14VINOD KUMAR    IND
15SHYAM BIHARI KANNAUJIYA    IND
16SOHAN    IND
JAKHANIAN-373    SAIDPUR-374    GHAZIPUR-375    JANGIPUR-376    ZAMANIA-379
S24-75-UP-GHAZIPUR    1AFZAL ANSARI    BSP
2PRABHUNATH    BJP
3RADHEY MOHAN SINGH    SP
4SURAJ RAM BAGI    CPI
5ISHWARI PRASAD KUSHAWAHA    CPI(ML)(L)
6DINESH        RSMD
7NANDLAL    ASP
8SHYAM NARAYAN    RASD
9SATISH SHANKAR JAISAWAL    NLHP
10SARAJU    LD
11SURENDRA    JPS
12ANIL        IND
13ASHOK DRASHOK KUMAR SRIVASTAVA    IND
14BRAJENDRA NATH URF BIJENDRA    IND
15RAJESH    IND
MUGHALSARAI-380    SAKALDIHA-381    SAIYADRAJA-382    AJAGARA-385
SHIVPUR-386
S24-76-UP-CHANDAULI    1KAILASH NATH SINGH YADAV    BSP
2JAWAHAR LAL JAISAWAL    BJP
3RAMKISHUN    SP
4SHAILENDRA KUMAR    INC
5CHANDRASHEKHAR    RPI
6JAWAHIR    PMSP
7JOKHU        PDFO
8TULASI        SBSP
9RAJNATH    BRPP
10RAJESH SINGH    KKJHS
11RAMAWATAR SHARMA ADVOCATE    MADP
12RAMSEWAK YADAV    RLP
13LALLAN    IJP
14SURENDRA PRATAP    JBSP
15DEVAROO    IND
16MUNNI LAL    IND
17SURAFARAJ AHMAD    IND
18HARI LAL    IND
ROHANIYA-387    VARANASI NORTH-388    VARANASI SOUTH-389    VARANASI
CANTT.-390    SEVAPURI-391
S24-77-UP-VARANASI    1AJAY RAI    SP
2MUKHTAR ANSARI    BSP
3DR MURLI MANOHAR JOSHI    BJP
4DR RAJESH KUMAR MISHRA    INC
5AWADHESH KUMAR KUSHWAHA    RSMD
6USHA SINGH    RAD
7KISHUN LAL    IJP
8VIJAY PRAKASH JAISWAL    AD
9ER SHYAM LAL VISHWAKARMA    MADP
10ANAND KUMAR AMBASTHA    IND
11NARENDRA NATH DUBEY ADIG    IND
12PARVEZ QUADIR KHAN    IND
13PUSHP RAJ SAHU    IND
14RAJESH BHARTI    IND
15SATYA PRAKASH SRIVASTAVA    IND
PRATAPPUR-257    HANDIA-258    BHADOHI-392    GYANPUR-393    AURAI-394
S24-78-UP-BHADOHI    1DR AKHILESH KUMAR DWIVEDI    NCP
2GORAKHNATH    BSP
3CHHOTELAL BIND    SP
4DR MAHENDRA NATH PANDEY    BJP
5SURYMANI TIWARI    INC
6JAJ LAL    RKSP
7NANDLAL    VP
8RAMRATEE BIND    AD
9THAKUR SANTOSH KUMAR    RDMP
10SHAHID    PMSP
11GAURISHANKAR    IND
12JEETENDRA    IND
13TEJ BAHADUR YADAV ADVOCATE    IND
CHHANBEY-395    MIRZAPUR-396    MAJHAWAN-397    CHUNAR-398    MARIHAN-399
S24-79-UP-MIRZAPUR    1ANIL KUMAR MAURYA    BSP
2ANURAG SINGH    BJP
3BAL KUMAR PATEL    SP
4RAMESH DUBEY    INC
5AJAY SHANKER    GMS
6KAILASH    BSA
7KHELADI    GGP
8JAGDISH    AD
9PREM CHAND    PMSP
10RADHE SHYAM    BRPP
11LALJI        RAD
12LALTI DEVI    VP
13SHANKAR    CPI(ML)(L)
14SHYAM LAL    EKSP
15MOHD SAGIR    NLP
16TRILOK NATH VERMA    IJP
17ANOOP KUMAR    IND
18KRISHNA CHAND    IND
19KRISHNA CHAND SHUKLA    IND
20CHHABEELE    IND
21DANGAR    IND
22DULARI    IND
23MANIK CHAND    IND
24MUNNA LAL    IND
25RAM GOPAL    IND
26RAM RAJ    IND
27HANS KUMAR    IND
CHAKIA-383    GHORAWAL-400    ROBERTSGANJ-401    OBRA-402    DUDDHI-403
S24-80-UP-ROBERTSGANJ    1PAKAURI LAL    SP
2RAM ADHAR JOSEPH    INC
3RAM CHANDRA TYAGI    BSP
4RAM SHAKAL    BJP
5GULAB        PDFO
6CHANDRA SHEKHAR    JPS
7MUNNI DEVI    RSMD
8RAMESH KUMAR    AD
9SHRAWAN KUMAR    RWS
10RAMBRIKSHA    IND
MATHABHANGA-2    COOCH BEHAR UTTAR-3    COOCH BEHAR DAKSHIN-4
SITALKUCHI-5    SITAI-6    DINHATA-7    NATABARI-8
S25-1-WB-COOCH BEHAR    1ARGHYA ROY PRADHAN    AITC
2NIRANJAN BARMAN    BSP
3NRIPENDRA NATH ROY    AIFB
4BHABENDRA NATH BARMAN    BJP
5DALENDRA ROY    AMB
6HAREKRISHNA SARKAR    RPI
7KRISHNA KANTA BARMAN    IND
8NUBASH BARMAN    IND
9BANGSHI BADAN BARMAN    IND
10HITENDRA DAS    IND
TUFANGANJ-9    KUMARGRAM-10    KALCHINI-11    ALIPURDUARS-12    FALAKATA-13
MADARIHAT-14    NAGRAKATA-21
S25-2-WB-ALIPURDUARS    1ELIAS NARJINARY    BSP
2PABAN KUMAR LAKRA    AITC
3MANOJ TIGGA    BJP
4MANOHAR TIRKEY    RSP
5BILKAN BARA    SWJP
6KAMAL LAMA    IND
7JOACHIM BAXLA    IND
8THADDEUS LAKRA    IND
9PAULDEXION KHARIYA    IND
MEKLIGANJ-1    DHUPGURI-15    MAYNAGURI-16    JALPAIGURI-17    RAJGANJ-18
DABGRAM-PHULBARI-19    MAL-20
S25-3-WB-JALPAIGURI    1DWIPENDRA NATH PRAMANIK    BJP
2DR DHIRENDRA NATH DAS    NCP
3BARMA SUKHBILAS    INC
4MAHENDRA KUMAR ROY    CPM
5SANTI KUMAR SARKAR    BSP
6PABITRA MOITRA    AMB
7SATYEN PRASAD ROY    SWJP
8CHINMAY SARKAR    IND
9PRITHWIRAJ ROY    IND
10HARI BHAKTA SARDAR    IND
KALIMPONG-22    DARJEELING-23    KURSEONG-24    MATIGARA-NAXALBARI-25
SILIGURI-26    PHANSIDEWA-27    CHOPRA-28
S25-4-WB-DARJEELING    1JASWANT SINGH    BJP
2JIBESH SARKAR    CPM
3DAWA NARBULA    INC
4HARIDAS THAKUR    BSP
5ABHIJIT MAJUMDAR    CPI(ML)(L)
6NIRANJAN SAHA    AMB
7BAIDYANATH ROY    IPFB
8ARUN KUMAR AGARWAL    IND
9NITU JAI    IND
10RAM GANESH BARAIK    IND
ISLAMPUR-29    GOALPOKHAR-30    CHAKULIA-31    KARANDIGHI-32    HEMTABAD-33
KALIAGANJ-34    RAIGANJ-35
S25-5-WB-RAIGANJ    1AKHIL RANJAN MONDAL    BSP
2GOPESH CHANDRA SARKAR    BJP
3DEEPA DASMUNSI    INC
4BIRESWAR LAHIRI    CPM
5FAIZ RAHAMAN    RDMP
6MATIUR RAHMAN    JD(U)
7SULEMAN HAFIJI    CPI(ML)(L)
8ANIL BISWAS    IND
9ABDUL KARIM CHOWDHARY    IND
10UPENDRA NATH DAS    IND
11NACHHIR ALI PRAMANIK    IND
12MANAS JANA    IND
ITAHAR-36    KUSHMANDI-37    KUMARGANJ-38    BALURGHAT-39    TAPAN-40
GANGARAMPUR-41    HARIRAMPUR-42
S25-6-WB-BALURGHAT    1GOBINDA HANSDA    BSP
2PRASANTA KUMAR MAJUMDAR    RSP
3BIPLAB MITRA    AITC
4SUBHASH CHANDRA BARMAN    BJP
5GHOSH MRIDUL    AUDF
6CHAMRU ORAM    JMM
7PRAHALLAD BARMAN    IND
8SAMU SOREN    IND
HABIBPUR-43    GAZOLE-44    CHANCHAL-45    HARISCHANDRAPUR-46
MALATIPUR-47    RATUA-48    MALDAHA-50
S25-7-WB-MALDAHA UTTAR    1AMLAN BHADURI    BJP
2BIKASH BISWAS    BSP
3MAUSAM NOOR    INC
4SAILEN SARKAR    CPM
5MONOWARA BEGAM    RDMP
6ATUL CHANDRA MANDAL    IND
7ASIM KUMAR CHOWDHURY    IND
8AMINA KHATUN    IND
9MALLIKA SARKAR NANDY    IND
MANIKCHAK-49    ENGLISHBAZAR-51    MOTHABARI-52    SUJAPUR-53
BAISNABNAGAR-54    FARAKKA-55    SAMSERGANJ-56
S25-8-WB-MALDAHA DAKSHIN    1ABU HASEM KHAN CHOUDHURY    INC
2ABDUR RAZZAQUE    CPM
3DIPAK KUMAR CHOWDHURY    BJP
4DR BHARAT CHANDRA MANDAL    BSP
5MD EJARUDDIN    MUL
6MANJUR ALAHI MUNSHI    IND
7MD KAMAL BASIRUJJAMAN    IND
8RUSTAM ALI    IND
9SHYAMAL DAS    IND
SUTI-57    JANGIPUR-58    RAGHUNATHGANJ-59    SAGARDIGHI-60    LALGOLA-61
NABAGRAM-65    KHARGRAM-66
S25-9-WB-JANGIPUR    1DEBASHISH MAJUMDAR    BJP
2PRANAB MUKHERJEE    INC
3MRIGANKA SEKHAR BHATTACHARYA    CPM
4ZAMIRUL HASSAN    AUDF
5TAPAS SAHA    IND
BURWAN-67    KANDI-68    BHARATPUR-69    REJINAGAR-70    BELDANGA-71
BAHARAMPUR-72    NAODA-74
S25-10-WB-BAHARAMPUR    1ADHIR RANJAN CHOWDHURY    INC
2KUSHADHWAJ BALAKUSH BALA    BSP
3PRAMOTHES MUKHERJEE    RSP
4BIDYUT KUMAR HALDER    BJP
5ASHOKE KUMAR SINGHA    SP
6GHOSH BABU SAW    RPI(A)
7RABINDRA NATH ROY    RDMP
8BAIDYA NATH MONDAL    IND
BHAGABANGOLA-62    RANINAGAR-63    MURSHIDABAD-64    HARIHARPARA-73
DOMKAL-75    JALANGI-76    KARIMPUR-77
S25-11-WB-MURSHIDABAD    1ANISUR RAHAMAN SARKAR    CPM
2ABDUL MANNAN HOSSAIN    INC
3CHITTA RANJAN MONDAL    BSP
4NIRMAL KUMAR SAHA    BJP
5JAFORULLA MOLLA    AUDF
6MD SAHAZAMAL    SP
7ALAM MEHDI    IND
8KHADIJA BANU    IND
9CHANDAN KR MONDAL    IND
10SANTWANA HALDER SAHA    IND
11DRSUKUMAR GHOSH    IND
TEHATTA-78    PALASHIPARA-79    KALIGANJ-80    NAKASHIPARA-81    CHAPRA-82
KRISHNANAGAR UTTAR-83    KRISHNANAGAR DAKSHIN-85
S25-12-WB-KRISHNANAGAR    1JYOTIRMOYEE SIKDAR    CPM
2TAPAS PAUL    AITC
3DEBABRATA MAJUMDER    BSP
4SATYA BRATA MOOKHERJEE    BJP
5SK DAULAT HOSSAIN    NCP
6JAYASRI CHAKRABARTY    SP
7MD NIAMATULLAH MOLLICK    AUDF
8SHAHJAHAN MALLIK    MUL
9SUBIMAL SENGUPTA    CPI(ML)(L)
NABADWIP-84    SANTIPUR-86    RANAGHAT UTTAR PASCHIM-87    KRISHNAGANJ-88
RANAGHAT UTTAR PURBA-89    RANAGHAT DAKSHIN-90    CHAKDAHA-91
S25-13-WB-RANAGHAT    1BASUDEB BARMAN    CPM
2SATISH CHANDRA BISWAS    BSP
3SUKALYAN RAY    BJP
4SUCHARU RANJAN HALDAR    AITC
5NADIAR CHAND MONDAL    IND
6MANMATHA BISWAS    IND
KALYANI-92    HARINGHATA-93    BAGDA-94    BANGAON UTTAR-95    BANGAON
DAKSHIN-96    GAIGHATA-97    SWARUPNAGAR-98
S25-14-WB-BANGAON    1ASIM BALA    CPM
2KRISHNAPADA MAJUMDER    BJP
3GOBINDA CHANDRA NASKAR    AITC
4PRANITA ROY    BSP
5PROBIR KUMAR SARKAR    LJP
6SUKRITI RANJAN BISWAS    RPI(A)
7NISHIKANTA BISWAS    IND
AMDANGA-102    BIJPUR-103    NAIHATI-104    BHATPARA-105    JAGATDAL-106
NOAPARA-107    BARRACKPUR-108
S25-15-WB-BARRACKPORE    1ASHOK SONKAR    BSP
2TARIT BARAN TOPDAR    CPM
3DINESH TRIVEDI    AITC
4PRABHAKAR TEWARI    BJP
5SUBRATA SENGUPTA    CPI(ML)(L)
6GOPAL ROUT    IND
7DINESH KUMAR SHARMA    IND
8DHARMENDRA SINGH    IND
9BINOD KUMAR SINGH    IND
10RABI SHANKAR PAUL    IND
KHARDAHA-109    DUM DUM UTTAR-110    PANIHATI-111    KAMARHATI-112
BARANAGAR-113    DUM DUM-114    RAJARHAT GOPALPUR-117
S25-16-WB-DUM DUM    1AMITAVA NANDY    CPM
2TAPAN SIKDAR    BJP
3DULAL CHANDRA DAS    BSP
4SAUGATA RAY    AITC
5SANATAN RAY CHAUDHURI    LJP
6SUNIL PAL    IND
HABRA-100    ASHOKNAGAR-101    RAJARHAT NEW TOWN-115    BIDHANNAGAR-116
MADHYAMGRAM-118    BARASAT-119    DEGANGA-120
S25-17-WB-BARASAT    1ARUN KUMAR BISWAS    BSP
2BRATIN SENGUPTA    BJP
3KAKALI GHOSH DASTIDAR    AITC
4SUDIN CHATTOPADHYAY    AIFB
5WALIUR RAHAMAN    MUL
6BHASKAR GHOSH    AUDF
7KUMARI KAMALA DAS    IND
8SUBRATA BOSE    IND
BADURIA-99    HAROA-121    MINAKHAN-122    SANDESHKHALI-123    BASIRHAT
DAKSHIN-124    BASIRHAT UTTAR-125    HINGALGANJ-126
S25-18-WB-BASIRHAT    1AJAY CHAKRABORTY    CPI
2JIAUL HAQUE    BSP
3SK NURUL ISLAM    AITC
4SWAPAN KUMAR DAS    BJP
5CHHALAUDDIN MOLLA    LJP
6SIDDIQULLAH CHOWDHURY    AUDF
7SALIM MAKKAR    MUL
8RANJIT GAIN    IND
GOSABA-127    BASANTI-128    KULTALI-129    JOYNAGAR-136    CANNING
PASCHIM-138    CANNING PURBA-139    MAGRAHAT PURBA-141
S25-19-WB-JOYNAGAR    1ARABINDA HALDER    BSP
2NIMAI BARMAN    RSP
3NIRODE CHANDRA HALDER    BJP
4TARANGA MONDAL    AUDF
5TAPAS TARAFDAR    RDMP
6DR TARUN MONDAL    IND
7SHANKAR HALDAR    IND
8SHYAMAL NASKAR    IND
PATHARPRATIMA-130    KAKDWIP-131    SAGAR-132    KULPI-133    RAIDIGHI-134
MANDIRBAZAR-135    MAGRAHAT PASCHIM-142
S25-20-WB-MATHURAPUR    1ANIMESH NASKAR    CPM
2CHOUDHURY MOHAN JATUA    AITC
3BINAY KUMAR BISWAS    BJP
4SACHINDRA NATH NASKAR    BSP
5PRADIP MANDAL    RDMP
6PRANAB KUMAR JATUA    IND
7BIRESH CHANDRA MANDAL    IND
DIAMOND HARBOUR-143    FALTA-144    SATGACHHIA-145    BISHNUPUR-146
MAHESHTALA-155    BUDGE BUDGE-156    METIABURUZ-157
S25-21-WB-DIAMOND HARBOUR    1ABHIJIT DAS    BJP
2RN CHAUDHURY    BSP
3SAMIK LAHIRI    CPM
4SOMENDRA NATH MITRA    AITC
5HARUNAL RASHID KAJI    NCP
6SHYAMAL MONDAL    ABP
7SK NASIRUDDIN    SP
8DEBAJYOTI SENGUPTA    IND
9BECHU MONDAL    IND
10MAINUDDIN CHISTY    IND
BARUIPUR PURBA-137    BARUIPUR PASCHIM-140    SONARPUR DAKSHIN-147
BHANGAR-148    JADAVPUR-150    SONARPUR UTTAR-151    TOLLYGANJ-152
S25-22-WB-JADAVPUR    1KABIR SUMAN    AITC
2SANAT BHATTACHARYA    BJP
3SANDHAYA MONDAL    BSP
4SUJAN CHAKRABORTY    CPM
5PINTU SANPUI    BSP(K)
6SAIFUDDIN CHOUDHURY    PDS
7KAMALESH DAS    IND
8TUSHAR KANTI DAS    IND
9FAKIR MAHAMMAD LASKAR    IND
10RAMA BOSE    IND
KASBA-149    BEHALA PURBA-153    BEHALA PASCHIM-154    KOLKATA PORT-158
BHABANIPUR-159    RASHBEHARI-160    BALLYGUNGE-161
S25-23-WB-KOLKATA DAKSHIN    1JYOTSNA BANERJEE    BJP
2MAMATA BANERJEE    AITC
3PARESH CHANDRA ROY    BSP
4RABIN DEB    CPM
5ASIF MD    MUL
6LEELA HANS    IJP
7ARUN BISWAS    IND
8BARNALI MUKHOPADHYAY    IND
9JAYANTA DATTA    IND
10NISHAT KHAN    IND
11PIJUSH BANERJEE    IND
12RAM CHANDRA PRASAD    IND
13YUSUF JAMAL SIDDIQUE    IND
CHOWRANGEE-162    ENTALLY-163    BELEGHATA-164    JORASANKO-165
SHYAMPUKUR-166    MANIKTOLA-167    KASHIPUR-BELGACHHIA-168
S25-24-WB-KOLKATA UTTAR    1MD SALIM    CPM
2SHARAD KUMAR SINGH    BSP
3SUDIP BANDYOPADHYAY    AITC
4TATHAGATA ROY    BJP
5AVINASH KUMAR AGARWAL    LJP
6MD KASIM    MUL
7AMITABHA SEN    IND
8BALARAM SAHA    IND
9KANCHAN KUMAR SARKAR    IND
10KUMODH NARAYAN CHOWDHURY    IND
11SANDIPAN BISWAS    IND
12SATISH VYAS    IND
13SULTAN OSMAN    IND
BALLY-169    HOWRAH UTTAR-170    HOWRAH MADHYA-171    SHIBPUR-172    HOWRAH
DAKSHIN-173    SANKRAIL-174    PANCHLA-175
S25-25-WB-HOWRAH    1AMBICA BANERJEE    AITC
2POLLY MUKHERJEE    BJP
3RAMAVTAR GUPTA    BSP
4SWADESH CHAKRABORTTY    CPM
5BIJOY UPPADHYA    SP
6SUDARSHAN MANNA    STPI
7ABDUL MOMIN SEKH    IND
8GORA CHAND KOLEY    IND
9GOUTAM GAYEN    IND
10GAURAB SAHA    IND
11NARAD PANDIT    IND
12MANOJ KUMAR PASWAN    IND
13SANJAY MAKAL    IND
14SANATAN BAG    IND
15SUBARNA CHAKRABORTY    IND
ULUBERIA PURBA-176    ULUBERIA UTTAR-177    ULUBERIA DAKSHIN-178
SHYAMPUR-179    BAGNAN-180    AMTA-181    UDAYNARAYANPUR-182
S25-26-WB-ULUBERIA    1NARENDRA NATH MANDAL    BSP
2RAHUL CHAKRABARTY    BJP
3SULTAN AHMED    AITC
4HANNAN MOLLAH    CPM
5KAZI NABAB    AUDF
6RABIN DALUI    RDMP
7SEKH AORANGJEB    IND
8ASHISH DAS    IND
9SWAPAN DAS    IND
JAGATBALLAVPUR-183    DOMJUR-184    UTTARPARA-185    SREERAMPUR-186
CHAMPDANI-187    CHANDITALA-194    JANGIPARA-195
S25-27-WB-SRERAMPUR    1KALYAN BANERJEE    AITC
2DEBABRATA CHOWDHURY    BJP
3RAKESH KUMAR GAUTAM    BSP
4SANTASRI CHATTERJEE    CPM
5PRADIP GHOSH    AUDF
6AMITAVA BHATTACHARYA    IND
7CHIRANJIT NASKAR    IND
8SEKH SOLEMAN    IND
SINGUR-188    CHANDANNAGAR-189    CHUNCHURA-190    BALAGARH-191
PANDUA-192    SAPTAGRAM-193    DHANEKHALI-197
S25-28-WB-HOOGHLY    1DR CHUNI LAL CHAKRABORTY    BJP
2DR RATNA DENAG    AITC
3RUPCHAND PAL    CPM
4SURYYA KANTA RAY    BSP
5ARABINDA SEN    SP
6SAJAL ADHIKARI    CPI(ML)(L)
7SWAPAN MURMU    JDP
8ALOK PATHAK    IND
9SATYA GOPAL DEY    IND
HARIPAL-196    TARAKESWAR-198    PURSURAH-199    ARAMBAG-200    GOGHAT-201
KHANAKUL-202    CHANDRAKONA-232
S25-29-WB-ARAMBAGH    1PARIMAL BISWAS    BSP
2MALIK SAKTI MOHAN    CPM
3MURARI BERA    BJP
4SAMBHU NATH MALIK    INC
5SUBIR KUMAR MAJHI    JDP
TAMLUK-203    PANSKURA PURBA-204    MOYNA-206    NANDAKUMAR-207
MAHISHADAL-208    HALDIA-209    NANDIGRAM-210
S25-30-WB-TAMLUK    1ADHIKARI SUVENDU    AITC
2MANORANJAN MANDAL    BSP
3RAJYASHREE CHAUDHURI    BJP
4LAKSHMAN CHANDRA SETH    CPM
5JAHED SEK    AUDF
6MANIK CHANDRA MONDAL    LJP
7ABDUR REJAK SEIKH    IND
8BHAKTI ADHIKARY    IND
9SHEIKH NURUL ISLAM    IND
CHANDIPUR-211    PATASHPUR-212    KANTHI UTTAR-213    BHAGABANPUR-214
KHEJURI-215    KANTHI DAKSHIN-216    RAMNAGAR-217
S25-31-WB-KANTHI    1ADHIKARI SISIR KUMAR    AITC
2AMALESH MISHRA    BJP
3PATRA RASHBEHARI    BSP
4PRASANTA PRADHAN    CPM
PANSKURA PASCHIM-205    SABANG-226    PINGLA-227    DEBRA-229    DASPUR-230
GHATAL-231    KESHPUR-235
S25-32-WB-GHATAL    1GURUDAS DASGUPTA    CPI
2NARAYAN CHANDRA SAMAT    BSP
3NURE ALAM CHOWDHURY    AITC
4MATILAL KHATUA    BJP
5ARUN KUMAR DAS    JMM
6AHITOSH MAITY    RDMP
7LIYAKAT KHAN    IJP
NAYAGRAM-220    GOPIBALLAVPUR-221    JHARGRAM-222    GARBETA-233
SALBONI-234    BINPUR-237    BANDWAN-238
S25-33-WB-JHARGRAM    1AMRIT HANSDA    INC
2NABENDU MAHALI    BJP
3PANCHANAN HANSDA    BSP
4PULIN BIHARI BASKE    CPM
5CHUNIBALA HANSDA    JKP(N)
6ADITYA KISKU    IND
7SUNIL MURMU    IND
8SUSIL MANDI    IND
EGRA-218    DANTAN-219    KESHIARY-223    KHARAGPUR SADAR-224
NARAYANGARH-225    KHARAGPUR-228    MEDINIPUR-236
S25-34-WB-MEDINIPUR    1ASOK KUMAR GOLDER    BSP
2DIPAK KUMAR GHOSH    AITC
3PRADIP PATNAIK    BJP
4PRABODH PANDA    CPI
5NEPAL DAS    JMM
6MUKUL KUMAR MAITI    RDMP
7AMIT MOITRA    IND
8DE SUKUMAR    IND
9PARTHA ADDHYA    IND
10SANJAY MISHRA    IND
BALARAMPUR-239    BAGHMUNDI-240    JOYPUR-241    PURULIA-242    MANBAZAR-243
KASHIPUR-244    PARA-245
S25-35-WB-PURULIA    1ASIT BARAN MAHATO    BSP
2NARAHARI MAHATO    AIFB
3SHANTIRAM MAHATO    INC
4SAYANTAN BASU    BJP
5AJIT PRASAD MAHATO    JMM
6ABINASH SAREN    AMB
7ABHIRAM BESRA    JDP
8DHIREN CHANDRA MAHATO    JD(U)
9AMULYA RATAN MAHATO    IND
10UMACHARAN MAHATO    IND
11DHIREN RAJAK    IND
12BISAMBAR MURA    IND
13MUKESH SAHU    IND
14MRITYUNJAY MAHATO    IND
RAGHUNATHPUR-246    SALTORA-247    CHHATNA-248    RANIBANDH-249
RAIPUR-250    TALDANGRA-251    BANKURA-252
S25-36-WB-BANKURA    1ACHARIA BASUDEB    CPM
2GANESH RAY    BSP
3RAHUL BISWAJIT SINHA    BJP
4SUBRATA MUKHERJEE    INC
5ASWINI DULEY    JKP(N)
6TAPAN KUMAR PATHAK    RDMP
7PARESH MARANDI    JMM
8BYASDEB CHAKRABORTTY    JD(U)
9SUDHIR KUMAR MURMU    CPI(ML)(L)
10PRABIR BANERJEE    IND
11LAKSHMI SARKAR    IND
BARJORA-253    ONDA-254    BISHNUPUR-255    KATULPUR-256    INDUS-257
SONAMUKHI-258    KHANDAGHOSH-259
S25-37-WB-BISHNUPUR    1JAYANTA MONDAL    BJP
2MANIK BAURI    BSP
3SEULI SAHA    AITC
4SUSMITA BAURI    CPM
5TAPAS DAS    JMM
6UTTAM BOURI    IND
7UMA KANTA BHAKAT    IND
RAINA-261    JAMALPUR-262    KALNA-264    MEMARI-265    PURBASTHALI
DAKSHIN-268    PURBASTHALI UTTAR-269    KATWA-270
S25-38-WB-BARDHAMAN PURBA    1ANUP KUMAR SAHA    CPM
2ASHOKE BISWAS    AITC
3MUKUL BISWAS    BSP
4SANKAR HALDAR    BJP
5PEJUSH KUMAR SAHANA    CPI(ML)(L)
6RABINDRANATH BAG    AUDF
7RAJU MALIK    JDP
BURDWAN DAKSHIN-260    MONTESWAR-263    BURDWAN UTTAR-266    BHATAR-267
GALSI-274    DURGAPUR PURBA-276    DURGAPUR PASCHIM-277
S25-39-WB-BURDWAN – DURGAPUR    1NARGIS BEGAM    INC
2SHIBA PADA BISWAS    BSP
3SK SAIDUL HAQUE    CPM
4SYED ALI AFZAL CHAND    BJP
5ASHOKE TARU MALLICK    SP
6MADHU SUDAN SHET    AUDF
7SUMAN SARKAR    RDMP
8SHYAMALI ROY CHOWDHURY    IND
PANDABESWAR-275    RANIGANJ-278    JAMURIA-279    ASNSOL DAKSHIN-280
ASANSOL UTTAR-281    KULTI-282    BARABANI-283
S25-40-WB-ASANSOL    1AJAY SINGH    BSP
2GHATAK MOLOY    AITC
3BANSA GOPAL CHOWDHURY    CPM
4SURYYA RAY    BJP
5GOUTAM DAS    LJP
6JARASANDHA SINHA    IND
7JYOTIRMOY MAITY    IND
KETUGRAM-271    MANGALKOT-272    AUSGRAM-273    BOLPUR-286    NANOOR-287
LABHPUR-288    MAYURESWAR-290
S25-41-WB-BOLPUR    1ARJUN SAHA    BJP
2ASIT KUMAR MAL    INC
3VIDYASAGAR METE    BSP
4DOCTOR RAM CHANDRA DOME    CPM
5ADARA BAURI    AUDF
6NIHAR HAZRA    IND
7PROFESSOR BIJAY DALUI    IND
DUBRAJPUR-284    SURI-285    SAINTHIA-289    RAMPURHAT-291    HANSAN-292
NALHATI-293    MURARAI-294
S25-42-WB-BIRBHUM    1TAPAS MUKHERJEE    BJP
2BRAJA MUKHERJEE    CPM
3RADHESHYAM SINGH    BSP
4SATABDI ROY    AITC
5ASGAR ALI GAJLU    SP
6MOULANA NAJRUL HAK    AUDF
7SHIB RATAN SHARMA    JMM
PREMNAGAR-4    BHATGAON-5    PRATAPPUR-6    RAMANUJGANJ-7    SAMRI-8
LUNDRA-9    AMBIKAPUR-10    SITAPUR-11
S26-1-CG-SARGUJA    1DHAN SINGH DHURVE    BSP
2BAL SINGH    CPM
3BHANU PRATAP SINGH    INC
4MURARILAL SINGH    BJP
5ANOOP MINJ    JMM
6KUMAIT BDO    JD(U)
7BHUPNATH SINGH MARAVI    GGP
8RAMDEO LAKRA    CGVP
9RAMNATH CHERWA    SSD
10SOMNATH BHAGAT    LJP
11AMRIT SINGH MARAVI    IND
12JUGESHWAR    IND
13DHANESHWAR SINGH    IND
14SARJU XESS ORANW    IND
15SUNIL KUMAR SINGH KANHARE    IND
16SURAJ DEO SINGH KHAIRWAR    IND
JASHPUR-12    KUNKURI-13    PATHALGAON-14    LAILUNDRA-15    RAIGARH-16
SARANGARH-17    KHARSIA-18    DHARAMJAIGARH-19
S26-2-CG-RAIGARH    1BAHADUR SINGH RATHIA    BSP
2VISHNU DEO SAI    BJP
3HRIDAYARAM RATHIYA    INC
4DARSHAN SIDAR    GGP
5MEERA DEVI SINGH TIRKEY    CGVP
6SHIRACHAND EKKA    JMM
7AMRIT TIRKEY    IND
8KAMRISH SINGH GOND    IND
9SANJAY TIRKEY    IND
10HALDHAR RAM SIDAR    IND
AKALTARA-33    JAJGIR-CHAMPA-34    SAKRI-35    CHANDRAPURA-36
JAIJAIPUR-37    PAMGARH-38    BILAIGARH-43    KASDOL-44
S26-3-CG-JANJGIR-CHAMPA    1SHRIMATI KAMLA DEVI PATLE    BJP
2DAURAM RATNAKAR    BSP
3DRSHIVKUMAR DAHARIYA    INC
4BR CHAUHAN    RPI(A)
5NEELKANTH WARE    CSP
6PREM SHANKAR MAHILANGE URF PREM INDIA    LJP
7SANJEEV KUMAR KHARE    CGVP
8ANANDRAM GILHARE    IND
9CHAITRAM SURYAVANSHI    IND
10DRCHHAVILAL RATRE    IND
11MAYARAM NAT    IND
12RAMCHARAN PRADHAN ADHIWAKTA    IND
BHARATPUR-SONHAT-1    MANENDRAGARH-2    BAIKUNTHPUR-3    RAMPUR-20
KOBRA-21    KATGHORA-22    PALI-TANAKHAR-23    MARWAHI-24
S26-4-CG-KORBA    1KARUNA SHUKLA    BJP
2CHARANDAS MAHANT    INC
3VIJAY LAXMI SHARMA    BSP
4KEDARNATH RAJWADE    JMM
5CHAITI DEVI MAHANT    CSP
6BUDHWAR SINGH UIKEY    RGOP
7DR VIPIN SINHA    CGVP
8SANGEETA NIRMALKAR    BHPD
9HIRASINGH MARKAAM    GGP
10GEND DAS MAHANT    IND
11CHARAN DAS    IND
12PAWAN KUMAR    IND
13FULESHWAR PRASAD SURJAIHA    IND
14RAMDAYAL ORAON    IND
15RAMLAKHAN KASHI    IND
16SHAMBHU PRASAD SHARMA ADHIWAKTA    IND
17SATRUPA    IND
18SANTOSH BANJARE    IND
KOTA-25    LORMI-26    MUNGELI-27    TAKHATPUR-28    BILHA-29    BILASPUR-30
BELTARA-31    MASTURI-32
S26-5-CG-BILASPUR    1DILIP SINGH JUDEV    BJP
2ADVOCATE TRNIRALA    BSP
3DRRENU JOGI    INC
4UTTAM PRASAD DANSENA    SUSP
5DRGOJU PAUL    RPI(A)
6DRBALMUKUND SINGH MARAVI    GGP
7BALARAM SAHU    BHPD
8MUKESH KUMAR SAHU    JMM
9SAPNA CHAKRABORTY    LJP
10ARJUN SHRIVAS GANGUAA    IND
11ANUJ DHRITLAHRE    IND
12ABDUL HAMID SIDDIQUE    IND
13ASHOK SHRIVASTAVA    IND
14UMESH SINGH    IND
15TUKLAL GARG    IND
16DAYA DAS LAHRE    IND
17DRDAYA RAM DAYAL    IND
18DILIP KUMAR    IND
19DILIP GUPTA    IND
20DILIP SINGH    IND
21MANOJ KUMAR BIRKO    IND
22RAMESH AHUJA    IND
23RAMESH KUMAR LAHARE    IND
24RAJENDRA SAHU    IND
25RAJESH PRATAP    IND
26RAMBILAS SHARMA    IND
27BPVISWAKARMA    IND
28SHYAM BIHARI TRIVEDI    IND
PANDARIYA-71    KAWARGHA-72    KHAIRAGARH-73    DONGARGARH-74
RAJNANDGAON-75    DONGARGAON-76    KHUJJI-77    MOHALA-MANPUR-78
S26-6-CG-RAJNANDGAON    1DEVWRAT SINGH    INC
2PRADHUMAN NETAM    BSP
3MADHUSUDAN YADAV    BJP
4GANGARAM NISHAD    EKSP
5NARAD KHOTHALIYA    CGVP
6AJAY JAISWAL    IND
7AJAY PALI    IND
8JALAL MOHAMMAD QURESHI    IND
9DERHARAM LODHI    IND
10DILIP RATHOR SAMPADAK    IND
11BHAG CHAND VAIDHYA    IND
12MADAN YADAV    IND
13MANGAL DAS BANGARE    IND
14DRYADAV PRACHARYA    IND
PATAN-62    DURG-RURAL-63    DURG-CITY-64    DURG-NAGAR-65    VAISHALI
NAGAR-66    AHIWARA-67    SAJA-68    BEMETARA-69    NAWAGARH-70
S26-7-CG-DURG    1PRADEEP CHOUBEY    INC
2RAGHUNANDAN SAHU    BSP
3SAROJ PANDEY    BJP
4DEVIDAS KURRE    CVKP
5DR PANKAJ GOSOMI PANDIT    RPI
6ANAND GAUTAM    IND
7TARACHAND SAHU    IND
8TARACHAND SAHU    IND
9TARACHAND SAHU    IND
10MASOOD KHAN    IND
11RATAN KUMAR KSHETRAPAL    IND
12RAJENDRA KUMAR SAHU    IND
13LAXMAN PRASAD    IND
14GURU DADA LOKESH MAHARAJ    IND
15SHITKARAN MHILWAR    IND
BALODA BAZAR-45    BHATAPARA-46    DHARSIWA-47    RAIPUR RURAL-48    RAIPUR
CITY WEST-49    RAIPUR CITY NORTH-50    RAIPUR CITY SOUTH-51    ARANG-52
ABHANPUR-53
S26-8-CG-RAIPUR    1BHUPESH BAGHEL    INC
2RAMESH BAIS    BJP
3VIDHYADEVI SAHU    BSP
4ER ASHOK TAMRAKAR    JCGP
5IMRRAN PASHA    LSWP
6PR KHUNTE    CGVP
7MADHUSUDAN MISHRA    ABHM
8SHAILENDRA BANJARE SHAKTIPUTRA    SSBD
9SHANKAR LAL VARANDANI    PPOI
10HARGUN MEGHWANI    ABSSP
11ARUN HARPAL    IND
12JAFAR HUSSAIN BABABHAI PURVA MUTVALLI    IND
13MOH JILANI ALIAS TANI    IND
14NAND KISHOR DEEP    IND
15NARESH BHISHMDEV DHIDHI    IND
16NAVIN GUPTA    IND
17NARAD NISHAD    IND
18PRAVEEN JAIN    IND
19BHARAT BHUSHAN PANDEY    IND
20MATHURA PRASAD TANDON    IND
21YASHWANT SAHU    IND
22RAJENDRA KUMAR SAHU    IND
23RAJENDRA SINGH THAKUR ADVOCATE    IND
24RAMKRISHNA VERMA    IND
25RAMCHARAN YADAV    IND
26SHOBHARAM GILHARE    IND
27SIYARAM DHRITLAHARE    IND
28SMT SUSIL BAI BANJARE    IND
29SYED RASHID ALI    IND
30SANJAY BAGHEL    IND
31HAIDAR BHATI    IND
32SHRIKANT KASER    IND
SARAIPALI-39    BASNA-40    KHALLARI-41    MAHASAMUND-42    RAJIM-54
BINDRANAWAGARH-55    KURUD-57    DHAMTARI-58
S26-9-CG-MAHASAMUND    1CHANDULAL SAHU CHANDU BHAIYA    BJP
2MOTILAL    BSP
3MOTILAL SAHU    INC
4DR ANAND MATAWALE GURUJI    LB
5KIRAN KUMAR DHRUW    JMM
6BAUDDH KUMAR KAUSHIK    CGVP
7DR LATA MARKAM    RPI(A)
8SHRIDHAR CHANDRAKAR PATEL    AD
9KHEDUBHARTI SATYESH    IND
10CHAMPA LAL PATEL    IND
11NARENDRA BHISHMDEV DHIDHI    IND
12NARAYANDAS INQALAB GANDHI    IND
13BHARAT DIWAN    IND
14RAMPRASAD CHAUHAN    IND
15SULTANSINGH SATNAM    IND
KONDAGAON-83    NARAYANPUR-84    BASTAR-85    JAGDALPUR-86    CHITRAKOT-87
DANTEWARA-88    BIJAPUR-89    KONTA-90
S26-10-CG-BASTAR    1AYTU RAM MANDAVI    BSP
2BALIRAM KASHYAP    BJP
3MANISH KUNJAM    CPI
4SHANKAR SODI    INC
5CHANDRA SHEKHAR DHRUV SHEKHAR    IND
6MAYARAM NETAM ALIAS FULSING SILADAR    IND
7SUBHASH CHANDRA MOURYA    IND
SIHAWA-56    SANJARI BALOD-59    DONDI LAHARA-60    GUNDERDEHI-61
ANTAGARH-79    BHANUPRATAPPUR-80    KANKER-81    KESHKAR-82
S26-11-CG-KANKER    1SMT PHOOLO DEVI NETAM    INC
2MIRA SALAM    BSP
3SOHAN POTAI    BJP
4JALSINGH SHORI    CSP
5N R BHUARYA    GMS
6BHOM LAL    AD
7MAYARAM NAGWANSHI    GGP
8G R RANA    JMM
9DEVCHAND MATLAM    IND
10PRAFUL MANDAVI    IND
11MAYARAM NETAM FULSINGH SILEDAR    IND
RAJMAHAL-1    BORIO-2    BARHAIT-3    LITIPARA-4    PAKHUR-5    MAHESHPUR-6
S27-1-JH-RAJMAHAL    1CHANDRA SHEKHAR AZAD    BSP
2JYOTIN SOREN    CPM
3THOMAS HASDA    RJD
4DEVIDHAN BESRA    BJP
5HEMLAL MURMU    JMM
6AAMELIYA HANSDA    RSP
7CHARAN MURMU    SHS
8DAUD MARANDI    SP
9SUKHWA URAON    RKSP
10SUNDAR TUDU    BHJAP
11SOM MARANDI    JVM
12STIPHEN MARANDI    JHJM
SHIKARIPARA-7    NALA-8    JAMTARA-9    DUMKA-10    JAMA-11    SARATH-14
S27-2-JH-DUMKA    1CHURKA TUDU    BSP
2PASHUPATI KOL    CPI
3RAMESH TUDU    RJD
4SHIBU SOREN    JMM
5SUNIL SOREN    BJP
6ARJUN PUJHAR    SP
7NIRMALA MURMU    RSP
8PHATIK CHANDRA HEMBRAM    AJSU
9BITIYA MANJHI    CPI(ML)(L)
10RAMESH HEMBROM    JVM
11RAMJIVAN DEHRI    SAP
12KALESHWAR SOREN    IND
13CHARLES MURMU    IND
14NANDLAL SOREN    IND
15PULICE HEMRAM    IND
16BIVISAN PUJHAR    IND
17CYRIL HANSDA    IND
18SONA MURMU    IND
19HOPNA BASKI    IND
JARMUNDI-12    MADHUPUR-13    DEOGHAR-15    POREYAHAT-16    GODDA-17
MAHAGAMA-18
S27-3-JH-GODDA    1IQBAL DURRANI    BSP
2DURGA SOREN    JMM
3NISHIKANT DUBEY    BJP
4FURKAN ANSARI    INC
5ASHOK SHARMA    JKP
6GEETA MANDAL    CPI(ML)(L)
7GOVIND LAL MARANDI    RSP
8JAWAHAR LAL YADAV    LJP
9NANDLAL YADAV    SP
10NIRANJAN PRASAD YADAV    RWS
11PRADEEP YADAV    JVM
12PRADEEP YADAV    SAP
13BINOD MEHARIA    BSA
14RAJ NARAYAN KHAWADE    AJSUP
15SANTOSH KUMAR RAY    AITC
16SURAJ MANDAL    JVD
17JAYSWAL MANJHI    IND
18JAHIR MUSTAKIM    IND
19MANOJ KUMAR MANDAL    IND
20MITHILESH PASWAN    IND
21MD MOAJJAM ALI CHANCHAL    IND
22SHANKAR PRASAD KESHARI    IND
23SANJEEV KUMAR    IND
SIMARIA-26    CHATRA-27    MANIKA-73    LATEHAR-74    PANKI-75
S27-4-JH-CHATRA    1ARUN KUMAR YADAV    JD(U)
2DHIRAJ PRASAD SAHU    INC
3NAGMANI    RJD
4SUGAN MAHTO    BSP
5KESHWAR YADAV    CPI(ML)(L)
6PARAS NATH MANJHI    ABMSD
7KP SHARMA    JVM
8SURENDRA YADAV    JKP
9INDER SINGH NAMDHARI    IND
10DHIRENDRA AGRAWAL    IND
11RATNESH KUMAR GUPTA    IND
KODARMA-19    BARKATHA-20    DHANWAR-28    BAGODAR-29    JAMUA-30    GANDEY-31
S27-5-JH-KODARMA    1TILAKDHARI PD SINGH    INC
2PRANAV KUMAR VERMA    RJD
3LAXAMAN SAWARNKAR    BJP
4BISHNU PRASAD BHAIYA    JMM
5SABHAPATI KUSHWAHA    BSP
6UMESH CHANDRA TRIVEDI    JKP
7PRAMESHWAR YADAV    RKSP
8BABULAL MARANDI    JVM
9RAJKISHOR PRASAD MODI    JVD
10RAJ KUMAR YADAV    CPI(ML)(L)
11HADTAL DAS    BSA
12ASHOK KUMAR SHARMA    IND
13KAMAL DAS    IND
14CHANDRA DHARI MAHTO    IND
15MANJOOR ALAM ANSARI    IND
16LAXAMAN DAS    IND
GIRIDIH-32    DUMRI-33    GOMIYA-34    BERMO-35    TUNDI-42    BAGHMARA-43
S27-6-JH-GIRIDIH    1AKLU RAM MAHTO    CPI
2TEKLAL MAHTO    JMM
3BIJAY SINGH    BSP
4RAVINDRA KUMAR PANDEY    BJP
5MD HIMAYUN ANSARI    RJD
6MRINAL KANTI DEV    SLP(L)
7RAVINDER MAHTO    JKP(N)
8SHIVA MAHTO    MCO
9SABA AHMAD    JVM
10INDRA DEV MAHTO    IND
11UMESH RISHI    IND
12NAND KISHOR PRASAD    IND
13BUDDHI NATH TIWARY    IND
14MAHAVIR PRASAD    IND
15MASOOM RAJA ANSARI    IND
16LALOO KEWAT    IND
17SHANKAR RAJAK    IND
BOKARO-36    CHANDANKYARI-37    SINDRI-38    NIRSA-39    DHANBAD-40
JHARIA-41
S27-7-JH-DHANBAD    1CHANDRASHEKHAR DUBEY    INC
2PASHUPATI NATH SINGH    BJP
3SAMARESH SINGH    BSP
4INDU SINGH    SAP
5JANARDAN PANDEY    AIFB
6DIN BANDHU SINGH    SLP(L)
7PAWAN KUMAR JHA    JD(S)
8PHUL CHAND MANDAL    JVM
9MKMANDAL    AMB
10AK ROY    MCO
11VIDESHI MAHATO    JVD
12VIRENDRA PRADHAN    LJP
13SUNIL KUMAR    IJP
14MD SULTAN    JKP
15HAFFIZUDDIN ANSARI    SP
16ABDUL MUSTAFA    IND
17KARTIK MAHATO    IND
18JAI PRAKASH SINGH    IND
19JAIRAM SINGH    IND
20JITENDRA KUMAR SINGH    IND
21PHUL CHAND MAHATO    IND
22BAMA PADA BAURI    IND
23MADHUSUDAN RAJHANS    IND
24MANILAL MAHATO    IND
25MANOJ GANDHI    IND
26MANOJ PANDEY    IND
27MUNSI HEMBRAM    IND
28RAVI RANJAN SINHA    IND
29SHANKAR RAWANI    IND
30SALIM KHAN    IND
31SADHUSHARAN GOPE    IND
32SUSHIL KUMAR SINGH    IND
ICHAGARH-50    SILLI-61    KHIJRI-62    RANCHI-63    HATIA-64    KANKE-65
S27-8-JH-RANCHI    1RAJENDRA SINGH MUNDA    CPM
2RAM TAHAL CHAUDHARY    BJP
3MD SARFUDDIN    BSP
4SUBODH KANT SAHAY    INC
5AKHTAR ANSARI    JVM
6AFSAR EMAM    JKPP
7MD AJAD ANSARI    NLHP
8JIPALAL SINGH MUNDA    JKP(N)
9DAYANAND GUPTA    JVD
10SURENDRA KUMAR SUMAN    SAP
11ANJANI PANDEY    IND
12AGAM LAL MAHTO    IND
13AFTAB ALAM    IND
14ARTI BEHRA    IND
15UPENDRA PD SRIVASTAVA    IND
16KESHAV NARAYAN BHAGAT    IND
17KAILASH PAHAN    IND
18JANARDAN TIWARI    IND
19JITENDRA MAHTO    IND
20DEVENDRA THAKUR    IND
21BIRSA HEMBRAM    IND
22RANJEET MAHTO    IND
23RAMPODO MAHTO    IND
24ROSHAN LAL MAHTO    IND
25ROSAN PRASAD    IND
26LAL BABA MASANI    IND
BAHARAGORA-44    GHATSHILA-45    POTKA-46    JUGASHLAI-47    JAMSHEDPUR
EAST-48    JAMSHEDPUR WEST-49
S27-9-JH-JAMSHEDPUR    1AJEET KUMAR    BSP
2ARJUN MUNDA    BJP
3SUMAN MAHTO    JMM
4ARVIND KUMAR SINGH    JVM
5ASHOK TRIPATHI    SP
6KINKAR GOUR    RASD
7KRISHN MURARI MISHRA    ABHM
8PARIKSHIT MAHATO    LJP
9MUBIN KHAN    BSA
10RAJ KAPOOR MAHATO    JVD
11SHARAT MAHATO    JKP(N)
12SHAILENDRA MAHTO    AJSU
13SHYAM NARAYAN SINGH    AITC
14SANDIP PAUL    JKP
15DR SUNARAM HANSDA    JDP
16HEMANT SINGH    AMB
17KRISHNA PRASAD    IND
18JOSAI MARDI    IND
19DILIP KALINDI    IND
20DILIP TUDU    IND
21PARAS NATH PRASAD    IND
22RAKESH KUMAR    IND
23RAJIV CHANDRA MAHATO    IND
24RAM CHANDRA PRASAD GUPTA    IND
25VICTOR A LAZARUS    IND
26SITARAM TUDU    IND
SARAIKELLA-51    CHAIBASA-52    MAJHGANON-53    JAGANATHPUR-54
MANOHARPUR-55    CHAKRADHARPUR-56
S27-10-JH-SINGHBHUM    1BARKUWAR GAGRAI    BJP
2BAGUN SUMBRUI    INC
3HIKIM CHANDRA TUDU    BSP
4PREM SINGH MUNDRI    CPI(ML)(L)
5MANGAL SINGH BOBONGA    JVM
6SUKH RAM JONKO    JDP
7ASHOK KUMAR TIU    IND
8MADHU KORA    IND
9HIKIM SOREN    IND
KHARASAWAN-57    TAMAR-58    KHUNTI-60    TORPA-60    SIMDEGA-70
KOLEBIRA-71
S27-11-JH-KHUNTI    1KARIYA MUNDA    BJP
2NEIL TIRKEY    INC
3MARSHAL BARLA    BSP
4THEODORE KIRO    JVM
5NITIMA BODRA BARI    JKP(N)
6NISHIKANT HORO    JKP
7ANAND KUJUR    IND
8UMBULAN TOPNO    IND
9KARLUS BHENGRA    IND
MANDAR-66    SISAI-67    GUMLA-68    BISHUNPUR-69    LOHARDAGA-72
S27-12-JH-LOHARDAGA    1JOKHAN BHAGAT    BSP
2RAMESHWAR ORAON    INC
3SUDARSHAN BHAGAT    BJP
4DEOSHARAN BHAGAT    AJSU
5BAHURA EKKA    JVM
6BHUNESHWAR LOHRA    LJVM
7RAMA KHALKHO    JHJAM
8ARJUN BHAGAT    IND
9ETWA ORAON    IND
10GOPAL ORAON    IND
11CHAMRA LINDA    IND
12JAI PRAKASH BHAGAT    IND
13NAWAL KISHOR SINGH    IND
14PADMA BARAIK    IND
15SUKHDEO LOHRA    IND
DALTONGANJ-76    BISHRAMPUR-77    CHATTARPUR-78    HUSSAINABAD-79
GARHWA-80    BHAWANATHPUR-81
S27-13-JH-PALAMAU    1KAMESHWAR BAITHA    JMM
2GHURAN RAM    RJD
3RADHA KRISHNA KISHORE    JD(U)
4HIRA RAM TUPHANI    BSP
5GANESH RAM    JKP
6JAWAHAR PASWAN    AJSUP
7NANDDEV RAM    JKP(N)
8PARVATI DEVI    MMM
9PRABHAT KUMAR    JVM
10RAJU GUIDE MAJHI    ABMSD
11RAM NARESH RAM    RASD
12BIRBAL RAM    RLD
13SATYENDRA KUMAR PASWAN    BSSPA
14SUSHMA MEHTA    CPI(ML)(L)
15JITENDRA RAM    IND
16NARESH KUMAR PASWAN    IND
17BRAJMOHAN RAM    IND
18BHOLA RAM    IND
19MUNESHWAR RAM    IND
20RAM PRASAD RAM    IND
21SUNESHWAR BAITHA    IND
BARHI-21    BARKAGAON-22    RAMGARH-23    MANDHU-24    HAZARIBAGH-25
S27-14-JH-HAZARIBAGH    1KISHOR KUMAR PANDEY    BSP
2BHUVNESHWAR PRASAD MEHTA    CPI
3YASHWANT SINHA    BJP
4SHIVLAL MAHTO    JMM
5SAURABH NARAIN SINGH    INC
6CHANDRA PRAKASH CHOUDHARY    AJSU
7DIGAMBER KU MEHTA    SP
8BRAJ KISHORE JAISWAL    JVM
9DEONATH MAHTO    IND
10MAHENDRA KISHORE MEHTA    IND
11MD MOINUDDIN AHMED    IND
12LALAN PRASAD    IND
13SNEHLATA DEVI    IND
PUROLA-1    YAMUNOTRI-2    GANGOTRI-3    GHANSHALI-9    PRATAPNAGAR-12
TEHRI-13    DHANOLTI-14    CHAKRATA-15    VIKASNAGAR-16    SAHASPUR-17
S28-1-UK-TEHRI GARHWAL    1JASPAL RANA    BJP
2BACHI RAM    CPM
3MUNNA SINGH CHAUHAN    BSP
4VIJAY BAHUGUNA    INC
5SHAILESH    UKKD
6ANJANA WALIA    RJSD
7BANO RANI    NLHP
8SHAILESH KUMAR VERMA    LJP
9SUDESH SHARMA    AD
10SUNDER LAL THAPLIYAL    VVS
11KEDAR SINGH    IND
12DR NAGENDRA DUTT JAGOODI    IND
13BARHM DEV JHA    IND
14RAM SINGH RAWAT    IND
15VIJAY NATH    IND
16SHIV NARAIN    IND
17SANJAY    IND
18HARISH WALIA    IND
BADRINATH-4    THARALI-5    KARNPRAYAG-6    KEDARNATH-7    RUDRAPRAYAG-8
DEOPRAYAG-10    NARENDRANAGAR-11    YAMKESHWAR-36    PAURI-37    SRINAGAR-38
S28-2-UK-GARHWAL    1ANAND PRAKASH    UKKD
2LT GENRETD TEJPAL SINGH RAWAT PVSM VSM    BJP
3RAJEEV AGARWAL    BSP
4LALITA PRASAD BHATT    CPI
5SATPAL MAHARAJ    INC
6INDRESH MAIKHURI    CPI(ML)(L)
7GANESH PANT    LJP
8R P DHYANI    ABHM
9MAHADEV    JKM
10RASHID KHAN    ANC
11ABBDUL KADIR    IND
12OM PARKASH    IND
13SHIV SINGH    IND
DHARCHULA-42    DIDIHAT-43    PITHORAGARH-44    GANGOLIHAT-45    KAPKOTE-46
BAGESHWAR-47    DWARAHAT-48    SALT-49    RANIKHET-50    SOMESHWAR-51
S28-3-UK-ALMORA    1AJAY TAMTA    BJP
2CHAMPEE ARYA    NCP
3PRADEEP TAMTA    INC
4BAHADUR RAM DHAUNI    BSP
5RANJIT VISHWAKARMA    UKKD
6GOPAL RAM    RPI(A)
7YASHPAL ARYA    LJP
8SUSHAMA    CPI(ML)(L)
9KIRAN ARYA    IND
10HARI RAMA    IND
LALKUWA-56    BHIMTAL-57    NAINITAL-58    HALDWANI-59    KALADHUNGI-60
JASPUR-62    KASHIPUR-63    BAJPUR-64    GADARPUR-65    RUDRAPUR-66
S28-4-UK-NAINITAL-UDHAMSINGH NAGAR    1NARAYAN PAL    BSP
2DR NARAYAN SINGH JANTWAL    UKKD
3PREM PRAKASH SINGH    SP
4BACHI SINGH RAWAT    BJP
5KC SINGH BABA    INC
6RISHI PAL SINGH    ABRS
7BAHADUR SINGH JANGI    CPI(ML)(L)
8MADAN SINGH MER    LJP
9RAIS AHMAD ANSARI    JD(S)
10SHEESHPAL SINGH ARYA    ANC
11BINDU GUPTA    IND
12MAHESH CHANDRA KANDPAL    IND
13MOUALANA YADE ILAHI    IND
14SITARAM    IND
DHARAMPUR-18    DOIWALA-23    RISHIKESH-24    HARDWAR-25    B.H.E.L.
RANIPUR-26    JWALAPUR-27    BHAGWANPUR-28    JHABRERA-29    PIRANKALIYAR-30
ROORKEE-31
S28-5-UK-HARDWAR    1AMBRISH KUMAR    SP
2SWAMI YATINDRANAND GIRI    BJP
3RAJKUMAR SAINI    UKKD
4SHAHZAD    BSP
5HARISH RAWAT    INC
6ASIF KHAN    AD
7RAJEEV GUPTA    RJSD
8RIASAT ALI    RPI(A)
9SUBHASH    MKD
10AJAY KATHURIA    IND
11ABBAS    IND
12VKKAMPANI    IND
13KULVEER SINGH    IND
14NATTHU RAM    IND
15MOHD MURSALEEN QURESHI    IND
16RANDHIR BHARAT    IND
17RAMSHARAN BHATT    IND
18SHAHIDA BEGAM    IND
19PT SHIVAM MAHARAJ    IND
20SUMER CHAND    IND
21SANJAY    IND
ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS-1
U01-1-AN-ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS    1SMTI R S UMA BHARATHY    NCP
2SHRI KULDEEP RAI SHARMA    INC
3SHRI P R GANESHAN    RJD
4SHRI TAPAN KUMAR BEPARI    CPM
5SHRI BISHNU PADA RAY    BJP
6SHRI M S MOHAN    BSP
7SHRI N K P NAIR    CPI(ML)(L)
8SHRI PRADEEP KUMAR EKKA    JDP
9SHRI T ALI    IND
10DR THANKACHAN    IND
11SHRI VAKIATH VALAPPIL KHALID    IND
CHANDIGARH-1
U02-1-CH-CHANDIGARH    1PAWAN KUMAR BANSAL    INC
2SATYA PAL JAIN    BJP
3HARMOHAN DHAWAN    BSP
4HAFFIZ ANWAR UL HAQ    RJD
5GOSWAMI VISHWA BHUSHAN BHARTI    JD(U)
6PARAS NATH    AD
7AJAY GOYAL    IND
8KAFIL AHMAD    IND
9KHEM LAL BANSAL    IND
10DARSHAN SINGH    IND
11DES RAJ    IND
12MAYA DEVI    IND
13RAM PAL HANS    IND
14S K SURI    IND
DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI-1
U03-1-DN-DADAR & NAGAR HAVELI    1DELKAR MOHANBHAI SANJIBHAI    INC
2PATEL NATUBHAI GOMANBHAI    BJP
3BIJ YOHANBHAI BHADIYABHAI    BSP
4KHULAT BHIKALYA VANSHYA    IND
5MISHAL LAXMANBHAI NAVASUBHAI    IND
DAMAN AND DIU-1
U04-1-DD-DAMAN & DIU    1TANDEL GOPALBHAI KALYANBHAI    NCP
2DAHYABHAI VALLABHBHAI PATEL    INC
3LALUBHAI PATEL    BJP
4RAMESHBHAI D SINGH    SP
5GOHEL GAUTAMKUMAR NATVARSINH    IND
6PANDEY DINESHBHAI    IND
7SINDE SHAILESHBHAI    IND
ADARSH NAGAR-4    SHALIMAR BAGH-14    SHAKUR BASTI-15    TRI NAGAR-16
WAZIRPUR-17    MODEL TOWN-18    SADAR BAZAR-19    CHANDNI CHOWK-20    MATIA
MAHAL-21    BALLIMARAN-22
U05-1-DL-CHANDNI CHOWK    1KAPIL SIBAL    INC
2MOHD MUSTAQEEM BALLO BHAI    BSP
3VIJENDER GUPTA    BJP
4AJAY MITTAL    AIFB
5ANIL GUPTA    BPC
6ABDUL SAMAD    RPIE
7KIRAN        SJP(R)
8GHANSHYAM MORWAL    DBP
9JAVED AHMED    MBP
10NARENDER SINGH    BSKRP
11DR P L PREMI    BVVP
12BHIM SINGH PURI    RSP
13RAN PAL SINGH    BGTD
14RAJ PAUL CHAUHAN    BPD
15RAJESH NAGAR    RDMP
16LABHU RAM GARG    RKSP
17LILA DEVI    RVNP
18VINOD DUKHIYA    ABHM
19SHAHIDA PARVEEN    UWF
20DR SITA RAM SHARMA    RWS
21SUHAIL AHMED    SP
22ASHOK KUMAR GOTEWALA    IND
23ASHISH SAXENA    IND
24IMAM RAJA NAQVI    IND
25OM PRAKASH THAKUR    IND
26ZAHEER AHMED    IND
27NASRIN BEGUM    IND
28PURAN CHAND    IND
29PREM NARAIN    IND
30BALRAM BARI    IND
31BASHIRUDDIN    IND
32BABU LAL BAIRWA    IND
33BEER SINGH    IND
34RANJEET KUMAR    IND
35RAJENDER SINGH CHANDELIYA    IND
36ROHIT KUMAR    IND
37LAIQ AHMED    IND
38VIJENDER KHARI    IND
39MOHD SHAFIQ    IND
40SANJAY KUMAR    IND
41SUNIL KUMAR    IND
BURARI-2    TIMARPUR-3    SEEMA PURI-63    ROHTAS NAGAR-64    SEELAMPUR-65
GHONDA-66    BABARPUR-67    GOKALPUR-68    MUSTAFABAD-69    KARAWAL NAGAR-70
U05-2-DL-NORTH EAST DELHI    1JAI PRAKASH AGARWAL    INC
2HAJI DILSHAD ALI    BSP
3BLSHARMA PREM    BJP
4ANIS AHMAD ANSARI    SP
5ISRAR KHAN    RPIE
6KALIRAM TOMAR    IJP
7GANESH PAL    BSKP
8PRAMOD TIWARI    MBP
9MANOHAR LAL    AWD
10SUSHIL KUMAR MISHRA    ABHM
11MOLANA ABDUSSAMI    IND
12MANAGER CHAURASIYA    IND
13PROF RN SINGH    IND
14MOHD SHEAR NABI CHAMAN    IND
15SANTOSH DEVI    IND
16MOHD HASNAIN    IND
JANGPURA-41    OKHLA-54    TRILOKPURI-55    KONDLI-56    PATPARGANJ-57    LAXMI
NAGAR-58    VISHWAS NAGAR-59    KRISHNA NAGAR-60    GANDHI NAGAR-61    SHAHDARA-62
U05-3-DL-EAST DELHI    1CHETAN CHAUHAN    BJP
2MOHAMMAD YUNUS    BSP
3SANDEEP DIKSHIT    INC
4ABDUL GAFFAR    LD
5AMIT KUMAR    SP
6PAWAN KUMAR    RPI(A)
7BAIJ NATH PRASAD PATHAK    ABHM
8VIJAY KUMAR SHARMA    BPD
9SUTAPA CHAKRABORTY    SHS
10ABDUL RAJJAQ    IND
11AMAR DASS    IND
12KUSUM BAHL    IND
13DR PREM SINGH    IND
14RAJ KUMAR JAISWAL    IND
15RAJ PAL SINGH    IND
16RAJAN    IND
17VIKRAM SETH    IND
KAROL BAGH-23    PATEL NAGAR-24    MOTI NAGAR-25    DELHI CANTT-38    RAJINDER
NAGAR-39    NEW DELHI-40    KASTURBA NAGAR-42    MALVIYA NAGAR-43    R. K.
PURAM-44    GREATER KAILASH-50
U05-4-DL-NEW DELHI    1AJAY MAKAN    INC
2TRILOK CHAND SHARMA    BSP
3VIJAY GOEL    BJP
4AAMER AHMED MADNI    SP
5JITENDAR KUMAR GUPTA    BPC
6NARESH CHANDER PAL    BSKRP
7NISHA BANO    ANC
8MAHARAJ KUMAR    DBP
9MURTAZA PHOOL    JD(S)
10RAJ KUMAR NAYYAR    PPOI
11RAJESH KUMAR SABHARWAL    JMM
12MAJOR SANGEETA TOMAR    YFE
13SANJEEV KUMAR MISHRA    RVNP
14SUDHIR KUMAR    BPD
15SUDHIR GANDOTRA    THPI
16SUNITA CHAUDHARY    UWF
17HARENDER    RKJP
18HARSH MALHOTRA    JKNPP
19AJAY PRAKASH HARIT    IND
20ANIL KUMAR GAUTAM    IND
21ASHUTHOSH KUMAR    IND
22KAPIL MITRA    IND
23KARAN KUMAR    IND
24KRISHAN KUMAR TYAGI    IND
25GHANSHYAM DASS    IND
26JAGAT SINGH CHAUHAN    IND
27DINESH KUMAR    IND
28PREM NARAYAN KHANDELWAL    IND
29BHAGWAN DAS    IND
30B B MALHOTRA    IND
31MANTU    IND
32RAMESH BHAGWAT    IND
33LACHHMAN DASS    IND
34LUKMAN KHAN    IND
35VED PRAKASH    IND
36SHIBAN KRISHAN RAZDAN    IND
37SHIV KUMAR SHAH    IND
38SAPNA RANI BEHL    IND
39SURENDER SINGH DABAS    IND
40HARKRISHAN DAS NIJHAWAN    IND
NERELA-1    BADLI-5    RITHALA-6    BAWANA-7    MUNDKA-8    KIRARI-9    SULTANPUR
MAJRA-10    NANGLOI JAT-11    MANGOL PURI-12    ROHINI-13
U05-5-DL-NORTH WEST DELHI    1KIRSHNA TIRATH    INC
2MEERA KANWARIA    BJP
3RAKESH HANS    BSP
4ARVIND KATARIA    AIBS
5GEETA        RPI(A)
6PAPPU SAGAR    IJP
7BABU LAL    ASP
8MATHURA PASWAN    CPIMLL
9DR MILIND BHARTI    NELU
10RAM KUMAR    BPC
11SUNIL KUMAR PARCHHA    SP
12HOTI LAL GANDHI    BSKRP
13INDER SINGH    IND
14DHARAM SINGH PARCHA    IND
15NARENDER PAL KASHYAP    IND
16HARBANS LAL    IND
MADIPUR-26    RAJOURI GARDEN-27    HARI NAGAR-28    TILAK NAGAR-29
JANAKPURI-30    VIKASPURI-31    UTTAM NAGAR-32    DWARKA-33    MATIALA-34
NAJAFGARH-35
U05-6-DL-WEST DELHI    1PROF JAGDISH MUKHI    BJP
2DEEPAK BHARDWAJ    BSP
3MAHABAL MISHRA    INC
4KRISHAN KUMAR SHARMA    BSKRP
5POONAM KUMARI SRIVASTAVA    JBP
6BAL KISHAN PAL    RALP
7SHYAM SUNDER JAIN    SP
8SUKHMENDER SINGH    RPI(A)
9DINESH JAIN    IND
10NIRMALA SHARMA    IND
11RAJESH SINHA    IND
12RAM KUMAR DABRIWAL    IND
13SUDARSHAN SINGH    IND
14SUVASH KUMAR CHOUDHARY    IND
15HAR GOBIND ARORA    IND
BIJWASAN-36    PALAM-37    MEHRAULI-45    CHHATARPUR-46    DEOLI-47    AMBEDKAR
NAGAR-48    SANGAM VIHAR-49    KALKAJI-51    TUGHLAKABAD-52    BADARPUR-53
U05-7-DL-SOUTH DELHI    1KANWAR SINGH TANWAR    BSP
2RAMESH KUMAR    INC
3RAMESH BIDHURI    BJP
4SHRICHAND TANWAR    CPI
5AK GUPTA    SP
6SF PURUSHOTTAM    LKJP
7BALMUKUND PANDEY    RJAP
8RAM SIRJAN BHAGAT    LPSP
9SANTOSH TRIPATHI    YVP
10HEMA MOHAN    RKJP
11KANTA PINGOLIA    IND
12BIRJU NAYAK    IND
13MOHD USMAN SIDDIQUI    IND
14SIYA NAND MANDAL    IND
15WING COMMANDER SURJIT SINGH    IND
LAKSHADWEEP-1
U06-1-LD-LAKSHADWEEP    1MUHAMMED HAMDULLA SAYEED AB    INC
2DR P POOKUNHIKOYA    NCP
3DR K P MUTHUKOYA    BJP
4LUKMANUL HAKEEM    CPM
MANNADIPET-1    THIRUBUVANAI-2    OUSSUDU-3    MANGALAM-4    VILLIANUR-5
OZHUKARAI-6    KADIRGAMAM-7    INDIRA NAGAR-8    THATTANCHAVADY-9    KAMARAJ
NAGAR-10
U07-1-PY-PUDUCHERRY    1RAMADASS M    PMK
2M SOMASUNDARAM    BSP
3NARAYANASAMY    INC
4VISWESWARAN M    BJP
5KAU ASANAA    DMDK
6S GOVINDASAMY    KDC
7S GNANAVEL    JMM
8S BALASUBRAMANIAN    CPI(ML)(L)
9PRADEEP ANIRUDDH    PPOI
10A RAJASEKAR    LJP
11ARUNACHALAM K    IND
12V RAJENDRAN    IND
13V RAMAMURTHY    IND
14KALIAMURTHY K    IND
15V SARAVANAN    IND
16M CHITTIBABU    IND
17SIVARAMAN V    IND
18G SUBRAMANIYAN    IND
19A SENKADIR    IND
20IM SEKAR    IND
21MUPPADAI MATHIMAHARAJA    IND
22DR R NARAYANAN    IND
23MANIMARAN    IND
24MOHAMED YOUSUF SA    IND
25MURUGAIYAN KS    IND
26V LINGAMURTHY    IND
27P VIJAYABASKAR    IND
28VEERAMUTHU A    IND

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